Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis Vol. 11 No. 3, Hlm. 697-711, December 2019 p-ISSN : 2087-9423 http://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalikt e-ISSN : 2620-309X DOI: http://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v11i3.23861

A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR DEVELOPING THE BANDA ARCHIPELAGO AS AN ECOTOURISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION AREAS

RENCANA STRATEGI UNTUK MENGEMBANGKAN KEPULAUAN BANDA SEBAGAI KAWASAN EKOTURISME DAN KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN

Rudianto*, Armyn Atlanta Putra, Zulqi Fahreza Akbar and Audina Putri Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Brawijaya University, Malang, 65145, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Banda Islands is located in the eastern part of Indonesia. These islands are rich in coral reefs and fish. This archipelago has been designated by the Indonesian Government as a tourist area. However, the Banda Islands are facing several economic, social and environmental problems. This study aims to provide policy input to local governments in the form of a strategic plan to develop the Banda Islands as ecotourism and environmental conservation. The method used is “Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum” (ECOS) and the “Conservation Measures Partnership" (CMP) model. The results of this study produce five strategic plans: a) The first priority is to create a working forum; b) the second is the integration of tasks between the parties involved; c) the third priority is the regulation for changes in coastal land; d) fourth priority is mapping of fishing and; e) the fifth priority is alternative livelihoods.

Keywords: Banda Archipelago, CMP, ECOS, ecotourism, strategic plan

ABSTRAK Kepulauan Banda terletak di bagian timur Indonesia yang kaya dengan terumbu karang dan ikan. Kepulauan ini telah ditetapkan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia sebagai daerah wisata. Namun, kepulauan Banda sedang menghadapi beberapa masalah ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan masukan kebijakan kepada pemerintah daerah dalam bentuk rencana strategis untuk mengembangkan kepulauan Banda sebagai ekowisata dan konservasi lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan adalah “Ecotourism Opportunity Spectrum” (ECOS) dan “Conservation Measures Partnership" (CMP). Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan lima rencana strategis: a) prioritas pertama adalah menciptakan forum kerja; b) yang kedua adalah integrasi tugas di antara pihak-pihak yang terlibat; c) prioritas ketiga adalah peraturan untuk perubahan tanah pesisir; d) prioritas keempat adalah pemetaan penangkapan ikan dan; e) prioritas kelima adalah mata pencaharian alternatif.

Kata kunci: CMP, ECOS, ekowisata, Kepulauan Banda, rencana strategis

I. INTRODUCTION an answer to this because of its potential for supporting the conservation of natural Conservation, according to Dunster ecosystems and promoting sustainable local and Dunster (1996), basically involves the development (Buckley, 1994; Wallace and management or control of human use of Pierce, 1996; Lindberg et al., 1997). Natural resources (biotic and abiotic) in an attempt to resource conservation is thus necessary restore, enhance, protect, and sustain the because ecotourism is a form of nature-based quality and quantity of a desired mix of tourism and as such, depends on the natural species, ecosystem conditions, and processes environment for its existence. According to for present and future generations. Budowski (1977) stated that tourism can be Ecotourism, therefore, has been described as important to natural resource conservation

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because part of the income from tourism can wall fence. Welly et al. (2012) proposed that be reinvested into maintaining natural areas. to address the pressures existing on these Yet, despite assurances of improved and high-valued fishes, effective management alternative livelihood options by needs to be established for Banda waters conservationists and governments, rural through the development of a marine communities often tend to be worse-off protected area network managed by national following the creation of protected areas and and local governments, as well as the local introduction of tourism products due to, community. Therefore, the purpose of this among others, inequity in the distribution of study was to develop a strategic plan for the tourism benefits (Cobbinah et al., 2017). development of the Banda archipelago as a According to Khoshtaria et al. (2017) areas marine tourism park area. The development that function to be developed as ecotourism of the Banda archipelago does not only areas, unique protection of natural diversity, pursue economic benefits but what is and increased welfare of adjacent residential important is to conserve ecological values populations are strategic issues to consider. based on sustainable development. To explore the relationship between ecotourism and environmental conservation, II. RESEARCH METHODS a study will be conducted in the Banda archipelago. The problems faced by Banda 2.1. Time and Place of Research archipelago as a marine eco-tourism area The study time is carried out between include: (a) damage of coral reefs due to the October and December 2017 by conducting use of anchors, the effect of waste and field observations and literature studies. The pollution and the mining of coral for building study areas include 11 Banda islands with a materials; (b) there has been a decline in fish total area of 180.59 km2 (18,059 ha). There catch and an increase in operational costs for are 11 islands included in the Banda Islands, fishing. Banda Archipelago has great only 5 islands are inhabited by humans. This potential for marine tourism because the is due to the size of the inhabited island archipelago has beautiful coral reefs, many covering an area of 13.16 ha to 108.63 ha. diving spots, and white sand beaches. Banda archipelago is located in the Central However, marine tourism has not been Maluku district with 180.59 square managed optimally and the community has kilometers on the Banda Sea inner arc. The not been involved directly in managing archipelago is a remote oceanic archipelago marine tourism. The Banda Archipelago also situated in the Banda Sea, eastern Indonesia, has a high potential for historical and cultural at approximately 04°31 S and 129°54 E. tourism because of the existence of forts and old buildings from the colonial era and the 2.2. Material and Data period of struggle for Indonesian Banda archipelago was analyzed in independence; (c) there have been too many terms of its potentials from the most jaring bobo (purse seine or encircling nets) dominant coastal ecosystems: environmental operating in the coastal area, which has sustainability, co-management-based natural resulted in overfishing of small fish; (d) there resource management and key elements that were many tuna longline boats around Banda are key to the successful management of waters; (e) mining activities were still found natural resources and human resources, ie in Rhun Island which were done to create institutional development. Coastal areas in embankments and piles of sea waves and Banda archipelago provide multiple abrasion occurring around the settlement. ecosystem services such as coral reefs, fish Apart from that, it is also used for building production and recreation in marine parks to materials on a small scale for households or human society, which contribute to local

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livelihoods and encourage local and national Banda archipelago which became the object economic development. The map of the of the research is presented below.

Figure 1. Map of the Banda Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesian.

2.3. Potential of Coastal Ecosystems Napoleon wrasse was found in the Banda Banda archipelago was designated as Islands. However, even though the fish are a national conservation area and a sea protected under law, they still become targets tourism park with an area of 2500 Ha. The of fishing. Coral reefs in the Banda Islands potentials of the archipelago include coral are categorized as oceanic reefs, where the reefs, pelagic fishery potential, wildlife reef flats are narrow and directly facing the potential, and marine conservation areas. The deep sea. Generally, the coral reef cover and coral reefs spread across six islands in Banda fish abundance in the Banda archipelago are archipelago, from Run Island on the west to good. In some locations, the cover and Hatta Island, 50 km to the south. The abundance are quite high with a high condition of coral reefs was good, but low- potential for fishing. The best coral cover at level damages can be found. the depth of three meters on the Island of Welly et al. (2012) stated that the Nailaka reaches 88.97% and the depth of ten total number of coral species found in the meters in the location of Lava Flow (volcano Banda Islands reached 397 species. The fish island). Furthermore, the hard coral cover in surveys identified 433 different fish species. the Banda Islands is still in good condition. Until today, the total number of fish species However, from observations, some damages has reached 683 species. A great number of and threats to the coral reefs due to

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destructive fishing were found. Alik et al. erupted on May 9th. Until the date of May (2012) mentioned that the Banda archipelago 31st, the 1988 eruption occurred at 6 holes. is surrounded by hundreds of different types The Indonesia government issued of coral reefs. The 2012 marine assessment regulation through the decree of the Minister identified about 310 species of coral reefs of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of the and 500 species of fish. The diversity of fish Republic of Indonesia Number 58/ Ministry in Banda Marine Park comprised many Degree of Fisheries and Marine/2014 which ancient fish and shellfish species currently states that to develop aquatic park areas to conserved such as Napoleon fish. provide great ecological and economic Banda marine is potential as a benefits, a comprehensive and systematic producer of small pelagic fish, such as a fish management direction is required. Therefore, overpass, Bigeye scad (Selar a long-term management plan for Banda park crumenophthalmus), Fringes cale sardine is required, to be further elaborated into (Sardinella vimbriata), Indonesia oil sardine medium and annual plans. (Sardinella longiceps) and bloated. Fishing vessels are operated by the engine (inboard 2.4. Data Analysis Method and outboard engine). The main target was This research provides inputs for yellow-tailed tuna (Thunnus albacores) or management guidance in the form of other pelagic species. Fishermen who operate strategic plan development of the Banda without engine were mostly traditional Islands as a marine ecotourism area. The fishermen who make a living with simple drafting of the plan should involve the equipment and some limited captures were stakeholders at the central and regional levels sold to local markets. The Banda Sea was so that the document can bridge the interests identified as one of the important marine and aspirations of government and society at conservation priorities in Indonesia (Huffard all levels. Therefore, it is necessary to use et al., 2009). The wildlife potential of the Fagence’s approach (2015) which proposes area consists of 28 species of birds, 8 species that the strategy-formulation process will of mammals, 5 species of reptiles, 7 species need to be systematic based on the clear of insects, 21 species of marine biota and 17 articulation of objectives, a thorough species of natural plants. assessment of the available resources, a Marine Conservation Area comprises determination of the market demand, and the Pombo Marine Park island (998 ha); Sea creation of an appropriate quantitative, Tourism Park Banda Api (735 ha); Kassa qualitative and geographical strategy. Island Marine Garden Park (1,100 ha); and Methods of resource assessment may be used Banda Marine Reserve (2,500 ha) to assess the capabilities and suitabilities of (Directorate General of Sea Spatial the spectrum of resources which support Management). Banda geothermal system is tourism development, and many of those thought to be associated with Quaternary which are particularly appropriate for the volcanism. The heat source in the Banda area assessment of nature-based resources for is thought to be derived from the remaining ecotourism. Fagence (2015) mentioned that heat of the young volcanic cones of the in recent years resources assessments have Banda Api Mountain. The results of the gas adopted opportunity spectrum methods. geothermometer calculations show that the There is a group of opportunity spectrum subsurface temperature on the Banda Neira methods that includes various orientations geothermal system is about 260°C, which can and refinements. This group includes a) ROS be considered as high enthalpy. Banda Apes (Recreation Opportunity Spectrum); b). TOS fire first erupted on 17 April 1856 and last (Tourism Opportunity Spectrum); c) LAC (Limits of Acceptable Change); d) TA

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(Threshold Analysis, and more recently e) differentiate geographical sectors according UET (Ultimate Environmental Thresholds); to their principal ecotourism resources, and f) ECOS (Ecotourism Opportunity stages of ‘naturalness’/change, levels of Spectrum). In this research, ECOS model ecotourist interest); b) Attractiveness indices was used, as presented in Table 1 below. (to differentiate based on uniqueness, international drawing power, primacy – a Table 1. ECOS Model. measure of comparative attraction); c) Resource status (to differentiate according to Items Parameters the degree of disturbance of the natural Accessibility To the ecotourism region resource, and any circumstance which might To the site (access and impede sustainability or cause attractiveness circulation within the to be forfeited – a form of carrying capacity region assessment); d). Conservation potential Relationship Between ecotourism and (including rehabilitation potential); e) other potential uses of Marketing assessments (combining some of the same resource the other assessments according to an Complementary, aggregation of attractiveness for particular compatibility, consumer/tourist market segments – to integration, competition interpret the feasibility of capturing and Attraction Types of ecotourism sustaining tourist interest). experience After analyzing the Spectrum IN (tropical forests, Ecotourism Opportunity in Banda Islands mountain areas) and developing a strategic plan for OF (bird, trees, conservation and development as a marine wildflowers, mammals ecotourism area, it is necessary to develop BY (watching, filming, Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) collecting)) as a tool for conservation. The CMP (2013) Infrastructure Support infrastructure stated that CMP is a partnership of Support services conservation organizations that seek better User Prior knowledge ways to design, manage, and measure the prerequisites Prior skills impacts of conservation actions. CMP model Equipment is improving how conservation impact Social Level of interaction assessment is measured and accountability. It Interaction (with other ecotourists) is a greater chance of designing and (measurement sought, achieved implementing effective monitoring and by Level of interaction with evaluation systems and ultimately, enhancing questionnaire) local/host community the program and project design and sought, achieved implementation. Visitor data Consequences of visitor CMP could diagnose why some and Impacts access actions succeed while others do not, (measurement Controls on visitor including how to plan, implement, and assess by access, use conservation actions in the context of a questionnaire) project cycle. It covers: a) the phase of Management Stakeholder involvement conceptualization: b) defining planning Decision process purpose and project team; c) defining the scope, vision, targets; d) identifying critical Refinements of ECOS assessments threats; e) analyzing the conservation could include: a) Landscape assessments (to situation; f) plan actions and monitoring,

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which consisted of developing goals, optimizing the existing potentials, including strategies, assumptions, and objectives; g) the involvement of local communities. So, to developing monitoring plan; h) developing optimize the existing potential and increase operational plan; i) implementing actions tourist visits, another strategy is needed to and monitoring: j) developing work plan and develop the tourism sector in the Banda timeline; k) developing and refining budget; Islands. Internal factors supporting the c) implementing plans; l) analysing, using, development of Banda island tourism are the adapting for preparing data for analysis; various attractions, the image of the region analyzing results; and adapting strategic plan; that has long been known, the community Whereas, Capturing and sharing Learning openness, security, and the ease of reaching covers: a) document learning; b) sharing the location. While that hampers the lack of learning; c) creating learning environment. information tourism centers, the very low nature of the environment, the low human III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION resources, and inadequate supporting infrastructure. The external factors that 3.1. Ecos Model support the tourism development of the Recently, the strategy that has been Banda Islands are the accessibility, applied to manage the Banda islands is technological development and information, highly dependent on the central and regional regulations, and the high potential and governments. The impact is that the interest of tourists. The inhibitors are a management of the Banda Islands as a cultural intrusion and environmental marine eco-tourism destination is not destruction. In this research, the ECOS used optimal. Community involvement has not is shown in the table below and the data used been optimally utilized, including the role of to compile the ECOS model derived from the private sector. As a result, the Hermalena (2016), Salakory (2016), and management of the Banda Islands has not Welly et al., (2012). been able to create significant progress in

Figure 2. Generic conceptual model showing project context.

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Table 2. ECOS Model.

Items Parameters Accessibility The transportation routes that can be used to reach Banda Islands from Ambon are by air and sea travel. Air travel took 1 hour, while the sea travel from the city of Ambon takes 8-hour travel by Pelni boat and only about 2-4 hours by a speedboat. Transportation facilities in the Banda Islands are dominated by motorcycles and sea transportation connecting outer villages within the scope of the Banda Islands to the center of the sub-district. Relationship Marine ecotourism activities that can be done in Banda Island are diving and snorkeling with stunning underwater scenery. Besides that, there are historical places such as castles, houses of the former local masters, and the house that had been occupied by national movement figures for six years in exile. Some of these relics have been restored by the government, which is ready to be marketed as an object of tourism in the eastern part of Indonesia. Attraction The people of Banda are cosmopolitan societies. The Banda Islands has been an area open to the international world since the fifteenth century. Nations such as Chinese, Arabs, and Malays came to this island, assimilating with the local population. Besides that, at the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese, Dutch, and English also visited the island to trade spices. The beauty of the sea in the Banda archipelago can be enjoyed through several activities such as diving, enjoying the marine park directly from the boat, fishing for tuna and skipjack, seeing dolphins and whales and seabirds. Coral reef diversity consists of 61 genera and 118 species subgenera. The mollusk diversity comprises 138 gastropods and 59 bivalves. Other marine tourism that can be enjoyed is fishing, including seeing whales and dolphins and seabirds. Infrastructure Other marine tourism that can be enjoyed is fishing, including seeing whales and dolphins and seabirds. The use of transportation for transport facilities and services to the Banda islands is considered quite good. The facilities and infrastructure are now quite supportive of tourism development, such as roads, clean water, and electricity. The use of transportation for transportation facilities and services to the Banda islands is considered good enough and easy to reach the destination. Transport within the Banda archipelago is quite easy. But drainage channels are still not good because in some areas there are experiencing flooding. Clean water service is good enough and can serve people above 75%. User To do diving or snorkeling tours visitors must have diving skills. prerequisites Before dive, users are required to report things related to prior skills including their knowledge and experience. Information related to the various conditions of coral reefs including ornamental fish that will be encountered during dives becomes important information for divers. This is intended for the safety of the user himself. Social Interaction The level of social interaction in the waters of the Banda archipelago is amazing because the locals are very friendly and easy to demand help

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Items Parameters when there is an end of experiencing distress or difficulty finding the location of the tourist area. This hospitality looks smiling face and mild in favor of help. The diversity of local residents who come from the descendants of foreigners, but its culture becomes a unity in the Banda archipelago. Visitor Impacts The data of tourist visits from year to year to the Banda archipelago increasing. Visits from foreign tourists in 2008 reached 937 tourists, then in 2009 increased by 1,529 tourists and in 2010 a total of 3,353 tourists. (source of Culture and Tourism Office of Maluku Province, 2010). This figure shows that tourism in the Banda archipelago continues to increase every year and this region is a major tourist destination in the central Maluku district. Also, the "Banda sail" event in July-August 2010 contributed to the increasing number of tourists. The impact caused by the performance data shows that visitor interest is very large, so the government must provide various supporting facilities and infrastructure. Management Management of marine ecotourism areas in the Banda archipelago shows good management. Good management means that the management of the island of Banda has all the facilities provided for the enjoyment of visitors including the ease of reaching vital objects of ecotourism. The security level is very good with a very low-security disturbance indicator. Information media services in providing information to tourists are very good with the number of brochures or information via the internet about the tourism agenda held on various occasions. The price to enter various types of tourist visits both at sea and on land can be reached by visitors at a reasonable price. While the level of cleanliness in various tourist attractions on the island of Banda requires serious attention considering the number of limited janitor and awareness of the population need attention. Going forward, local governments need more community involvement in planning, implementing and monitoring and evaluation processes for the development of the Banda archipelago as a marine ecotourism area.

Refinements to ECOS assessments heavily on the coral reefs for baitfish to catch could include landscape assessment, the larger fish that are sold commercially. attractiveness indices, resources status, Despite these commercial enterprises, and conservation potential, marketing fitful volcanic eruptions, the coral reef has assessment. a) Landscape assessments: the been proven to possess high resilience. The sea of Banda archipelago played an increasingly high degree of biodiversity is important role in trade during the history of probably due to the buffering effect of the the Banda Islands. Not only was the sea the surrounding Banda Sea, which, with its depth only access route to the islands, but it also of 8000 meters, protects the islands from provided food for the locals and colonizers. extreme equatorial temperatures (circa Nowadays, most people still work as 29°C/84°F throughout the year) and the fishermen and therefore interact daily with effects of climate change. This sea also plays the surrounding coastal environment. In an important role in the production of terms of livelihoods, the fishermen rely nutmeg, as the sea winds and salty rains

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influence the taste and quality of the nutmeg, other islands due to various reasons, such as which is still claimed to be the best in the lack of harvest when the periodic closures are world; b) Attractiveness indices: The Island's open to fishing (Buka Sasi), or Sasi rules are geological and climatic history, in addition to not obeyed anymore, etc. The Banda Islands its resilience to climate change and volcanic have beautiful scenery on both the land and activity, has facilitated speciation and high in the sea. Unfortunately, the communities species diversity. However, the coral reefs in are not yet involved in the tourism activities the Coral Triangle, particularly in Indonesia existing on the islands and they are also not and the Philippines, are among the most yet receiving any benefits directly, even threatened globally. Therefore, researchers though the Islands have a huge potential for need to discover what causes this high historic and nature tourism, especially marine resilience of the reefs, to protect other tourism. Almost all of the islands have good locations. Moreover, several conservation dive spots, and the coral reefs, fish and other efforts in the Banda Islands have been unique marine life under the sea can be a big successfully made, in which the biodiversity draw for tourists. d). Conservation potential: of the coral reef has not only been The threat of environmental destruction in maintained but even increased. In addition to the Banda Islands due to overfishing, the its scientific importance, Banda Islands play phenomenon of world climate change, the a strategic connective role in migration increasing population increase and the patterns of several species, one of which is a increasingly threatened environmental critical stage in the sea-turtle life cycle. It damage in this area, the government issued also gives refuge to highly endangered decree of the Minister of Marine Affairs and oceanic cetaceans, including the blue whales. Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia No. Heikoop et al. (1996) that coral reefs in the 58/ Ministry Degree of Fisheries and Marine/ Banda archipelago have a good potential of 2014 on the Plan Management and Zonation being preserved in the geological record, and of Banda Marine Aquatic Park in Maluku could be used to detect volcanic/ Province 2014-2034 year on October 6, hydrothermal events in ancient reef/ volcanic 2014, which outlines the determination of settings. c) Resource status: Since the Banda Banda Islands waters area as Aquatic Marine Islands are surrounded by sea and located in Park (TWP) Banda sea which is one of the the middle of the Banda Sea, the main National Conservation Area of Indonesia. livelihood of the people is fishing. Another The development of the Banda Sea TWP to main livelihood is nutmeg farming, and only provide great ecological and economic a few members of the population are benefits requires a comprehensive and businessmen or employees in a business. The systematic management direction. Therefore, main fisheries are tuna and demersal fish a long-term management plan of the Banda which are fished using simple fishing gears Marine Aquaculture Park should be such as bottom hand lines. The population of developed, be further elaborated into medium tuna in the Banda Islands has decreased due and annual plans. e) Marketing assessments: to a lack of bait to catch full-size tuna. As a Determination of TWPs of the Banda Islands result, young tuna are also being targeted and into Indonesia's national conservation area sold to tuna collecting companies. The will enhance local ecological, economic, communities of the Banda Islands have an social and cultural benefits as a indigenous knowledge called Sasi to manage harmonization effort between economic their marine resources, particularly trochus exploitation and environmental preservation. and sea cucumbers. However, Sasi has rarely The market value offered to tourists both practiced in the Banda Islands anymore. It is foreign and local tourists means that TWP practiced only on Hatta Island, and not on the Banda Island waters provide economic and

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environmental synergies to a region that Islands Number 77 of 2014 Concerning the embraces the principle of sustainable Spatial Planning of the Maluku Islands states development. The market value principle of in part one article 5 that the Maluku Islands TWP Banda Island waters can be an example are a center of marine biodiversity of other marine ecotourism areas in conservation as part of the Coral Triangle) Indonesia. Based on the analysis of ECOS and the protected area serves at least 30% of assessment models and government decisions the Maluku Islands land area. Article 7 states through the Decree of the Minister of Marine that strategy for the development of Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of ecotourism-based tourism, cultural tourism, Indonesia No. 58/ Ministry degree of and marine tourism as referred to in Fisheries and Marine/ 2014 on Management paragraph (1) letter includes: a. developing a Plan and Zonation of Banda Marine Aquatic limited use zone for ecotourism-based Park in Maluku Province 2014-2034 year on tourism, cultural tourism, and marine tourism October 6, 2014, that the Banda Islands TWP in conservation areas; b. developing requires a long-term management plan of the ecotourism-based tourism areas, cultural Banda Marine Aquaculture Park that requires tourism, and marine tourism; c. developing a translation further for the medium and long national urban area as a center for term plan. Therefore, a strategic policy plan ecotourism-based tourism development, is needed as a guideline for developing a cultural tourism, and marine tourism; and d. strategic plan for the development of the developing transportation infrastructure and Banda Islands TWP. For that purpose, the facilities to enhance interconnection between Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP) tourism designation as well as tourism method is used as a tool for conservation. designation area with a national urban area.

3.2. Strategic Plan 3.3. Challenges The strategic plan needed to The current and future issues are the harmonize the economic and environmental challenges faced by the management of the activities required three policies: Banda Islands. They consisted of (a) environmental preservation, co-management, overfishing; (b) the use of unfriendly fishing and institutional development. The gear; (c) land-use change; (d) marine preservation policy adheres to the principles pollution. These four issues will be a used in the development of water formidable challenge for the management of conservation area management systems. the Banda Islands waters area. Overfishing is Preservation area management through simply the act of catching fish from the integration, participation, multi-stakeholder, oceans faster than the fish can reproduce and with a focus on managing the potential of replace the caught fish numbers. Modern-day coral reefs, reef fish, mangrove potential, technology and hi-tech equipment have made water clarity with pollution controlled water it easy to catch a larger number of fish in a pollution. Given that the Banda Islands TWP shorter period and with minimal effort. The has a unique ecosystem representation, more and more fish are caught, the lesser power recoverability, a wide variety of fish, they are found in the waters. This is one of and high biodiversity with biota and physical the main reasons that fishermen have to condition of the environment of natural travel longer distances deeper into the sea to waters and contains aspects of social, catch fish. Welly et al. (2012) mentioned that regional and cultural aspects that support the there has been a decline in fish catch and an TWP Banda archipelago. The Indonesian increase in operational costs for fishing. The Presidential Regulation No. 77 of 2014 main livelihood of the people is fishing. The concerning Spatial Planning of the Maluku Banda Sea is the biggest fishing ground for

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the capture fisheries sector, especially large coming from temporary garbage dumps and and small pelagic fisheries. Banda Sub- unmanaged final dumps. These mostly District has a potential catch of 1,485.9 happen in the marine tourism area. The tonnes in small pelagic fisheries, taking the government has not provided a good place 3rd place among the 11 sub-districts in the for waste management so that the garbage is central of Maluku district. The allowable scattered and produces bad smell. catch is not more than 594.3 tonnes/ year. Managing the Banda Island cluster as Overfishing can occur because the habitat of a marine tourism park (TWP) is not optimal demersal fish in the Banda Sub-District is yet, although the government has proposed very small given that Banda Islands comprise that the management of Banda Islands TWP only 11 small islands. Moreover, due to requires the involvement of the community. increasing pressure on coastal fisheries and The co-management system is an integrated the habitat, the process of restocking would system of right acknowledgment, a also be slow. Another element that can partnership of entire fishery stakeholders, impact the demersal fisheries sector is the including the needs of accommodating them reduction of demersal fish spawning without management, exploitation tends to aggregation sites in Banda. damage the fishing resources. Given this The use of environmentally condition, a sustainable fishery is needed to unfriendly fishing gear in the Banda repair the management system. archipelago was done by traditional fishermen who have not realized that the use 3.4. Conceptual Model for Strategic of destructive equipment will result in long- Plan term consequences of the destruction of fish Strategic plan to develop Banda habitat. One of the causes of the decline in archipelago is used conceptual Model for the number of capture fisheries is that preparing a strategic plan to develop Banda traditional fishermen want catches that can archipelago as ecotourism and environmental quickly be sold regardless of the damage to conservation (Figure 3). coral reefs. The strategic plan from figure 3 can About land-use change in the Banda be elaborated as follows: a) The local archipelago, people living on the islands rely government of central Maluku regency on these rich waters for their livelihoods and protects the beaches and headlands from the as a source of food. Fishing has been a impacts of inappropriate coastal use that will mainstay of life for many generations, and change the coastal and waters land use. the communities on the islands have strong Better environmental regulation is necessary, bonds to the sea. However, in recent years, both to increase positive environmental like everywhere in the Coral Triangle, and effects of land-use change and to limit indeed the world, fish catches have been negative influences. The regulation will decreasing. The damage that people around cover the key drivers of coastal land-use the world are exacting on the ocean, the over- change including sea-level rise, storm surges extraction, the destructive fishing practices, and flooding, erosion, coastal habitats, the pollutants, they are all taking their toll not demographic trends, tourism, and only in the areas immediately affected, but management realignment. The most profound on all marine life. changes affecting the coastal zone will be Marine pollution in the Banda islands driven by climate change, particularly by the can be caused by some factors. One of the rising sea level. The rate of sea-level rise is most polluting ones is tourist sewage and expected to be substantial and pressures on domestic waste discharge. Indirect sources of land use will be significant. Future marine pollution include contaminants challenges will have to be confronted if they

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are to be successfully and equitably managed working forum consisting of local and adapted to the consequences of climate government, local community and private change and the competing human demands sector will be satisfied that proposed coastal on coastal land. Marine and coastal areas protection works do not unreasonably limit should be treated as a single zone. b) Ground public access to or use of beaches and fishing mapping is necessary to support headlands, or pose a threat to public safety. sustainable fisheries management. For that Any activities that use coastal land and required information and valid data. waters require permission from the forum Therefore, the data of fish catch and fishing and they will focus on the roles and location from GPS data are combined with a responsibilities of forum authorities. statistical approach. Thus, information on Provisions for private landowners to establish hotspots of fishing areas and potential fishing economic enterprises in coastal areas and areas with a better scale can be obtained. water areas, if they do not seek further Ground fishing mapping should be directed approval from the forum, their activities will to the greatest benefit to fishermen. Fishing be dismissed in coordination with the law locations should be locations that have easy enforcement agencies. The Forum will access for fishermen. The location should be formulate the policy of managing the Banda protected from bad weather such as high Islands to local governments to be waves. c) To perform the duties and established into local regulations. The legal functions of integration among agencies at umbrella used is the regulation of the the central Maluku district level, the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries No. necessary institutional framework that 58/ Ministry Degree of Fisheries and Marine/ provides appropriate linkage between 2014. e) The diversification of the national authorities, provincial and local. For livelihoods of the Banda archipelago is more that, we need an institutional integration than just the waters, but it is also related to between formal and non-formal to begin the the economic transformation and the planning and implementation of the complex nature in which people make management of the Banda islands to be decisions in the economy. Communities can effective on the annual term, medium-term make changes in their lives on the principle and long term. The division of that their livelihood is sustainable to achieve responsibilities overlapping can be overcome much greater success in achieving by integration tasks and powers between the sustainable resource use, rather than a series institutions involved. In establishing an of alternative livelihood projects that offer a effective management framework, stand-alone life with government rocks. f) institutional analysis is required, inter alia, The livelihoods of the Banda archipelago the roles and responsibilities of different community refers to the opportunity to make agencies should be analyzed and, if a distinction between different groups of necessary, revised, so that on the one hand, people who interact and have an impact on over-lapping or conflicting jurisdictions are the coast. There are four main groups of minimized. The institutional integration coastal stakeholders as defined by (Glavovic, mechanisms for Banda Island management 2000). The first is the coastal users, who live can ensure the following: first, the and work by the beach and get their appropriate sectoral responsibilities are livelihood directly from the beach. The defined; Second, appropriate integration second is coastal communities that may live arrangements are established; and third, all away from the coast but have a direct interest agencies at all levels are informed of the in what is happening along the coastal road. coastal zone policy to ensure coherence in The third is policymakers and government policy implementation. d) Creating a agencies responsible for coastal planning and

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management, and the last is the coastal first priority is creating a working forum; the research community, which provides second one is the integration of tasks among knowledge and information on how the parties involves; the third priority is coastal system works. regulation for coastal land change; the fourth Based on the challenges faced in the priority is ground fishing mapping and the Banda archipelago, There are 5 (five) fifth priority is an alternative livelihood. strategic plans proposed as priorities. The

Figure 3. A conceptual model for preparing a strategic plan to develop the Banda archipelago as ecotourism and environmental conservation.

Figure 4. Work plan to implement a strategic plan to develop Banda island as ecotourism and environmental conservation.

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IV. CONCLUSION REFERENCE

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