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CLASSIFICATION of GYMNOSPERMS Class -A: Cycadophyta Orders- Pteridospermae, Gymnosperms Have Been Classified Cyacadeoidales and Differently by Various Workers

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CLASSIFICATION of GYMNOSPERMS Class -A: Cycadophyta Orders- Pteridospermae, Gymnosperms Have Been Classified Cyacadeoidales and Differently by Various Workers 1 | P a g e Subject: Botany Topic: Gymnosperms-General Features Batch: B.Sc. Part -II(Bot-Hons) Dept. of Botany A.N.College, Patna - Sushil Kr Singh Associate Professor Dept. of Botany ANC, Patna BSc Part II(Bot Hons)/ Dept. Of Bot/ ANC, Patna/Sushil 2 | P a g e CLASSIFICATION OF GYMNOSPERMS Class -a: Cycadophyta Orders- Pteridospermae, Gymnosperms have been classified Cyacadeoidales and differently by various workers. Some of Cycadales these are as follows: Class-b. Coniferaphyta Gymnosperms were recognized as a Orders -Cordaitales, distinct taxonomic group by Robert Ginkgoales, Brown (1827) and they were placed Taxales and along with angiosperms. Even Bentham Coniferales and Hooker placed them between Class-c. Chlamydospermophyta monocotyledons and dicotyledons. It Orders - Ephedrales and was Van Tieghem (1898) who Gnetales recognized gymnosperms as one of two Pant (1957) suggested a classification major Divisions of Spermatophyta – The which is essentially a modification of gymnosperms (Astigmatae) and Arnold’s classification. He raised these Angiosperms (Stigmatae). Coulter and classes to three Divisions: Chamberlain (1917) divided the group Division 1: Cycadolphyta gymnosperms into seven orders: Class-a Pteridospermopsida Order- Medullosales Cyacadofilicales Glossopteridales Bennettitales Peltaspermales Cyacadales Corystospermales Cordiatales Caytoniales Class b Cyacadopsida Ginkgoales Order- Cycadales Coniferales and Class c Pentoxylopsida Gnetales Order- Pentoxylales Class d Bennettitopsida It was later modified by Chamberlain Order- Bennettitales (1935) who divided the group into two Division -2 Chlamydospermophyta classes Class – Gnetopsida Cyacadophytes - Order- Gnetales Welwitschiales Cyacadofilicales Division-3- Coniferophyta Bennettitales Class-a Coniferopsida Order- Coniferales Cyacadales Ginkgoales Coniferophytes Cordiatales Class b Ephedropsida Ginkgoales Order- Ephedrales Coniferales and Class-c Czokanowkiopsida Order- Czekanowkiales Gnetales Class- Taxopsida Sahni (1920) emphasized on the origin Order- Taxales) of ovules and divided gymnosperms into Pant’s classification of Gymnosperm into three A. Stachyospermae (Cordiatales, Divisions was followed by Andrews (1961) where Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Taxales) he created six Divisions. These are Pteridopsermophyta (Pteridospermales) and Cycadophyta (Cycadales and Bennettitales) B. Phyllospermae (Pteridosperms and Ginkgophyta (Ginkgoales) Cycadales and probably Bennettitales). Coniferophyta (Coniferales and Cordaitales) Arnold (1948) recognized three classes Gnetophyta (Gnetales)and in gymnosperms Gymnosperms of uncertain origin (Pentoxylales and Vojnovskiales) BSc Part II(Bot Hons)/ Dept. Of Bot/ ANC, Patna/Sushil 3 | P a g e Sporne recognized three classes Cycadeoidophyta Class I- Cycadopsida Ginkgophyta - Pteridospermales Coniferophyta and - Bennettitales Gnetophyta - Pentoxylales Recently Kramer and Green (1990) divided - Cyacadales Gymnosperms under Class II- Coniferopsida Division – Gymnosperms - Cordiatales Sub division – Coniferophytina - Coniferales Class 1 - Ginkgoatae - Taxales Class 2 – Pinatae - Ginkgoales Sub-div- Cycadophytina Class III Gnetopsida –Gnetales Class 1 – Cycadatae Steward (1983 placed Class 2 - Gnetatae Progymnospermopsida, Gymnospermopsida and Gnetopsida, under Div-Tracheophyta of Kingdom Plantae. Meyen (1984) adopted a system of classification of Gymnosperms with the single Division Pinophyta (Gymnospermae) He included three classes Ginkgopsida Cyacadopsida and Pinopsida Gifford and Foster (1989) created seven divisions in the gymnosperms. These divisions are as follows Progymnospermophyta, Pteridopsermophyta Pteridopsermophyta Cyacadophyta BSc Part II(Bot Hons)/ Dept. Of Bot/ ANC, Patna/Sushil .
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