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Healthcare Within the Barbed Wires

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Healthcare Within the Barbed Wires FACULTY OF LAW Lund University Gvantsa Lomaia Healthcare Within the Barbed Wires International Legal Inquiry into the Right to Health in Occupied Akhalgori: The Prospects of Responsibility through Human Rights Litigation JAMM07 Master Thesis International Human Rights Law 30 Higher Education Credits Supervisor: Jessica Almqvist Term: Spring 2021 Abstract The humanitarian crises, which suddenly emerged in Akhalgori and claimed the lives of dozens of people, raised questions on the legal responsibility of Georgia and Russia to guarantee timely and adequate healthcare in the district. The uncertainties regarding the state’s obligations were caused by the specific legal status of Akhalgori, which is Georgia’s lost territory beyond its effective control, currently administered by the proxy forces of Russia by the name of the Republic of South Ossetia. The complexity of the case was further increased by the fact that the cause of the humanitarian crises was a deprivation of social and economic rights which requires the state to abstain from violation of the rights in question and to take positive actions to fulfil its obligations under human rights treaties. Therefore, the central question of this thesis is who should accumulate resources to guarantee the right to health in occupied Akhalgori. Furthermore, this thesis examines how the state alleged to have breached relevant human rights can be responsible. Purported violations of the right to health have been studied from the perspectives of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and International Human Rights Law (HRL) in this thesis. The research findings demonstrate that the establishment of the fact of occupation shifts the jurisdiction of Georgia and therefore the responsibility to the occupying power for guaranteeing human rights in Akhalgori, which is under the protection of both IHL and HRL. However, as the thesis has identified, while IHL does not offer any effective human rights protection mechanisms, HRL displays more resources to eliminate the crisis during the occupation. Subsequently, Russia’s responsibilities regarding Akhalgori were primarily assessed through the human rights protection mechanisms. In terms of litigation of the right to health, the thesis has identified that, while arguing the cases concerning the social and economic rights is complex in general, it is even more challenging when it comes to occupied territories. However, it has been noticed that the European Court of Human Rights frequently incorporates socio-economic rights and the right to health in its application through the broad interpretations of the conventional rights. This observation brings new perspectives for the victims of the Akhalgori humanitarian crisis: the research revealed that if the European Court of Human Rights resources will be used effectively, the potential that Russia can be held responsible for the violation of the right to healthcare in Akhalgori is tangible. Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Swedish Institute for allowing me to pursue this master’s degree and gain a life-changing experience. Thank you for your trust in me and my potential. Completing this thesis would not have been possible without the support and guidance from my supervisor Jessica Almqvist, whose professionalism and kindness encouraged me through the writing process. To my Lund family, there are no words to describe my gratitude toward the universe for crossing our paths in this small town. I learned friendship, love, support, loyalty, Hegel, robots, the lyrics of the cumbia songs, Marx, lame jokes from “The Office,” Turkish coffee fortune telling, crepe making, and new dance moves from you. What a blissful experience it was seeing the world through your eyes! I am particularly grateful to Anuki for teaching me to look at the bright side of life and Lasha, the little nerd, who always supported me. Saber, the sparkle and inspiration you gave me to search for beauty and truth, are heartfelt and much appreciated. Special thanks to Lund, this heavenly place that always made me feel home, for giving me a sense of belonging and coloring my last two years even in the darkness of November. Last but not least, thanks to my mother for giving me an example of being strong and persistent woman and to my father for his boundless and unconditional love. Finally, thanks to my extended family and friends in Georgia for always being there for me even on the distance. Abbreviations AAAQ Availability, accessibility, acceptability, quality CoE The Council of Europe COVID-19 Corona Virus Pandemic ECHR European Convention of Human Rights ECtHR European Court of Human Rights GC The Geneva Convention HRL Human Rights Law HRW Human Rights Watch ICCPR The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICG International Crises Group ICJ International Court of Justice ICRC The International Committee of the Red Cross ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IHL International Humanitarian Law IIFFMCG Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization PACE Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe RULAC International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights database SSR Soviet Federative Socialist Republic UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations WHO World organization of Health Key Words: Humanitarian Crises, Occupation, Healthcare, Social and Economic Rights, Jurisdiction, Effective Control, ECHR, Georgia, Russia, Humanitarian Law. Maps Map no 1. – Occupied territories of Georgia Map no 2. – Occupied Akhalgori 5 Table of Contents Maps ................................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1. THESIS OUTLINE AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .............................. 8 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 Aim and Research Question ......................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Methodology and the Structure of the Thesis .............................................................................. 9 1.4 Research Limitations ................................................................................................................. 12 1.5 Historical Background ................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2. HUMANITARIAN CRISIS AND THE STATUS OF OCCUPATION IN AKHALGORI ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Humanitarian Crisis in Akhalgori ............................................................................................... 15 2.2 Akhalgori as an Occupied Territory under International Humanitarian Law ............................. 18 2.3 International Recognition of Occupation of South Ossetia/Akhalgori ....................................... 21 CHAPTER 3. PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS DURING THE OCCUPATION ................... 24 3.1 Interplay Between Human Rights and Humanitarian Law ……………………………………………………..24 3.2 Protection of Civilians under International Humanitarian Law .................................................. 26 3.3 Violation of Humanitarian Law in Akhalgori ............................................................................. 29 3.4 Responsibility for the Violation of Humanitarian Law .............................................................. 32 CHAPTER 4. PROTECTION OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ................................................................................................................ 34 4.1 Emergence of the Right to Health and its Development Across Time ....................................... 34 4.2 The Right to Healthcare within the Right to Health ................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 5. HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION MECHANISMS UNDER THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE UNITED NATIONS ............................................................................ 47 5.1 The Concept of Exterritorial Jurisdiction in International Law .................................................. 47 5.2 Exterritorial application of The European Convention on Human Rights ................................. 50 5.3 Exterritorial Application of the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights ................................................................................................................................................ 52 5.4 Litigation of the Right to Healthcare in European Court of Human Rights ............................... 54 5.4.1 Victims of the Healthcare System in Akhalgori Before the European Court of Human Rights ........................................................................................................................................................... 59 5.4.2 Applying for the Interim Measure in the Context of “Imminent Risk of Irreparable Damage.” ........................................................................................................................................................... 62 5.5 Supervisory Mechanisms under The Committee
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