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Susan Elaine Gray a Dissertation Presented to The THE O.JIBWÀ WORLD VIEW A¡{D ENCOUNTERS WITH CHRISTTÀI{ITY ÀLONG THE BERENS RIVER, ]-8'7 5-1940 By Susan Elaine Gray A dissertation presented to The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History WINNIPEG, IVIANITOBA @.June 1-996 N,{onarLibrav Bibliothèque nationale ¡*I du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliog raphiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A ON4 K1A ON4 Your lile Volrc rélérence Our lile No!rc rélérence The author has granted an L'auteur a accordé une licence irrevocable non-exclusive Iicence irrévocable et non exclus¡ve allowing the National Library of permettant à la Bibliothèque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copres of reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa thèse in any form or format, making de quelque manière et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette thèse à la disposition des personnes intéressées. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriété du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qu¡ protège sa Neither the thesis nor substantial thèse. Ni la thèse ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent être imprimés ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. rsBN 0-612- 13152-l Canadä THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STTJDIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION THE OJIBI{A ÍTORIJ) VIEII AND ENGOTINTERS I{ITE GERISTIANITY ALONG lrE BERENS RTVER, 1875-1940 BY BY STISAN ELAINE GR,AY A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PEILOSOPHY Susan Elaine Gray @ 1996 Permission has been granted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNTVERSITY OF MAMTOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis/practicum, to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilm this thesis/practicum and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to UNMRSITY IVIICROFILMS INC. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum.. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solelv for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright oryner. L ABSTRÀCT Conversions and the taking on of Christianity had multi-dimensional meanings and were interpreted in a myriad of different ways by Ojibwa people living along the Berens River between l-875 and 1940. Christian riÈuals and practices were integrated into the saulteaux world view in ways that were conÈro1Ied by and meaningful to the participants. Today, both Christian and Ojibwa ideas are interwoven in the lives of Berens River residents. Both strands hold power, meaning and sincerity. There is no doubt that aspects of Chrístianity sustain many in their daily life and it is equally true that many of the same people's beliefs remain grounded in such Ojibwa concepts as the Thunderbirds, the povrer of medicine men and conjurors (terms sti1l used at Berens River when people speak in English) and the use of dreams as vehicles of prediction, guidance and foreshadowing. Ojibwa people living along the Berens River experienced and stil] live a deep, dlmamic and complex religion based on the power of belief and yeÈ which is adaptive and f1exible. New ideas arrivÍng in their midst, such rituals as Èhe Dream Drum Dance, have often been welcomed if seen as valuable. Contrary to the assumptions of generations of Westerners, the Saulteaux employed empíricism and critical thinking at deep levels. The abiliÈy t.o incorporate outside ideas into an existing world view does not imply an inability to Èhink empirically nor ii does it suggest a superficial belief system. fn positive encounters with Christianity, native people along the Berens River srere influenced by a number of factors. These included a wish for literacy and West.ern educat,ion and technical resources, a desire to understand the Bible as a source of poÈentialIy helpful and beneficial messages, added divine proÈection from illness and other crises, protection against bad medicine, access to Western medicine and added dimensions and powers to existing ones derived from tradiÈiona1 ones such as rituals. !,lhere mission efforts were successful in these communities, it was usually as a result of the sustained presence of a devoted missionary who stayed long enough to achieve respect and earn trust. By the late nineteenth century, most Berens River Ojibwa were second generation Christians; thus a tradition and loyalty had been established among famílies. Christianity, however, was not always accepted out of hand. Lack of support by missionaries, lack of agreement with the lessons taught. to children j-n schools, or lack of need to take on aspects of a new religion and lack of respect by a missionary for sacred Ojíbwa rituals could all yield cold responses. Clearly, native people were in control of making choices here - it was they who decided when and how they would or would not accept Christianity. l_Ll- ACKNOWLEDGEMEMIS I would like to express my sincere thanks to a number of people who helped me in the preparation of this work: .fennifer S.H. Brown provided keen insight, immeasurable support and constant encouragement both personally and professionally. ,John Kendle, throughout my academic career, inspired and grounded me. W.H. Brooks has been ,ra light through the trees and into the darknesst' in both the life and t.he work. I would also like to think Diane Haglund, the United Church archivist at the University of Winnipêg, Gilles Lesage, archivist at the Oblate Archives, Manitoba province and Ruth Dyck Wilson, Reference Coordinator at the United Church Archives at Victoria University, Toronto. Percy Berens, Walter Green, fda Green, Betsey Patrick, Fred Baptist,e, .John Edward Everett and Virginia Boulanger, all residents of Berens River, Manitoba, opened their hearts, minds and lj-ves to me; f will never forget their kindness and their sincere interest. Maureen Matt.hews was always anxious to discuss my new ideas and encouraged me enormously during a number of times in the desert. Karen Morrow, Graduate Programs Secretary of The Universj-ty of ManiÈoba History Department provided me with invaluable support throughout my Ph.D. program. Theodore Dueck guided me through many hysteria-ridden times when my computer, The Antichrist, went completely erazy. l_v My sincere thanks also to The University of Manitoba, and to western canadian Publishers and Dr. Raymond Huel for financial assistance. Fina11y, f need Èo express deep gratitude to my frj.ends and family...to Anne and Rudy Regehr who gave me a home in every sense of the word... to Shelagh Carter, Linda Christian, Wa)me Foster, VaI Regehr, Margerit Roger, Suzanne frvine, Gi11es Lesage - who were always there for me in spite of and because of it aII...and to my parents E1aine and AI Gray who were, âs ever, eternally encouraging. My thanks and my love to you. May you all have good dreams. TABLE OF EONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CHAPTER I Introduction CHAPTER TI Millennia1ist.s, Ultramontanists and Growth in Grace, 1875-1940 22 CHAPTER III Protestant.-Catholic Encounters in the Mission Field 76 CHAPTER IV Life Along the Berens River 105 CHAPTER V The Oj j-bwa World View l.32 CHAPTER VI Encounters Between Èhe Ojibwa World View and Christianity Along t.he Berens River, 7-875-1,916 l-61_ CHAPTER VII Encounters, 191-7-1940: Acceptances and Rejections 20! CHAPTER VIIÏ Encounters, 1917-1940: Survivals and Int.egrations 236 CHAPTER IX Conclusion 259 BIBLIOGR.A,PHY 269 Map I' The Cree4iibua country of nortbuteslern Ontarío and Manltoba, sltoutírtg ako the bßtorlcal boundaries of Rupert's l-and (utbícb the Hudson's Ila.y Cornpany held by royal cbarterfrom 1670 to 1869) and of Treaty 5 (signed in 1875). (Map drautn bJ' Erica Stttitlt) Source: A.I. Hallowell, The Ojibwa of Berens River. Manitoba (Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1992), p. 2. BERENS FÀUILT TREE å¡þ (Vlctorl¡l ltltll¡¡¡ Bar.¡a atr. Àlla. (Dollyl B.r.¡t 1 CHAPTER I TNTRODUCTION This study focuses on Ojibwa encounters with Christianity along the Berens River, Manitoba between 1-875 and L940. Christianity and mission work have had considerable impact on t,he lives of native peoples in norL.hern Manitoba. During this t.j-me, many native people in this area actively Look on and participated in Prot.estantism or Roman Catholicism, adopting and adapting a number of bel-iefs and rituals into their world views. Until recently, historians have written about Christian missions largely from European perspectives, using ethnocentric criteria for evaluating their success and failures. Indian responses have received far less attention than the goals of the missionarj-es; often, i¡r fact, t.he diversity of Native responses has not even been perceived. Some writers, for example Carol Devens and Elizabeth Graham, inÈerpret native people as helpless or passively responsive Èo Euro-Canadian stimuli.i Many church hisÈorians, in contrasÈ, have written glowing accounts of missionary endeavour, glorying in native conversions and the usuqping of trpaganism" by Èhe sEronger, more legitimate and dynamic Christian faith. ,Iohn Carroll's 'Carol Devens, Counterinq Colonization: Native Àmerican Women and Great Lakes Missions, 1630-1900 (Berkeley: University of Cal-ifornia Press, L992) . ElizabeEh Graham, Medicine man t.o Missionarv: Missionaries as Aqents of Cultural Chanqe Amonq t.he Indians of Sout.hern Ontario, l-784-1867 (Toronto: Pet,er Martin Associates, 1975], .
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