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Re-Visioning Melaka in Selected Literary Works

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Re-Visioning Melaka in Selected Literary Works International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2011 The Self and the Other: Re-visioning Melaka in Selected Literary Works Noraini Md Yusof, Ruzy Suliza Hashim, and Tajul Arifin Muhamad identity is dependent on the perspective the writer writes Abstract—This paper addresses from a New Historicist from. A reading of the contrasting perspectives reveals a viewpoint the changing constructs of the identity of Melaka as dichotomy that is ambiguous as well as disruptive. The line th evident in literary re-visionings of the 16 century dividing hero and villain, black and white or right and wrong Melaka-Portuguese encounters. The deconstructive nature of is blurred. In one text Melaka is a proud, cosmopolitan New Historicism allows us to disclose that the diverse discourses present Melaka in duality; in some texts Melaka is a great Sultanate with maritime power, while in another she is empire while in others, a fallen state. Our findings focus on two defeated, a nation conquered. This disparity: Melaka – the re-visioning texts to reveal the agenda behind the writers’ Malay empire and Melaka – the Portuguese colony intrigues constructions and the ways the state attempts to negotiate the a study on the machination of nationhood in literary writing. freedom, as well as constraints, of the time and space it dwells in. Both are constructs, the products of their writers who view By deconstructing each aspect of Melaka, we foreground the the state as the Other or as their own, namely the Self. This ideology that is operating in the construction of each. This page from the history of Malaysia remains significant today as it paper, thus, addresses from a New Historicist viewpoint the foreshadows the subordination of Melaka (and ultimately other changing constructs of Melaka in four of the re-visioning parts of the Malay Peninsula) albeit in different time and space. texts, namely Malaca Conquistada The Conquest of Malacca, The complexity of the issues implicated in the identity Hikayat Anggun Che Tunggal, Balada Tun Fatimah, and construction of a state and its nation, as reflected by the various 1515. Relevant issues pertaining to Sejarah Melayu will be images of Melaka in literature, is also prevalent in present-day referred to when necessary to provide an alternative Malaysia. perspective to the Western historical view. The Index Terms—identity, Melaka, other, re-visioning, self, deconstructive nature of New Historicism allows us to examine each aspect of Melaka from a local perspective to foreground the ideology operating in the construction of each. I. INTRODUCTION These constructions disclose the complexities implicated in The Melaka-Portuguese altercations in the 16th Century the identity construction of a state and its nation which are receive significant space and mention in historical discourse also issues prevalent in present-day Malaysia. from both eastern and western traditions. The fall of the Sultanate not only marks its final passing, but it also foreshadows the subordination of Melaka, as well as parts of II. IDEOLOGICAL CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE STATE AND NATION the Malay Archipelago, to other Western colonizers albeit in different time and space. The historiography of Melaka in From a New Historicist viewpoint, historical accounts are Sejarah Melayu [1], believed to be written circa 1612, depicts merely representations of history that are written in and this episode. Literary discourse too pays tribute to these influenced by the concerns of a specific time and place. The events; texts in which this historical episode forms an integral psychological and ideological position from which a text is backdrop to the narrative include Malaca Conquistada The viewed must be made clear. The individual identity and its Conquest of Malacca [2], Hikayat Anggun Che Tunggal [3], cultural milieu are deemed mutually constitutive (they create Zaman Gerhana [4], Balada Tun Fatimah [5], Arus Balik [6] each other) and unstable dynamically; they occupy, mirror and the latest, 1515 [7]. We maintain each to be re-visionings and define each other. As such, the sense of self is molded by of the 16th century Melaka-Portuguese encounters. and also molds the culture the individual is born into. In Literary discourse on Melaka has presented two relation to literature, texts are cultural artifacts that present constructed faces to the world: one in her glory as a great “the interplay of discourses, the web of social meanings, empire and the other, her fallen state; the choice of Melaka’s operating in the time and place in which the text was written” [8]. And so, similarly to the dynamics of individual identity and society, literary texts too shape and are shaped by their Manuscript received April 2, 2011. historical contexts. Noraini Md. Yusof is with the School of Language Studies and A literary text is not produced, in a vacuum. Recognizing Linguistics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. (phone: +60193042616; fax: +6089254577; e-mail: the intricate bond between the writer and his or her text, one [email protected]). is able to analyze the ways a writer produces the text as well Ruzy Suliza Hashim is with the School of Language Studies and as the factors that influence and contribute to the production. Linguistics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. (e-mail: [email protected]). As the writer is an individual who is influenced by the Tajul Arifin Muhamad is with Faculty of Education, Universiti surroundings and events that happen in the past or present, Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. (e-mail: the writer becomes a product of his or her time and place. As [email protected]) 61 International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2011 the writer is a social construct, then the text produced is a a powerful psychological tool. In de Meneses’ epic poem, construction, therefore embodying, either consciously or Melaka is constructed as a conquered state, and in being so is unconsciously manifested, the same influences that affect or denigrated. In one instance, Viegas, an escapee from Melaka, have affected the writer. describes the Sultanate to his commanding officer, A New Historicist reading of texts takes into account the Albuquerque, prior to the attack as an “…opulent Malacca, subjectivity of the writer. The reality is that global events which may be famous just because of the treacheries significantly color the perceptions with which we view experienced there by us…”, and where among “inhuman, ourselves, others and the world we live in. Questions on who, avaricious people we found a King, who does not keep faith what, where, why and how we are resound as we attempt to or any law” and is “persuaded by evil counselors” [11]. This make sense of our past and our present in the face of current denigration is further repeated by later Western Imperialists changes surrounding us. For example, the events on who portrayed the religions of defeated nations as contrary to September 11, 2001, have resulted in exaggerating the ways theirs. The cultural or religious differences encountered in in which nations view the space they occupy in this world. the 16th century by the Portuguese were misconstrued and Conventional concepts like nationhood and patriotism have perceived as wrong, uncultured or sometimes as acts of since made a comeback in the most profound manner and black-magic. affect world discourse. Narratives on these issues as well as Colonialism and imperialism are the ideological operatives of their history are “created by particular cultural conditions in Portugal’s intention to take control of Melaka and exploit at a particular time and place and expresses a particular way its resources for its own agenda, i.e. to enhance its own power of understanding human experience” [9]; like all discourses and wealth. Portuguese hegemony in Melaka resulted in the they become the vehicle of ideology. Similarly in relation to reconstruction of the historical and physical landscape of the discourse on Melaka, the conditions and concerns of the Melaka, one that is based on the premise that the natives are time in which the text is produced shape the way the writer unable to govern themselves; this Western attitude towards sees himself, his nation, the Others and the world around him. the Others has licensed the taking over of all decision-making That position is a reflection of the psychological and roles by colonizers. This premise is reflected in the literary ideological positions from which the writer writes. texts examined in this paper, especially concerning the Thus, examining these re-visionings of Melaka’s past Portuguese arrival to take control of Melaka. provides a study on how they fit within the complexities of Discourse on Melaka is incomplete unless the the ideologies and agendas competing in the time and place historiography, which is the basis of the state’s identity as an they occur [10]. Ideology works through language, and the empire-builder in the region, is incorporated into the nature of discourse is that it wields power to those in charge narration. However, in de Meneses’ poem, Alaida, a young while simultaneously inciting opposition to that power. As native of Melaka who is besotted with one of Portugal’s cultural artifacts, texts can be analyzed for the interplay of knightly soldiers, depicts the Melaka of her birth as being discourses operating in the time and space they were written. founded by a king who “break[s] the sacred law of hospitality A study of the rhetorical strategies used in the texts revealed and sever[s] the close knot of friendship” [12]. The the limitations in terms of the writers’ own ideological propagation of this idea justifies the Portuguese assault on assumptions and their explicit and implicit agendas.
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