REFERENCES

Aalbers, C., Use of Contractual Approach in the Project ActionAid, “Transforming Power, Participatory “Management of Forest Resources in the Kita Methodologies Forum”, ActionAid February, District, Mali”, Case study for the Development ActionAid, www.actionaid.org, London, 2001. Policies Department, International Labour Office, Adams, J. and T. McShane, The Myth of Wild Africa, Geneva (Switzerland), 1997. Norton and Company, New York, NY (USA), Abbot, J. and I. Guijt, Changing Views on Change. 1992. Participatory approaches to monitoring the envi- Adams, L., A Gender Analysis of Community Resource ronment, SARL Discussion Paper 2, International Conservation and Development Institutions: the Institute for Environment and Development, Case of Morovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands, WWF London, 1998. Forest Study 1, WWF International, Gland Abers, R., “Learning democratic practice: distributing (Switzerland) 1996. government resources through popular participa- African Charter for Popular Participation in tion in Porto Alegre, Brazil”, pages 39-65 in Development and Transformation, Statement by a Douglass, M. and J. Friedmann (eds.), Cities for Conference sponsored by the United Nations Citizens. Planning and the rise of civil society in a Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Addis global age, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester Ababa (1990), IFDA Dossier, 79, International (United Kingdom), 1997. Foundation for Development Alternatives, Nyon Abrams, P., G. Borrini-Feyerabend, J. Gardner and P. (Switzerland), 1990. Heylings, Evaluating governance. A handbook to Agarwal, A. and S. Narain, Towards Green Villages, accompany a participatory process for a protected Centre for Science and the Environment, New area, report for Parks Canada and Delhi, 1989. CEESP/CMWG/TILCEPA presented at the Vth World Parks Congress, Durban (South Africa), Agarwal, C. and S. Saigal, Joint Forest Management in September 2003. India. A brief review, draft discussion paper, Society for Promotion of Wasteland Development, Abramson J., We the Jury. The jury system and the ideal New Delhi, 1996. of democracy, University of Harvard Press, Cambridge, Massachussets (USA), 2000. Agersnap, H. and M. Funder, Conservation and Development: New Insights and Lessons Learned, Absalom, E., R. Chambers, S. Francis, B. Guèye, I. Environment and Development Network, Guijt, S. Joseph, D. Johnson, C. Kabutha, M. Copenhagen, 2001. Rahman Khan, R. Leurs, J. Mascarenhas, P. Norrish, M. P. Pimbert, J. N. Pretty, M. Alcala, A.C. and F.J.V. Vusse, “The role of government Samaranayake, I. Scoones, M. Kaul Shah, P. Shah, in coastal resource management”, in Pomeroy, D. Tamang, J. Thompson, G. Tym and A. R.S. (ed.), Community Management and Common Welbourn, “Sharing our concerns— looking into Property of Coastal Fisheries in Asia and the the future”, PLA Notes, 22:5-10, International Pacific: Concepts, Methods and Experiences, Institute for Environment and Development, International Centre for Living Aquatic Resources London, 1995. Management, Manila, 1994. Aburto, J. and W. Stotz, “Una experiencia de co-mane- Alcorn, J., “Indigenous resource management systems”, jo de bivalves en el marco de una nueva herra- pages 203-205 in Posey, 1999. mienta de administraci€n pesquera en Chile: las Alcorn, J.B., A. Luque and S. Valenzuela, areas de manejo”, Policy Matters, 12:200-204, Understanding global change: institutional and September 2003. governance factors, draft manuscript for the World Resources Institute, Washington D.C.,

432 SHARING POWER 2003. management: an annotated bibiography, Alden Wily, L. and S. Mbaya, Land, People and Forests International Institute for Environment and in Eastern and Southern Africa at the Beginning of Development, London and Institute for the 21st Century. The impact of land relations on Development Studies, Brighton (United Kingdom), the role of communities in forest future, Natural 2000. Resources International and IUCN, Nairobi, 2001. Baiocchi, G., “Participation, activism, and politics: the Allali-Puz, H., E. Béchaux and C. Jenkins, Porto Alegre experiment”, pages 45-76 in Fung “Gouvernance et démocratie locale dans les Parcs and Wright, 2003. Naturels Régionaux de France”, Policy Matters, Baird, I.B., “The co-management of Mekong River 12:225-237, 2003. inland aquatic resources in Southern Lao PDR”, Altieri, M.A., Agroecology, the Science of Sustainable www.co-management.org/download/ianbaird.pdf, Agriculture, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado 1999. (USA), 1995. Baird, I.G. and P. Dearden, “Biodiversity conservation Amadou B., G. Vogt and K. Vogt, “Developing a com- and resource tenure regimes: a case study from munity conserved area in Niger”, Parks, 13(1):16- Northeast Cambodia”, Environmental 27, 2003. Management, 32(5):541-550, 2003. Amend, S. and T. Amend, National Parks without Baland, J.M. and J.P. Platteau, Halting Degradation of People? The South American Experience, IUCN, Natural Resources. Is there a role for rural commu- Quito, 1995. nities?, FAO, Rome and Clarendon Press, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1996. Ames, S.C., “Community Visioning. Planning for the future in Oregon‘s local communities”, Balany€, B., A. Doherty, O. Hoedeman, A. Ma‘anit and http://www.asu.edu/caed/proceedings97/ames.html, E. Wesselius, Europe Inc. Regional and Global 1997. Restructuring and the Rise of Corporate Power, Pluto Press, London, 2000. Amin, S. and F. Houtard, Mondialisation des Résistances. L‘état des luttes, L‘Harmattan, Paris, Baldus, R., B. Kibonde and L. Siege, “15 years seeking 2002. conservation partnerships in the Selous Game Reserve and buffer zones of Tanzania”, Parks, Anderson, J.L., “Agreements between conservation agen- 13(1):50-61, 2003. cies and tribal neighbors in South Africa”, pages 261-269 in McNeeley, 1995. Baldwin, M. (ed.), Natural Resources of Sri Lanka: Conditions and Trends, Natural Resources, Energy Appfel Marglin, F. and S. A. Marglin (eds.), Dominating and Science Authority of Sri Lanka and USAID, Knowledge. Development, culture and resistance, Colombo, 1991. Clarendon, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1990. Banuri, T. and F. Amalric, Population, Environment and Archer, D. and K. Newman (comps.), Communication De-responsabilisation. Case studies from the rural and Power: reflect practical resource materials, areas of Pakistan, Sustainable Development Policy www.reflect-action.org, Books for Change, Institute, Working Paper POP 1, Islamabad, 1992. Bangalore (India), 2003. Banuri, T. and A. Najam, Civic Entrepreneurship. A civil ATTAC, Une €conomie au Service de l‘Homme, society perspective on sustainable development, Association pour la Taxation des Transactions Vol. 1: a global synthesis, Stockholm Environment Financières pour l‘Aide aux Citoyens et Mille et Institute, UNEP and RING, Gandhara Academy une nuits, Paris, 2001. Press, Islamabad, 2002. ATTAC, Le Développement a-t-il un Avenir ? Pour une Barraclough, S. L. and K. B. Ghimire, Forests and société économe et solidaire, Association pour la Livelihoods. The social dynamics of deforestation Taxation des Transactions Financières pour l‘Aide in developing countries, Macmillan Press Ltd., aux Citoyens et Mille et une nuits, Paris, 2004. London, 1995. Augustat, K., Rapport d‘activités de la cellule socio-éco- Barraclough, S. L. and M. Pimbert, Property Rights and nomique de la première phase du projet PROFOR- Participation in Natural Resource Management, NAT au sud-est Cameroun (Janvier 1997- Mars International Institute for Environment and 1999), GTZ Cameroun, 1999. Development, London and UNRISD, Geneva Bahuguna, V.K., Collective Resource Management. An (Switzerland), 2004 (in press). experience of Harda Forest Division, Regional Barton, T., G. Borrini-Feyerabend, A. de Sherbinin and Centre for Wastelands Development, Bhopal P. Warren, Our People, Our Resources. Supporting (India), 1992. rural communities in participatory action research Bainbridge, V., S. Foerster, K. Pasteur, M.P. Pimbert, G. on population dynamics and the local environ- Pratt and I.Y. Arroyo, Transforming Bureaucracies. ment, Institutionalising participation in natural resource http://www.iucn.org/themes/spg/opor/opor.html

REFERENCES 433 (available also in French and Spanish), IUCN, Commons”, the Fifth Conference of the Gland (Switzerland), 1997. International Association for the Study of Barzetti, V. (ed.), Parks and Progress, IUCN and Inter Common Property, Bod€ (Norway), 24-28 May American Development Bank, Washington D.C., 1995. 1993. Bennet, A.F., Linkages in the Landscape, IUCN Gland Bassi, M., I Borana: una Società Assembleare (Switzerland) and Cambridge (United Kingdom), dell‘Etiopia, Franco Angeli, Milano (Italy), 1996. 1998. Bassi, M. “The making of unsustainable livelihoods: an Beresford, M. and A. Phillips, “Protected landscapes, a on-going tragedy in the Ethiopian drylands”, conservation model for the 21st Century”, The Policy Matters, 10:7-13, 2002. George Wright Forum, 17(1):15-26, 2000. Bassi, M., “Enhancing equity in the relationship Berger, P., Pyramids of Sacrifice, Anchor Press between protected areas and local communities Doubleday, Garden City, New York (USA), 1976. in the context of global change: Horn of Africa Berkes, F. (ed.), Common Property Resources. Ecology and Kenya”, TILCEPA report, and community-based sustainable development, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE Belhaven Press, London, 1989. PA/community.htm#A, 2003. Berkes, F., “Success and Failure in Marine Coastal Baumann, M, J. Bell, F. Koechlin, and M.P. Pimbert Fisheries of Turkey”, in Bromley, D.W., Making (eds.), The Life Industry. Biodiversity, people and the Commons Work, Institute for Contemporary profits, Intermediate Technology Press, London, Studies Press, San Francisco, California (USA), 1996. 1992. Bebbington, A., “Organizations and intensifications: Berkes, F, P. George and R. J. Preston, “Co-manage- small farmer federations, rural livelihoods and ment”, Alternatives, 18(2):12-18, 1991. agricultural technology in the Andes and Berkes, F. and C. Folke, Linking social and ecological Amazonia”, World Development, 24(7):1161- systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1178, 1996. (United Kingdom), 1998. Bebbington, A., Capitals and capabilities. A framework Berkes, F., J. Colding and C. Folke (eds.), Navigating for analysing peasant viability, rural livelihoods Social-ecological Systems. Building resilience for and poverty in the Andes, Policies that work complexity and change, Cambridge University series, International Institute for Environment and Press, Cambridge (United Kingdom), 2003. Development, London, 1999. Berryman, P., Liberation Theology, Pantheon Books, Behnke R.H., I. Scoones and C. Kerven (eds.), Range New York, NY (USA), 1987. Ecology at Disequilibrium. New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African Berry, W., What are People For?, North Point Press, San savannas, Overseas Development Institute, Francisco, California (USA), 1990. London, 1993. Bertrand, A. and J. Weber, From state to local commons Behnke, R. H. and I. Scoones, “Rethinking range ecolo- in Madagascar: a national policy for local man- gy: implications for rangeland management in agement of renewable resources, paper presented Africa”, in Behnke et al., 1993. at “Reinventing the Commons”, the Fifth Conference of the International Association for the Behrman, L., Muslim Brotherhood and Politics in Study of Common Property, Bod€ (Norway), 24- Senegal, University of Harvard Press, Cambridge, 28 May 1995. Massachussets (USA), 1970. Bertrand, A. and L. Kalafatides, OMC, Le Pouvoir Belières, J.F., P.M. Bosc, G. Faure, S. Fournier and B. Invisible, Fayard, Paris, 2002. Losch, What Future for West Africa‘s Family Farms in a World Market Economy?, Drylands Bhatt, S., “Conservation through community enterprise”, Issues Paper 113, International Institute for pages 270-286 in Kothari et al., 1998. Environment and Development, London, 2002. Biel, J. and M. Bookchin, The Politics of Social Ecology, Beltr€n, J. (ed.), Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Black Rose Books, Montreal (Canada), 1998. Protected Areas. Principles, guidelines and case Blackburn, J. and J. Holland (eds.), Who Changes? studies, Institutionalising participation in development, http://iucn.org/themes/wcpa/pubs/pdfs/Indig_peo- Intermediate Technology Publications, London, ple.pdf, IUCN and WWF International, Gland 1998. (Switzerland) and Cambridge (United Kingdom), Blaikie, P., The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in 2000. Developing Countries, Logman, New York, NY Benjaminsen, T. A., Natural resource management and (USA), 1985. decentralisation, towards co-management in Blauert, J and K. Dietz, Of Dreams and Shadows. The Mali?, paper presented at “Reinventing the

434 SHARING POWER case of the Mexican regional sustainable develop- Technical Series, 15, Montreal (Canada), 2004. ment programme (PRODERS), IIED-IDS Borrini-Feyerabend, G., “Participatory democracy in Institutionalising Participation Series, International natural resource management: a Columbus‘ Institute for Environment and Development, egg?”, in Representing Communities, University of London, 2004. Atlanta, Altamira Press, Georgia (USA), 2004 (in Blomley, T. and A. Namara, “Devolving rights or shed- press). ding responsibilities? Community conservation in Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M.T. Farvar, J.C. Nguinguiri and Uganda over the last decade”, Policy Matters, V.A. Ndangang, Co-management of Natural 12:283-289, 2003. Resources: Organising, Negotiating and Learning- Bocoum, A., K. Cochrane, M. Diakite and O. Kane, by-Doing, Social inclusion: a prerequisite for equitable and http://nrm.massey.ac.nz/changelinks/cmnr.html sustainable natural resource management, (also available in French and Spanish), GTZ, Securing the Commons 7, International Institute Kasparek Verlag (Germany), 2000. for Environment and Development and SoS Sahel, Borrini-Feyerabend, G. and M.T. Farvar, Participatory London, 2003. evaluation of the participatory management of the Bodley, J.B., Victims of Progress, Benjamins and Galapagos Marine Reserve (Ecuador), 14 August – Cummings, Menlo Park, California (USA), 1982. 5 September 2000, mission report for Galapagos Bookchin, M., Post-Scarcity Anarchism, Wildwood National Park, manuscript, November 2001. House, London (United Kingdom), 1971. Borrini-Feyerabend, G., T. Banuri, M.T. Farvar, K. Miller Bookchin, M., The Ecology of Freedom, Cheshire and A. Phillips, “Indigenous and local communi- Books, Palo Alto, California (USA), 1982. ties and protected areas: rethinking the relation- ship”, Parks, 12(2):5-15, 2002. Bookchin, M., To Remember Spain. The anarchist and syndicalist revolution of 1936, AK Press, Borrini-Feyerabend, G. and T. Sandwith, “From guns Edinburgh (Scotland), 1994. and fences to paternalism to partnerships: the slow disentangling of Africa‘s protected areas”, Bookchin, M., The Third Revolution. Popular move- www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Publications/TILCEPA ments in the revolutionary era, Volume 1, Cassell, /Editorial-13_1.pdf, Parks, 13(1):1-5, 2003. London, 1996. Borrini-Feyerabend, G., A. Kothari and G. Oviedo, Bookchin, M., The Third Revolution. Popular move- Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected ments in the revolutionary era, Volume 2, Cassell, Areas. Towards equity and enhanced conserva- London, 1998. tion, IUCN/WCPA Best Practice Series, 11, Gland Borrini, G., Enhancing People‘s Participation in the (Switzerland) and Cambridge (United Kingdom), Tropical Forestry Action Plan, FAO, Rome, 1994 2004 (in press). (2d reprint). Boserup, E., Population and Technological Change. A Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Collaborative Management of study of long term trends, University of Chicago Protected Areas. Tailoring the approach to the Press, Chicago, Illinois (USA), 1981. context, http://www.iucn.org/themes/spg/Files/tai- Brass, T., New Farmers‘ Movements in India, Frank lor.html (available also in French, Spanish and Cass, Ilford (United Kingdom), 1995. Portuguese), IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996. Bravo, M. and P. Heylings, “Sistema de manejo partici- Borrini-Feyerabend, G. (ed., with D. Buchan), Beyond pativo de la Reserve Marina de Gal€pagos—acti- Fences. Seeking social sustainability in conserva- vidades en 2001 y resultados de la primera eva- tion (2 vols: “Process Companion” and luaci€n participativa”, Policy Matters, 10:115- “Reference Book”), 120, 2002. http://www.iucn.org/themes/spg/Files/beyond_fenc es/beyond_fences.html, IUCN, Gland Brechin, S.R., “Wondering boundaries and illegal resi- (Switzerland) and Cambridge (United Kingdom), dents—the political ecology of protected area 1997. deforestation in South Sumatra, Indonesia from 1979 to 1992”, pages 59-72 in Brechin et al., Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Livelihood security and natural 2003. resource management in Wenchi District, Ghana, Project Document prepared for CARE Denmark Brechin, S.R., P.R. Wilhusen, C.L. Fortwangler and P.C. and CARE Ghana, manuscript, 2000. West (eds.), Contested Nature. Promoting interna- tional biodiversity with social justice in the twenty Borrini-Feyerabend, G., “Governance of Protected first century, State University of New York Press, Areas, Participation and Equity”, pages 100-105 Albany, New York (USA), 2003. in Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Biodiversity Issues for Consideration in British Columbia Claims Task Force, “The Report of the the Planning, Establishment and Management of British Columbia Claims Task Force, June 28, Protected Areas Sites and Networks, CBD 1991”,

REFERENCES 435 http://www.gov.bc.ca/tno/rpts/bcctf/toc.htm, 1991. Carroll, T. F. and A. Bebbington. “Peasant federations British Columbia Treaty Commission Act, C. 45. and rural development policies in the Andes”, http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/B-8.5/8596.html, 1995. Policy Sciences, 33(3/4):435-457, 2001. Brockington, D., “Injustice and conservation: is local Castellanet, C. and C.F. Jordan, Participatory Action support necessary for sustainable protected Research in Natural Resource Management, areas?”, Policy Matters, 12:22-30, 2003. Taylor and Francis, New York, NY (USA), 2002. Bromley, D.W. and M. Cernea, The Management of CBDC Programme, The Protocol for the Community Common Property Natural Resources. Some con- Biodiversity Development and Conservation ceptual fallacies, World Bank Discussion Paper Programme. Barcelona accord and MOU, The 57, Washington D.C., 1989. CBCD Programme, Wageningen (The Netherlands), 1994. Brown, J.L. and B.A. Mitchell, “Stewardship: a working definition”, Environments, 26(1):8-17, 1998. CENESTA, The Qanat System in Iran: a Globally Ingenious Agricultural Heritage System, report Brown, M. and B. Wyckoff-Baird, Designing Integrated prepared for the GIAHS project, UN Food and Conservation and Development Projects, Agriculture Organisation, 2004. Biodiversity Support Program with PVO- NGO/NRMS and World Wildlife Fund, Cernea, M. (ed.), Putting People First. Sociological vari- Washington D.C., 1994. ables in rural development, The World Bank, Washington DC, 1985. Bruch, C. and M. Filbey, “Emerging global norms in public involvement”, in Bruch (ed.), The New Cernea, M., “Culture and organisation. The social sus- “Public”: the Globalisation of Public Participation, tainability of induced development”, Sustainable Environmental Law Institute, Washington D.C., Development, 1(2):18-29, 1993. 2002. Cernea, M. and K. Schmidt-Soltau, “The end of forcible Burbach, R. and P. Flynn, Agribusiness in the Americas, displacements? Making conservation and impov- Monthly Review Press, New York (USA), 1980. erishment incompatible”, Policy Matters, 12:42- 51, 2003. Burns, D., R. Hambleton and P. Hoggett, The Politics of Decentralization. Revitalising local democracy, CGIR, Uniting Science and Participation for Sustainable Macmillan, London, 1994. Livelihoods and Adaptive Natural Resource Management, Earthscan, London, 2003. Cairngorms Partnership, Managing the Cairngorms—a Consultation Paper, Draft Management Strategy, Chambers, R., Challenging the Professions. Frontiers for Grantown-on-Spay (Scotland), 1996. rural development, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1993. Calame, P., La Démocratie en Miettes. Pour une révolu- tion de la gouvernance, Charles Léopold Chambers, R., Whose Reality Counts?, Intermediate Mayer/Descartes & Cie, Paris, 2003. Technology Publications, London, 1996. Campbell, A., Community First. Landcare in Australia, Champagne and Aishihik First Nations and British IIED Gatekeepers Series 42, International Institute Columbia, Tatshenshini-Alsek Park Management for Environment and Development, London, Agreement, manuscript, 29 April 1996. 1994a. Chandrakanth, M.G. and J. Romm, “Sacred forests, sec- Campbell, A., Landcare. Communities shaping the land ular forest policies and people‘s actions”, Natural and the future, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Resources Journal, 31(4):741-756, 1991. (Australia), 1994b. Chandrashekara, U. M. and S. Sankar, “Tribals and con- Canada Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, servation: Chinnar Sanctuary, India”, pages 467- Restructuring the Relationship, Vol. 2, Part 2, 480 in Kothari et al. 1998. Ministry of Supply and Services, Government of Chatelain, C. and B. Ehringhaus, “Le Mont Blanc peut-il Canada, Canada Communication Group s‘élever au rang de Patrimoine Mondial sans pro- Publishing, Ottawa, 1996. cessus participatif?”, Policy Matters, 10:120-125, CANARI, The Sea is Our Garden. A report on a study of 2002. institutional and technical options for improving Chatelain, C., M. Taty and G. Borrini-Feyerabend, coastal livelihoods in Laborie, Saint Lucia, Tchim Tchieto: Fierté de la Cogestion, IUCN CANARI Technical Report 322, Caribbean Natural CEESP Occasional Paper 2, IUCN, Gland Resources Institute, Laventille (Trinidad and (Switzerland), January 2004. Tobago), 2003. Chatty, D. and M. Colchester (eds.), Conservation and Cao, G., and L. Zhang, “Innovative forest management Mobile Indigenous Peoples. Displacement, forced by the local community in Dongda village, settlement and sustainable development, Volume Yunnan Province in Forests”, Trees and People 10, Studies in Forced Migration, Newsletter, 34, September 1997. http://www.berghahnbooks.com/toc/ChattyColche

436 SHARING POWER ster_toc.htm, Berghahn Books, Oxford (United Cousins, B., A Role for Common Property Institutions in Kingdom) and New York, NY (USA), 2002 Land Re-distribution Programmes in South Africa, Chester, J. and C. Marshall, “Aboriginal land manage- Gatekeeper Series, 53, International Institute for ment - indigenous protected areas”, presentation Environment and Development, London, 1995. in the Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Crengle, D.L.,”Perspectives on Maori participation Congress, Durban (South Africa), September under the Resource Management Act”, in Report 2003. of the IUCN Inter Commission Task Force on Chhetri, P., A. Mugisha and S. White, “Communities Indigenous Peoples, 1997. resource use in Kibale and Mount Elgon National Crosby, A. W., Ecological Imperialism. The biological Parks (Uganda)”, Parks, 13(1):28-38, 2003. expansion of Europe, Cambridge University Press, Chhetri, R. B. and T. R. Pandey, User Group Forestry in New York, NY (USA), 1988. the Far-Western Region of Nepal. Case studies Crucible, People, Plants and Patents. The impact of from Baitadi and Achham, International Centre for intellectual property on trade, plant biodiversity Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, and rural society, The Crucible Group, IDRC, 1992. Ottawa, 1994. Chidhakwa, Z., “Traditional institutions manage their CSE, Dying Wisdom. Rise, fall and potential of India‘s Nyakwaa and Chizire forests in Chimanimani, traditional water harvesting systems, Centre for Zimbabwe”, Policy Matters, 12:132-140, 2003. Science and the Environment, New Delhi, 1997. Child, B., Origins and efficacy of modern community- Cunningham-Burley, S., A. Kerr and S. Pavis, “Focus based natural resource management (CBNRM) groups and public involvement in the new genet- practices in the Southern Africa region, paper pre- ics”, pages 36-38 in Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001. sented at the regional workshop on Local Dalal-Clayton, B. and S. Bass, Sustainable Development Communities and Conservation: Issues and Strategies. A resource book, International Institute Challenges Towards a More Equitable and for Environment and Development and United Sustainable Future, Pretoria (South Africa), 26-28 Nations Development Programme, London, 2002. February 2003. Dana Declaration on Mobile Peoples and Clark, J., “Municipal Dreams : A Social Ecological Conservation, http://www.danadeclaration.org, Critique of Bookchin‘s Politics” Policy Matters, 10:16-18, 2002. http://raforum.apinc.org/article.php3?id_arti- cle=1038#nb2, undated. de Graay Fortman, B., Beyond Income Distribution. An entitlement systems approach to the acquirement Clark, R., “Community issues groups”, UKCEED problem, Working Papers, Institute of Social Bulletin, 55:19, 1998. Studies, The Hague, 1997. Clarke, J.P., The Philosophical Anarchism of William De Lacy, T. and B. Lawson, “The Uluru/Kakadu model: Godwin, Princeton University Press. Princeton, joint management of Aboriginal owned National New Jersey (USA), 1977. Parks in Australia”, pages 155-191 in Stevens, Colchester, M., Salvaging Nature: Indigenous Peoples, 1997. Protected Areas and Biodiversity Conservation, del Valle, A., “Managing complexity through methodi- World Rainforest Movement and Forest Peoples cal participation: the case of air quality in Programme, Moreton in Marsh (United Kingdom), Santiago de Chile”, Systemic Practice and Action 2003. Research, 12(4):367-380, 1999. Colchester, M. and C. Erni (eds.), Indigenous Peoples de Marconi, M. and S. Donoso de Baixeras, and Protected Areas in South and Southeast Asia, “Inhabitants of protected areas in Bolivia”, pages IWGIA Document 97, Copenhagen, 1999. 73-93 in Amend and Amend, 1995. Conservation Corporation Ltd., The Conservation de Noray, M.L., Waza Logone. Histoires d‘eaux et Corporation, an integrated approach to eco- d‘hommes, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland) and tourism, manuscript, undated. Cambridge (United Kingdom), 2002. Cordova y Vazquez, A., Planeaci€n Colaborativa para de Sherbinin, A. (ed.), Establishing and Strengthening el Uso del Territorio y de los Recursos Naturales Local Communities‘ and Indigenous Peoples‘ en la Sierra Tarahumara, Cornell University, Participation in the Management of Wetlands, Ithaca (New York), 1998. Handbook No. 5 for the Wise Use of Wetlands, Cornwall, A. and J. Gaventa, “Bridging the gap: citizen- Ramsar Convention Bureau, Gland (Switzerland), ship, partnership and accountability”, pages 32- 2000. 35 in Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001. Decosse, P.J. and S.S. Jayawickrama, Co-management Cornwall, A., and V. Coelho, “New democratic of Resources in Sri Lanka: Status, Issues, and spaces?”, IDS Bulletin, 35(2), 2004. Opportunities, NAREPP/IRG Report, Colombo, Sri

REFERENCES 437 Lanka, 1996. International Institute for Environment and Deere, C.D. and M. Leon, “Institutional reform of agri- Development and SoS Sahel, London, 2003. culture under neoliberalism: the impact of Eghenter, C. and M. Labo, “In search of governance women‘s and indigenous movements”, Latin models for indigenous peoples in protected area: American Research Review, 36(2):31-64, 2001. the experience of Kayan Mentarang National Dewey, J., The public and its problems, Ohio University Park”, Policy Matters, 12:248-253, 2003. Press, Athens, 1991, first published in 1927. Einstein, A., Honored Listeners Present and Invisible!— Devlin, P., Trial by Jury, Hamlyn Lecture Series, Original recordings 1921-1951, Supposé, K€ln Stevens, London, 1956. (Germany), 2003, speech delivered in 1940. Diallo, M.S., Communication du projet Land Tenure Engberg-Pedersen, L., Creating Local Democracy. Center : insécurité foncière et gestion des ressour- Politics from above: the “gestion de terroir” ces naturelles, la stratégie adoptée par le projet approach in Burkina Faso, Issue Paper 56, LTC Guinée, paper prepared for the workshop Drylands Programme, International Institute for “Atelier Régional de Labe sur la Problématique Environment and Development, London, 1995. Foncière et la Gestion des Ressources Naturelles EPA, “Top Ten Watershed Lessons”, au Fouta Djalon”, 13 -17 Febuary 1995. http://www.epa.gov/owow/lessons, doc. 840-F-97- Doganay, U., “Democratic inclusion and public delib- 001,Office of Water and Office of Wetlands, erations in Turkey. The case of Local Agenda 21”, Oceans and Watersheds, US Environment http://www.psa.ac.uk/cps/2003%5CUlku%20Dog Protection Agency, 1997. anay.pdf, Faculty of Communication, Ankara Escobar, A., “Discourse on power in development: University, Turkey, 2003. Michel Foucault and the relevance of his work for Dorf, M.C. and C.F. Sabel, “A constitution of democrat- the Third World”, Alternatives, 10(3), 1985. ic experimentalism”, Columbia Law Review, Esman, M. and N. Uphoff, Local Organizations. 98(2), 1998. Intermediaries in rural development, Cornell Draz, O., “The hema system of range reserves in the University Press, Ithaca, New York (USA), 1984. Arabian peninsula”, pages 109-121 in McNeely ESRC, Strengthening decision-making for sustainable and Pitts, 1985. development, report of a workshop held at Drolet, C.A., A. Reed, M. Breton and F. Berkes, Sharing Eynsham Hall, Economic and Social Research wildlife management responsibilities with Native Council, Oxford (United Kingdom), 15-16 June Groups: case histories in Northern Quebec, tran- 1998. scripts of 52d Conference on Wildlife and Natural Esteva, G., “Development”, pages 6-25 in Sachs, W. Resources, Canada, 1987. (ed.), The Development Dictionary—A guide to Dupuy, J.P. and J. Robert, La Trahison de l‘Opulence, knowledge as power, Zed Books, London and PUF, Paris, 1976. New Jersey (USA), 1992. Durning, A.B., Action at the Grassroots. Fighting pover- Estrella, M. and N. Iszatt (eds.), Beyond Good ty and environmental decline, Worldwatch Paper Governance. Participatory democracy in the 88, Worldwatch Institute, Washington D.C., 1989. Philippines, Institute for Popular Democracy, Quezon City (The Philippines), 2004. Durning, A.T., Guardians of the Land. Indigenous peo- ples and the health of the earth, Worldwatch Fairhead, J. and M. Leach, Misreading the African Paper 112, Worldwatch Institute, Washington, Landscape. Society and ecology in a forest-savan- D.C., 1992. nah mosaic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (United Kingdom), 1996. Dwyer, P.D., “Modern conservation and indigenous peoples in search of wisdom”, Pacific Fakih, M., T. Rahardjo and M. P. Pimbert, Community Conservation Biology, 1:91-97, 1994. Integrated Pest Management in Indonesia. Institutionalising participation and people centred East, K.M., “Joint management of Canada‘s Northern approaches, IIED-IDS Institutionalising National Parks”, pages 333-345 in West and Participation Series, International Institute for Brechin, 1991. Environment and Development, London, 2003. Edmunds, D. and E. Wollenberg, Disadvantaged groups Fals-Borda, O. and M.A. Rahman, Action and in multi-stakeholder negotiations, CIFOR Knowledge. Breaking the monopoly with partici- Programme Report, manuscript, 2002. patory action research, Apex Press, New York, NY Edwards, M., Civil Society, Polity Press, Oxford (United (USA), 1991. Kingdom), 2004. Farley, R., Negotiation versus Litigation or Legislation, Egeimi, O., M.A. Mahmood, and A. M. Abdella, special address made at the AIC Conference on Towards a Local Peace, Securing the Commons 5, Working with the Native Title Act. The Political

438 SHARING POWER and Commercial Realities, Brisbane (Australia), 17 October, 3-5, 1996. June 1997. Fisher, R.J., Collaborative Management of Forests for Farrier, D., “Conserving biodiversity on private land: Conservation and Development, IUCN, Gland incentives for management or compensation for (Switzerland), 1995. lost expectations?”, The Harvard Environmental Fitzgerald, E.V.K., Regulating large international firms, Law Review, 19(2):304-305, 1995. UNRISD Paper 5, UNRISD, Geneva (Switzerland), Farrington, J. and A. Bebbington, with D. Lewis and K. 2001. Wellard, Reluctant Partners. NGOs, the state and Foucault, M., Discipline and Punish. The birth of the agricultural development, Routledge, London, prison, Vintage Books, New York, NY (USA), 1993. 1979. Farvar, M.T., Participatory Watershed Management Fox, J. (ed.), “The challenge of rural democratization”, Based on Traditional Water and Irrigation Journal of Development Studies, 26(4), special Management Systems, manuscript prepared for issue, 1990. training programmes of the FAO Project on Watershed Management in Sefid-Rood Basin, Franke, R.W. and B. Chasin, Seeds of Famine, Iran, CENESTA,Tehran, 1991. Landmark Studies, Universe Books, New York, NY (USA), 1980. Farvar, M. T., “Mobile pastoralism in West Asia: myths, challenges and a whole set of loaded ques- Franks, P., What role for communities in PA manage- tions…” Policy Matters, 12:31-41, 2003. ment in Uganda?, manuscript, CARE Uganda, 1995. Farvar, M. T. and J. P. Milton (eds.), The Careless Technology. Ecology and international develop- Freire, P., Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Seabury Press, ment, Conservation Foundation and Centre for New York, NY (USA), 1970. the Biology of Natural Systems, Freire, P., The Politics of Education. Culture, power and Doubleday/Natural History Press, New York, NY liberation, Macmillan, London, 1985. (USA), 1972. Freudenberger, K and M. Freudenberger, Fields, Fallows Farvar, M.T. and F. Berkes, “Common property and Flexibility. Natural resource management in resources: ecology and community-based sustain- Ndam Mor Fademba, IIED Drylands Programme, able development (introduction and overview)”, 5, International Institute for Environment and pages 1-17 in Berkes, F. (ed.), Common Property Development, London, 1993. Resources. Ecology and community-based sus- Freudenberger, M., Community-based conservation and tainable development, Belhaven Press, London resource management agreements: issues and (1989). strategies for the World Wildlife Fund, draft man- Ferrari, M.F., “Synthesis of lessons learned in the estab- uscript, WWF-US, Washington D.C., 1996. lishment and management of protected areas by Freudenberger, K., “The use of RRA to inform policy: indigenous and local communities in South-East tenure issues in Madagascar and Guinea”, in Asia”, TILCEPA report, Holland and Blackburn, 1998. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE PA/community.htm#A, 2003. Fuglesang, A., About Understanding. Ideas and obser- vations on cross-cultural communication, Dag Ferrari, M. and D. De Vera, “Coron island and rights- Hammarskj€ld Foundation, Uppsala (Sweden), based conservation in the Philippines”, Policy 1982. Matters 12:166-170, 2003. Fundaci€n pro Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Plan de Feyerabend, P., Conquest of Abundance, Chicago Desarrollo Sostenible de la Sierra Nevada de University Press, Chicago, Illinois (USA), 1999. Santa Marta, Santa Marta (Colombia), 1997. Finger-Stitch, A. and K. Ghimire, Travail, Culture et Fung, A. and E.O. Wright, Deepening Democracy. Nature. Le développement local dans le contexte Institutional innovations in empowered participa- des parcs nationaux et naturels régionaux de tory governance, Verso Books, London, 2003. France, UNRISD, Geneva (Switzerland) and L‘Harmattan, Paris, 1997. Funtowicz, S. O. and J. Ravetz, “Science for the post normal age”, Futures, 25(7):739-755, 1993. Finger-Stitch, A. and M. Finger, State Versus Participation. Natural resources management in Gadgil, M., “Peoples biodiversity register: a record of Europe, IIED-IDS Institutionalising Participation India‘s wealth”, Amruth (the Magazine on Series, International Institute for Environment and Medicinal Plants, India), Special Supplement:1- Development, London, 2003. 16, 1996. Fisher, L., “Seeking common cause in the commons: Gadgil, M. and R. Guha, This Fissured Land. An eco- opportunities and challenges in resolving environ- logical history of India, Oxford University Press, mental conflicts”, The Common Property Digest, Delhi, 1992.

REFERENCES 439 Gadgil, M., F. Berkes and C. Folke, “Indigenous knowl- =41, Snabba Tryck, Visby (Sweden), 2003. edge and biodiversity conservation”, Ambio, Glasner, P., “Rights or rituals? Why juries can do more 22(2/3):151-156, 1993. harm than good”, pages 43-45 in Pimbert and Gadgil, M. and R. Guha, Ecology and Equity. The use Wakeford, 2001. and abuse of nature in contemporary India, Goethert, R. and N. Hamdi, Making Microplans. A Routledge, London, 1995. community-based process in programming and Gadgil, M., “Grassroots conservation practices: revital- development, Intermediate Technology, London, izing the traditions”, pages 219-238 in Kothari et 1988. al., 1998. Goetz, A.M. and J. Gaventa, From Consultation to Garreau, G., L‘agro-business, Calmann-Levy, Paris, Influence. Bringing citizen voice and client focus 1977. into service delivery, IDS Working Paper 138, Garreau, J.M., “Le transfert de gestion dans le nord-est Institute of Development Studies, Brighton (United de Madagascar— apprendre à respecter le rythme Kingdom), 2001. local et à accompagner l‘organisation et l‘appren- Gollain, F., A Critique of Work. Between ecology and tissage des acteurs”, Policy Matters, 10:102-103, socialism, IIED–IDS Institutionalising Participation 2002. Series, International Institute for Environment and GBRMPA, Keeping it Great, Great Barrier Reef Marine Development, London, 2004. Park Authority (GBRMPA), Townsville (Australia), GONWFP (Government of North Western Province of 1994. Pakistan) and IUCN, The Sarhad Provincial Geoghegan, T., Y. Renard, N. Brown and V. Conservation Strategy, Islamabad, 1996. Krishnarayan, Evaluation of Caribbean Goodman, P and P. Goodman, Communitas: Means of Experiences in Participatory Planning and Livelihood and Ways of Life, Vintage Books, New Management of Marine and Coastal Resources, York, NY (USA), 1947. CANARI Technical Report No. 259, Caribbean Gorman, M., Report on socio-economic study. Natural Resources Institute (CANARI), Vieux Fort Participatory rural appraisal conducted in March (Saint Lucia), 1999. /April 1995, IUCN Tanga Coastal Zone George, S, Les Stratégies de la Faim, Editions Conservation and Development Programme, Grounauer, Geneva (Switzerland), 1981. Tanga (Tanzania), 1995. George, S., “Confronting and transforming the interna- Gorman, M. and T. van Ingen, “Learning by listening in tional economic and financial system”, Tanga”, pages 17-18 in IUCN, 1996b. www.tni.org, 2000. Gorz, A., Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology, Verso Books, George, S., Remettre l‘OMC à sa Place, Association London, 1994. pour la Taxation des Transactions Financières Gorz, A., Misères du Présent, Richesses du Possible, pour l‘Aide aux Citoyens et Mille et une Nuits, Editions Galilée, Paris, 1997. Paris, 2001. Gould, S.J., Wonderful Life. The Burgess Shale and the Georgescu-Roegen, N, The Entropy Law and the nature of history, Norton and Company, New Economic Process, Harvard University Press, York, NY (USA), 1989. Cambridge, Massachusetts (USA), 1971. Government of Canada and Government of the USA, Ghai, D. and J.M. Vivian (eds.), Grassroots Agreement between the Government of Canada Environmental Action. People‘s participation in and the Government of the United States of sustainable development, Routledge, London, America on the conservation of the Porcupine 1992. Caribou herd, Ottawa, July 17, 1987. Ghimire, K. B. and M. P. Pimbert (eds.), Social Change Government of Canada, Council for Yukon Indians Sign and Conservation. Environmental politics and Umbrella Final Agreement/Four Yukon First impacts of national parks and protected areas, Nations Sign Land Claim and Self-government UNRISD, Geneva (Switzerland) and Earthscan, Agreements, News Release Communiqué, 1- London, 1997. 9325, 1993. Gilmour, D. and R. Fisher, Villages, Forests and Government of West Bengal (India), Appendix 1: Foresters. The philosophy, process and practice of Resolution. Forest Regeneration Through community forestry in Nepal, Sahayogi Press, Community Participation, Government of West Kathmandu, 1991. Bengal, Forest Department, WBFD and Ford Gladu. J.P., Aboriginal Experiences in Canada. Parks Foundation, Calcutta, India, 1989. and protected areas, Boreal Footprint Project and GRAF/GRET/IIED, Making Land Rights More Secure, Taiga Rescue Network, Proceedings of an international workshop, http://www.taigarescue.org/index.php?sub=2&cat Ouagadougou, March 19-21, 2002, International

440 SHARING POWER Institute for Environment and Development, 2002. London, 2003. Hacking, I., The Taming of Change, Cambridge Graham, J., B. Amos and T. Plumptre, Governance prin- University Press, New York (NY), 1990. ciples for protected areas in the 21st century, a Hagmann, J. and K. Murwira, “Indigenous soil and discussion paper, Institute on Governance in col- water conservation in Zimbabwe: techniques, his- laboration with Parks Canada and Canadian torical change and recent developments”, in Reij, International Development Agency, Ottawa, C., I. Scoones and C. Toulmin (eds.), Sustaining 2003. the Soil. Indigenous soil and water conservation GRAIN, “TRIPS versus CBD. Conflicts between the in Africa, Earthscan Publications, London, 1996. WTO regime of intellectual property rights and Hajer, M., The politics of Environmental Discourse, sustainable biodiversity management”, Global Clarendon, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1995. Trade and Biodiversity in Conflict, Issue No. 1, GAIA/GRAIN, 1998. Halle, M., Moving the Frontier. The story of the Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy, International GRAIN, “One global patent system? WIPO‘s Institute for Sustainable Development, Winnipeg, Substantive Patent Law Treaty”, www.grain.org, Manitoba (Canada), 2002. August 2003. Hamerlynck, O., The Diawling National Park, GRAIN, “Community or commodity: what future for tra- Mauritania. Joint management for the rehabilita- ditional knowledge?”, Seedling, July 2004. tion of a degraded coastal wetland, manuscript Gramajo, S.E., Autogesti€n Comunitaria de Recursos prepared for the IUCN Social Policy Group, Naturales: Estudio de Caso en Totonicap€n, December 1997. Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Hancock, G., Lords of Poverty, Mandarin, London, Guatemala City, 1997. 1991. Gramsci, A., Selections from Cultural Writings, Harmon, D., “National park residency in developed Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1985, original countries: the example of Great Britain”, pages works first published in 1947. 33-39 in West and Brechin, 1991. Gray, B., Collaborating: Finding Common Ground in Hart, R.A., Children‘s Participation. The theory and Multiparty Problems, Jossey-Bass Publishers, San practice of involving young citizens in communi- Francisco (California) and Oxford (United ty development and environmental care, Kingdom), 1989. Earthscan, London, 1997. Grillo, R., “Discourses of development: the view from Harvey, D., The Conditions of Post-Modernity, An anthropology”, in Stirrat, R. and R. Grillo (eds.), inquiry into the origins of social change, Basil Discourses of Development. Anthropological per- Blackwell, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1989. spectives, Berg publishers, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1997. Haverkort B. and W. Hiemstra, Food for Thought. Ancient visions and new experiments of rural GTZ, Indicators for sustainable land management for people?, COMPAS and Zed Books, London, 1999. use in development projects, unpublished report, Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, Haverkort, B., K.vant Hooft and W. Hiemstra (eds.), Germany, 1997. Ancient Roots, New Shoots. Endogenous develop- ment in practice, COMPAS and Zed Books, Guèye M. B and S. M. Tall, Les Conventions Locales au London, 2003. Sahel : un Outil de Co-gouvernance en Gestion des Ressources N aturelles, Série sur les Heilbroner, R.L., The Making of Economic Society, Conventions locales de IIED Sahel, International Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Institute for Environment and Development, (USA), 1968. London, 2004. Hemmati, M., Multi-stakeholder Processes for Guijt, I., Participatory Monitoring and Impact Governance and Sustainability. Beyond deadlock Assessment of Sustainable Agriculture Initiatives: and conflict, Earthscan, London, 2002. an Introduction to the Key Elements, SARL Henderson, D., “Foul play in Cambodia: developing Discussion Paper 1, International Institute for improved policies that affect community forestry Environment and Development, London, 1998. development”, Asia-Pacific Community Forestry Gunderson, L.H., C. S. Holling and S. Light, Barriers Newsletter, 13(2):51-52, 2000. and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Herman E.S. and N. Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent, Institutions, Columbia University Press, New York Pantheon Books, New York, NY (USA), 1988. (NY), 1995. Heylings, P. and M. Bravo, “Survival of the fittest? Gunderson, L. H. and C.S. Holling, Panarchy: Challenges facing the co-management model for Understanding Transformations in Human and the Galapagos Marine Reserve”, CM News, 5:10- Natural Systems, Island Press, Washington D.C., 13, 2001.

REFERENCES 441 Heylings, P., Mission report for the Parc National du Local Level Perspectives, Westview Press, Banc d‘Arguin, manuscript, 2002. Boulder, Colorado (USA) and London, 1987. Hickey, S and G. Mohan (eds.), Participation: From Horowitz, M. and P.D. Little, “African pastoralism and Tyranny to Transformation, Zed Books, London, poverty: some implications for drought and 2004 (in press). famine”, in Glantz, M.H. (ed.), Drought and Hilhorst, T. and A. Coulibaly, “Formulating co-manage- Hunger in Africa: Denying Famine a Future, ment agreements for sylvo pastoral zones in Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, southern Mali”, in Hilhorst, T. and N. Aarnink Massachusetts (USA), 1987. (eds.), “Co-managing the commons. Setting the Howell, J. and J. Pearce, Civil Society and stage in Mali and Zambia”, Royal Tropical Development. A critical exploration, Lynne Institute Bulletin, 346, Royal Tropical Institute, Reinner, Boulder, Colorado (USA), 2001. Amsterdam (The Netherlands), 1999. Hyden, G., Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania, Heineman, Hill, M., The Policy Process in the Modern State, London, 1980. Prentice Hall, London, 1997. Iamo, W., “Sustainable development and land tenure in Hill, M.A. and A.J. Press, “Kakadu National Park: an Papua New Guinea”, in International Indigenous Australian Experience in co-management”, pages Commission, Indigenous Peoples‘ Knowledge and 135-160 in Western and Wright, 1994. Management Practices, report prepared for the Hines, C., A global look to the local: the case for locali- UN Conference on Environment and sation, IIED Reclaiming Diversity Series, Development, UNDP, 1992. International Institute for Environment and IDS, Tales of the Unexpected. Environmental gover- Development, London, 2003. nance in an uncertain age, Policy Briefing Issue Hines, C., Localisation. A global manifesto, Earthscan, 16, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton London, 2003. (United Kingdom), 2003. Hiralal, M.H. and S. Tare, Forests and People: a IIED, Whose Eden? An overview of community Participatory Study on Food, Fuel, Fodder, approaches to wildlife management, International Fertiliser, Water and Employment in 22 Villages Institute for Environment and Development, of Dhanora Tahsil (Gadchiroli, Maharastra), London, 1995. unpublished report, undated, quoted in Pathak Illich, I., Tools for Conviviality, Harper and Row, New and Gour-Broome, 2001. York, NY (USA), 1973. Hobley, M., “Participatory forestry: the process of ILO, “Convention 169 concerning Indigenous and change in India and Nepal”, in ODI, Rural Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries”, ILO Development Forestry Study Guide 3, ODI General Conference, International Labour Publications, Overseas Development Institute, Organisation, London, 1996. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/62.htm, Hoggett, P., Emotional Life and the Politics of Welfare, adopted on 27 June 1989. Macmillan Press, London, 2000. ILRC and IHRLG, “The Awas Tingni Decision—Fifteen Holland, J. and J. Blackburn, Whose Voice? Months Later. The challenges to the implementa- Participatory research and policy change, tion of the decision of the Inter-American Court of Intermediate Technology Publications, London, Human Rights”, www.indianlaw.org, Indian law 1998. Resource Center and International Human Rights Law Group, 2003. Holling, C. S. (ed.), Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management, John Wiley and Sons, London, Inglis, A., Enhancing equity in the relationship between 1978. protected areas and indigenous and local commu- nities in the context of global change in Europe, Holling, C.S, F. Berkes and C. Folke, “Science, sustain- Draft report for CEESP/ CMWG, 2002. ability and resource management”, in Berkes and Folke, 1998. Institute on Governance, Governance Principles for Protected Areas in the 21st Century, Discussion Holmes, T. and I. Scoones, Participatory Environmental paper for Parks Canada, Parks Canada, Ottawa, Policy Processes. Experiences from North and 2002. South, IDS Working Paper 133, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton (United Kingdom), International Forum on Globalisation, Alternatives to 2000. Economic Globalisation. A better world is possi- ble, Barrett-Koehler Press, San Francisco, Horowitz, M. and M. Salem-Murdock, “The political California (USA), 2002. economy of desertification in White Nile Province, Sudan”, in Little, P.D. and M.M. IPPR, Citizens Juries, IPPR, London, 1994. Horowitz (eds.), Lands at Risk in the Third World: Irwin, A., Citizen Science. A study of people, expertise

442 SHARING POWER and sustainable development, Routledge, London, Jones, B., “Lessons learned from the philosophy and 1995. practice of CBNRM in Southern Africa”, TILCEPA, Irwin, A., “Citizen engagement in science and technol- http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE ogy policy: a commentary on recent UK experi- PA/community.htm#A, 2003. ence”, pages 72-75 in Pimbert and Wakeford, Jones, B. and M. Murphree, “The evolution of policy on 2001. community conservation in Namibia and IUCN, Evaluation of the Implementation of the 1984 Zimbabwe”, in Hulme, D. and M. Murphree Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves, paper pre- (eds.), African Wildlife and Livelihoods. The sented at the March 1995 UNESCO MAB promise and performance of community conser- Conference in Seville (Spain), 1995. vation, James Currey, Oxford (United Kingdom), 2001. IUCN, La Réserve de Biosphère de l‘Archipel de Bijagos, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996a. Kabuye, C., “Bark cloth in Buganda”, pages 371-372 in Posey, 1999. IUCN, People in Charge!, special issue on co-manage- ment of natural resources of World Conservation, Kaimowitz, D., A. Faune and R. Mendoza, “Your bios- no. 2, 1996b. phere is my backyard: the story of Bosawas in Nicaragua”, Policy Matters, 12:5-15, 2003. IUCN, Indigenous Peoples and Sustainability, IUCN Inter Commission Task Force on Indigenous Kamminga, H., “Science for the people?”, in Wakeford, Peoples, Gland (Switzerland), 1997. T. and M. Walters (eds.), Science for the Earth, Wiley, Chichester (United Kingdom), 1995. IUCN/WCPA, Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories, IUCN, World Kandeh, H.B.S. and P. Richards, “Rural people as con- Commission on Protected Areas, Gland servationists: querying neo-malthusian assump- (Switzerland), 1994. tions about biodiversity in Sierra Leone”, Africa, 66(1):90-103, 1996. Jackson, W., W. Berry and B. Coleman (eds.), Meeting the Expectations of the Land. Essays in sustainable Kanji, N., Mind the Gap. Mainstreaming gender and agriculture and stewardship, North Point Press, participation in development, IIED-IDS San Francisco, California (USA), 1984. Institutionalising Participation Series, International Institute for Environment and Development, Jahan, R., The Elusive Agenda. Mainstreaming women London, 2003. in development, Zed Press, London, 1995. Karanja, F., Y. Tessema and E. Barrow, Equity in the Jayatilake, A., N. Pallewatta and J. Wikramanayake, Loita/ Purko Naimina Enkiyio Forest in Kenya. “The practice of community-based conservation Securing Maasai rights to and responsibility for in Sri Lanka”, pages 170-190 in Kothari et al., the forest, Forest and Social Perspectives in 1998. Conservation 11, IUCN, Nairobi, 2002. Jeanrenaud, S., People-oriented Approaches in Global Keeley, J. and I. Scoones, Understanding Environmental Conservation. Is the leopard changing its spots?, Policy Processes. A review, IDS Working Paper IIED-IDS Institutionalising Participation Series, 89, Institute for Development Studies, Brighton International Institute for Environment and (United Kingdom), 1999. Development, London and Institute for Development Studies, Brighton (United Kingdom), Keeley, J and I. Scoones, Understanding Environmental 2002. Policy Processes, Cases from Africa, Earthscan, London, 2003. Jeanrenaud, S. and J.P. Jeanrenaud, Thinking Politically About Community Forestry and Biodiversity. Kettel, B., Protected area, people, and collaborative Insider driven initiatives in Scotland, ODI Rural management: experiences from Nepal, presenta- Development Forestry Network Paper 20, tion at the IUCN workshop on Collaborative Overseas Development Institute, London, 1996. Management for Conservation, First World Conservation Congress, Montreal (Canada), Jentoft, S., “Fisheries co-management”, Marine Policy, 1996a. 13:137-154, 1989. Kettel, B., presentation at the IUCN workshop on Jentoft, S., B.J. McCay and D.C. Wilson, “Social theory Collaborative Management of Natural Resources and fisheries co-management”, Marine Policy, in Southern Asia held in Murree (Pakistan) on 21 22(4-5):423-436, 1998. and 22 May 1996, 1996b. Johansson, L. and P. Westman, The Forests, Trees and King Mahendra Trust, Annual Progress Report of the People Project in Babati District, Tanzania. Annapurna Conservation Area Project, King Experiences from field work and studies, 1987- Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, 1990, Working paper 204, Swedish University of Kathmandu, 1994. Agricultural Sciences International Rural Development Center, Uppsala (Sweden), 1992. Kleymeyer, C.D., Cultural Expression and Grassroots Development. Cases from Latin America and the

REFERENCES 443 Caribbean, L. Rienner, Boulder, Colorado (USA), for Public Administration, New Delhi, 1997. 1994. Kothari, A., R.V. Anuradha, N. Pathak and B. Taneja Kleymeyer, C.D., “Cultural traditions and community- (eds.), Communities and Conservation: Natural based conservation”, Grassroots Development, Resource Management in South and Central Asia, 20(1):27-35, 1996. Sage Publications, New Delhi and London, 1998. Kneen, B., Invisible Giant. Cargill and its transnational Kothari, A., N. Pathak and F. Vania, Where strategies, Pluto Press, London, 2002. Communities Care— Community-based Wildlife Koch, E., Reality or Rhetoric? Eco-tourism and rural and Ecosystem Management in South Asia, reconstruction in South Africa, Discussion Paper Evaluating Eden Series 3, Kalpavriksh, Pune 54, UNRISD, Geneva (Switzerland), 1994. (India) and International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 2000. Koch, E., “Ecotourism and rural reconstruction in South Africa: reality or rhetoric?” pages 214-238 in Kovacs, T., “Northern National Parks and Native Ghimire and Pimbert, 1997. People: The Canadian Experience”, in US National Park Service and the Colorado Historical Kohli, K. and A. Kothari, “A national plan, built from Society, International Perspectives on Cultural below? The National Biodiversity Strategy and Parks. Proceedings of the First World Conference, Action Plan, India” Social Change, 33(2-3), June- Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado (USA), 1984. September 2003. Kovanen, T., “Liminganlahti Bay LIFE Project: a bottom Konaté, A.B., Local networks as a tool for influencing up approach to management planning”, Natura policy—experiences of the GDRN5 in Mali, 2000, Newsletter of the European Commission Securing the Commons 6, International Institute DG XI, 3:4-5, April 1997. for Environment and Development and SoS Sahel, London, 2003. Krishnarayan, V., T. Geoghegan and Y. Renard, Assessing Capacity for Participatory Natural Korten, D., When Corporations Rule the World, Resource Management, CANARI Guidelines Kumarian Press, West Hartford, Connecticut Series, 3, Caribbean Natural Resources Institute, (USA), 1995. Laventille (Trinidad and Tobago), 2002. Kothari, A., Protected Areas, People and Participatory Kropotkin, P., Mutual Aid. A factor of evolution, Management: the Indian Experience, paper pre- Extending Horizons Books, Boston, Massachussets sented at the workshop on Collaborative (USA), 1955, first printed 1902. Management in Protected Areas in Uganda, Mbale (Uganda), October 1995. Kuchli, C., Forests of Hope. Stories of regeneration, Earthscan, London, 1997. Kothari, A., Gram swarajya: decentralised governance and natural resource management in India, R.S. Kuyek, D, “Lords of poison: the pesticide cartel”, Dubashi Memorial Lecture, University of Pune, Seedling, 17(2):18-29, 2000. Maharastra (India), 16 February 2000. KWS (Kenya Wildlife Service) and Mbeere County Kothari, A. “Protected areas and people: participatory Council, Memorandum of Understanding conservation”, pages 94-99 in Secretariat of the between Mbeere County Council and Kenya Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD), Wildlife Service for the Management of Mbeere Biodiversity Issues for Consideration in the National Reserve, manuscript, 1996. Planning, Establishment and Management of KWS and FD, Memorandum of Understanding for the Protected Areas Sites and Networks, CBD Joint Management of Selected Forests, Kenya Technical Series 15, SCBD, Montreal (Canada), Wildlife Service and Forestry Department, 2004. Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Kothari, A., P. Pande, S. Singh, and R. Dilnavaz, Kenya, manuscript, 1991. Management of national parks and sanctuaries in Laird, S.A. (ed.), Biodiversity and Traditional India, status report, Indian Institute of Public Knowledge. Equitable partnerships in practice, Administration, New Delhi, 1989. Earthscan, London, 2002. Kothari, A., Singh, N. and S. Suri, People and Protected Laird, S.A. and E.E. Lisinge, “Sustainable Harvest of Areas: Towards Participatory Conservation in Prunus africana on Mount Cameroon: Benefit- India, Sage Publications, New Delhi, 1996. Sharing between Plantecam Company and the Kothari, A. and IIPA Team, Joint Management of Village of Mapanja”, in Convention on Biological Protected Areas: an Action Research Project, Diversity, Case Studies on Benefit Sharing Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), Arrangements, Convention on Biological New Delhi, 1997. Diversity, Conference of the Parties, May 1998. Kothari, A., F. Vania, P. Das, K. Christopher and S. Jha, Larson, P., M. Freudenberger and B. Wyckoff-Baird, Building Bridges for Conservation, Indian Institute Lessons from the Field. A review of World

444 SHARING POWER Wildlife Fund‘s experience with Integrated The findings of the WILD Project, Ministry of Conservation and Development Projects, World Environment and Tourism of Namibia, Windhoek, Wildlife Fund (WWF-US), Washington D.C., 2004. 1997. Long, F.J. and M.B. Arnold, The Power of Lavigne Delville, P., “Des groupes cibles aux groupes Environmental Partnerships, The Dryden Press, stratégiques: participation et exclusion”, Fort Worth (Texas), 1995. http://www.gret.org/index.htm, January 2000. Long, N. and J. van der Ploeg, “Demythologising Law Reform Commission, The Recognition of planned development: an actor perspective”, Aboriginal Customary Laws, Vol. 2, Australian Sociologia Ruralis, 29(3/4):227-249, 1989. Government Printing Service, Canberra, 1986. Lovelock, J.E., Gaia: a New Look at Life on Earth, Lawrence, D., Managing Parks/Managing “Country”. Oxford University Press, Oxford (United Joint management of Aboriginal owned protected Kingdom), 1979. areas in Australia, Research Paper 2, Department Lowndes, V and G. Stoker, Guidance on enhancing of the Parliamentary Library, Canberra, 1996. public participation in local government: a Le Monde Diplomatique, “Femmes rebelles”, Manière research report to the Department of de Voir, 68, Le Monde Diplomatique, Paris, Environment, Transport and Regions, DETR, 2003. London, 1998. Le Monde Diplomatique, “Altermondialistes de tous les Luque, A., “The people of the Matavén forest and the pays “, Manière de Voir, 75, Le Monde National Park System, allies in the creation of a Diplomatique, Paris, 2004. community conserved area in Colombia”, Policy Leach, M., R. Mearns, and I. Scoones, Environmental Matters, 12:145-151, 2003. Entitlements A framework for understanding the Lynch, O.J. and J.B. Alcorn, “Tenurial rights and com- institutional dynamics of environmental change, munity-based conservation”, pages 373-392 in IDS Discussion Paper 359, Institute of Western and Wright, 1994. Development Studies, Brighton (United Kingdom), Lynch, O. J. and K. Talbott, Balancing Acts. 1997. Community-based forest management and nation- Leach, M. and R. Mearns (eds.), The Lie of the Land, al law in Asia and the Pacific, World Resources Heinemann James Currey, London. 1996. Institute, Washington D.C., 1995. LeBaron, M., M. Romero, K. Clements and C. Darling, Maarleveld, M. and C. Dangbegnon, “Managing natural Reaching agreement, manuscript, IUCN, Gland resources: a social learning perspective”, (Switzerland), 1995. Agriculture and Human Values, 16:267-280, Lee, K., Compass and Gyroscope, Island Press, 1999. Washington D.C., 1993. Maffi, L., G. Oviedo and P. Larsen, Indigenous and Levidow L. and B. Young (eds.), Science, Technology Traditional Peoples of the World and Ecoregion and the Labour Process, CSE Books, London, Conservation. An integrated approach to conserv- 1981. ing the world‘s biological and cultural diversity, research report for WWF, Gland (Switzerland), Levidow, L. (ed.), Radical Science Essays, Free 2000. Association Books, London, 1986. Mainspeizer, I., “Ideas, history and continuity in the Lewis, C., Managing Conflicts in Protected Areas, practice of power—the case of wildlife conserva- IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1997. tion in Zambia”, Policy Matters, 13, 2004 (in Lewis, D., “Civil society in African contexts: reflections press). on the usefulness of a concept”, Development Maretti, C., “The Bijag€s Islands— culture, resistance and Change, 33(4):569-586, 2002. and conservation”, Policy Matters, 12:121-131, Lightfoot, C., C. Alders and F. Dolberg, Linking Local 2003. Learners. Negotiating new development relation- Marisol E. and N. T. Iszatt, Beyond Good Governance. ships between village, district and nation, Participatory democracy in the Philippines, Agroforum (Denmark) and ISG (The Netherlands), Institute for Popular Democracy (IPD) 2002. http://www.ipd.phi, The Philippines, 2004. Lim, C.P., Y. Matsuda and Y. Shigemi, “Co-management Mate, K., Capacity building and policy networking for in marine fisheries; the Japanese experience”, sustainable mineral-based development, paper Coastal Management, 23:195-221, 1995. prepared for the UNCTAD Sustainable Resource- Lindblom, C.E., Democracy and the Market System, based Development workshop, Monterrey Norwegian University Press, Oslo, 1988. (Mexico), March 2001. Long, A. (ed.), Livelihoods and CBNRM in Namibia. Matowanyika, J.Z., “Resource management and the

REFERENCES 445 Shona people in rural Zimbabwe”, in IUCN, Financières pour l‘Aide aux Citoyens et Mille et 1997. une nuits, Paris, 2001. Mayers, J. and S. Bass, Policy that Works for Forests and Merchant, C., The Death of Nature. Women, ecology People. Real prospects for governance and liveli- and the scientific revolution, Harper and Row, hoods, Earthscan, London, second edition, 2004. San Francisco, California (USA), 1980. Mazoyer, M., “Des échanges agricoles équitables pour Merlant P., R. Passet and J. Robin, Sortir de des agricultures paysannes durables”, La Revue l‘Economisme. Une alternative au capitalisme Durable, 6:16-19, 2003. néolibéral, Les Editions de l‘Atelier, Paris, 2003. Mazoyer, M. and L.Roudart, Histoire des Agricultures Merlo, M., R. Morandini, A. Gabbrielli and I. Novaco, du Monde, du Néolithique à la Crise Collective Forest Land Tenure and Rural Contemporaine, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 2003. Development in Italy: Selected Case Studies, FO: McCallum, R. and N. Sekhran, Race for the Rainforest, MISC/ 89/10, FAO, Rome, 1989. PNG Biodiversity Conservation and Resource Metcalfe, S., “The Zimbabwe Communal Areas Management project, Department of Environment Management Programme for Indigenous and Conservation/ UNDP GEF, UNOPS-PNG/ 93/ Resources”, pages 161-192 in Western and G31, Waigani (Papua New Guinea), 1997. Wright, 1994. McCaul, J., “Som Thom commune community-based Mies, M. and V. Bennholdt-Thomsen, The Subsistence natural resource management project: an example Perspective. Beyond the globalised economy, Zed of successful mediation between local communi- Books, London, 1999. ties and provincial government”, Asia-Pacific Miller, C. and S. Razavi (ed.), Missionaries and Community Forestry Newsletter, 13(2):21-28, Mandarins. Feminist engagement with develop- 2000. ment institutions, Intermediate Technology McCay, B.J. and J.M. Acheson (eds.), The Question of Publications, London, 1998. the Commons, University of Arizona Press, Mirenowicz, J., “The Danish consensus conference Tucson, Arizona (USA), 1987. model in Switzerland and France: on the impor- McChesney, R., Rich Media, Poor Democracy, The tance of framing the issue”, pages 57-60 in New Press, New York, NY (USA), 1999. Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001. McDermott, C., User group forestry on a national scale, Mitchell, B. and J. Brown, “Stewardship: a working defi- an example from Nepal, paper presented at the nition”, Environments, 26(1):8-17, 1998. Sixth meeting of the International Association for Monachesi, A. and C. Albaladejo, “La gestion concer- the Study of Comon Property Resources, Berkeley, tée de l‘eau dans un bassin versant pampéen. California (USA), 1996. Apprendre l‘hydraulique et la démocratie”, McGee, R. with N. Bazaara, J. Gaventa, R. Nierras, M. Nature, Sciences, Sociétés, 5(3):24-38, 1997. Rai, J. Rocamora, N. Saule, E. Williams and S. Morrison, J., “Protected areas, conservationists and abo- Zermeno, Legal Frameworks for Citizen riginal interests in Canada”, pages 270-296 in Participation, LogoLink Research Report, Institute Ghimire and Pimbert, 1997. of Development Studies, Brighton (United Kingdom), 2003. Mumford, L., The Pentagon of Power, Secker and Warburg, London, 1971. McIvor, C., “Management of wildlife, tourism and local communities in Zimbabwe”, pages 239-269 in Munk Ravnborg, H., “Protecting Miraflor… or protect- Ghimire and Pimbert, 1997. ing the livelihood of small-scale farmers?”, Policy Matters, 12:196-199, 2003. McNeely, J.A., Economics and Biological Diversity. Developing and using economic incentives to Murphree, M., “The role of institutions in community- conserve biological resources, IUCN, Gland based conservation”, pages 403-427 in Western (Switzerland), 1988. and Wright, 1994. McNeely, J.A. (ed.), Expanding Partnerships in Murphree, M., Wildlife in Sustainable Development, Conservation, Island Press, Washington D.C., Centre for Applied Social Sciences, Harare, 1995. 1996a. McNeely J.A. and D. Pitt (eds.), Culture and Murphree, M., “Approaches to Community Conservation. The human dimension in environ- Conservation”, pages 153-188 in ODA, Final mental planning, Croom Helm, London, 1985. Report of the African Wildlife Policy Consultation, Overseas Development Administration, Méda, D., Le Temps des Femmes. Pour un nouveau Sunningdale (USA), 1996b. partage des rôles, Flammarion, Paris, 2001. Murphree, M., “Common property, communal property Menahem, G., Enquête au Coeur des Multinationales, and open access regimes”, pages 59-61 in vol. 2 Association pour la Taxation des Transactions

446 SHARING POWER of Borrini-Feyerabend, 1997a. California (USA), 1993. Murphree, M., Synergizing conservation incentives: Nguemdjiom, A., Description of the Itoh project sociological and anthropological dimension of (Cameroon) for the Equator Initiative, unpublished sustainable use, paper presented to the STAP manuscript, UNDP Cameroon, 2003. Expert Workshop on the Sustainable Use of Nguinguiri, J.C., “Collective learning on collaborative Biodiversity, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24-26 management of natural resources in the Congo November, 1997b. Basin: the first lessons”, CM News, 4:2-3, 2000. Nabham, G.P., A.M. Rea, K.L. Reichhardt, E. Mellinck, Nguinguiri, J.C., “Gouvernance des aires protégées: “Papago influences on habitat and biotic diversi- l‘importance des “normes pratiques” de régula- ty: Quitovac oasis ethnoecology “, Journal of tion de la gestion locale pour la faisabilité des Ethnobiology, 2:124-143, 1982. réformes dans le Bassin du Congo”, Policy Nagar, R. and S. Raju, “Women, NGOs and the contra- Matters, 12:16-21, 2003. dictions of empowerment and disempowerment: Niamir-Fuller, M. (ed.), Managing Mobility in African a conversation”, Antipode, 35(1):1-13, 2003. Rangelands. The legitimisation of transhumance, Narayan, D. C., R. Chambers, M.K. Shah and P. FAO, Beijer and Intermediate Technology Petesch, Voices of the Poor: Crying Out For Publications, London, 1999. Change, Washington D.C., World Bank, 2000. Nietschmann, B., “Protecting indigenous coral reefs and National Civic League, The Community Visioning and sea territories, Miskito Coast, Raan, Nicaragua”, Strategic Planning Handbook, National Civic pages 193-224 in Stevens, 1997. League, Denver, Colorado (USA), undated. North, D.C., Institutions, Institutional Change and National Parks and Wildlife (Australia) and Northern Economic Performance, Cambridge University Land Council, Memorandum of Understanding Press. Cambridge (United Kingdom), 1990. Regarding the Control of Aboriginal Cultural Northrup, B. and G. Green, Building a national park Material in Kakadu National Park, manuscript, system: Jamaica‘s protected areas resource con- 1995. servation project, paper presented at the Caracas Navarro, Z., Affirmative democracy and redistributive Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas, development: the case of participatory budgeting February 1992, referred to in page 7 of Barzetti, in Porto Alegre, Brazil (1989-1997), manuscript 1993. presented at the international workshop on North-West Frontier Province, Joint management agree- Collaboration between Local Administration and ments for the Hazara Protected Forests, Local Communities in the Age of Globalisation, Government of the North-West Frontier Province, SID and Institute of Federalism, Murten Pakistan, 1996. (Switzerland), 1997. Norton, A., “Analysing participatory research for policy NEF, Participation Works! 21 techniques of community change”, in Holland and Blackburn, 1998. participation for the 21st century, New Economics Foundation, London, 1998. NRTEE, Sustainable Strategies for Oceans: a Co-man- agement Guide, National Round Table on the Nelson, J. and S. Zadek, Partnership Alchemy. New Environment and the Economy (NRTEE), Ottawa, social partnerships in Europe, The Copenhagen 1998. Centre, Copenhagen, 2001. Ntiamo-Baidu, Y., L.J. Gyiamfi-Fenteng and W. Abbiw, Nelson, J. and N. Gami, “Enhancing equity in the rela- Management strategies for sacred groves in tionship between protected areas and indigenous Ghana, report prepared for the World Bank and and local communities in Central Africa, in the EPC Ghana, 1992. context of global change”, TILCEPA report, http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE Oli, K.P. (ed.), Collaborative Management of Protected PA/community.htm#A, 2003. Areas in the Asian Region, Proceedings of a Workshop organised by IUCN, HMG Nepal and Nerfin, M., “Neither prince nor merchant: citizen—an the King Mahenda Trust for Nature Conservation, introduction to the third system”, IFDA Dossier Chitwan National Park (Nepal), 1998. 56, International Foundation for Development Alternatives, Nyon (Switzerland),1986. Olsson P. and C. Folke, “Local ecological knowledge and institutional dynamics for ecosystem manage- Nesbitt, T., “Migratory bird co-management in British ment: a study of Lake Racken watershed, Columbia (Canada): a discussion paper for Sweden”, Ecosystems, 4:85-104, 2001. Environment Canada, Pacific and Yukon region”, unpublished manuscript, May 1997. Omvedt, G., “We want the return for our sweat. The new peasant movements in India and the forma- Netting, R.M., Smallholders, Householder. Farm fami- tion of a national agricultural policy”, Journal of lies and the ecology of intensive, sustainable agri- Peasant Studies, 21(3-4):126-164, 1994. culture, Stanford University Press, Stanford,

REFERENCES 447 Osherenko, G., Sharing power with native users. co- Participaci€n Social en la Conservaci€n, management regimes for native wildlife”, CARC Ministerio de Medio Ambiente de Colombia, Policy Paper No.5, Canadian Arctic Resources Bogotà, 1999. Committee, Ottawa, 1988. Passet, R., L‘illusion Néo-libérale, Fayard, Paris, 2000. Ostrom, E., Crafting Institutions for Self-Governing Pateman, C, Participation and Democratic Theory, Irrigation Systems, Institute for Contemporary Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (United Studies Press, San Francisco (California), 1992. Kingdom), 1970. Ostrom, E., “Local institutions for resource manage- Pathak, N. and V. Gour-Broome, Tribal Self-Rule and ment”, pages 14-16 in Vol. 2 of Borrini- Natural Resource Management. Community Feyerabend, 1997. based conservation at Mendha-Lekha, Ostrom, E. and J. Walker, “Neither markets nor states: Maharashtra, India, Kalpavriksh, Pune (India) and linking transformation processes in collective International Institute of Environment and action arenas” in Mueller, D.C. (ed.), Perspective Development, London, 2001. on Public Choice: a Handbook, Cambridge Pathak, N. with A. Islam, S.U.K. Ekaratne and A. University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts Hussain, “Lessons learnt in the establishment and (USA), 1997. management of protected areas by indigenous Ostrom E. and T. K. Ahn. A social science perspective and local communities in South Asia”, TILCEPA on social capital: social capital and collective report, action, paper presented at the European Research http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE Conference on Social Capital: Interdisciplinary PA/community.htm#A, 2003. Perspectives, Exeter, United Kingdom, 15-20 Pattemore, V., “Legislation in the Wet Tropics World September 2001. Heritage Area—tools for protection”, in Otchet, A., “Michael Walzer: a user‘s guide to democ- McDonald, G. and M. Lane (eds.), Securing the racy”, interview with Michael Walzer, UNESCO Wet Tropics?, The Federation Press, Sydney Courier: 47-50, http://www.unesco.org/couri- (Australia), 2000. er/2000_01/uk/dires/intro.htm, January 2000. PEALS, Teach Yourself Citizens Juries, Policy Ethics And Otegui, M., Wirikuta, the Huichol Sacred Space in the Life Sciences Research Institute (PEALS) and Chihuahuan Desert of San Luis Potos€, Mexico, University of Newcastle, Newcastle (United report presented at the 5th World Parks Congress, Kingdom), 2003. Durban (South Africa), 2003. Peckett, M., Celebrating the circle: incorporating native ould Bah, H., A. ould Boubout and S. Bouju, “De la spirituality into participatory management, paper restauration des écosystèmes au développement presented at the First World Conservation durable : micro-finance et conservation dans le Congress, Montreal (Canada), October 1996. Parc National du Diawling”, Policy Matters, Peluso, N.L., “Reserving value: conservation ideology 12:270-275, 2003. and state protection of resources”, in Dupuis, Oviedo, G., “Lessons learned in the establishment and E.M. and P. Vandergeest (eds.), Creating management of protected areas by indigenous Countryside, Temple University Press, and local communities”, Philadelphia, Pennsylvannia (USA), 1996. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/TILCE Phillips, A., “The parks of Europe‘s people”, page 23 in PA/community.htm#A, TILCEPA report, 2003. IUCN, 1996b. Palit, S., “JFM in India, major issues”, in Roy, S. B. (ed), Phillips, A., “Turning ideas in their heads”, pages 1-28 Enabling Environment for Joint Forest in Jaireth, H. and D. Smyth, Innovative Management, Inter India Publications, New Governance, Ane Books, Delhi, 2003. Delhi, 1995. Pierre-Nathoniel, D., Towards the strengthening of the Palmer, P., J. Sanchez and G. Mayorga, Taking Care of association: the case of the Soufriere Marine Sib€´s Gifts. An environmental treatise from Costa Management Area (SMMA), Saint Lucia, paper Rica´s Kék€Ldi Indigenous Reserve, Editorama, prepared for the 2nd International Tropical Marine San José, 1991. Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS 2), Pandey, S.K., Collaborative management of forests in Manila, 24-27 March 2003. India, presentation at the second meeting of the Pimbert, M. P., Participatory Research with Women Intergovernmental Panel on Forests, Geneva Farmers, videocassette, ICRISAT and TVE, (Switzerland), March 1996. Hyderaband and London, 1991. Parodi, J.L. (ed.), La Science Politique, Hachette, Paris, Pimbert, M.P., “Reclaiming our right to power: some 1971. conditions for deliberative democracy”, pages 81- Parques Nacionales de Colombia, Politica de 84 in Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001.

448 SHARING POWER Pimbert, M.P., Social Learning for Ecological Literacy Pimbert, M.P., J. Thompson and W.T. Vorley, Global and Democracy: Emerging Issues and Challenges, Restructuring, Agri-food systems and livelihoods. Proceedings of the CIP-UPWARD-FAO- Gatekeeper Series, 100, International Institute for Rockefeller International Workshop on Farmer Environment and Development, London, 2002. Field Schools, 21-25 October 2002, Yogyakarta, Pimbert, M.P, T. Wakeford and P.V. Satheesh, “Des Indonesia, 2003a. petits paysans et des marginaux ruraux s‘expri- Pimbert, M.P., “Preface”, in Kanji, 2003b. ment sur l‘agriculture et les OGM”, La Revue Pimbert, M.P., Institutionalising Participation and Durable, 6: 34-39, 2003. People Centered Processes in Natural Resource Pimbert, M.P. and T. Wakeford, “Prajateerpu, power Management. Research and publication and knowledge: the politics of participatory highlights, IIED-IDS Institutionalising Participation action research in development. Part 1: Context, Series, International Institute for Environment and process and safeguards”, Action Research, Development, London, 2004a. 1(2):184-207, 2003. Pimbert, M.P., “Natural resources, people and participa- Pinkerton, E. (ed.), Co-operative Management of Local tion”, PLA Notes, 50, Special anniversary issue of Fisheries. New directions for improved manage- Participatory Learning and Action, International ment and community development, University of Institute for Environment and Development, British Columbia Press, Vancouver (Canada), London, 2004b. 1989. Pimbert, M.P., Seeking Transformation. Institutionalising PLA Notes, “Participatory monitoring and evaluation”, participation and people centred processes in nat- PLA Notes, 31, International Institute for ural resource management, IIED-IDS Environment and Development, London, 1998. Institutionalising Participation Series, International PLA Notes, “Advocacy and citizen participation”, PLA Institute for Environment and Development IIED, Notes, 43, International Institute for Environment London, in press (2004). and Development, London, 2002. Pimbert, M.P. and V. Toledo, “Indigenous peoples and Poffenberger, M., “The resurgence of community forest biodiversity conservation: myth or reality?”, management in Eastern India”, pages 53-79 in Ethnoecologica, 2-3(96), 1994. Western and Wright, 1994. Pimbert, M.P. and J. Pretty, Parks, People and Poffenberger, M., Grassroots Forest Protection: Eastern Professionals. Putting “participation” into protect- Indian Experiences, Asia Forest Network, ed area management, UNRISD-IIED-WWF Berkeley, California (USA), 1996. Discussion Paper 57, UNRISD, Geneva (Switzerland), 1995. Poffenberger, M., “Local knowledge in conservation”, pages 41-43 in Vol. 2 of Borrini-Feyerabend, Pimbert, M.P and B. Gujja. “Village voices challenging 1997. wetland management policies: experiences in participatory rural appraisal from India and Poffenberger, M. and B. McGean, Village Voices, Forest Pakistan”, Nature and Resources, 33(1):34-42. Choices. Joint Forest Management in India, 1997. Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1998. Pimbert, M.P. and J. Pretty, “Diversity and sustainability Polanyi, K., The Great Transformation, Beacon Press, in community based conservation”, pages 58-80 Boston, Massachusetts (USA), 1957, first pub- in Kothari et al., 1998. lished in 1944. Pimbert, M.P. and T. Wakeford (eds.), Deliberative Poole, P., The Ye‘kuana mapping project, manuscript Democracy and Citizen Empowerment, Special draft, University of Georgia, 1997. Issue of PLA Notes, no. 40, IIED, London, 2001a. Porcupine Caribou Management Board, Annual Report Pimbert, M.P. and T. Wakeford, “Overview – delibera- 1994-1995, Porcupine Caribou Management tive democracy and citizen empowerment”, PLA Board (PCMB), Whitehorse, Yukon (Canada), Notes, 40:23-31, 2001b. 1995. Pimbert, M.P. and T. Wakeford, Prajateerpu. A citizens Posey, D. A., Traditional Resource Rights. International jury/scenario workshop for food and farming in instruments for protection and compensation of Andhra Pradesh, India, indigenous peoples and local communities, www.iied.org/docs/sarl/Prajateerpu.pdf, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland), 1996. International Institute for Environment and Posey, D.A. (ed.), Cultural and Spiritual Values of Development, Institute of Development Studies, Biodiversity, UNEP, Nairobi and Intermediate Andhra Pradesh Coalition in Defence for Technology Publications, London, 1999. Diversity, University of Hyderabad and All India Posey D.A. and G. Dutfield, Beyond Intellectual National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Property Rights. Toward traditional resource rights IIED, London, 2002. for indigenous peoples and local communities,

REFERENCES 449 International Development Research Centre, International Studies, University of California, Ottawa, 1996. Berkeley, California (USA), 1983. Pradervand, P., Listening to Africa. Developing Africa Ram€rez, R., “Cross-cultural communication and local from the grassroots, Praeger, New York, NY (USA), media”, pages 11-114 in Vol. 2 of Borrini- 1989. Feyerabend, 1997. Prasittiboon, A., “Integrated Natural Resources Ram€rez, R., “Participatory learning and communica- Conservation Project, Northern Thailand”, in tion approaches for managing pluralism”, Blumley, P. and P. Mundy, Integrated Unasylva, 49(194):43-51, 1998. Conservation and Development: a Review of Ram€rez, R., “Understanding the approaches for accom- Project Experience from CARE, Care Denmark, modating multiple stakeholders‘ interests”, Int. J. Copenhagen, 1997. Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology, Pretty, J., Regenerating Agriculture. Policies and prac- 1(3/4):264-285, 2001. tice for sustainability and self reliance, Earthscan, Ram€rez, R., “A conceptual map of land conflict man- London, 1995. agement: organizing the parts of two puzzles”, Price, T. and B. Gaoh, “Local communities and man- http://www.fao.org/sd/2002/IN0301_en.htm, Land agement of the Dallol Maouri and Niger river ron Tenure Service, FAO, Rome, 2002. palm groves: an example of the dynamics of sus- Ramsar Convention Bureau, Ramsar Handbook for the tainable development in Niger”, Wise Use of Wetlands, Ramsar Convention http://www.cdr.dk/sscafrica/p&o-e-ni.htm, 2000. Bureau, Gland (Switzerland), 2000. Price-Cohen, C., The Human Rights of Indigenous Rathore, B.M.S., New partnerships for conservation, Peoples, Transnational Publishers, Ardeley, New paper presented at the Regional Workshop on York (USA), 1998. Community-based Conservation, UNESCO/ MAB, Pruitt, D. and P. Carnevale, Negotiation in Social Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Conflict, Brooks/Cole Publishing Co, Pacific Delhi, February 9-11, 1997. Grove, California (USA), 1993. Reader, J., Man on Earth, Penguin Books, London, Przeworski, A., Democracy and the Market, Cambridge 1990. University Press, Cambridge (United Kingdom), Regis, J., Kikori watershed, Papua New Guinea, presen- 1991. tation at the Forum 1997 meeting in Istanbul, Pye-Smith, C. and G. Borrini-Feyerabend with R. Turkey, November 16-21, 1997. Sandbrook, The Wealth of Communities, Renard, Y., Civil society involvement in forest manage- Earthscan, London, 1994. ment: the case of Haiti‘s terrestrial protected Quinault Indian Nation and Jefferson and Grays Harbor areas, CANARI Technical Report 311, Caribbean Counties, Memorandum of Understanding Natural Resources Institute, Laventille (Trinidad Establishing a Joint Land Use Regulatory Program and Tobago), 2002. and Minimum Development Guidelines between Renard, Y. and S. Koester, “Resolving conflicts for inte- the Quinault Indian Nation and Jefferson and grated coastal management: the case of Soufriere, Grays Harbor Counties, The Fourth World St. Lucia”, Caribbean Park and Protected Area Documentation Project Archives, http://www.hal- Bulletin, 5(2):5-7, 1995. cyon.com/FWDP/fwdp.html, 1993. Renn, O. and T. Webler, “Anticipating Conflicts: Public Rabetaliana H. and P. Schachenmann, “Community- Participation in Managing the Solid Waste Crisis”, based management of cultural resources in GAIA: Ecological Perspectives in Science, Ambondrombe—a historic site in Madagascar”, Humanities, and Economics, 1(2):84-94, 1992. CM News, 4:14, September 2000. Ribot, J.C., Democratic Decentralisation of Natural Rahman, A., “Globalisation: the emerging ideology in Resources, World Resources Institute, Washington the popular protests and grassroots action D.C., 2002. research”, Action Research, 2(1):9-23, 2004. Richards, P., “Musanga cecropiodes: biodynamic Rahnema, M., “Participation”, pages 116-131 in Sachs, knowledge encoded in mythic knowledge”, page W. (ed.), The Development Dictionary—A Guide 366 in Posey, 1999. to Knowledge as Power, Zed Books, London and New Jersey (USA), 1992. Richards, P., Indigenous Agricultural Revolutions, Unwin Hyman, London, 1985. Raju, G., “Institutional structures for community-based conservation”, pages 303-322 in Kothari et al., Richardson, B. J., D. Craig, and B. Boer, “Indigenous 1998. peoples and environmental management: a review of Canadian regional agreements and their Ralston, L., J. Anderson and E. Colson, Voluntary Efforts potential application to Australia - Part 1”, In Decentralised Management, Institute of Environmental and Planning Law Journal,

450 SHARING POWER 11(4):320-343, 1994a. Sandwith, T., C. Shine, L. Hamilton and D. Sheppard, Richardson, B.J., D. Craig and B. Boer, “Indigenous Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and peoples and environmental management: a Cooperation, IUCN, Gland (Switzerland) and review of Canadian regional agreements and their Cambridge (United Kingdom), 2001. potential application to Australia - Part 2”, Saragoussi, M., M. Pinheiro, M. Chavez, A. Murchie Environmental and Planning Law Journal, and S. Borges, “An experiment in participatory 11(5):357-381, 1994b. mapping in Brasil‘s Jau National Park”, pages Risby, L.A., T. Blomley, C. Kendall, I. Kahwa and M. 352-364 in Wood, C.H. and R. Porro (eds.), Onen, “Environmental narratives in protected Deforestation and Land Use in the Amazon, area planning—the case of Queen Elizabeth Florida University Press, Gainesville, Florida National Park, Uganda”, Policy Matters, 10:40- (USA), 2002. 49, 2002. Sarin, M., “Regenerating India‘s forests: reconciling Rodas, H., “Una nueva pedagogia del poder en gender equity with Joint Forest Management”, IDS Paute—Ecuador”, Policy Matters, 10: 74-75, Bulletin, 26:83-91, 1995. 2002. Sarin, M.., Who is gaining? Who is losing? Gender and R€ling, N., “Communication support for sustainable equity concerns in Joint Forest Management in natural resource management”, IDS Bulletin, India, communication at the sixth Common 25(2), 125-33, 1994. Property Conference, Berkeley, California (USA), June 1996. R€ling, N.G. and M.A.E. Wagemakers, Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture. Participatory learning and Sarin, M., “From conflict to collaboration: institutional adaptive management in times of environmental issues in community management”, pages 165- uncertainty, Cambridge University Press, 209 in Poffenberger and McGean, 1998. Cambridge (United Kingdom), 1998. Sarin, M. and SARTHI (Social Action for Rural R€ling, N. and M. Maarleveld, “Facing strategic narra- Inhabitants in India), The View from the Ground. tives: an argument for interactive effectiveness”, Community perspectives on joint forest manage- Agriculture and Human Values, 16:295-308, ment in Gujarat, India, Forest Participation Series 1999. 4, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, 1996. Rosaldo, R., Culture and Truth, Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts (USA), 1993. Sarin, M., with L. Ray, M.S. Raju, M. Chatterjee, N. Banerjee and S. Hiremath, “Gender and equity Rowe, G. and L. Frewer, “Public participation methods: concerns in joint forest management”, pages 323- a framework for evaluation”, Science, Technology 348 in Kothari et al., 1998. and Human Values, 25:3-29, 2000. Sarin, M. with N. M. Singh, N. Sundar and R. K. Ruddle, K., “Local knowledge in the future manage- Bhogal, Devolution as a Threat to Democratic ment of inshore tropical marine resources and Decision-Making in Forestry? Findings from three environments”, Nature and Resources, 30(1): 28- states in India, Working Paper 197, Overseas 37, 1994. Development Institute, London, 2003. RUPFOR, Joint Forest Management. A decade of part- Sarkar, S., N. Singh, S. Suri, and A. Kothari, Joint nership, Joint Forest Management Cell, Resource Management of Protected Areas in India, Unit for Participatory Forestry, Ministry of Workshop Report, Indian Institute of Public Environment and Forests, Government of India, Administration, New Delhi, 1995. New Delhi, 2002. Satheesh, P.V and M. P. Pimbert, “Reclaiming diversity, Sabel, C.F:, “Democratic experimentalism”, Columbia restoring livelihoods”, Seedling, 16(2):11-23, Law Review, 98, 1998. 1999. Saberwal, V., “Pastoral politics: Gadi grazing, degrada- Satya Murty, D. and T. Wakeford, “Farmer foresight: an tion and biodiversity conservation in Himachal experiment in South India”, pages 46-51 in Pradesh, India”, Conservation Biology, 10(3):741- Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001. 749, 1996. Schmidt, S., G. Gongor, K. Kar and K. Swenson, Sale K., Rebels Against the Future. The Luddites and “Community organising—a key step towards sus- their war on the industrial revolution– lessons for tainable livelihoods and co-management of natu- the computer age, Addison Wesley, New York, ral resources in Mongolia”, Policy Matters, 10:71- NY (USA), 1996. 74, 2002. Sanchez Parga, J., M. Chiriboga, A. Galo Ramon, A. Schumacher, E. F., Small is Beautiful. A study of eco- Guerrero, J. Durston and A. Crivelli, Estrategias de nomics as if people mattered, Blond and Briggs, Superviviencia en la Comunidad Andina, Centro London, 1973. Andino de Acci€n Popular, Quito, 1984. Sclove, D., “Telecommunications and the future of

REFERENCES 451 democracy: preliminary report on the first US citi- Shanley, P. and J. Galvao, “Invisible income: the ecolo- zens‘ panel”, page 52 in Pimbert and Wakeford, gy and economics of non timber forest resources 2001. in Amazonian forests”, pages 364-365 in Posey, Scoones, I., (ed.), Living with Uncertainty: New 1999. Directions in Pastoral Development in Africa, Shanmugaratnam, N., T. Vedeld, A. Mossige and M. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, Bovin, Resource Management and Pastoral 1994. Institution Building in West African Sahara, World Scott, J.C., Weapons of the Weak. Everyday forms of Bank Discussion Paper 175, World Bank, peasant resistance, Yale University Press, New Washington D.C., 1993. Haven, Connecticut (USA) and London, 1985. Shengji, P., “Conservation of biological diversity in tem- Scott, J. C., Seeing Like a State. How certain schemes to ple-yards and holy hills by the Dai ethnic minori- improve the human condition have failed, Yale ties of China”, Ethnobotany, 3:27-35, 1991. University Press, New Haven, Connecticut (USA) Siddons, T., Federal Policy for the Settlement of Native and London, 1998. Claims, Ministry for Indian Affairs and Northern Scott, P., Assessment of Natural Resource Use by Development, Ottawa, 1993. Communities from Mount Elgon National Park, Siepen G., Landcare: Communities Shaping the Land Mount Elgon Conservation and Development and the Future, Allen and Unwin, Sydney Project, Mbale (Uganda), 1994. (Australia), 1994. Scott, P., People-Forest Interactions on Mount Elgon, Simmonds, K., “Back to the future: rediscovering island Uganda. Moving towards a collaborative values and fisheries management”, in Malcolm, approach to management, IUCN Forest D.G. and J. Skog (eds.), Land, Culture and Conservation Series, Gland (Switzerland), 1996. Development in the Aquatic Continent, Scott, P., From Conflict to Collaboration. People and Proceedings of a workshop, Hawaii, 26-29 May forests at Mount Elgon, Uganda, IUCN, Nairobi, 1992. 1998. Simmons, I. G., Changing the Face of the Earth, Basil Sen, A, “Rights and capabilities”, in Sen, A. (ed.), Blackwell, Oxford (United Kingdom), 1989. Resources, Values and Development, Blackwell, Smyth, D., “Joint management of national parks in Oxford (United Kingdom), 1984. Australia”, in Baker, R., J. Davies and E. Young Senaratna, S., and E.J. Milner-Gulland, “What affects (eds.), Working on Country. Contemporary livelihood sustainability of coastal communities in indigenous management of Australia‘s lands and Sri Lanka?”, Policy Matters, 10:104-106, 2002. coastal regions, Oxford University Press, Oxford (United Kingdom), 2001. Shackleton, S., B. Campbell, E. Wollenberg and D. Edmunds, “Devolution and community-based nat- Sneed, P.G., “National Parklands and Northern ural resource management: create space for local Homelands: Toward Co-management of National people to participate and benefit?”, Natural Parks in Alaska and the Yukon”, pages 135-154 in Resource Perspectives, 76, Overseas Stevens, 1997. Development Institute, March 2002. Snowden, D., L. Kusagak and P. MacLeod, The Shah, A., M. Kaul Shah and M.P. Pimbert, Kaminuriak herd film/videotape project: a case Institutionalising participatory processes: learning study paper presented in the Methods and Media from experience, unpublished document prepared in Community Participation Workshops, Dag for the IIED and IDS Institutionalising Hammarksj€ld Foundation, 19-27 May and 28 Participation Series, International Institute for September - 7 October 1984, Uppsala (Sweden) Environment and Development, London, 1998. and Labrador (Canada), 1984. Shah, A., Participatory village resource management: Sogge, D., Give and Take. What is the matter with for- case study of Aga Khan Rural Support Programme eign aid?, Zed Books, London, 2002. (India), unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, University of Solis Rivera, V., P. Madrigal Cordero, I. Ayales Cruz, M. Sussex, Brighton (United Kingdom), 1996. Fonseca Borras, Equidad entre €reas Protegidas y Shah, A., and M. Kaul Shah, Impact of local institutions Comunidades Locales: Reflexion desde Meso and para professionals on watersheds: case study América y el Caribe, Coope Sol I Dar, San José, of AKRSP in India, paper presented at New 2003. Horizons: The Economic, Social and Sowerwine, J., G. Shivakoti, U. Pradhan, A. Shukla and Environmental Impacts of Participatory Watershed E. Ostrom (eds.), From Farmers‘ Fields to Data Development, international workshop organised Fields and Back, International Irrigation in Bangalore (India) by the Sustainable Agriculture Management Institute and Institute of Agriculture Programme of IIED, 1994. and Animal Science, Katmandu, 1994.

452 SHARING POWER SPWD, Joint Forest Management: Concepts and pers/wp12203.pdf, 2004. Opportunities, Society for the Promotion of Susskind, L. and J. Cruikshank, Breaking the Impasse. Wasteland Development, New Delhi, 1992. Consensual approaches to resolving public dis- Stanciu, E., “First steps towards collaborative manage- putes, Basic Books, New York, NY (USA), 1987. ment of Retezat National Park, Romania”, CM Sutherland, J. “Legislative Options and Constraints”, News, 5:7, 2001. Vol. 1, in Smyth, D. and J. Sutherland, Indigenous Statham, D.K., “The farm scheme of North York Moors Protected Areas: Conservation Partnerships with National Park, United Kingdom”, pages 282-299 Indigenous Landholders, Environment Australia, in Western and Wright, 1994. Canberra, 1996. Steenkamp, C., “Balancing the powers in Makuleke Tache, B. “Changing patterns of resource control among land”, Policy Matters, 10:77-79, 2002. the Borana pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia: a les- Steins, N.A., Balancing Fisheries and Nature. Three son for development agencies”, pages 51-74 in case studies of fisheries co-management in the Manger, L. and M. Ahmed Abdel Ghaffar (eds.) Dutch Wadden Sea, Working Papers on Coastal Pastoralists and Environment. Experiences from Zone Management 24, Centre for Coastal Zone the Greater Horn of Africa, OSSREA, Addis Management, University of Portsmouth, Ababa, 2000a. Portsmouth (United Kingdom), 1997a. Tache, B., Individualising the Commons: Changing Steins, N.A., From Single Use to Multiple Use. Resource Tenure among Borana Oromo of Cooperation and conflict in marine resource man- Southern Ethiopia, M.A. Thesis, Addis Ababa, agement in NW Connemara, Ireland, Working 2000b. Papers on Coastal Zone Management 22, Centre Tache, B. and B. Irwin, Traditional institutions, multiple for Coastal Zone Management, University of stakeholders and modern perspectives in common Portsmouth, Portsmouth (United Kingdom) 1997b. property—accompanying change within Borana Steins, N.A. and V.M, Edwards, “Harbor resource man- pastoral systems, Securing the Commons 4, agement in Cowes: an analytical framework for International Institute for Environment and multiple use decision making”, Journal of Development and SoS Sahel, London, 2003. Environmental Management, 54(1):67-83, 1998. Taiepa, T., P. Lyver, P. Horsley, J. Davis, M. Bragg and Steins, N.A. and V.M. Edwards, “Platforms for collective H. Moller, Collaborative management of New action in multiple-use common pool resources”, Zealand‘s conservation estate by Maori and Agriculture and Human Values, 16:241-255, Pakeha, paper presented at the Collaborative 1999. Management Workshop, World Conservation Congress, Montreal (Canada), 1996. Stevens, S. (ed.), Conservation through Cultural Survival, Island Press, Washington D.C., 1997. Tall, S.M. and B. Guèye, Institutionalisation de la Participation dans la Gestion des Terroirs au Stiefel, M. and M. Wolfe, A Voice for the Excluded. Sénégal, IIED-IDS Institutionalising Participation Popular participation in development: utopia or Series, International Institute for Environment and necessity?, Zed Books, London and New Jersey Development, London, 2002. (USA), 1994. Tang, S.Y., Institutions and Collective Action. Self-gover- Stirling, A., “Inclusive deliberation and scientific expert- nance in irrigation, Institute for Contemporary ise: precaution, diversity and transparency in the Studies Press, San Francisco (California), 1992. governance of risk”, pages 66-71 in Pimbert and Wakeford, 2001. Taty, M., C. Chatelain and G. Borrini-Feyerabend, “An impressive yet vulnerable co-management part- Stirling, A. and S. Maher, Rethinking Risk. A pilot multi- nership in Congo”, Parks, 13(1):39-49, 2003. criteria mapping of a genetically modified crop in agricultural systems in the UK, Science Policy Taylor, B., An Introductory Guide to Adaptive Research Unit, Brighton (United Kingdom), 1999. Management, Ministry of Forests, Canada, 1998. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/amhome/introgd/toc. Sullivan, P., Regional Agreements in Australia. An htm overview paper, Land, Rights, Laws: Issues of Native Title, Issues Paper 17, Government of Taylor, M., “Indigenous communities and biodiversity Australia, Canberra, 1997. conservation in Papua New Guinea: promoting cultural and biological survival”, paper prepared Sullivan, S. and K. Homewood, On Non-equilibrium for the Regional Conference on Biodiversity and Nomadism. Knowledge, diversity and moder- Conservation, Asian Development Bank, Manila, nity in drylands, International Institute for June 1994. Environment and Development, London and The University of Warwick‘s Centre for Globalisation Thompson, E.P., The Making of the English Working and Regionalisation, Warwick (United Kingdom), Class, Penguin books, London, 1991, first edition http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/CSGR/wpa- 1963.

REFERENCES 453 Thorp, R., F. Stewart and A. Heyer, “When and how is UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for group formation a route out of chronic poverty?”, Europe), Convention on Access to Information, World Development, forthcoming. Public Participation in Decision-making and Thrupp, L.A., New Partnerships for Sustainable Access to Justice in Environmental Matters Agriculture, World Resources Institute, (Aarhus Convention), ECE/ECP/43, 1998. Washington D.C., 1996. UNESCO, “The Seville Strategy for Biosphere Tiffen, M., M. Mortimore and F. Gichuki, More People, Reserves”, Nature and Resources, 31(2):2-10, Less Erosion. Environmental recovery in Kenya, 1995. John Wiley, Chichester (United Kingdom), 1994. UNRISD, UNRISD Participation Programme— A glance Toulmin, C. and B. Guèye, Transformations of West at the past and directions for the future, United African agriculture and the role of family farms, Nations Research Institute for Social Drylands Issues Paper 123, International Institute Development, Geneva (Switzerland), 1979. for Environment and Development, London, UNRISD, People, Power and the Environment. 15 years 2003. of UNRISD research: a synthesis and annotated Triantafyllidis, A., Linking Local People and Parks, a bibliography prepared for the 2002 World Participatory Rural Appraisal Study in the Aveto Summit on Sustainable Development, United Regional Park, Italy, M.S. Dissertation, University Nations Research Institute for Social of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (Scotland), 1996. Development, Geneva (Switzerland), 2002. Turner, M.D., “The role of social networks, indefinite Usher, P. J., “The Beverly-Kaminuriak Caribou boundaries and political bargaining in maintain- Management Board: an experience in co-manage- ing the ecological and economic resilience of the ment”, in Inglis, J. T. (ed.), Traditional Ecological transhumance systems in the Sudano-Sahelian Knowledge: Concepts and Cases, Canadian West Africa”, pages 97-123 in Niamir-Fuller, Museum of Nature and the International 1999. Development Research Centre, Ottawa 1993. Turner, S., S. Collins and J. Baumbart, Community Utting, P. (ed.), The Greening of Business in Developing Based Natural Resources Management: Countries. Rhetoric, reality and prospects, Zed Experiences and lessons linking communities to Books, London and UNRISD, Geneva sustainable resource use in different social, eco- (Switzerland), 2002. nomic and ecological conditions in South Africa, Utting, P. and D. Abrahams, “The global compact and PLAAS, DEAT and GTZ, Cape Town (South civil society: averting collision course”, UNRISD Africa), 2002. News, 25:31-33, 2002. Tylor, P. and A. Woodruff, Cooperation: a conservation Vane-Wright, R.I., “Identifying priorities for the conser- tool of compromise or influence?, paper present- vation of biodiversity: systematic biological crite- ed at the Sixth South Pacific Conference on ria within a socio-political framework”, in Gaston, Nature Conservation and Protected Areas, K.J., Biodiversity, a Biology of Numbers and Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia), 1997. Difference, Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford Uganda National Parks and Kitsatsa Forest Use (United Kingdom), 1996. Committee of Ulukusi Parish, Draft Forest Use Varela, J., “Contra la expansi€n de la acuacultura del Agreement between Uganda National Parks, rep- camaron en Honduras: la historia de Modesto resented by Mt. Elgon National Park, and the Ochoa”, Policy Matters, 12:154-155, 2003. People of Ulukusi Parish, represented by the Viana V.M. and R. Freire, Participatory land use plan- Kitsatsa Forest Use Committee of Ulukusi Parish, ning: lessons learned for sustainable development manuscript, undated. in the Brazilian Amazon, unpublished manu- UNDP, Human Development Report 1999— script, Sao Paulo (Brazil), 2001. Globalisation with a Human Face, United Nations Vicente, P., The MASIPAG programme: an integrated Development Programme, New York, NY (USA), approach to genetic conservation and use, in 1999. “Growing Diversity in Farmer‘s Fields”, UNDP, Human Development Report 2002— Proceedings of a Regional Seminar for Nordic Deepening Democracy in a Fragmented World, Development Co-operation Agencies”, Lidingo United Nations Development Programme, New (Sweden), 1993. York, NY (USA), 2002. Vincent, J.R., “The tropical timber trade and sustainable UNDP, Human Development Report 2003— development”, Science, 256:1651-55, 1992. Millennium Development Goals: a compact Vira, B., O. Dubois, S.E. Daniels and G.B. Walker, among nations to end human poverty, United “Institutional pluralism in forestry: considerations Nations Development Programme, New York, NY of analytical and operational tools”, Unasylva, (USA), 2003. 49(3)194:35-42, 1998.

454 SHARING POWER Vo, S.T., Country Report: Vietnam, International Coral agement in Canada, key-note address prepared Reef Initiative (ICRI), 2001. for Coastal Zone Canada 98, British Columbia, Voir Media, Le Souci du Sage, video-cassette, Voir 1998. Media Productions (France), 1998. Wells, M.P. and K. Brandon, People and Parks. Linking Vorley, W.T., The Chains of Agriculture. Sustainability protected area management with local communi- and the restructuring of agri-food markets, WSSD ties, World Bank/WWF/US AID, Washington D.C. Paper, International Institute for Environment and 1992. Development, London, 2001. Wes, J, W. Berry and B. Colman, Meeting the Vorley, W.T., Food, Inc. Corporate Concentration from Expectations of the Land, North Point Press, San Farm to Consumer, UK Food Group, London, Francisco, California (USA), 1983. 2004. West, P.C. and S.R. Brechin (eds.), Resident Peoples and Wakeford, T., “Citizens Juries: a radical alternative for National Parks, University of Arizona Press, social research”, Social Research Update, 37, Tucson, Arizona (USA), 1991. www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU37.html, 2002. Western, D. and R. M. Wright, Natural Connections, Wakeford, T. and M.P. Pimbert, Power-reversals in Island Press, Washington D.C., 1994. Biotechnology. Experiments in democratization, Whande, W., T. Kepe and M. Murphree, Local The “Democratising Biotechnology” Briefings Communities, Equity and Conservation in Series 13, Institute of Development Studies, Southern Africa, PLAAS, Africa Resources Trust Brighton (United Kingdom), 2003. and TILCEPA, Cape Town (South Africa), 2003. Wakeford, T. and M.P. Pimbert, “Prajateerpu, power Wheatley, M., Leadership and the New Science. and knowledge: the politics of participatory Learning about organizations for an orderly uni- action research in development. Part 2: Analysis, verse, Berret-Koehler, San Francisco, California reflections and implications”, Action Research, (USA), 1992. 2(1):25-46, 2004. White, A.T., L. Zeitlin Hale, Y. Renard and L. Cortesi, Walters, C.J., Adaptive Management of Renewable Collaborative and Community-based Resources, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (USA), Management of Coral Reefs, Kumarian Press, 1986. West Hartford, Connecticut (USA), 1994. Warren, P., “Mercado, escuelas y prote€nas. Aspectos Whitehead, A. and D. Tsikata, “Discourses on women‘s hist€ricos, ecol€gicos y econ€micos del cambio land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The implica- del modelo de asentamiento entre los Achuar tions of the return to the customary”, Journal of Meridionales”, Amazon€a Peruana, 21:73-97, Agrarian Change, 3(1/2):67-112, 2003. 1992. Wild, R.G. and J. Mutebi, Conservation Through Warren, P., “Sapere locale e gestione partecipativa delle Community Use of Plant Resources. Establishing risorse naturali tra etnoscienza ed ecologia politi- collaborative management at Bwindi ca”, Antropologia e Sviluppo, 1:4-5, 1996. Impenetrable and Mgahinga Gorilla National Watts, M., “The political economy of climatic hazards: Parks, People and Plants Working Paper 5, a village perspective on drought and peasant UNESCO, Paris, 1996. economy in a semi-arid region of West Africa, Wilshusen, P., “Territory, nature and culture—negotiat- Cahiers d‘Etudes Africaines, XXIII-I-2:89-90, ing the boundaries of biodiversity conservation in 1983a. Colombia‘s Pacific Coastal region”, pages 73-88 Watts, M., Silent Violence, University of California in Brechin et al., 2003. Press, Berkeley, California (USA), 1983b. Wilson, A., Case study from the North York Moors Weaver, S.M., “The role of Aboriginals in the manage- National Park, UK, presentation in the ment of Australia‘s Coburg and Kakadu National Governance Stream of the Vth World Parks Parks”, pages 311-332 in West and Brechin, Congress, Durban (South Africa), September 1991. 2003. Weber, J., “Perspective de gestion patrimoniale des res- Wilson, R.K., “Community-based management and sources renouvelables”, in Lavigne Delville, P. national forests in the Western United States: five (ed.), Quelle Politique Foncière en Afrique challenges”, Policy Matters, 12:216-224, 2003. Rurale?, Karthala- Coopération Francaise, Paris, Wily, L., Villagers as Forest Managers and Governments 1998. “Learning to Let Go”. The case of Duru-Haitemba Weber, J. and D. Bailly, “Prévoir, c‘est gouverner”, and Mgori forests in Tanzania, IIED Forestry and Nature, Science, Societé, 1(1):59-64, 1993. Land Use Programme Paper 9, International Institute for Environment and Development, Weinstein, M.S., Pieces of the puzzle: getting to the London, 1997. solution for community-based coastal zone man-

REFERENCES 455 Wily, L. and L. Haule, “Village forest reserves in the World Bank, The World Bank Participatory Sourcebook, making - the story of Duru-Haitemba”, Forests, World Bank, Washington D.C., 1996. Trees and People Newsletter, 29:28-37, WRI, World Resources 2002-2004—Decisions for the November 1995. Earth: Balance, Voice and Power, United Nations Winer, N., Collaborative management and community Development Programme (UNDP), United rights: the Chobe Enclave (Botswana), paper pre- Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the sented in the workshop on Collaborative World Bank and WRI (World Resources Institute), Management for Conservation, First World Washington D.C., 2003. Conservation Congress, Montreal (Canada), 17 Wright, S. (ed.), Anthropology of Organizations, October 1996. Routledge, London, 1994. Winer, N., Co-management in Southern Bolivia: a form Young, B., “Science is social relations”, Radical Science of territorial recognition for the Guarani Izoceno Journal, 5:65-131, 1977. People, CM News, 5, 2001. Zerner, C., Turning the Tide. Community management Winer, N., “Co-management of protected areas, the oil of coastal resources in Southeast Asia and the and gas industry and indigenous empowerment— Pacific, unpublished manuscript, World Resources the experience of Bolivia‘s Kaa Iya del Gran Institute, Washington D.C., 1991. Chaco”, Policy Matters, 12:181-191, 2003. Zerner, C., Transforming customary law and coastal Wittenberg D., “In Bonny it never becomes night any- management practices in the Maluku Islands, more. Gas factory brings pollution instead of pros- Indonesia, 1870-1992, pages 80-112 in Western perity to the Nigeria delta”, NRC-Handelsblad and Wright, 1994. (The Netherlands), issue of 13 July 2004. Zoundjihekpon, J. and B. Dossou-Glehouenou, Women Sanghams of Pastapur and M. P. Pimbert, “Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity in “Farmer participation in on farm varietal trials: West Africa: the case of Benin and Cote d‘Ivoire”, multi-locational testing under resource poor con- page 370 in Posey, 1999. ditions”, RRA Notes, 10:3-8, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, Zuluaga, G. (ed.), El Pensamento de los Mayores— 1991. Codigo de Etica de la Medicina Ind€gena del Piedmonte Amazonico Colombiano, Uni€n de Wondolleck, J. and S. Yaffee, Building Bridges Across Medicos Ind€genas Yageceros de la Amazonia Agency Boundaries in Search of Excellence in the Colombiana (UMIYAC), Da Vinci Editores, Santafé U.S. Forest Service, School of Natural Resources de Bogotà (Colombia), 2000. and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Michigan), 1994. Zuluaga, G. and R. Diaz, Gathering of Shamans in the Colombian Amazons—Ceremonies and Woodcock, G., Anarchism. A history of libertarian ideas Reflections, Uni€n de Medicos Ind€genas and movements, Pelican Books, London, 1975. Yageceros de la Amazonia Colombiana (UMI- Woolgar S., “The Luddites: diablo ex machina”, in YAC), Errediciones (Colombia), 1999. Grint K. and S. Woolgar, The Machine at Work. Zuluaga, G., J.I. Giraldo and M. Gimenez Larrarte, “Un Technology, work and organization, Polity Press, ejemplo de conservaci€n bio-cultural—el Parque Cambridge (United Kingdom), 1997. Nacional Natural Alto Fragua Indiwasi en Worah, S., “The challenge of community-based protect- Colombia”, Policy Matters, special issue on ed area management”, Parks, 12(2):80-90, 2002. Community Empowerment for Conservation, 12:171-180, September 2003.

456 SHARING POWER