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Johor Menegakkan Semula Kewibawaan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka

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Johor Menegakkan Semula Kewibawaan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka JOHOR MENEGAKKAN SEMULA KEWIBAWAAN KESULTANAN MELAYU MELAKA PENGASASAN KEGEMILANGAN KEMEROSOTAN KERAJAAN JOHOR KERAJAAN JOHOR KERAJAAN JOHOR Penerusan warisan Johor sebagai pusat Perang Johor – Melaka perdagangan Jambi Kebangkitan Acheh Perkembangan Perebutan kuasa Persaingan antara persuratan Melayu Perebutan takhta Johor dengan Acheh Penglibatan Bugis dan Portugis di Johor Pengaruh Syarikat Hindia Timur Belanda (V.O.C) PERGERAKAN SULTAN MAHMUD •Sultan Mahmud mengatur serangan balas •Peperangan berlarutan •Sultan Mahmud sehingga tahun 1526 mangkat pada 1528 MELAKA 1521 – •Baginda PORTUGIS mengumpul •Penguasaan Portugis KAMPAR MENYERANG kekuatan ke atas Melaka (24 BENTAN ketenteraan Ogos 1511) dengan bantuan penduduk dari jajahan takluknya. BENTAN PAGOH •Membina •Baginda kubu bersemayam •Sultan Mahmud Shah pertahanan sementara bersama-sama BENTAYAN, dengan pengikutnya PAHANG termasuk Orang Laut. MUAR PENGASASAN KERAJAAN JOHOR • Putera Sultan mahmud = Raja Ali dilantik sebagai sultan baharu dengan gelaran Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II (1528-1564) • Baginda dikenali sebagai Raja Ujong Tanah dan Bentan • Pada akhir abad ke-16, Ujong Tanah dikenali dengan nama Johor sehingga sekarang. ASAL USUL NAMA JOHOR • Nama asal Johor = Ujong Tanah • Perkataan Johor = perkataan Arab, Jim, Ha, Ra yang disebut Jauhar = permata • Penduduk tempatan menyebutnya Johor. • Seri Nara Diraja = gelaran bagi jawatan Penghulu Bendahari. • Tugas Seri Nara Diraja = mengawal semua pendapatan negara, mentadbir istana dan mengawal hamba sultan. PENERUSAN WARISAN MELAKA • Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II dibantu oleh Bendahara dan Seri Nara Diraja. • Bendahara dan Seri Nara Diraja ditugaskan supaya membangunkan pusat pentadbiran Johor di Pekan Tua. • Sebuah kota pertahanan dibina = Kota Kara untuk menjaga keselamatan ibu negeri Johor. Cara Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II memperkukuh kuasa • Menguasai semua jajahan takluk Melaka dan menjadikannya sebagai jajahan takluk Johor. • Sultan Johor menguasai hal ehwal Pahang. Sultan Pahang ditentukan oleh Sultan Johor. • 1540 – Johor telah meluaskan kuasanya dengan menguasai Aru. FAKTOR KEHEBATAN JOHOR • Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil • Johor menempatkan wakilnya di Bengkalis, Kampar, Jambi, Siak dan Rokan. • Jajahan takluk Johor akan menghantar askar mereka untuk menyertai angkatan tentera Johor apabila diperlukan. • Negeri-negeri di bawah Johor akan membekalkan barangan eksport kepada Johor. • Contoh : Klang membekalkan bijih timah, kayu gaharu dan gading gajah. • Johor sentiasa diancam oleh kuasa luar = Portugis, Acheh dan Jambi. • Sebagai muslihat untuk mempertahankan diri = pusat pentadbiran Johor sentiasa berubah- ubah di sepanjang Sungai Johor dan Kepulauan Riau-Lingga USAHA JOHOR MENGUASAI MELAKA • Jun 1551 = Usaha terbesar – Angkatan perang Johor + angkatan perang Perak + Pahang + Japara (Jawa) = menyerang Melaka – Melaka dikepung selama 3 bulan – GAGAL • Sebab gagal : 1. Kekebalan kota Melaka 2. Persenjataan Portugis lebih baik • Serangan Johor ke atas Melaka berterusan sehingga tahun 1564 JOHOR BERJAYA MENGUASAI MELAKA • 2 orang pembesar yang terlibat dalam usaha menawan Melaka semula. 1. Bendahara Tun Sri Lanang 2. Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil • Gabungan antara angkatan perang Johor dengan askar Belanda sejak tahun 1608 – akhirnya JOHOR BERJAYA MENGALAHKAN PORTUGIS pada tahun 1641 • Corak serangan = Bendahara Tun Sri Lanang menyusun strategi + Laksamana Tun Abdul Jamil mengetuai angkatan perang Johor mengepung Melaka dari darat + Belanda menyerang Melaka dari laut • Portugis berjaya dikalahkan, Belanda menduduki Melaka SIAPAKAH TUN SRI LANANG? • Ialah Bendahara Johor. • 1586, 1587 dan 1606 – Beliau terlibat dalam perancangan menawan semula Melaka. • Beliau menyusun pertahanan Johor bagi menghadapi serangan Portugis dan Acheh. • 1583 – Beliau menjadi utusan Johor ke Goa untuk berunding dengan Portugis • 1612 – Beliau telah menyusun Sejarah Melayu. • 23 September 1606 – Beliau mengatur perjanjian dengan Admiral Matelief untuk mempertahankan Johor daripada serangan Acheh. KEBANGKITAN ACHEH • Setelah Melaka ditawan oleh Portugis, pedagang dari Benggala, Sri Lanka, Pegu dan Turki mula beralih ke Acheh. • Why pedagang pilih Acheh? 1.Dasar perdagangan Portugis yang mahu menghapuskan monopoli perdagangan dalam kalangan pedagang asing. 2.Portugis mengenakan peraturan dan sekatan perdagangan yang ketat. 3.Portugis mengenakan cukai yang tinggi. Kehebatan Acheh • Acheh hebat semasa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda Mahkota Alam. • Baginda menjadikan Acheh sebagai sebuah kuasa yang kuat. • Baginda berazam untuk menguasai perdagangan Selat Melaka dan menguasai Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. • Kemajuan perdagangan antarabangsa menyebabkan Acheh = kuasa politik dan ekonomi yang kuat. Bukti kekuatan Acheh : 1. 1575 dan 1620 – Acheh menyerang Perak 2. 1617 – Acheh menyerang Pahang 3. 1619 – Acheh menyerang Kedah 4. Acheh menakluki Pedir dan Pasai Kesan : Membolehkan Acheh menguasai perdagangan lada hitam. PERSAINGAN ANTARA JOHOR DENGAN ACHEH DAN PORTUGIS • Johor, Acheh dan Portugis bersaing antara satu sama lain bagi menguasai jalan perdagangan di Selat Melaka untuk kepentingan masing-masing. • Persaingan ini mencetuskan peperangan = PERANG TIGA SEGI • Peperangan ini berlaku = 100 tahun Johor serang Acheh kerana Johor serang Portugis di mempertahankan diri Melaka kerana hendak rampas daripada serangan Acheh Melaka daripada Portugis Portugis serang Acheh serang JOHOR Johor kerana Johor kerana Johor anggap Johor akan mengancam 2 berpakat perdagangan 4 dengan Acheh Acheh apabila untuk menyerang perdagangan Johor PERANG berkembang maju Melaka. 3 TIGA 1 SEGI ACHEH 5 PORTUGIS 6 Portugis serang Acheh serang Acheh kerana Portugis kerana ingin halang Portugis menghalang perdagangan perdagangan Acheh Acheh KEGEMILANGAN KERAJAAN JOHOR • 1641 – jajahan takluk Johor meliputi wilayah pantai barat Semenanjung Tanah Melayu (Klang hingga Singapura – Bentan dan Lingga, Bengkalis, Kampar, Siak, Klang, Batu Pahat, Muar dan Pahang) FAKTOR KEGEMILANGAN JOHOR 1. Kecekapan sultan dan pembesar Johor mentadbir negeri. 2. Kemajuan kegiatan perdagangan 3. Perkembangan bidang persuratan. JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN 1) Johor dapat kumpul pelbagai hasil dagangan kerana mempunyai jajahan takluk yang luas = Johor menjadi pelabuhan entrepot bagi Kepulauan Melayu. • Bukti: 1. 1623, kapal dagangan Johor telah berdagang hingga ke Maluku dan Makasar. 2. Ramai pedagang asing datang berniaga di pelabuhan Johor – pedagang China dari Canton (Guangzao dan Amoy) 3. Kapal Belanda dan Inggeris juga datang ke pelabuhan Johor. JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN • Bukti: 4. Semasa pemerintahan Sultan Mahmud Shah 11 (1685-1699) = pusat pentadbiran dan pelabuhan Johor telah berpindah dari Batu Sawar ke Riau. 5. Thomas Silcher = Gabenor Belanda melawat Johor pada tahun 1689, mengatakan bahawa terlalu banyak kapal yang berlabuh di pelabuhan Johor. JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN 2) Kemajuan perdagangan Johor disebabkan oleh kepelbagaian barang dagangannya. • Terdapat pelbagai barang tempatan dan luar negeri dijual di pelabuhan Johor. • Bukti: 1. Barang tempatan = damar, tikar, bijih timah, sagu, minyak, lada hitam, pinang, ikan masin, garam, kayu gaharu dan beras. 2. Johor juga terkenal sebagai pembekal kain bercorak baharu. 3. Barangan luar negeri = benang emas, kain sutera putih, teh, barangan tembikar, tembaga dari China JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN 3) Di pelabuhan Johor, terdapat pelbagai kemudahan untuk pedagang seperti gudang dan khidmat membaiki kapal. 4) Perdagangan dijalankan melalui 2 cara : 1) secara tukar barang 2) penggunaan mata wang = Johor memperkenalkan mata wang yang diperbuat daripada emas, perak dan timah. a) mata wang emas = mas b) mata wang perak = kupang c) mata wang timah = katun JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN • Mata wang ini dibuat semasa pemerintahan Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II. • Mata wang = Dolar Sepanyol, Dolar Mexicodan duit Belanda juga digunakan di pelabuhan Johor. 5) Kerajaan Johor cekap mentadbir pelabuhan dan mengamalkan sistem cukai yang berpatutan. Contoh : • Setiap bahara lada hitam = cukai 6 keping mas • Setiap bahara timah = 10 keping mas (bahara = timbangan/kilogram) JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN 6) Kerajaan Johor mengamalkan sistem naungan bagi menjamin keselamatan pedagang asing. • Setiap pedagang dilindungi oleh Bendahara, Raja Indera Bongsu, Temenggung dan Laksamana. • Bagi menjamin keselamatan pedagang dan kapal yang berlabuh = kerajaan Johor mengerahkan Orang Laut. • Tugas Orang Laut : I. Pengawal pelabuhan II. Pengawas perairan Johor III. Penunda IV. Penunjuk arah JOHOR SEBAGAI PUSAT PERDAGANGAN 7) Pelabuhan Johor terlindung daripada tiupan angin monsun. 8) Johor menjadi pintu masuk di bahagian selatan Selat Melaka > Johor dapat mengawal lalu lintas kapal dagang dari barat dan Timur 9) Johor = pusat membuat kapal persisiran pantai seperti banteng, baluk, kolek, pencalang dan pencacap. NASKHAH SEJARAH MELAYU • 1511 – Naskhah Sejarah Melayu ditulis di Melaka dan dibawa bersama semasa Sultan Mahmud Shah berundur dari Melaka. • 1528 – naskhah ini dibawa ke Johor dari Kampar selepas kemangkatan Sultan Mahmud Shah. • 1536 – Portugis merampas naskhah ini pada tahun semasa menyerang Johor Lama. • Kemudian, naskhah ini dibawa balik ke Johor oleh Orang Kaya Suguh. • 1612 – Bendahara Tun Sri Lanang menyalin semula dan memperbaiki naskhah Sejarah Melayu. PERKEMBANGAN PERSURATAN MELAYU • Johor = pusat persuratan Melayu sejak abad ke-17. • 1612, Tun Sri Lanang = menyusun naskhah Sejarah Melayu sebagai sumber sejarah kerajaan Melayu. • Abad
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