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Conservation Practices at Foreign-Run Archaeological Excavations in Turkey: a Critical Review

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CONSERVATION PRACTICES AT FOREIGN-RUN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN TURKEY: A CRITICAL REVIEW A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BİLGE NİLGÜN ÖZ WOOD IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN ARCHITECTURE DECEMBER 2017 Approval of the Thesis: CONSERVATION PRACTICES AT FOREIGN-RUN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN TURKEY: A CRITICAL REVIEW submitted by BİLGE NİLGÜN ÖZ WOOD in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Architecture Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver _____________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. T. Elvan Altan _____________ Head of Department, Architecture Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz _____________ Supervisor, Architecture Department, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Neriman Şahin Güçhan _____________ Architecture Department, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz _____________ Architecture Department, METU Prof. Dr. D. Burcu Erciyas _____________ City and Regional Planning Department, METU Prof. Dr. M. Cengiz Can _____________ Architecture Department, Yıldız Technical University Senior Lecturer Alan M. Greaves (UK) _____________ Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool Date: 08.12.2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name : BİLGE NİLGÜN ÖZ WOOD Signature : iv ABSTRACT CONSERVATION PRACTICES AT FOREIGN-RUN ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN TURKEY: A CRITICAL REVIEW Öz Wood, Bilge Nilgün Ph.D. in Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department Architecture Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz December 2017, 504 pages Foreign-run excavations are a significant component of archaeological research in Turkey, however, conservation work carried out at these excavations has not been examined in a holistic manner. This research investigates archaeological conservation at foreign-run excavations to identify the scale and nature of differing contributions, and to determine changing approaches, issues impacting conservation practices, as well as possible catalysts, influences and driving forces. The thematic scope, ‘conservation of archaeological sites’ and related practices, includes technical, socio-political and economic perspectives in a way that reflects developing trends in heritage conservation. The temporal scope of this research concentrates on the period 1979-2014. The sources used are previously published literature, interviews with directors, conservation professionals and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, as well as site observations. A representative sample of 19 foreign- run excavations was selected. v The research has identified a significant move towards the integration of conservation work into archaeological processes, and also that architectural conservation remains a major focus at almost all of the sites. Despite the widening scope of conservation practices to embrace the use of management planning and the involvement of local communities, these remain less widespread. The growing variety of funding sources has enabled the implementation of numerous large and small-scale conservation projects but conservation work, primarily architectural conservation, has been mostly implemented through private funding. Issues such as the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s lack of consultation, its architectural emphasis on conservation, as well as institutional cooperation, are some of the more pressing problems, while pervading links between Turkey’s repatriation efforts and archaeological permits also impact conservation. International guidelines, operational and regulatory frameworks, financial sources, differences in national approaches, and key individuals are identified as various possible catalysts, influences and driving forces behind conservation practices. Keywords: Conservation of Archaeological Sites, Cultural Heritage Conservation, Foreign-run Archaeological Excavation, Foreign Archaeological Project vi ÖZ TÜRKİYE’DE YABANCILAR TARAFINDAN YÜRÜTÜLEN ARKEOLOJİK KAZILARDAKİ KORUMA ÇALIŞMALARI: ELEŞTİREL BİR İNCELEME Öz Wood, Bilge Nilgün Doktora, Kültür Mirasının Korunması, Mimarlık Bölümü Danışman: Doç. Dr. A. Güliz Bilgin Altınöz Aralık 2017, 504 sayfa Türkiye’deki arkeolojik araştırmaların önemli bir parçasını oluşturan yabancı kazılardaki koruma çalışmaları bugüne kadar bütüncül bir şekilde incelenmemiştir. Bu araştırma, bu kazılarda gerçekleştirilen koruma çalışmalarının boyutunu ve kapsamını, değişen yaklaşımları, çalışmaları etkileyen etmenleri ve çalışmaların arkasında yatan olası katalizörlerle itici güçleri belirlemeyi ve değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmanın tematik kapsamını oluşturan ‘arkeolojik alanların koruması’ ve ilgili pratikler, kültür mirasının korunmasındaki gelişmeleri yansıtacak şekilde korumanın teknik, sosyo-politik ve ekonomik boyutlarını içermektedir. Araştırmanın zamansal kapsamını 1979-2014 yılları arası oluşturmaktadır. Daha önce yayınlanmış basılı kaynakların yanı sıra yabancı kazı başkanları, koruma uzmanları ve Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı ile yapılan görüşmeler ve arazi gözlemleri araştırmanın kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. İnceleme, temsilen seçilen 19 yabancı arkeolojik kazı üzerinde yapılmıştır. vii Araştırma, koruma çalışmalarının arkeolojik süreçlere belirgin bir şekilde dahil olma yolunda olduğunu ve neredeyse çalışılan tüm kazılarda mimari koruma çalışmalarının en önemli odak noktasını oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Koruma çalışmalarının kapsamı yönetim planlaması ve yerel toplulukların koruma etkinliklerine katılımını da içerecek şekilde genişlemiş olsa da bu tür çalışmalar pek yaygınlaşmamıştır. Maddi kaynakların çeşitliliğinin artmasının birçok küçük ve büyük ölçekli koruma projesinin gerçekleştirilmesine olanak sağladığı ancak özellikle mimari koruma çalışmalarının daha çok özel kurum ve şahıslardan sağlanan kaynakların yardımıyla gerçekleştirildiği tespit edilmiştir. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı’nın tarafları bilgilendirmesi ve onlara danışmasındaki eksiklikler ve korumayı daha çok mimari ölçekte ele almasının yanı sıra kurumlararası işbirbirliğinin yetersiz olması önemli sorunlardan bazılarıdır. Bununla beraber Türkiye’nin yurtdışından bazı eski eserlerin geri alınması konusundaki çalışmaları ve bunun arkeolojik kazı izinleriyle ilişkilendirilmesi koruma çalışmalarını etkilemektedir. Uluslararası ilkeler, yasal ve yönetsel çerçeveler, maddi kaynaklar, farklı ulusal ve kişisel yaklaşımların koruma pratiklerinin arkasında yatan bazı katalizörler, etkiler ve itici güçler olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arkeolojik Alanların Korunması, Kültür Mirasının Korunması, Yabancı Arkeolojik Kazı, Yabancı Arkeolojik Proje viii To my parents ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research owes much to a large number of people. Firstly, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor, Güliz Bilgin Altınöz. Her guidance and critical judgement throughout the process have been of utmost importance. Cevat Erder has seen this research develop from its inception, and his valuable comments and encouragement have been especially welcome. I am grateful to my Thesis Monitoring Committee members at METU, Neriman Şahin Güçhan, and Burcu Erciyas for their support and constructive comments. Gül Pulhan, a former member of the Thesis Monitoring Committee, also made valuable contributions in the earlier stages of this research. Special thanks go to Alan Greaves, whose warm welcome and support during my visiting research fellowship at the University of Liverpool greatly contributed to this research. I thoroughly appreciated his recommendations as a member of the Thesis Examining Committee, as well as those of Cengiz Can of Yıldız Technical University. At METU, I would also particularly like to thank Nimet Özgönül, my supervisor for my MSc in Restoration, and Ayşıl T. Yavuz for their continued guidance and support. I would like to express my gratitude to all the directors who welcomed me at their archaeological excavations. They, together with conservation professionals in their teams, gave significant amounts of time during their hectic schedules and responded enthusiastically to my questions. Their contribution has been invaluable. The Mediterranean site visits were funded by the Suna-İnan Kıraç Research Institute on Mediterranean Civilizations (AKMED). My fellowship at the University of Liverpool provided an ideal research environment and library facilities that helped me formulate and develop my initial ideas. I also benefitted greatly from communal academic setting of the x Research Center for Anatolian Civilizations (RCAC/ANAMED) in Istanbul during my BIAA-RCAC fellowship. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my friends: to Sermin Çakıcı Alp for her wholehearted encouragement and for lending a supportive ear, to Zehra Tulunoğlu for hosting me during my many stays in Ankara and for accompanying me on my very last site visit, to Oya Bakacak, Tuba Akar, Gökçe Şimşek and Ege Yıldırım for their kind support and encouragement, to Ali Çifçi for taking me under his wing in Liverpool and for his friendship ever since, to Pınar
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