Pyraloidea © C. Grinter 2013 © C. Grinter 2013 Agriphila Pyralis Chris Grinter, July 2013 Adapted from slides by Alma Solis Pyraloidea Basics • Roughly 16,000 species worldwide with possibly 50% remaining to be described. • Vast array of life histories, many of economic importance • Concealed Feeders Basic Characters • 8 - 80mm wingspan • Scaled proboscis • Porrect or upturned labial palpi • Tympani on the abdomen Pyraloidea Characters • Proboscis scaled basally Alma Solis Dartmouth Electron Microscope Facility/Dartmouth College © C. Grinter 2013 Hemiplatytes (Crambidae) Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment. Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013) Feeding in the Pyraloidea Crambidae Pyralidae All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis All photos © Alama Solis Pulvinaria vitis Laetilia coccidivora Eriococcus All photos © Alama Solis Jim Vargo homesteaderbees.blogspot All photos © Alama Solis Aquatic Larvae Petrophila Mexico All photos © Alama Solis Biological Control Gary Goss Lygodium Defoliator Moth on Old World climbing fern – introduced in 2008 (Crambidae:Musotiminae) Pyraloidea Characters • Paired tympanal organs on the ventral surface of the 2nd abdominal segment. © Fauske, “Key to Superfamilies” ndsu.edu Two Families • Pyralidae • forewing vein R5 stalked or fused with R3+4 • forewing without oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani closed cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum in the same plane • processus tympani absent • praecinctorium absent • accessory tympana absent • male genitalia with uncus arms, (paired processes arising laterally from base of uncus) • segment A8 of larvae almost always with sclerotized ring around base of SD1 • Crambidae • forewing vein R5 free • forewing with oval sclerotization costad of base of vein A1+2 • bullae tympani open cephalad • tympanum and conjunctivum lying at a blunt angle • processus tympani present • praecinctorium present • accessory tympana present caudally of metacoxae • male genitalia without uncus arms • segment A8 of larvae without sclerotized ring around base of SD1 Pyralidae vs. Crambidae • Differences in the tympani – open vs. closed All photos © Alama Solis Tympanum Crambidae – conjunctiva Pyralidae – conjunctiva in same at angle to tympanum plane as tympanum con tym © R. Brown, Lep Course 2012 Goldstein, Metz, Solis (2013) Pyraloidea Molecular phylogeny subfamilies for the Pyraloid moths (2012) Pyralidae (Solis & Mitter, 1992) Chrysauginae 437 Feeds on leaves, fruit, seeds, stems & fecal matter Galleriinae 261 Feed on wax, stored products Pyralinae 900 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and stored products Epipaschiinae 572 Feed on leaves, bore into stems and fruits Feed on leaves, stems, Phycitinae 2929 fruit, stored products & scale insects Crambidae Chrysauginae Clydonopteron sacculana Tosale oviplagalis Labial palpi Galasa nigrinodis All photos © Alama Solis Galleriinae Achroia grisella Labial palpi Aphomia terrenella Cacotherapia unipuncta All photos © Alama Solis Pyralinae Labial palpi Omphalocera munroei Aglossa caprealis Herculia olinalis All photos © Alama Solis Pyralinae of Economic Importance Pyralis farinalis = Meal Moth Dragiša Savić Jim Vargo Epipaschiinae Epipaschia superatalis Labial palpi Labial palpi Pococera expandens Oneida lunulalis All photos © Alama Solis Epipaschiinae of Economic Importance Pococera robustella = Pine Webworm All photos © bugguide.net Phycitinae Acrobasis vaccinii. Labial palpi Labial palpi Acrobasis caryivorella Ephestia kuehniella Euzophera ostricolorella All photos © Alama Solis Phycitinae of Economic Importance Plodia interpunctella= Indian Meal Moth Ken Chlids J.P. Marino Phycitinae of Economic Importance Cryptoblabes gnidiella = Honeydew Moth/Christmasberry Moth Mike Wall 2009 Usually a secondary pest associated with Scale/Mealybugs but is recorded as a primary pest on Avocado, Wheat, Corn, Citrus, Grapes and stonefruits. Cherre Sade Phycitinae of Economic Importance Cactoblastis cactorum = South American Cactus Moth J. B. Heppner gisin.org Westward expansion All photos © Alama Solis Pyralidae Cybalomiinae 122 Spilomelinae 3767 Dichogaminae 19 Musotiminae 183 Crambinae 1824 Noordinae 7 Acentropinae 628 Scopariinae 594 Schoenobiinae 199 Midilinae 56 Cathariinae 1 Wurthiinae 8 Linostinae 3 Odontiinae 303 Crambidae Evergestinae 136 Glaphyriinae 174 (Solis & Maes, 2002) Pyraustinae 1413 Crambidae Occur in the U.S. Occur in the Do not occur in Western the Western Dichogaminae Hemisphere, Hemisphere Evergestinae but not in the U.S. Glaphyriinae Musotiminae Linostinae Cathariinae Midilinae Schoenobiinae Noordinae Odontiinae Wurthiinae Scopariinae Cybalomiinae Acentropinae Pyraustinae Crambinae Spilomelinae Noordinae labial palpi Cybalomiinae_labial palpi Cathariinae_labial palpi Wurthiinae_labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Midilinae labial palpi Odontiinae labial palpi Dichogaminae labial palpi Musotiminae labial palpi Linostinae labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Evergestinae Evergestinae labial palpi Evergestis rimosalis Evergestis rimosalis All photos © Alama Solis Glaphyriinae Glaphyriinae labial palpi Glaphryia sesquistrialis Dicymolomia julianalis Lipocosma adelalis All photos © Alama Solis Schoenobiinae Donaucaula aquilella © Alama Solis © Alama Solis Schoenobiinae labial palpi Donacaula longirostrella Scopariinae Scoparia biplagialis Scopariinae labial palpi Eudonia heterosalis All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae Chrysoteuchia topiaria Neodactria luteolellus Vaxi critica Crambinae labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Crambinae of Economic Importance Sod Webworms & Grass-veneer Moths Pediasia trisecta Agriphila ruricolellus Crambus laqueatellus Fissicrambus mutabilis All photos © Jim Vargo Crambinae of Economic Importance Diatraea lineolata = Neotropical Cornstalk Borer © Mississippi Ent. Museum http://www.fao.org/ Acentropinae Petrophila bifascialis Petrophila fulicalis Acentropinae labial palpi Synclita obliteralis Parapoynx obscuralis All photos © Alama Solis Acentropinae of Economic Importance Elophila obliteralis = Waterlilly Leafcutter Moth © Stephen Luk Jim Vargo Pyraustinae Pyrausta acrionalis Pyrausta subsequalis Pyrausta laticlavia Pyraustinae labial palpi All photos © Alama Solis Pyraustinae of Economic Importance Ostrinia nubilalis= European Corn Borer Jim Vargo Wikipedia Commons Keith Weller Spilomelinae Pantographa limata Polygrammodes flavidalis Udea rubigalis Spilomelinae labial palpi Nomophila nearctica All photos © Alama Solis Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Udea rubigalis = Celery Leaftier Jim Vargo All photos © bugguide.net Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Maruca vitrata = Bean Pod Borer Sachin Gaurule UC Berkeley Pantropical – severe tropical pest of legumes Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Diaphania indica= Cucumber Moth / Cotton Caterpillar © Mississippi Ent. Museum © ozwildlife Native to Southern Asia, found in Florida/SE USA Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Leucinodes orbonalis = Eggplant Fruit / Brinjal Shoot Borer www.nbaii.res.in www.nbaii.res.in Found throughout Asia and Africa, minor pest in tropical Americas Spilomelinae of Economic Importance Neoleucinodes elegantalis = Tomato Fruit Borer © Alama Solis South and Central America, intercepted in Europe several times Dr Ana Elizabeth Diaz Montilla References • Fauske, G. M. [2013]. Moth Identification. in Moths of North Dakota: an online identification guide. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/ndsu/ndmoths • Goldstein PZ, Metz MA, Solis MA (2013) Phylogenetic systematics of Schacontia Dyar with descriptions of eight new species (Lepidoptera, Crambidae). ZooKeys 291: 27–81. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.291.3744 • Nuss, M., B. Landry, F. Vegliante, A. Tränkner, R. Mally, J. Hayden, A. Segerer, H. Li, R. Schouten, M. A. Solis, T. Trofimova, J. De Prins & W. Speidel 2003–2013: Global Information System on Pyraloidea. - www.pyraloidea.org • REGIER, J. C., MITTER, C., SOLIS, M. A., HAYDEN, J. E., LANDRY, B., NUSS, M., SIMONSEN, T. J., YEN, S.-H., ZWICK, A. and CUMMINGS, M. P. (2012), A molecular phylogeny for the pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) and its implications for higher-level classification. Systematic Entomology, 37: 635–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00641.x • Sharma, H.C. 1998. Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata – a review. Crop. Prot. 17: 373–386. • Solis, M. Alma (2007) Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 33(1): (read online) • Yehuda, S. B.; Wysoki, M.; Rosen, D., 1991: Phenology of the honeydew moth, Cryptoblabes gnidiella Milliere Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, on avocado in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology1992 1992; 25-26: 149-160 • www.bugguide.net • Moth Photographers Group: http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/MainMenu.shtml .