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An Essay on the Relationship Between Modern Japanese, Korean and Tamil

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An Essay on the Relationship Between Modern Japanese, Korean and Tamil An essay on the relationship between Modern Japanese, Korean and Tamil Eric Selwako ஋ம்ம஠ஆக்க஬஡஋ம்ஜ஫ய்ஜ஠஬஦ண்ம஛க்埁ம் ஝஫ன்அம்஠஫வ஧ன்쟁அம஦த்ஜ஋ன்ட஫ட்羿க்埁ம் ஋ன்மஞவடற்ண஋ன்ஜ஫஡஫쏁க்埁ம் ꯁகழ்ச஗஢ச஧. I must also thank and credit fully President Jung Nam Kim for his enormous contribution by founding the Korean Society of Tamil Studies. His work, as noted by the following link, has been a huge boost to my thesis. Kindly find his interview by following this link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGSrEAW0c_A&feature=related Introduction Conventions of Roman Transliteration Romaji and Hangul are used for Japanese and Korean respectively. For Tamil, I am using the Weulhlhuweun system of Tamil Romanisation (WSTR) which I had previously developed for a website: learn-tamil.org. It gets rid of the necessity to use diacritics, and it is as follows: அ ஆ இ ஈ உ ஊ ஋ ஌ ஍ எ Eu A I Ee/ii U Oo/uu E Ae Eui O ஔ க ஖ ஗ ங ச ஛ ஜ ஝ ட Au K/g Ng C/cha Ny Th/dh Nh Ta Kn P/b ஠ ஡ ஢ த ஧ ஦ ஥ ண ஞ ஘ M Y R L W/v Zh Lh Rh N J ன ந க்ஷ ப ஸ்ரீ ற்ண ஋ய் ன்ண S Sh Ksh H Sri Ttr Ei Ndr Phonetic equivalence chart of Modern Japanese, Korean and Tamil A I. Overview Among many exciting scholarly acts, discovering the complex links between different cultures is certainly at the zenith. This is because it teaches us the complexity of the human being, and makes us to stand in awe in how the world both ancient and modern is so very different yet so very alike. While the relationship between cultures has always been a complex and controversial premise, the notion of obviousness encountered by native speakers to identify their tongue with that of others cannot be disproved by any other logic that may arise from academic study, because neither culture nor the behaviour of humans is predictable or quantifiable. So too is language. When learning a language that is of a different family, the student can often find it difficult to shift away from the structure of their own language as they move onto the others, or at the very least feel that it is noticeably different. If that is held to be true to the slightest degree, then the relationship between Japanese, Korean and Tamil can be happily established. While proof is admittedly limited, the relationship between the three languages could be better understood if the influences on them by other classical languages giants can be stripped off, hopefully revealing the real language hidden under. II. Comparison of Modern personal pronouns Pronoun Korean Tamil (WRST) Japanese (Romaji) (Hangul) Informal I Na Kna Atashi/Jibun/Boku/Ore I (object) Naneun Knanae - I (subject) Naega Yeuneukku JIbun-ni You Neo Knee Kimi You (plural) Neohuideul Kneengeu Kimitachi Us Uri Kneum/Knangeu* Atashitashi/Bokutachi/Oret achi Standard I Knan I (possessive) Eneukku I (am) Knanae You Kneer You (plural) Kneengeulh Us Kneum/Knangeu* *Tamil also differentiates between exclusive and inclusive forms. III. Comparison of Korean and Tamil phonology There are very few incidences of the strong L in world languages. For example, the 날) Korean for day is nal ( pronounced exactly as the Tamil for day (஝஫ள்). The phonological equivalence between the L is certainly a huge find, as there are not that many languages with the strong L. This is different from the Korean r or l, which like Japanese, remains indifferent. Tamil, however, generally distinguishes between r, l, lh and rh with the addition of zh sound as well. Cognates Tamil (WRST) Semantic field Korean (Hangul) Semantic field Dad inf. 아빠 (appa) Dad inf. அப்ட஫ (euppa) Mother; can be 아줌마 (ajumma) Polite address of அம்஠஫ (eumma) used as a honorific women suffix to addressed old ladies An exclamation of 아이구 (aigu) An exclamation of அய்ச஡஫ displeasure/surprise 아이고 (aigo) displeasure/surprise (euiyou) Prefix: beauty, 아름 (arum-) Prefix: beauty அ쏁ம் elegance 아름다움 Beauty (eurum-) beauty (arumdaum) அ쏁ம஠ (eurumeui) Love, kindness 안부 (anbu) Kindness, concern அன்ꯁ (eunbu) Certainly 아마 (ama) Probably ஆ஠஫ (ama) (agreement) An exclamation of 아프다 to pain அப்ட஫ச஫ pain or relief (appeuda) (euppada) Onamatoepia for 가마 (gama) Oven, hotpot. க஠-க஠ hot (geumeu-geumeu) Occurs with 낮다 ( Be short ஝ட்மச natda) (Kneutteui) Come 와 (wa) Come ஧஫ (wa) Our 남 (nam) Some other ஝ம் (Kneum) [something] to be 이다 (aida) [something] to be ஆ஡ிச (ayideu) Grass 풀 (pul) Grass ꯁல் (pul) In 올라 (olla) up உள்஥ (ulhlheu) After, ahead 앞으로 Future, forward அப்ꯁணம் (appeuro) (euppureum) Exploring 타달타달 (tadal- trudging ஜசல் (teudeul) tadal) To push 틀다 (teulda) To turn strongly ஜள்஥ (teulhlheu) To leave 보다 (boda) To leave சட஫க (pougeu) Eu in WRST is the same as a in Hangul. IV. Potential cognates Tamil (WRST) Semantic field Korean (Hangul) Semantic field Front 문 (mun) Door 믁ன் (mun) cave 고개 (kogae) Mountain pass 埁மக (kugeui) Buttocks 궁둥이 Buttocks 埁ண்羿 (Kunhdi) (kungdungi) 나다 (nada) To occur, to emerge ஝ச (neudeu) to walk, to occur 나타나다 To appear ஝சஞம் to dance (natanada) (neuteuneum) Teeth 빨다 (palda) To put to mouth டள் (peulh) To touch 닿다 (tata) To touch வஜ஫ச (todeu) To press, to oppress ஜட்ச (taththeu) 머리 (mari) Hair To know (prefix) 알다 (al) To know அரி஡ (ariyeu) Snake 뱀 (baem) snake ட஫ம்ꯁ (pambu) To tie, to confine 가두 (gadu) To shut, to confine கட்ச (keuththeu) To do 뿌리다 (ppurida) To disperse ꯁரி஡ (puriyeu) Possible Phonetic change bk Leg 발 (bal) Foot க஫ல் (kal) Wind 바람 (baram) Wind க஫ற்쟁 (karhrhu) Sea 바다 (bada) Sea கசல் (keudeul) Possible Phonetic change from w (o)h One 하나 (hana) One என்쟁 (ondru) 어느 (eoneu) என்ꟁ (onnu) Sky, heaven 하늘 (haneul) Sky, heaven ஧஫ன் (wan) White 하얀 (hayan) White வ஧ண் (wenh) வ஧ள்ம஥ (welhlheui) Sun 해 (hae) Sun வ஧஡ில் (weyil) Stomach 허리 (heori) Waist ஧஡ி쏁 (weuyiru) Being alone 혼자 (honja) Being alone எண்羿஡஫ (onhdiya) To flow, to come by 흐르- (heureu) To flow, to come by ஧஢ (weureu) Flood 흘리다 (heullida) To splash, spill வ஧ள்஥ம் (welhlheum) V. Tamil, Japanese and Korean grammar Infinitives for all these languages are given or conjugated through their gerund forms Japanese te Korean da Tamil ida Japanese Semantic Korean Semantic Tamil Semantic (Romaji) field (Hangul) field (WRST) field いる 있다 (iru) To be To be இ쏁க்க To be (itda) (irukka) ここ 이리 (iri) Here Here இங்சக Here (koko) (ingae) あそこ 저기 There There அங்சக There (jeogi) (asoko) (eungae) Japanese Semantic Korean Semantic Tamil Semantic (Romaji) field (Hangul) field (WRST) field もっと 모두 More Fully வ஠஫த்ஜ Fully (modu) (motto) ஠஫ (mottama) (mottomo) VI. Tamil honorifics Titles: Tiru and Tirumati are standard equivalents of Mr and Mrs respectively. Celwi is used instead of Miss. These are all prefixes and act just like their western equivalents as mentioned. The higher forms of these are Euiya, Eumma, and Eumuni as explained below. Suffixes: Tamil has the distinction of having an elaborate range of honorifics among Indian languages in general, even among the Dravidian languages. Addressing honorifics: Among the Indic languages, presence of addressing honorifics is unique to Tamil. Title Use Notes Low Used among friends, Informal; could be impolite depending on -[v]ச஫ (da) and siblings of equivalent intonation; just like the Japanese equivalent of – (m) age, or used by older kun, -da can be used occasionally to refer to -[v]羿 (di) (f) people to refer to youth girls and is considered more polite or endearing or children. Little that way. An informal way to address your male acquaintance. friends if you are a male, especially among teens, is to use the –di suffix, while its use like this can suggest effeminateness – it is very rarely used derogatorily. Can be endearing or offensive. Middle Derived from the Polite; it is used to refer to a younger -[n][v]ட஫ (pa) words for Mum and Dad, person with little or no (m) it is used by older people -[n][v]஠஫ (ma) for younger people. Little acquaintance. (f) Literally means ‘elder Potential cognate of Japanese –aniki. - brother’ used to refer to அண்஛஫ச் mob bosses. ஗஬/ (eunKnhacci) - அண்஛஫த் ஜ (eunKnhateui) Literally means Potentially gave the –muni suffix to Korean -அ믁ஞி milady. Used to young nouns like Omuni, Halmuni, Ahjumoni. (eumuni) ladies of high social standing. Literally means ‘mom’ Cognate of Korean ‘Omma’, ‘Amma’. -அம்஠஫ but can be used as ‘her (eumma) ladyship’. Used to aged women of higher social standing. Tamil equivalent of -அய்஡஫ the English, ‘sir’. Used to (euiya) refer to aged men of higher social standing or learned people. Literally means ‘elder Cognate of the Korean Unni. Possible cognate of -அண்஛ி sister’ but is restricted to the Japanese Ani(ki)(ue) or Ane(ki)(ue) (eunKnhi) use to an elder sister-in- law. அக்க஫ (eukka) அண்஛஫ (eunhnha) Deictic or Referral honorifics: In polite contexts where the speakers are not well acquainted or in formal contexts, honorifics are imperative. Among more familiar situations, rules may be forgone. The honorifics are often Used to address Polite/Formal.Equivalent of Japanese –sama. [n]அ஧ங்க someone of equal or It is commonly more polite to use this than – (euweungeu) (n) higher social standing. euweur. This is usually what females are [v]ங்க (ngeu) referred to with. (n) Used to address Usually used to refer males, but [n]அ஧ர் someone of equal or occasionally is used for females also. (euweur) (n) lower social standing. Equivalent of Japanese –san. It is used less [n] அ஧쏁 Commonly used by frequently than -euweur, as the –euweungeu is considered more polite, and people tend to use (euweru) (n) wives to address their that anyway even if it is not necessary to be as [v]ஆர் (ar) (n) husbands.
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