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The Coast Guard at War Iv Loran Volume Ii

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The Coast Guard at War Iv Loran Volume Ii THE COAST GUARD AT WAR IV LORAN VOLUME II Prepared in the Historical Section Public Information Division U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters Aug. 1, 1946 NOTE: ETCM Bill Dietz, USCG (Ret.) transcribed the following volume from the Coast Guard at War official history series and we thank him for his efforts to help preserve the history of Coast Guard LORAN activities. The majority of the images included in the original publication appeared on the even numbered pages of the book. Unfortunately they were simply mimeographed paper copies of the original photos and they have faded or were of poor quality originally and most were therefore not included in this electronic version. Each caption is faithfully reproduced, however, and if the image is available, please click on the hyper-linked "Image Caption" to access the image. TABLE OF CONTENTS Loran as an aid to navigation....................................................................... 1 The Development of Loran equipment........................................................ 3 First experimental stations................................................................. 5 Early tests............................................................................................. 5 Northwest Atlantic Loran chain......................................................... 7 Loran made responsibility of the Coast Guard............................... 7 Civil engineering aspects of Loran construction................................ 11 Joint Chiefs of Staff lay down Loran program................................... 11 Development of Coast Guard Construction Detachments.......................... 13 Headquarters offices concerned......................................................... 13 Formation of field forces.................................................................... 15 Bering Sea Loran Chain.............................................................................. 19 St. Matthew Island (Unit 5)................................................................. 29 St. Paul Island (Unit 60)...................................................................... 25 Umnak Island (Unit 40)....................................................................... 33 Cape Sarichef (Unit 25).................................................................... 37 St. George Island (Unit 95)............................................................... 37 Western Aleutians Loran chain.................................................................. 41 Attu (Unit 62)...................................................................................... 49 Amchitka (Unit 63)............................................................................ 53 Adak (Unit 64)................................................................................... 47 Hawaiian Islands Loran chain................................................................... 59 French Frigate (Unit 204)................................................................ 63 Niihau (Unit 205)............................................................................... 61 Hawaii (Unit 206).............................................................................. 63 Kauai (Unit 207)................................................................................. 65 Sand Island Depot...................................................................................... 69 Command Unit 203............................................................................. 69 Advanced Base Stating Detachment (Unit 390)................................ 69 Phoenix Loran chain...................................................................................... 77 Baker (Unit 91).................................................................................... 81 Gardner (Unit 92)................................................................................ 89 Atafu (Unit 93)..................................................................................... 95 Canton (Unit 94).................................................................................. 79 - I - Marshall-Gilbert Islands Loran Chain..........................................................103 Kwajalein Kwadack (Augustine) (Unit 82)........................................109 Majuro Rogeron (Loraine) (Unit 83)..................................................113 Makin Bikati (Varsity) (Unit 84)........................................................113 Majuro Enigu (Marilyn) (Unit 85)........................................................117 Mariana Islands Loran chain........................................................................121 Guam Cocos (Unit 336).....................................................................119 Ulithi (Portangeras Island).................................................................125 Ritidian Point (Guam) (Unit 339)......................................................123 Subic Bay Engineering Base.....................................................................129 Guam Advanced Base.................................................................................135 Command Unit 203............................................................................135 Palau-Morotai Loran chain..........................................................................143 Angaur (Unit 246)...............................................................................145 Pulo Anna (Unit 344)......................................................................... 153 Ngesebus (Pelelio) (Unit 343)...........................................................147 Morotai Pangeo (Unit 345).................................................................153 Japan Loran chain.........................................................................................147 Iwo Jima Kangoku Iwa (Unit 348).....................................................171 Tokyo O Shima (Unit 349)..................................................................187 Okinawa Ichi Banare (Ike Shima) (Unit 350).....................................177 China Sea Loran chain.................................................................................191 Aguni (Unit 437)..................................................................................195 Yonakuni (Unit 416)............................................................................193 Kyushu (Unit 472)...............................................................................193 APPENDICES Appendix A - Officers who served with Pacific Construction Detachments..............................................................................................198 Appendix B - List of Loran stations showing name, unit number, and type of station.......................................................................199 Appendix C - List of Loran stations, showing Construction Detachment by which built, construction officer in charge, and officer in charge of manning crew.......................................200 Appendix D - Dates when chains went on air..............................................202 Appendix E - Route of the MENKAR...........................................................203 - II - Image Caption: MANNER IN WHICH LORAN SIGNALS ARE PROPAGATED COAST GUARD CONSTRUCTION DETACHMENTS in the PACIFIC THEATRE SCOPE OF THIS MONOGRAPH The Coast Guard‟s Construction Detachments, the major portion of which served in the combat area of the Pacific Ocean, were created for the purpose of carrying out the civil engineering work necessary to the success of the Loran program. The history of the Construction Detachments, therefore, is a history of the establishment of Loran stations as aids to navigation. This monograph lays greatest emphasis upon the civil engineering aspects of the Loran installations leaving to others the task of preparing a history of the electronics features of the work. The brief introductory section on the history and development of Loran serves only to lead up to the principal features of this account. LORAN AS AN AID TO NAVIGATION Loran, its name compounded of the initial letters of the words – Long Range Navigation, is a system whereby a vessel with suitable equipment, comparatively simple to operate, and with special charts may determine its position even when hundreds of miles from shore. This new electronics development is a method of navigation having a long effective range. It may be used with reliability, as far as approximately 800 miles from the transmitting station in daytime and 1,400 miles at night. Loran uses a wave length similar to those used for long range radio communications at night time. Its waves are reflected from the ionosphere and follow around the earth‟s surface as do the familiar radio broadcasting waves. The speed and time of travel of these radio waves are very reliable and stable. One of the basic characteristics f the Loran system is that it utilizes pulse transmission, which permits measurement of the time of travel of the signals. - 1 - Image Caption: A LORAN RECEIVER ABOARD SHIP -2 - Navigation with the aid of Loran signals has been demonstrated to be entirely practical. In this new system, an infinite number of lines of position are laced over the earth‟s surface by radio. To provide the necessary signals, ground stations are appropriately located to cover the areas to be served. Two shore stations, operating as a Loran “Pair”, lay down a set of these lines of position over a portion of the earth. By means of a Loran receiver-indicator
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