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Home , Andi Aziz, Denpasar Conference, Malino Conference, Maluku Islands

1 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294

SULTAN OF ISKANDAR DJABIR SYAH: FROM TO BECOME THE MINISTER OF HOME AFFAIRS OF EASTERN STATE (NEGARA INDONESIA TIMUR/NIT) 1946-1950

Rustam Hasyim1 Program Doktor Ilmu-ilmu Humaniora Fakultas Ilmu Budaya UGM/ Dosen PKn FKIP Unkhair Ternate) [email protected]

Abstract This study aims to reconstruct the political participation of Iskandar Djabir Syah (the 47th of Ternate) in the establishment of the State of Eastern Indonesia. The study focuses on outlining some political events involving Iskandar Djabir Syah such as the Malino and Denpasar conferences and becaming the Minister of Home Affairs of the Eastern Indonesia State for 1949 to 1950 periods. The method used in this paper is a heuristic method that is history, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results showed that: (1) the participation of Sultan of Ternate Iskandar Djabir Syah in the unitary state started in the early independence of the Republic of Indonesia; it was characterized by conducting Malino and Denpasar conferences in 1946. The establishment of the Eastern Indonesia State became the political inspiration for Iskandar Djabir Syah to involve as the senate member of the Eastern Indonesia State/NIT representing North , as well as one of its designers. (2) As one of the leaders who agreed to the idea of van Mook to form a federalist country in the Malino and , so that when the Eastern Indonesia State was formed, he was appointed as the Minister of Home Affairs in the cabinet of J.E. Tatengkeng for 1949 to 1950 periods. (3) Malino to Denpasar Conference in 1946 initiated by H.J. van Mook was the Dutch effort to establish the states in order to realize the United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat/RIS) based on Linggarjati Agreement. At the conference, it was formed the Eastern Indonesia State (Negara Indonesia Timur/NIT) covering the areas of , Small Sunda ( and Nusa Tenggara) and the Maluku Islands.

Keywords: Sultan of Ternate Iskandar Djabir Syah, Political History, Malino and Denpasar Conferences, the Minister of Home Affairs of Eastern Indonesia State (NIT).

A. INTRODUCTION alleged involvement in Bellion Iskandar Djabir Syah was the 46th (West ). In 1917, Iskandar sultan of Ternate. He was born on March Djabir Syah attended a school in Batavia. 4th, 1902. Iskandar Djabir Syah was the During his studying in Batavia, he met second child of seven children from many friends who introduced him to a Usman Syah (the 45th Sultan of Ternate) political movement. Agus Salim, a and the daughter of Mihir (nobility prominent figure at PSI, invited him to Susupu). His formal education began in join PSI, a political organization in 1920 to 1912 by entering the Malay School 1925. From this organization, Iskandar (Primary School) in Ternate. After Djabir Syah enriched his political graduating from elementary Malay in education which greatly influenced his 1915, he continued to Europese Lagere political view in the future. School (Yunior High School) in Ternate, At the time of and Hatta but did not complete his study because he proclaimed the Indonesia's independence followed his father, Sultan Usman,who on August 17, 1945, this era was marked was exiled by the Dutch to London for his as the beginning of new ideological and

1. A Postgraduate student from the department of History UGM. This article is part of a dissertation on The Elite ’s Participation in the Change of Regime: The Political History of Ternate, 1946-2002. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Djoko Suryo as my supervisor and Prof. Dr. Bambang Purwanto, MA as co-supervisor.

2 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 political struggle between the nobility and meanwhile Iskandar Djabir Syah believed the anti-self-governing groups (republican Indonesia should appear as an egalitarian vs swapraja) in the Sultanate of Ternate. democratic state by giving wider Political legitimacy, economic and cultural autonomy to the provinces (particularly in position should have provided wider the eastern Indonesia). opportunity and certain level of social As a Sultan who had a traditional location for the nobility after the authority over the East coast of Sulawesi independence. However, the emergence of (Buton and Bangai) to the north of West nationalism blew the nobility's perception , Seram and which of independence since the construction of consists of diversity natural and a state ideology of nationalism emphasizes geographical, and cultural conditions, he loyalty to the new nation. As a result, the believed that it was certainly very difficult presence of the new nation state of to unite all the diversities into the Indonesia threated the three pillars of centralized unitary state. political and economic supremacy, Therefore,SultanIskandar Djabir took a namely; first, the political and economical decision to be part of Senate of NIT relations between the nobles and their representing North Maluku when subordinates were demolished by the new participating at a conference in Malino government's adaptation of the ideological and then in Denpasar in 1946. These state nationalism. The emergence of new conference were concerning the system elevated the social location of establishment of the federation state of kawula as subordinated to citizenship. Indonesia initiated by van Mook. Second, the system of economic relations B. Malino Conference on July 16 to 24, woven with its subordinate became loose 1946: the Birth Embryo of NIT due to the implementation of agrarian law Based on the approval obtained from political which advocated land the Dutch Government, van Mook carried privatization and the shift in the out a conference in Malino on July 16 to predominant production of feudal to 24, 1946 in , . The capitalist production system. Third, the decision to conduct a conference in traditional values of the traditional elite Makassar due to several speculative and tending to be astrictive had to face the conspiratorial considerations. meritocratic values brought by modernity, Geographically, Makassar was considered for example, positions in the bureaucracy relatively far away from the control of the were no longer as something inherent but new government of Indonesia. During that must be based on specific competency. time, Eastern part of Indonesia was Facing those changes, Sultanate of occupied by the Australian Army on behalf Ternate should decide whether following of the Allies which was politically and the logic of Soekarno’s power by taking security benefit. The conference was part in the national political arena or attended by 39 members of the Senate of opposing him by participating in political 15 areas such as: Bali, Lombok, , movement following Van Mook's concept South Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung, , of the nation state. Kinds of form and East Borneo, North Maluku, Minahasa, system which should replace the system Sangir Talaud, , Central conducted during the colonial were a Sulawesi, Neeuw Guinea (Irian), , heated discussion among politicians. There , Sumba, , South Borneo, was two popular views namely, the view and South Maluku. The conference aimed of those nationalists who believed that the at discussing the formation of the state unity of the Indonesian state depended on federation in Indonesia as well as the the strength of the central control; establishment of the state covering the 3 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 areas in eastern Indonesia (Adnan Amal, the rim of Republic of United Indonesia 2007:211). and the rural areas which were remote In Malino conference, van Mook from the central were freer to develop offered the structural form of the themselves. In addition, the concept of federation state provided that the part areas federal state gave the space to the kings in that would be the components of the the eastern Indonesia to seize their power federation must be the wide areas and had (IrzaArnita Djafaar, 2005: 114). the economic potential, social, strong Malino Conference in July 16 to 24, political. Van Mook’s idea received 1946 was the foundation of the formation positive response from the delegate of of the state of Eastern Indonesia (Negara North Maluku, Sultan of Ternate, Iskandar Indonesia Timur/NIT). NIT is the oldest Djabir Syah. For Iskandar Muhammad and largest among the countries Djabir Syah, the formation of a federal established by the Dutch government. The state was not disintegration but it was a strong position of the Dutch in the eastern system of government that was not Indonesia became the reason for the Dutch different from the unitary state. The basic to give wide autonomy to the Eastern idea of the most substantial federal state Indonesia State consisting of hundreds of was guaranteed the fairness in the large and small islands and divided into 13 allocation of resources, in addition to autonomous regions. The Eastern enabling the effective and efficient Indonesia was selected as the first area administration management because its where the first state to be formed. Dutch scope was more limited. In addition, the military power was relatively large in this state of Eastern Indonesia would be area, anyway the was correct transformed into a prosperous country and in its assessment that the idea of the could develop its own identity as wanted federal state would have special attraction by all parties (Irza Arnita Djafaar, 2005: for the people outside the island who 32). were pretty anxious about the Javanese Conceptually, the idea of van Mook politics who were much larger. about the federal state was not a new thing In this conference, there were some for Iskandar Muhammad Djabir Syah. The decisions made, among others: (1) national concept of a federal state was not much anthem and the flag, the conference took a different from the system of government decision that the national anthem of which has been long adopted by the many was accepted as the Sultanates of Ternate. In the structure of national anthem; (2) in the field of politics the sultanate of Ternate (Maloko Kie and state administration, Malino Raha), each kingdom under his control conference decided unanimously that in took care of its own home affairs. While the field of the reconstruction of the state the outside affairs, especially the military administration in the territory of the and financial affairs, were controled by the former formation of a board of eighteen which consisted of federation which covered the whole representatives from four kingdoms. They territory of the former Dutch East Indies were the government representatives and called the United Indonesia States the military representatives plus other consisting of the parts (states) with areas delegates. With the recognition and of great power and authority with the guarantee of van Mook, that the form of power to govern itself as widely as government of the Republic of the United possible; (3) about the relationship with Indonesia became the warranty in the Netherlands, Malino Conference managing the harmonization and ensuring expressed as its belief that it was necessary the public justice. Therefore, the islands in to carefully define the period of time as 4 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 may be necessary to conduct cooperation as a strategy to divide the nation of with the kingdom as intended to give the Indonesia (R. Nalenan, 1981: 83). opportunity to the United Indonesia State Denpasar Conference on December, 7- to create organization in the field of the 12 1946: The Establishment of NIT state administration, economic, social and According to the agreement of Malino culture, and to obtain the equipments that Conference, the second conference (as it would give possibilities to the United goes) would be held approximately four Indonesia States with all the freedom and months in Denpasar. Denpasar (Bali) was independence to take decisions about the chosen as the venue for the conference continuation of the relationship between because the place was consedered safe the Netherlands and Indonesia (Irza Arnita after Margarana war. Denpasar Conference Djafaar, 2005: 184). was actually as the continuation of the Thus the Malino conference was the Malino conference to formulate a new beginning of the foundation of separating government and state structure in the the Indonesia areas into the independent region of the big east through negotiations areas as the state part of the federal state initiated by van Mook. Denpasar and gave the possibility to the Dutch to Conference was embryo of the birth of control Indonesia. Malino Conference was NIT which was a prototype of the puppet the stepping stone of the Netherlands to states which were continually formed by establish the United Indonesia State based the Netherlands (Audrey R. Kahin, 1955: on the concept offered by van Mook 79). namely “the federal commonwealth of Before conducting Denpasar Indonesia”. The Conference held for Conference on December 7 to 24, 1946, on approximately 8 days the finally closed by November 15th, 1946, the Government of Van Mook as chairman of the conference the Netherlands, represented by by asking the participants to give their Schermerhorn and Sutan Syahrir from approval. He expressed his intention to Indonesia, signed the approval of establish a state in Java, , Borneo Indonesian-Dutch settlement of the and the Big East. For the establishment of problem called "Linggarjati Agreement" the Eastern Indonesia State, it would be which contained: (1) the Government of discussed specifically in Denpasar the Republic of Indonesia and the conference and would be conducted jointly Netherlands jointly organized the with the ARC. The goal was that existing establishment of a federal state called the officers would be used continuously. United Indonesia States (NIS); and (2) NIS The idea to form a united state (the would cooperate with the Kingdom of the country consisting of state parts) was Netherlands to establish a united already planned by van Mook before the Indonesia-Netherlands (Marwati Djoened independence of the Republic of Indonesia Poesponegoro Nugrogo Natosusanto, so that it was not surprising if the 2008: 269). Republican leaders from the nationalist Denpasar Conference took place after movement were largely against this idea Linggarjati agreement on November 15, because federalism wanted by van Mook 1946. After the manuscript was approved was to be led by the Dutch. Therefore, on December 20, 1946, van Mook could Malino Conference did not get a good freely act establishing the Eastern reception from the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia State which was not contrary to Malino Conference was considered as an the spirit and soul of Linggarjati attempt to gain the support of the Dutch agreement. The conference participants representatives in the regions outside Java who were pro-Republic came to support the establishment of the Eastern Indonesia 5 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294

State because the Linggarjati Agreement government since 1938, in which the asserted that “the Netherlands government representatives of the Dutch Government recognized the fact of de facto power of such as the controller and the resident the Republic of Indonesia government on assistant exercised such a wider power, so Java, Madura, and Sumatera. While the the king was only a puppet. Iskandar regions occupied by alliance or the Dutch Djabir Syah expressed his dissatisfaction army gradually and with joint working about the position and status of the kings between the two parties would also be who headed the autonomous governments. included within or into the Republic According to him, the position as the Region”. Sultan was often ignored; every decision Denpasar Conference was attended by made must depend on the approval issued 71 representatives from all regions of by the Dutch. It made the position of the Eastern Indonesia. The number of local Sultan just an ornament or the second delegates from each region and defined by person, even there were frequent conflicts van Mook consisted of 55 regional of interest as if there was a dual basis of delegates, mostly represented by the King local government. It often made the or the Sultan and 15 delegates from the society confused. Sultan was like a doll minorities (Chinese and other eastern that could be tweaked by the Dutch; his foreigners) so that there were 71 position as Sultan was often difficult; his participants. For Northern Maluku, it was authority as Sultan was often overlooked represented by Iskandar Djabir Syah in the interest of the Dutch. (Sultan of Ternate) and Zainal Abidin Therefore, according to Iskandar Alting (Sultan of ). The conference Djabir Syah, it was necessary to abolish had the authority based on the decision of the duality in the autonomous regions and the Malino Conference to draw up new to the king as the head of the autonomous governance and state administration in the governments was actually given real area of the Big East through negotiations power and authority. The same view was and discussions with the representatives of also presented by L. Katoppo (the delegate the Dutch government. According to Ide from Minahasa), he said that the Eastern Anak Agung Gde Agung there were Indonesia State consisted of more than noticeable differences between Malino 75% the autonomous regions and 115 Conference and Denpasar Conference. In autonomous government. The position of Malino Conference, talks were still general the head of the autonomous governments and the concerning political, economic, was regulated by the so-called "Korte social and cultural issues in Indonesia in verklaring" (short statement) and "lange general. While in the Denpasar kontrakten" (long contract) as the Conference, the talks were centered on one recognition of the Dutch Government to core issue, namely the formation of the the special position of the kings who government structure in the regions of the hereditary ruled an autonomous region (L Big East where the working paper was .Katoppo, 1972: 78). already available about the regulation plan In Denpasar Conference, Sultan of of the establishment of Big East State Ternate, Iskandar Djabir Syah approved prepared by the General Commissariat for the decision of the federal state, and Borneo and the Timur Besar (Ide Anak consistently defended it because it was Agung Gde Agung, 1985:74). similar to the concept and understanding At the conference, the Sultan of of Maloko Kie Raha that he had practiced Ternate, Iskandar Djabir Syah, opposed the and believed. According to him, the autonomous area (swapraja) of sociological-anthropological situation of government policy conducted by the Dutch Indonesian which was plural was suitable 6 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 with the plural-federalist concept. In the C. Sultan of Tidore, Zainal Abidin and conference, van Mook imposed federalism the Rejection of Papua Separation from idea. It was being done without the co- NIT operation with the Republic of Indonesia From the beginning, the Dutch as approved in the Linggarjati agreement. Government through the General The Eastern Indonesia State was very Governor, van Mook intended to separate strategic for van Mook in achieving his the West Irian (now Papua) from Indonesia ambition to create the United Indonesia Republic both in Malino and Denpasar Republic State which still remained within Conference in 1946. West Irian (Papua) the Dutch kingdom. was intentionally not included in the The establishment of the Eastern conference by the Dutch based on the Indonesia State (NIT), according to Van reason that Papua would be discussed on Mook, would transformed Easter its own after the establishment of NIT. At Indonesia into a country that had a strong the conference, Sultan of Tidore, Zainal vitality, would be able to develop its own Abidin (the 36th sultan) the representative identity, and would successfully become a of North Maluku was questioned why valuable part of the Indonesian federation Papua was not integrated into NIT, that would be realized as desired all whereas in the constitutional structure of parties. At the end of Denpasar Conference the Dutch East Indies, Papua was the part on December 24, 1946, it was established of the Timur Besar (Grote Oost). a new country called Eastern Indonesia At the conference, Zainal Abdin stated State which was still on the scope of that from the immemorial time, Papua United Indonesia Republic State (RIS) that region was inseparable part from Tidore covered the areas of Sulawesi, Small Sultanate, therefore the autonomous Sunda (Bali and Nusa Tenggara) and the government of Tidore had full right and Maluku Islands (Ide Anak Agung Gde authorization to Papua. He said that if it Agung, 1985: 199). was then held on the issue of dispute Denpasar Conference was selected by settlement of Papua, the right of Tidore Cokorda Gde Raka Sukawati as the first Sultanate must be recognized. The Head of Eastern Indonesia State (a former suggestion of Zainal Abidin was supported member of the Volksraad from PEB party), by E. Katoppo from Minahasa by saying the Prime Minister was Nadjamoedin that the territory of (Papua) Daeng Malewa who also a Minister of the was the part of the Dutch East Indies since Economy affairs, and the elected head of the old time, so that the United Indonesia DPRS, Mr. Tadjoeddin Noer. Only the States covered the whole territory of the republicans argued that the establishment Dutch East Indies, so the region of Papua of the Eastern Indonesia State in the should be included in the territory of the framework of the establishment of the United Indonesia States as the part of the Republic of Indonesia was only one step in Eastern Indonesia Sate. the struggling process toward Indonesia In the history aspect, the relation Republic State in accordance with the between Tidore Sultanate and Papua had proclamation spirit of 1945. While those existed long before the arrival of who supported federalism considered that Europeans. According Muridan Widjojo, the Eastern Indonesia State was the goal economic, social, political and cultural on the context of the establishment of the relations were not only evidenced by Federal State Federal which stil remained written sources. Even the folk stories from under the control of the Dutch kingdom. Maluku (Tidore Chronic and Bacan) and Papua (Biak Chronic) narrated the brotherhood bond (1997; 129). So it was 7 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 not surprising that the bond of brotherhood recognized the establishment of the United between the two regions existing for the Indonesia States, which consists of from centuries in the collective memories which the island Sabang to Aru, and as the sons was intentionally omitted by the Dutch of our nation we will seek the relationship Colonial by separating Tidore and Papua and help from the government of the in Denpasar conference on December 7 to United Indonesia States generally and 24, 1946, caused protest from Zainal from the of Eastern Indonesia States Abidin Alting. specifically, to support us as much as On that occasion, Zainal Abidin possible so that we can unite in one nation. insisted to have the opportunity to give an Although the establishment of the United explanation of his attitude (stern Indonesia States according to Linggarjati motiuering) “about the exclusion of Papua Agreement, on November 15, 1946, in the Eastern Indonesia States (NIT)” as excluded Papua, but we always want to reported by the New State newspaper. keep all our thoughts and energy to unite Zainal Abidin conveyed his with our national brothers under nation of disappointment as follows: the United Indonesia States. Our intention "The Excellency Mr. Major Chairman, comes from our deep, clear and clean "I am as the head of the Tidore hearts, so that we have a big hope that the kingdom with much regret not excellency can receive our brotherhood so be able to approve the results we can stand together to develop one of the Round Table Conference prosperous Indonesia and gain great as with the results of my happiness in the future" (Newspaper of kingdom, although it has been Timoer Indonesia, November 20, 1946). separated for a while, which is The same rejection came from the one part is included in the society of Maluku. In a big meeting United Indonesia States and conducted by Indonesia Youth Association other part is in the West Irian on November 13, 1946, in Ambon City, which under the control of the there were about 3000 people had taken Kingdom of the Netherlands. political resolution, namely: (1) continuing In the end, I pointed out that in to fight for the ideals of freedom and the this short description, it can be whole of the Indonesian home lands and concluded that the Tidore supporting the NIT government based on kingdom still retains its rights the decision of the Board of Maluku, and to the Iriant which historically (2) demanding and fighting for Irian to still part of Tidore kingdom. That is remain in RIS (Newspaper of Menara all, thank you". Merdeka, 1946). Rejection of the separation of Papua By the Round Table Conference from the Eastern Indonesia State was not (Koferensi Meja Bundar/KMB) on August only expressed by Zainal Abidin at the 23, to November 2, 1949 in Den Haag, the conference. Outside the parliament, as policies carried out by the Dutch reported in the Indonesia Timoer Government to separate Papua from the newspaper, the kings of Papua such as Tidore Sultanate intensively conducted. king Ahmad-Uswanas (Fak-Fak) and king On March 23, 1949, De Waalas, an advisor Haji Ibrahim Baoe (Rumbati/Kokas) had to the Dutch East Indies government in filed a petition to the Excellency the Indonesia to the Kingdom of the Minister of Home Affairs from the Eastern Netherlands, suggested that Papua could Indonesia States to merge Papua into the be separated from Tidore through two Eastern Indonesia States. In the petition options: first, the Dutch press to customary letter, both kings stated that, "We have chiefs who were under the power of the 8 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294

Tidore Sultanate to separate themselves by Therefore, on June 12, 1949, van the reason that separation open wider Maarseveen invited Zainal Abidin, Sultan advantageous in a variety of fields. The of Tidore, to discuss about the separation polling should involve the Sultan of Tidore of Papua from Tidore. On that occasion, and it was expected to be completed no Zainal Abdin was forced to accept the later than two years; and second, De separation of Papua from Tidore by stating Waalas suggested that the Sultan of Tidore, that all the kings in Papua’s land and Raja Zainal Abdidin should be given a role in Ampat Papua had given their approval to the Cabinet of NIT, or be given a special break away from the Tidore Sultanate. task to separate Papua from his kingdom. Zainal Abidin protested the unilateral In his view, if the Sultan of Tidore was decision from the Dutch by complaining to given all authorities, the separation of the President of NIT, Cokorde Gde Papua from Tidore could be completed in Sukawati, but did not get a serious December 1949 (Adnan Amal, 2007: 217). response from the president. The same thing was also suggested by The News of Papua separation from Dr. Beel, the High Representative of the Tidore Sultanate got a strong reaction from Dutch City in Indonesia. He suggested that a number of PI’s prominents people and the separation of Papua should be society of Ternate and Tidore. Those conducted by the decision of the City High prominent, through the newspaper of Representative. In the decision, it was Menara Merdeka, protested the Dutch determined: (1) the Tidore Sultanate would government by accused that the City High be integrated to the government of Representative conducted political Indonesia federal; and (2) polling blackmail against the helpless Sultan of regarding Papua and Raja Ampat Tidore. Similarly, the Papuan leaders who separation from Tidore were very depend were the members of the Self on the approval of the Tidore Sultanate Determinants Organizing Committee, via (Adnan Amal, 2007: 211). the Dutch newspaper, Aneta on July 21, To respond to some of these 1949, said that the Papuan people did not suggestions, van Maarseveen as the want to be separated from Tidore and Minister of Across Regional Affairs made Maluku. Statement of the Papuan leaders a political contract with the Sultan of was the distortion conducted by the Dutch Tidore as below: (1) Korte verklaring East Indies government. Separation of signed by the Dutch East Indies Papua from the Tidore Sultanate is was government and the Tidore Sultanate systematic effort to continually colonize which was put into the effect since 1909 the parts of Indonesia. To gratify the should be canceled. With the unilateral society and the Sultan of Tidore, the status cancellation of this, the Sultan of Tidore of autonomous government in Tidore was cannot rule over his authority areas. Thus increased to onderafdeling and Sultan the Sultan of Tidore had the authority to Tidore became the resident of North govern only on Tidore Islands; (2) since Maluku replacing Iskandar Djabir (Sultan Korte verklaring took into the effect, of Ternate) and all the governmental Sultan of Tidore administratively did not agencies were centered in Soasio, the rule his power on Papua; and (3) since the capital of Tidore (Indonesia Timoer, 1949). Pacific war occurred, Papua was occupied After the dissolution of the United by the Allies and the resident the Indonesia States (RIS), Zainal Abidin government power there based on S. no. Alting was invited by the Dutch to be 108 jo. S. 149 (Herry RD. Nachrawy, offered by three options: (1) Papua along 2003: 65). with Tidore became an independent state; (2) Papua along with Tidore were 9 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294 sovereigned under the the Netherlands Home Affairs of NIT (December 27, 1949 Kingdom; and (3) Papua along with Tidore to March 14, 1950). After inaugurated by fused together with the Homeland, the the President of the Eastern Indonesia Republic of Indonesia. From those three State (NIT), Tjokorde Gde Rake options, Zainal Abidin Alting chose the Soekawati on December 27, 1949, third option. Based on that political Iskandar Djabir Syah began his carrier as decision, President Sukarno asked the Minister of Home Affairs. His position as resident Zainal Abidin who was also the the Minister of Home Affairs made him Sultan of Tidore to support the central succeed in delegating the power of the government to claim Papua as the part of central government the regional heads of Tidore based on historical perspective. The the entire territory of the East Indonesia suggestion was welcomed by Zainal (Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung, 1985: 94). Abidin and on August 17, 1956, President The cabinet of J.E. Tatengkeng was Sukarno formed province of West Irian by the emergency cabinet or the transitional inaugurating Zainal Abidin as the first government and its leadership only lasted Governor of Papua from 1956 to 1961 for one year. Nevertheless, Tatengkeng with a capital of Soasiu, Tidore (Herry RD. Cabinet determined to develop a new legal Nachrawy, 2003: 143). order with the formation of the D. Becoming the Minister of NIT government structure in the Eastern (December 27, 1949 to March 14, 1950) Indonesia States so that from the bottom to Since the beginning of the the top level, it could be created a establishment of the Eastern Indonesia democratic government with national State (NIT) which was initiated by van character based on the principles of Mook on behalf of the Dutch government, federalism. The establishment of the Iskandar Djabir Syah had shown his regions with extensive autonomy and participation as the member of NIT steady power as well as the authority whe representing North Maluku. His the autonomous government played an Participation was indeed reasonable important role accompanied by the council because based on historical and political elected by the society. Based on the aspects, the Ternate Sultanate had principle of democracy and by fast holding closeness to the Dutch government which that the Eastern Indonesia States was a law had long been entrenched in the Ternate country where the order and security were Island until the World War II, even when guaranteed so that the people felt the Japanese occupied the Ternate Island, themselves protected by the law so that Iskandar Djabir Syah along with his family they could live safe and secure. was evacuated in Brisbane Australia in Tatengkeng Cabinet run the policies that September 1945. After Iskandar Djabir was dual-function with each other to have Syah returned from Australia, he was a harmonious balance. appointed as the head of the region In the era of Tatengkeng Cabinet, (resident) with the rank of colonel Tituler there had been the rise of rebellion seeds der Koninghen Orange van Nasau. that wanted to break away from the United As explained above, that as long as Indonesia States and joined with Indonesia served as senate member of NIT Republic (RI). The dispute between representing North Maluku, Iskandar APRIS and TNI encouraged a number of Djabir Syah always perseveringly fought autonomous regions in NIT region the concept of a federal state in Malino appearing to proclaim the region out of and Denpasar conference. For that reason, NIT and combine the region to become the in the Tatengkeng Cabinet, Iskandar Djabir part of Indonesia Republic (RI) as the Syah was appointed as the Minister of status as a province. For example, on April 10 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294

26, 1950, Karaeng Andi Idjo (South the Indonesian party to be not honest in the Sulawesi) proclaimed South Sulawesi to implementation of the Round Table be the part of the province of Indonesia. Conference and in connection with that The same thing was also done by Adjuba expressed the disappointment. Wartabone for the region of North The attitude of the Dutch government Sulawesi (Arthur A. Schillers, 1989: 63). was transformed into the anti-Indonesian Chaos and conflict between the Government and actualized in its foreign federalist and the unitary groups in South policy that firmly opposed to Indonesia in Sulawesi especially in Makassar raged West Irian case in the 1960s. When the with great atmosphere causing very serious Prime Minister W. Drees reelected for the condition. From the unitary group headed four times (1956 to 1958), he became the by the parliament members of the main driving force to enter the West Irian Indonesian National Unity fraction urged (now Papua) in the territory of the the government to be allowed to conduct a Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time of massive demonstration in order to break the amendment to the Constitution of the up the Eastern Indonesia States and be Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1956 (L. involved into the territory of Indonesia Katoppo, 1972: 54). Republic. E. Conclusion In addition, the rebellion of Andi Aziz When the United Indonesia States in Makassar in early April 1950 resulted in merged into the unitary state of Indonesia the crisis of NIT Cabinet. On April 20, the Republic in 1950, at the same time prominent figures of Maluku Indonesian Sukarno’s policy exiled Sultan of Ternate, Youth (PIM), Pupella, proposed untrust Iskandar Djabir Syah to and he was motion in NIT parliament. As a result, the placed as one of the employees of Home Prime Minister of Tatengkeng resigned Affairs Department (1950 to 1976), as he and the cabinet was disbanded. Thus, the was considered as one of the federalist Cabinet of J.E. Tatengkeng did not last leaders, besides that he was accused as the long. Its Workplan only overcame the man who was pro-RMS and considered as issue of the transition toward the disloyalty to the Government of the establishment of united States as the result Republic of Indonesia. In that period, the of merging RIS and RI. Such development sultanate of Ternate suffered from the affected the political atmosphere in the vacant government. All the activities the Eastern Indonesia State and gave big government regulations were run by the courage to the unitary group to realize its legislative institution or the board of goal to dissolve the Eastern Indonesia eighteen (Bobato nyagimo setofkange). States. The vacancy affected on the decreases of The dissolution of the Eastern the legitimacy of royal power elite Indonesia State on August 15, 1950 caused (aristocrats) due to the loss of political surprise in many circles about the quick control and bureaucratic in its territory. omission of the federation system from Their capacity was limited only as the Indonesia. It was approximately six complement of the government structure. months after the sovereignty resignation to It was caused by the leadership authority the government of the United Indonesia only on the hands of the sultan. States which had transformed into the The limitation and the lack of political unitary state. Changing the shape of the power of the Ternate Sultanate made state, especially among the Dutch almost nothing could be done. Almost all government. The changes of the state of the access leading to the interests of principle left very deep impression. The local power was isolated during the Dutch East Indies government had accused absence of Sultan Iskandar Djabir Syah. 11 | JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA V o l u m e 4 , N o m o r 1 , J uni 2 0 1 6 , ISSN : 2 3 5 4 - 7294

Therefore, the elite territory was confined , 1981.PotretSeorang to the walls of the palace although it still Patriot, Jakarta: GunungAgung,. had a government bureaucracies, yet it only dealt with the interests of the palace Arthur A. Schillers, 1989. The Formation household. of Federal Indonesia 1945-1949. At the same time, Soekarno’s Bandung. government issued a number of policies restricting the movement of the local Audrey Kahin, 1990. Pergolakan Daerah authorities, for example, the dissolution of PadaawalKemerdekaan.Jakarta: the kings’ board in 1950. Another example Grafiti. is about the Agrarian Law of 1960 on the restriction and land ownership (the state ChasanBousoiri,SekulimitDeritaSatuEdisi took over the lands of autonomous KehidupanSeorangDokter, Jakarta: government), and the establishment of tanpaTahun. autonomous regional administration of level 1 in Maluku, based on the Law F.S.A. de Clercq, 2007. No.60 in 1958, by determining Ambon as Ternate:Karesidenan dan the province capital of Maluku. As the Kesultanan.Terjemahan Noer authority in level II, the Regent no longer Fitriyanti dari,Bijdragen tot de had to be held by the sultan and family so kennis der Residentie Ternate, that in the subsequent development, the 1890. Ternate: Komunitas Uma public positions were more dominated by Sania. non-sultanate groups. Finally, the Ternate status as municipal was dissolved and HerryRD.Nachrawy, 2003. Peranan reduced to a level II district that had Ternate limited governmental authority. The state TidoreDalamPembebasanIrian intervention was so strong on the Barat. Ternate, YayasanKieRaha. traditional power in Soekarno’s power era that the palace declined of its legitimacy. Ide AnakAgungGdeAgung, 1985. Negara Indonesia TimurkeRepublik REFERENCES Indonesia Serikat. Yogyakarta: GadjahMada. Newspapers and Books: Indonesia Timoer: Makasar, 24Januari. A.B. Lapian, 1980. 28 Pebruari.24 Mei.22 Juni.18 dan dalampengantarMemorie van 22 Desember 1948. Overgave J.H. Tobias (1857)- Memorie van Overgave C. IrzaArnitaDjafaar, 2005. Dari BosscherResiden Ternate (1859), MolokuKieRahaKe Negara Jakarta: ANRI. Federal: Biografi Sultan Iskandar Muhammad Jabir Syah. Jakarta: Abdul Hamid Hasan. 2000. Aroma Bio Pustaka. SejarahdanBudaya Ternate. Jakarta: PustakaUtama. L. Katoppo, 1972.Perdjoangan IrianKembalikeDalam Wilayah RI. Adnan Amal. 2007. KepulauanRempah- Bandung: KilatMadju. Rempah: PerjalananSejarah Maluku Utara 1250 – 1950. Leonard Y. Andaya, 1993.The World of Jakarta: Gora Pustaka Indonesia. Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the

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