Institute of Zoology

LIVING conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2003/04 Mission: To identify, undertake, and communicate high-quality research to benefit the conservation of and their habitats.

IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3

To undertake relevant, high To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to quality biological research and conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and research training identified by conservation the wider community organisations }

IoZ HEFCE funded programme We run a programme of meetings and Activities publications see page 22:

We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: • Conservation biology book series • and macroecology see page 8 co-published with CUP

• Population and community ecology see page 10 • Journal of Zoology and Animal Conservation co-published with CUP • Behavioural ecology and evolution see page 12 • Annual programme of evening oz research • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 14 scientific meetings i strategy • Wildlife disease and epidemiology see page 16 • Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation • Reproductive adaptation and management see page 18 biology

• Technical publications to support We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 25 best practice in zoos (International Zoo Yearbook) and in field conservation (Conservation Reports)

with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Programmes see page 20: • Bushmeat and forests • Carnivores and people • Deserts and Rangeland • Marine and Freshwater • UK Native species • Island

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection: • Animal Health and Welfare research • Reproductive monitoring } with We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to the Tropical Cambridge research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and University other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference

with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation Ecology and Evolution

We run MSc courses in Wild Animal Health and Wild Animal Biology with the Royal Veterinary College see page 25

with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science research interests see page 28 Society and and conservation English

This table summarises the main aspects of our research strategy, and the way in which it is to be implemented with our partners and collaborators. A full version of the strategy is available on request. Before taking over as President of ZSL The Institute’s work provides clear from Sir Martin Holdgate, I chaired for evidence that practical objectives in three years the joint committee that conservation can be achieved by good coordinates the relationship between the research. In an external review organised ZSL and the University of Cambridge by the Joint University/ZSL committee concerning the Institute of Zoology. this year a visiting group of five I have been enormously pleased by the independent world experts inspected way the Institute’s research programme, what was being done and warmly particularly the focus on conservation complimented the Institute staff on the biology, has benefited from this importance, timeliness and quality of association. The Institute’s role in their work. I join with them in their understanding and protecting congratulations and emphasise how biodiversity is acknowledged worldwide. important it is for the rest of the foreword As the impact of human populations on Society that its Institute should be such the ecosystems of the world has grown, a world leader. the need to monitor change and minimise its most serious effects has become ever more pressing. The Institute’s bushmeat research Professor Sir Patrick Bateson programme is a good example of how President this can be done. The trade is having a devastating effect on many primate species but a part of the trade is sustainable and rules for control of the trade have been developed by Institute staff that could be implemented in practice and minimise the damage to Contents wild populations. Human effects on the environment 1 Foreword are often subtle and unforeseen, and 2 Director’s introduction 4 News and events good science and innovation are 6 Funding necessary to uncover their impacts. 8 Biodiversity and macroecology One of the Institute’s programmes 10 Population and community ecology discussed later in this report has 12 Behavioural and evolutionary ecology 14 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability produced strong evidence that naval 16 Wildlife epidemiology sonar has caused decompression 18 Reproductive biology sickness and death in marine . 20 ZSL conservation programmes Another example is the work of the 22 Communicating science 24 Library Institute’s reproductive biologists 25 Education and training researching the impact of endocrine 26 Governance, staff and students disruptors on . Here again, nobody 28 Collaborations had anticipated the feminising effect that 30 Staff representation 31 Publications chemicals released into the environment would have on many wild male vertebrates.

foreword 1 irector’s

D Introduction In common with any research everything ran smoothly, and that organisation, we need to be scrupulous supporting documentation was accurate in checking that the quality of our and well-presented. Professor Read and research and training is maintained. his team were extremely thorough in 2003 was the third year of our their assessment and were encouraging partnership with the University of about the current research programmes Cambridge and therefore a good time for and staff structure, which they consider an in-depth review of our work. In can deliver the excellent standards of December we welcomed a team of internationally important science to external reviewers, chaired by Professor which we aspire. The team also made Andrew Read (Edinburgh University), to helpful recommendations and comments review the quality of research carried out for the future. Additionally, the review at IoZ. Being funded by the Higher group discussed the IoZ partnership Education Funding Council for England with staff from the Zoology Department (HEFCE) meant that the criteria used for in Cambridge, and made some specific their Research Assessment Exercise were recommendations on how to ensure the appropriate standard to use. that the partnership continues to grow Professor Read was joined by a team in its importance for both IoZ and that included expertise across all of our the University. research themes: Professor Roger Butlin (Leeds University), Dr Angela McLean Within ZSL, our links to the zoos and to (Oxford University), Professor Dan Conservation Programmes have Rubenstein (Princeton University, USA) continued to grow and we are starting to and Professor Bill Sutherland (University see benefits of the strong interaction of East Anglia). The three-day visit between research and conservation involved almost all research staff and practice that these collaborations can students, and many excellent bring. Our research on sustainability of presentations and demonstrations were bushmeat hunting (see page 10) is linked laid on. We were also extremely well via Conservation Programmes staff to supported by our technical and policy initiatives in the UK and EU administrative staff who made sure that parliaments. Several important policy

2 discussions have therefore had first- We were very sorry to see the ZSL hand scientific input from our own field Director General Dr Michael Dixon leave studies. Elliot Morley MP, Minister for this year to take up the post of Director Environment and Agri-Environment, at the Natural History Museum. He has chaired the first of our Scientific Debates, been a strong supporter of IoZ’s work (from left) Professor Georgina Mace; bushmeat which was on this topic, and the meeting and under his management our work campaign; Dr Michael attracted a full house. Our research has with the ZSL has grown in strength and Dixon; cetacean strandings project; Elliot Morley MP; had impacts on national and importance. We wish him very well in external review presentation international policy in other areas too. his new post. by Dr Simon Goodman The long-running DEFRA-funded cetacean strandings project released some important new findings suggestive Georgina Mace of decompression sickness in cetaceans Director of Science and evidence for a link with the use of naval sonar (see page 17). This work is now the subject of ongoing interest in both UK and USA naval services. A third example comes from our research on native species of conservation importance in the UK: continuing field- based studies of bumble bees have revealed important information about foraging ranges and the mixing of colonies at feeding sites which has significant implications for management of both bumble bees and their food plants (see page 12).

director’s introduction 3 NEWs & events Our congratulations go to a number of this year, the MSc in Wild Animal staff for various successes during the Biology. This course is similar to the Wild year: Andrew Cunningham was Animal Health MSc, but with a greater promoted to Reader, Bill Holt was research component replacing the awarded an Honorary Chair by the Royal clinical veterinary work. Seven students Veterinary College, Guy Cowlishaw was joined in 2003 (see page 25), and we promoted to Senior Research Fellow and expect to increase this number in Sarah Durant was awarded a Certificate 2004–5. The students have benefited of Distinction for long-term wildlife from refurbishments to the Wellcome research by the Tanzania Wildlife Building, which provide more space for Research Institute. their library and computer studies room.

Katrien Van Look’s work on endocrine There were several innovations too in disruptors affecting freshwater fish was both our Scientific Meetings and Awards one of 25 projects chosen for the Royal programmes. For many years the ZSL Society’s Summer Science exhibition. has run Scientific Meetings on seven During a hectic week in July 2004, Tuesday evenings during the year, at Katrien, Bill Holt and others from the which three speakers address a subject Reproductive Biology Group presented of contemporary interest with time for a their work to thousands of visitors, discussion at the end of the talks. This ranging from the general public to year we replaced two of these sessions eminent scientists, and including HRH with a slightly altered format: the the Prince of Wales among a host of Conservation Debates. Here we invite other VIPs. four speakers to address a more controversial topic in conservation The MSc in Wild Animal Health that we biology, to represent opposing have run for over 10 years with the Royal viewpoints, after which the Chairman Veterinary College has been a great presides over a discussion with success and to meet the high demand questions from the audience. The two from non-veterinarily qualified students debates this year, on the sustainability of as well as vets, we began a new course the bushmeat trade and on the

4 (from left) The Royal Society’s Summer Science exhibition; Sir David Attenborough; Dr Bill Holt; Dr Andrew Cunningham; Peter Olney

(top) Dr Sarah Durant; Dr Guy Cowlishaw

importance of disease threats to wildlife, years with the Society and, in particular, were both extremely well attended and after having been Editor of the entertaining. We propose to continue the International Zoo Yearbook since 1975. format for three evening sessions in the Peter was a very popular recipient of 2004–5 season. the ZSL Silver medal. We all wish him well in his retirement. Thanks to generous funding from BIOSIS, we were also able to add a new award to the ZSL Scientific Awards. The BIOSIS award for communicating zoology is given for any kind of communication (book, film, broadcast etc.) that is regarded by the Awards Committee as successfully representing important zoological findings to new audiences. The first ever award this year had Dr Olivia Judson as a worthy winner for her book, Dr Tatiana’s Sex Advice to All Creation. In another innovation this year, we held the Awards ceremony on the occasion of the Stamford Raffles Lecture instead of, as has been the custom, at the Annual General Meeting. The capacity audience for Sir David Attenborough’s lecture Bird Artists and Artist Birds: Plumes and Bowers in New Guinea ensured that this was indeed a special occasion for all our award winners (see page 23). One award this year was given to Peter Olney who retired in 2003 after working for many

news and events 5 As usual, our core funding came from production of a Global Species HEFCE via the University of Cambridge, Assessment in 2004. This will be a but over 46% of income now comes product of the Red List Programme of from other sources, especially the IUCN, and involves many collaborators Research Councils and government such as BirdLife International and the departments (especially DEFRA). Centre for Applied Biodiversity Science at Conservation International. As part A total of 50 new grants were received of this work, Jonathan Bailie organised during the year. Major new projects a major workshop to update the were funded by DEFRA and the Rufford assessments of conservation status of Foundation. over 800 species of African small mammals. This workshop was also Paul Jepson and Andrew Cunningham funded by IUCN with support from the were successful in their bid to DEFRA to Institute of Applied Ecology in Italy.

funding extend the cetacean strandings investigation and co-ordination work in the UK. This has now been continuing for over 10 years and the accumulated data and information are yielding important results (see page 17).

Andrew Cunningham received an extension to his DEFRA-Darwin Initiative funded project to investigate and develop a recovery plan for the critically endangered vulture species in . While the original project is now complete, this additional funding will assist in the development of the Vulture Care Centre in Haryana, India.

Andrew Bourke and Bill Jordan received a new grant from DEFRA for genetic censuses of bumble bee numbers at experimentally sown plots of wildflowers. This will allow the research on foraging patterns of bumble bees (see page 12) to be applied to practical conservation management of these important species.

Finally, in collaboration with the World 1 Conservation Union IUCN, Georgina Mace obtained further funding from the Rufford Foundation for the analyses and

6 Institute of Zoology Income 2003/04 12 months, 1 August 2003 - 31 July 2004

Core Grant £1,844,292

Research Grants & Contracts £1,406,698

Other Income £176,933

Total Income £3,427,923

Research Grants & Contracts Funding organisations

European Union £41,029 ART Porcine Ltd Atlantic Salmon Trust Government Bodies £279,349

BBC Natural History Unit Research Councils £536,783 British Andrology Society Other Organisations £549,537 British Ecological Society British Embassy in Quito, Ecuador Conservation International Darwin Initiative (DEFRA) Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council European Zoo Association (EAZA) Frankfurt Zoological Society, Germany Galapagos Conservation Trust Government of Oman Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) Howard Buffett Foundation, USA Institute of Applied Ecology, Italy IUCN (World Conservation Union), Switzerland Leverhulme Trust Millennium Assessment National Birds of Prey Trust National Institutes of Health, USA Natural Environment Research Council Royal Microscopial Society Royal Society Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Royal Veterinary College Rufford Foundation Scottish Natural Heritage Society for Reproduction and Fertility States of Jersey Department for Education, Sport and Culture Sygen International Thriplow Charitable Trust University College London Wildlife Conservation Society

funding 7 Ta x onomy for conservation The two processes of listing and and species conservation are protection have such different goals and often regarded as almost the same thing, information needs that we need two to the extent that initiatives to describe different kinds of solutions: (1) a set of and name all the species on Earth are practical rules to standardise the species presented as conservation activities. units included on lists and (2) an Clearly this is not necessarily the case. approach to the units chosen for We can save and manage species that conservation recovery planning which are not formally named, and via habitat recognises the dynamic nature of natural and ecosystem conservation, preserve systems and the differences from the species we know nothing of. On the units included on species lists. These

ACROECOLOGY other hand, conservation success is solutions are well within our grasp but hampered if we cannot distinguish by require a new kind of collaboration name and description the entities we among conservation biologists,

BIODIVERSITY & BIODIVERSITY M seek to preserve. taxonomists and legislators, as well as A key problem is the shortage of an increased resource of taxonomists taxonomic information and skills. with relevant and high quality skills. However, even when species are named Mace, G.M. (2004). The role of taxonomy in species and described there are no agreed rules conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal over where the limits to a ‘species’ Society of London Series B 359: 711–719. Agapow, P.-M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Crandall, K.A., should lie. The advent of different Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M., Marshall, J.C. & Purvis, A. ‘species concepts’, some of which allow (2004). The impact of species concept on biodiversity studies. Quarterly Review of Biology 79: 161–179. for a greater degree of splitting than others, has accentuated the problem. Hence, the extent to which a species named in one group is equivalent in How species respond to multiple terms of biological distinctiveness or extinction threats independent phylogenetic history to Understanding the processes that lead a named species in another group is to extinction is essential for conserving very unclear. biodiversity. Previous work has In species conservation, lists of names established that species vary in their are used both for conservation planning vulnerability to extinction, and that much (e.g. threatened species lists, species of this variation can be explained by richness estimates, species covered by species’ biology. However, little is known legislation) and also to determine which about how populations of the same units should be the focus of conservation species respond to different threats. actions. Once a conservationist Knowledge of this kind is important determines that a locally distinct because extinction is likely to be caused population is in need of protection, it by multiple forces that are not equally may follow that elevating that local prevalent among populations, such as population to species rank is the best hunting and habitat loss. way to ensure that it receives legal To investigate how species respond to protection. In this way our estimates of different threats we collated 64 studies the proportion of species threatened can that compared the abundance of become artificially inflated. primates in disturbed and nearby

8 African linsang Common Africa / Europe Giant genet Africa Chinese desert cat Asia Aquatic genet Africa African golden cat Africa Angolan genet Africa Eastern hog-nosed North America Asia Africa Spectacled South America Olingo South America Narrow-striped Madagascar Pousangue’s mongoose Africa Lion Africa / Asia

EXTINCTION RISK RATING Extinct nerable Critically Vul Endangered Endangered east Concern L Near Threatened Near Exinct in the Wild / Exinct in the Conservation Dependent / undisturbed forest. We looked for density (HPD) within each species’ they could decline rapidly towards general trends in primate responses to geographic distribution. This was tested extinction in coming decades. The three threats: (1) selective logging, (2) together with a range of biological traits prognosis is particularly poor for shifting agriculture and (3) hunting. Not to determine the most important viverrids (civets and genets), especially surprisingly, we found that most primate predictors of extinction risk status. those in Africa, in regions with a high species are more abundant in HPD was far less important than human population growth rate. undisturbed than in disturbed areas. biology in determining carnivore Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J.L., Bielby, However, a species' response to one extinction risk. As a single predictor, high J. & Mace, G.M. (2004). Human population density and extinction risk in the world’s carnivores. PLoS Biology threat does not predict its response to HPD was associated with high risk, but 2: 909–914. others. Primates at risk from selective its importance diminished when logging tend to be ecological specialists, biological traits were accounted for. In a whereas species vulnerable to multiple regression, HPD explained only (above) Species predicted agriculture tend to live high in the 0.5% of variation in risk, against 46% for to move most rapidly canopy and eat low-fruit diets, and those biological traits. Four traits in particular towards extinction in susceptible to hunting tend to be large- were associated with high extinction risk coming decades. Circles represent Red List status in bodied. For example, gorillas are in carnivores: small geographic 2000, and lines show vulnerable to hunting (they are large), distribution, low population density, high predicted status in 2030 based on biology and but can flourish in agricultural areas trophic level and long gestation period. projected increase in (they live on the ground). However, there was an interaction human population density Clearly, a species' vulnerability to between biology and HPD: the local extinction can be highly variable importance of biology in determining and depends on both threat type and risk was far higher for species with a biology. Our results can also inform greater exposure to high HPD. management decisions for populations and species of conservation concern.

Isaac, N.J.B. & Cowlishaw, G. (2004). How species respond to multiple extinction threats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 271: 1135–1141.

Human population density and extinction risk Why are some species threatened with extinction, while others remain relatively safe? Two types of factors determine a species’ risk of extinction: where it lives This suggests that the extinction risk and the degree of human impact it is status of species will depend more exposed to; and its biological attributes, critically on biological attributes as and hence its ability to withstand that human populations increase. Using this impact. But which is more critical — knowledge, it was possible to identify exposure to impact, or biology? Our species with unfavourable biology which research on mammalian carnivores inhabit regions of rapid human sheds light on this question. Human population growth. These species should impact experienced by carnivore species be monitored closely: even though most was measured as the human population are not currently considered threatened,

biodiversity and macroecology 9 Bushmeat was carried out in the Azande village of The hunting of wild for meat is Kiliwa in the locality of Garamba one of the greatest conservation National Park, northeastern Democratic problems, particularly affecting large Republic of Congo. Over 120 households mammals such as the great apes. were monitored over a 16-month period However, this is not a simple case where using a combination of methods to effective conservation measures alone assess household wealth and the will remedy matters. Millions of rural household production, consumption and households in the tropics depend on market sales of wild foods. All wild meat as a source of either protein households in this community were mmunity or income, and well-enforced wildlife living in extreme poverty. protection measures could lead to a Our results showed that wild foods major development crisis. Policy play a small role in household responses to the conservation problems consumption but a major role in

Population & Population Co Ecology posed by hunting must therefore take household income. Over 90% of both account of the human factors driving bushmeat and fish production was sold exploitation. Recent work at the IoZ at market. In addition, the value of wild tackles this issue from contrasting but foods increased during the ‘lean season’ complementary angles. when agricultural production was low. Our findings showed that the small-scale commercialisation of wild foods The value of bushmeat provides a vital source of income for The value of bushmeat to rural rural households living in extreme households in the tropics is poorly poverty. Knowledge of this commercial understood, but is critical to any attempt value will contribute to the future to manage a sustainable trade in development of conservation bushmeat that would protect both management policy for the bushmeat threatened wildlife populations and the trade. livelihoods of those people who depend de Merode, E., Homewood, K. & Cowlishaw, G. (2003). Wild on bushmeat. This is particularly resources and livelihoods of poor households in Democratic Republic of Congo. Overseas Development important for households living in Institute Wildlife Policy Briefing series 1.

extreme poverty (income below US$1 de Merode, E., Homewood, K. & Cowlishaw, G. (2004). The per person per day). A recent report by value of bushmeat and other wild foods to rural households living in extreme poverty in the eastern the UK’s Department for International Democratic Republic of Congo. Biological Conservation 118: 573–581. Development recognised that ‘bushmeat appears to be a key food and livelihood resource for many poor people’ and that ‘better management of bushmeat is Modelling hunting impacts in important’. However, a lack of information multi-prey systems means that the most effective way to Monitoring the sustainability of hunting achieve this goal is unclear. is often hampered, particularly in the The purpose of our research was to tropics, by a lack of information. Ideally investigate the value of bushmeat, and we would want to have, as a minimum, other wild foods such as fish and wild accurate estimates of the numbers of plants, to poor households. The study animals being taken and their

10 Geese/m -2 Depletion mins/m -2 abundance in the wild. This would Feeding performance in goose 2 16 require a huge effort even for a single flocks – The haves and the 1 8 species, and is effectively impossible for have-nots 0.5 4 the many species that are typically Feeding inequalities, where some 0.25 2 hunted in any tropical forest. individuals have good feeding conditions An alternative may be to measure and others are left with poor conditions, more readily available indicators, such represent a major force driving patterns as the species composition of offtake. It of animal spacing. We used a novel is well known that there is a large-scale approach to estimate feeding shift from larger, more vulnerable competition in large groups, based on species to smaller, more robust ones as photographic records of barnacle goose the prey base becomes overexploited. flocks over time. The spatial distributions However, precise patterns of species of individuals in these photos showed representation in offtake potentially how individual feeding may be affected contain much more sensitive indicators by food depletion caused by members of of the sustainability of current hunting the flock who were previously in the levels. Our model applies classic same spot. The most successful feeders behavioural ecological principles to (i.e., those feeding on the least grazed simulate the prey choice and efficiency grass swards) were not affected by the of hunters targeting a suite of prey total grazing time spent on the field, species, and population ecological while for the least successful feeders, principles to simulate resulting impacts conditions got worse over time. on the dynamics of prey. It therefore Inequalities between individuals gives us information of the kind that increased with increasing flock size. conservationists need but rarely get Over the entire flock, a few (above) A map of the change in goose distributions (left column, (population sizes), matched with prey individuals do very badly, but more than geese/m 2) and resulting grazing profiles, which are much more readily half do better than the mean. Feeding pressure (right column, total grazing available. The model is based on the two conditions were affected by the position time min/m 2) at 5 minute intervals. The flock spreads from an initial tight most commonly employed hunting within the feeding flocks and there is distribution in the centre of the field techniques in tropical forests (snaring strong competition for the better until it finally reaches the edge of the and gun hunting), and is structured to positions. Dominance status is therefore field boundaries. Individuals on the leading edge maintain good feeding run on parameters derived from real likely to be a strong determinant of conditions throughout this time, hunters and real prey communities. By feeding performance. Subordinate while the feeding conditions of those in the centre gradually get worse rooting the model in real systems, the individuals, being unable to obtain good results will enable us to maximise the feeding conditions, may be forced to information value of offtake surveys, adopt alternative strategies to improve which are an increasingly common performance, such as moving more element of biodiversity monitoring frequently in order to maximise time in programmes. smaller or more recently formed groups. This has implications for understanding Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Long, J. (2003). A model of human hunting impacts in multi-prey communities. Journal patterns in foraging group sizes and of Applied Ecology 40: 872–889. group stability.

Rowcliffe, J.M., Pettifor, R.A. & Carbone, C. (2004). Foraging inequalities in large groups: quantifying depletion experienced by individuals in goose flocks. Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 97–108.

population and community ecology 11 (right) Thames Barrier Park, East London, an example of a well-planted park providing rich forage for urban bumble bees

Genetic censuses of urban surprisingly high and suggest that bumble bees workers travel far from their colonies to Conservation biologists, along with forage, or nest in surrounding areas at behavioural ecologists and agricultural high densities, or both. At the landscape biologists, require an improved scale, there was little or no genetic understanding of how pollinating bees differentiation between sites. Our utilise space and share resources. Using analyses show that foraging workers utionary genetic markers, we analysed space use from many colonies mix and hence and resource sharing at several spatial share space and resources extensively at scales among workers of two patch, site and landscape scales. Our ecologically dissimilar bumble bee results also suggest that cities are species (Bombus terrestris and potentially important bumble bee habitat B. pascuorum) foraging in the urban and that conservation actions for bumble landscape of the city of London. We bees and associated wild flowers need to Behavioural & Behavioural Evol Ecology sampled worker bees foraging at sites be coordinated across many sites. such as public parks, cemeteries, and Chapman, R.E., Wang, J. & Bourke, A.F.G. (2003). Genetic waste ground. We found that, at fine analysis of spatial foraging patterns and resource sharing in scales, workers visiting small patches of bumble bee pollinators. Molecular Ecology 12: 2801–2808. flowers were, on average, unrelated to one another. Therefore, colonies shared flower patches randomly with other The costs of vigilance colonies, suggesting that worker scent- Many foraging animals look up to scan marks deterring visits to unrewarding for predators when feeding. While flowers have not, as had been vigilance reduces predation risk, it is also suggested, evolved as signals benefiting thought to interrupt feeding behaviour nestmates. To investigate space use at and thus to reduce foraging efficiency. intermediate scales, we developed a Such a cost has important implications: computer program to estimate from animals at risk of predation must make a genetic data the number of colonies difficult trade off between safety from utilising foraging sites. Because the two predators and successful food bumble bee species studied live in acquisition. colonies headed by a single mother We investigated this cost of vigilance queen mated to a single male, all in a population of wild samango workers from the same colony must be monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis full sisters. Therefore, by grouping erythrarcus) in a coastal dune forest at workers collected from the field while Cape Vidal, South Africa. Samango foraging into sets of full sisters, and monkeys are small, arboreal monkeys counting the number of such that have an eclectic diet (largely fruit, sisterhoods, we can estimate the number leaves, and flowers) and are vulnerable of colonies represented in the sample to a range of predators, including eagles, of workers. We found that the average snakes and leopards. Our results showed number of colonies sending workers that the feeding costs of vigilance are to forage at sites of approximately likely to be highly variable and that 1 hectare was 96 in B. terrestris and 66 vigilance may even be cost free under in B. pascuorum. These values are certain foraging conditions. This is

12 because some foods require a lengthy multiple mating is stable, indicating that social and other animals, will processing period (such as tough fibrous the benefits can be great. By comparing be crucial to understanding the evolution foods that require chewing before the mating systems of two leafcutting and maintenance of multiple mating swallowing) which provides extra time ant species, which differ fundamentally by females. for the forager to find its next food item in their life history and ecology, we Sumner, S., Hughes, W.H.O., Pedersen, J.S. & Boomsma, and to be vigilant before it has finished are now closer towards understanding J.J. (2004). Ant parasite queens revert to mating singly. its current mouthful. how multiple mating evolves and is Nature 428: 35–36. This research has allowed us to maintained. identify a simple ‘rule of thumb’ to Leafcutting ants are found in Central describe the conditions under which and South America, where they live in vigilance is likely to be costly, based on large underground colonies with one or the time that it takes an animal to find a two multiply mated queens and several food item (the search time, S), and to thousand workers. Acromyrmex subsequently process it (the handling echinatior is a free-living leafcutting ant time, H ). Specifically, a forager should whose colonies are commonly invaded be able to markedly reduce the costs of by its closest relative, the social parasite vigilance with respect to feeding rate Acromymex insinuator. The social when some portion of its handling time parasite exploits the resources and is compatible with vigilance (Hc), and worker force of its host colony in order when this period is long relative to to specialise in producing queens and search time (S), i.e. when the Hc /S ratio males. We compared the mating is high. This rule of thumb should help frequencies of host and parasite by us to understand how a variety of animals analysing the genotypes of queens and respond to the conflicting needs of their female offspring to estimate the acquiring food and avoiding predators. number of fathers contributing to a queen’s progeny. We found that host Cowlishaw, G., Lawes, M.J., Lightbody, M., Martin, A., Pettifor, R. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2004). A simple rule for the queens mated with many males, costs of vigilance: empirical evidence from a social forager. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B: Biological whereas social parasite queens were Sciences 271: 27–33. predominantly singly mated. Our results are the first to demonstrate a reversion from multiple Ant parasite queens revert to to single mating. Moreover, this single mating reversion suggests that the benefits of Females in many animal societies multiple mating are specific to being choose to mate with multiple males, free-living and social. Of the many despite the costs associated with sex. explanations for the evolution of Although many theories have been multiple mating, we can now rule out proposed to explain why it evolves, those that would yield benefits for both biologists still do not understand this life-history strategies. Future work will paradox. In social societies (i.e., have to concentrate on testing the bees, wasps and ants), obligate multiple remaining hypotheses that are relevant mating by females (queens) is restricted to free-living, social species, such as the to a few taxonomic groups in which all benefits of increased genetic diversity the species mate multiply. Until now and sperm availability. Identifying similar biologists believed that once it evolves reversions to single mating, both in

behavioural and evolutionary ecology 13 Reproductive tactics in bitterling smaller in genetic terms than currently The reproductive success of alternative appreciated. mating behaviours may vary within and Reichard, M., Smith, C. & Jordan, W.C. (2004). Genetic among populations in relation to evidence reveals density-dependent mediated success of alternative mating behaviours in the European bitterling environmental factors and demographic ( sericeus). Molecular Ecology 13: 1569–1578. parameters and can considerably influence the effective size of a population. In collaboration with the University of Leicester and the Academy Managing fragmented of Sciences of the Czech Republic we populations used behavioural and genetic data to Endangered species are commonly investigate how male density affects found in several (partially) isolated reproductive success of territoriality and populations dispersed on different sneaking behaviour in the European fragments of a habitat, in natural

Genetic variation, Genetic fitness & adaptability bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus), a reserves or among zoos. A certain level freshwater fish that spawns on the gills of connectivity among such populations of living freshwater mussels. Keeping is essential for maintaining genetic the number of spawning sites constant, variation within and between we manipulated male densities in populations to allow local and global laboratory and mesocosm experiments. adaptation and for preventing inbreeding Sneaked fertilisations were common depression. A rule of thumb widely in R. sericeus and they increased accepted by the conservation community significantly with male density. Territorial is that one migrant per generation mating was almost 17 times more (OMPG) into a population is the successful than sneaking at the lowest appropriate level of gene flow. This rule male density treatment, and still 2–3 is based on a theoretical study of a times more successful at intermediate model population whose structure is densities. However, both behaviours greatly simplified. I examined the conferred the same fitness pay-off at robustness of the OMPG rule to the the highest male density. While the violation of each of the simplifying success of territorial males declined with assumptions, quantifying the effect using male density, the success of individual population genetics theory. The results sneaking males remained constant indicated that, when interpreted as one across densities. Notably, the capacity effective migrant per generation, OMPG of territorial males to out-compete is generally valid for real populations sneakers by preoviposition sperm departing from the ideal model in loading was the best predictor of male discrepancies of actual (N) and effective

reproductive success, rather than (Ne) population sizes and actual (m) and

aggression, body size or post-oviposition effective (Me) migration rates. Converting ejaculation. The reduction in variance the effective number of migrants

in reproductive success among males (Me=Neme) into the actual number of

at high densities suggests that the migrants (M=Nm) of a certain age and relationship between actual and effective sex was also examined. In particular,

population size in this species is I showed that when Ne

complex — small populations may be for natural populations, M>Me was not

14 FST

0.3 (left) Changes in FST as a function of time (in generation) assuming 10 immigrants every 10 generations into a subpopulation with effective size of 20, 40, or 80

0.2

Ne = 80

Ne = 40

N = 20 0.1 e 10 20 30 40 Generations

necessarily required to maintain a steepness, in order to understand the mates. All of these factors can have certain level of differentiation among conditions under which species’ ranges important impacts on how populations populations. Rather, translating the become limited as adaptation stops. respond to spatial changes in ecology.

elusive Me into the manageable M These models support the predictions of Currently, we are developing these depends on the specific causes (e.g., other theoretical models, in that as the models further to focus on the way that biased sex ratio, reproductive skew) that selective gradient becomes increasingly population density changes at the range

lead to Ne

different populations within the range? Number of females 5 An understanding of the factors that may limit the ability of populations to 0 respond to ecological change in space 2150 2150 2450 2750 3050 3350 2300 2600 2900 3200 3500 and time is crucial for effective 2000 conservation, and for predicting likely Position responses to ongoing climate change

and habitat fragmentation. In (above) In individual-based collaboration with the Universities of simulations, when mating area is small, many females may go Leeds and Tohuku (Japan) we are unmated at the edge of a species’ generating an individual-based range (the Allee effect). This may simulation that allows us to add some explain why some populations fail to adapt when faced with rapid of the real-world complexity that is changes in ecological conditions necessarily omitted from existing analytical models. These simulations mated model the adaptation (and therefore unmated spread) of a population along an ecological gradient of a particular

genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 15 Numbers of parasites (right) Vulture exhibiting neck-drooping syndrome

Month

BSE and greater kudu agent was detected in skin, conjunctiva During the height of the bovine and salivary gland; tissues in which spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infectivity has not previously been epidemic and before all the necessary reported in any naturally occurring TSE. safeguards were put in place, potentially These findings may simply reflect the contaminated bovine products were possibility that infectivity in certain tissues used in the feedstuffs of a wide range of subsequent to central nervous system domestic and zoo animals. To date, BSE involvement is a rare event incidental to has been diagnosed in 13 species of zoo the pathogenesis of the disease. The animal, although in most cases only one distribution of infectivity in greater kudu or two individuals have been affected. with BSE suggests possible routes for Of all the species exposed naturally to transmission of the disease and these the BSE agent, however, the greater findings highlight the need for further kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), a research into the distribution of TSE

Wildlife Epidemiology non-domesticated bovine from Africa, infectious agents in other host species. appears to be the most susceptible Cunningham, A.A., Kirkwood, J.K., Dawson, M., Spencer, to the disease. Y.I., Green, R.B. & Wells, G.A.H. (2004). Distribution of BSE infectivity in tissues of greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 1044–1049.

War of the worms: competition and mutualism amongst mammalian gut helminths BSE was diagnosed in six of eight Most animals are infected with multiple greater kudu that died at London Zoo parasite species. However, it is unclear between 1989 and 1992, with an whether these parasites exist epidemiology consistent with either a independently within their hosts or particularly high susceptibility to whether they form a complex, fully infection, the occurrence of direct interacting community. Laboratory-based animal-to-animal transmission of the studies have found evidence of a range disease, or a combination of these of interactions including cross immunity, factors. We examined the internal immuno-suppression and direct distribution of the infectious agent in competition. Conversely, analyses of greater kudu with BSE using the mouse hosts in the field generally conclude that bioassay method. Our findings show parasite communities are little more than that, contrary to the situation in cattle random assemblages. Most of our with BSE in which the tissue distribution understanding of disease epidemiology of infectivity is the most limited recorded has come through consideration of for any of the transmissible spongiform single-host-single-parasite systems, with encephalopathies (TSE), infectivity in little regard for possible antagonistic or greater kudu with BSE is distributed in synergistic interactions between parasite as wide a range of tissues as occurs in species. However, if interspecific any TSE in any other species, including interactions do occur they could have scrapie in sheep. For example, the BSE profound implications for host-parasite

16 (left) Time series of the five main parasite species infecting the wild rabbit in the UK

Graphidium Trichostrongylus Passalurus Mosgovia Cittotaenia

dynamics, host health and disease Gas-bubble lesions in stranded of gas bubble disease in marine control programmes. We set out to cetaceans mammals. Studies also suggested that determine if interspecific interactions Since 1990 the UK Government has acoustic exposure may be a contributory could be detected within a mammalian funded a research programme to factor in bubble formation, and that a gut parasite community, using an conduct systematic pathological mechanism involving bubble formation, unprecedented 23-year dataset of the investigations on UK-stranded marine possibly as a behavioural response to five main parasitic helminths of the wild mammals. The research is a partnership sonar exposure, could be the causal rabbit in the UK. with The Natural History Museum and mechanism involved in other sonar- We identified a network of the Scottish Agricultural College. related beaked whale mass strandings. interactions between parasite species, Between 1990 and 2003, over 2200 This ‘bubble hypothesis’ was given some positive, some negative, some marine carcasses were further support at an international upstream in the gut, some downstream investigated. Of these, three common workshop on beaked whales and and some mediated by host sex. Based dolphins (Delphinus delphis), three anthropogenic noise held by the US on the biology of the parasite species Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus), one Marine Mammal Commission in April involved, it appears some of these harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) 2004. As a result of the workshop, an interactions may occur directly, via and one Blainville’s beaked whale international programme of targeted by-products or physical crowding, (Mesoplodon densirostris) had novel research looks set to follow to whereas some may be indirect, mediated acute and chronic cavitary lesions in the investigate the bubble hypothesis as the by the host’s immune response. liver and other tissues associated with most probable causal mechanism for Our work provides the first evidence tissue and intravascular gas bubble beaked whale mass strandings related to of interspecific interactions in a natural production. Although the cause of these the deployment of active naval sonar. mammalian system, showing that gas bubble lesions is not known, it is Jepson, P.D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., parasites coexist in fully interacting possible that they were formed by a Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herraez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, F., Howie, F.E., Espinosa, A., Reid, communities, similar to free-living mechanism similar to decompression R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Cunningham, A.A. & Fernandez, A. (2003). Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature ecological communities. Importantly, sickness (‘the bends’), which is most 425: 575–576. there is no reason to believe the rabbit frequently seen in human divers. In 2002 system is unusual and so such analyses a mass stranding of ten beaked whales applied to other systems, particularly occurred in the Canary Islands during those of economically important an international naval exercise using livestock, are likely to reveal similar mid-frequency active sonar. This mass (above left) One of the beaked whales stranded in networks of interactions. Crucially, the stranding was the fifth to occur in the the Canary Islands in 2002 efficacy of parasite control programmes Canary Islands alone. Similar sonar- could be jeopardised if such interactions related mass strandings have occurred in (above right) The cut surface of a common dolphin liver are not taken into account; without a other regions, but the causal mechanism showing multiple cavities knowledge of the community has remained largely elusive. relationships, treatment against one All ten beaked whales had lesions species could allow an increase of a consistent with decompression sickness second harmful species. Indeed, in human divers, including the previously unexplored interactions may appearance of gas bubbles in tissues be one explanation for the failure of and blood vessels associated with laboratory-proven vaccines to work microhaemorrhages and other lesions. under natural field conditions. These results, published jointly with those from the eight UK-stranded Lello, J., Boag, B., Fenton, A., Stevenson, I.R. & Hudson, P.J. (2004). Competition and mutualism among the gut cetaceans with acute and chronic gas helminths of a mammalian host. Nature 428: 840–844. bubble lesions, provide the first evidence

wildlife epidemiology 17 Sperm–oviduct interactions the transition from oestrus to dioestrus. Mammalian spermatozoa appear to To distinguish these possibilities, female undergo stringent selection processes mice were mated with T145H mutant within the female reproductive tract mice, which because of spermatogenic before they meet and fertilise oocytes, arrest, produce seminal plasma but no with the result that only a few thousand spermatozoa. These results indicate that of the billions of ejaculated spermatozoa the arrival of spermatozoa in the oviduct ever reach the vicinity of the egg. The activates one or more signal process is thought to be an important transduction pathways and leads to element of genetic selection and changes in the oviductal transcriptome evolutionary adaptation, but the profiles. This is a novel finding that, physiological basis of the sperm while not explaining the phenomenon selection process is largely unknown. of sperm selection, shows that the We tested the hypothesis that the female oviduct has the potential to recognise

Reproductive biology reproductive tract has a recognition and respond to the initial arrival of system for detecting the arrival of spermatozoa. spermatozoa in the oviduct after Fazeli, A., Affara, N.A., Hubank, M. & Holt, W.V. (2004). insemination. If this were true, a system Sperm-induced modification of the oviductal gene expression profile after natural insemination in mice. that could detect the arrival of Biology of Reproduction 71: 60–65 spermatozoa might also be able to discriminate between them, perhaps using sperm surface characteristics to distinguish aspects of sperm quality. The Hormonal correlates of gazelle study involved the use of microarray behaviour technology to detect global changes in In collaboration with the Parque de the overall patterns of mouse oviduct Rescate de la Fauna Sahariana in gene expression (the transcriptome) Almeria, Spain, we studied the mating induced by insemination and the behaviour of Mohor gazelles (Gazella deposition of spermatozoa. dama mhorr) to investigate the We initially performed a global hypothesis that, during natural mating, screening of the oviductal transcriptome males detect cues relating to the in mice (1) at the time of oestrus potential for successful conception and (mating) and (2) 6 h after mating. pregnancy. If true this would mean that Expression levels of 214 genes (2% of they could distinguish between transcripts presented on the reproductive females and concentrate on oligonucleotide array) consistently mating those most likely to become changed 2-fold or more at 6 h after pregnant. It would also imply that males mating, compared with mice in oestrus. have an innate ability to detect some Fifty-eight transcripts were upregulated, aspects of female physiology, possibly and 156 were downregulated. These those governed by the reproductive alterations in the oviduct after mating steroid hormones. Spermatozoa from an Idmi gazelle; collected at KKWRC, were attributed to the presence of Detailed observations of the way a Saudi Arabia spermatozoa in the oviduct after mating vasectomised male interacted with a and also to changes in the hormonal group of intact females were made using environment as female mice underwent more than 16 ritualised and well

18 Tail length • VCL (µm s -1), (µm) % Motile sperm

60 140 The effect of 24 h mercuric chloride exposure on tail length of goldfish sperm 50 120 (box plot, n = 204), curvilinear velocity of the sperm (VCL, • line plot, n = 44) and the 100 40 percentage of motile sperm ( line plot, n = 44). Boxes represent the median, 25 th 80 and 75 th percentiles, and the error bars 30 represent the 10 th and 90 th percentiles. For 60 the line plots, results are mean ± S.E. and 20 40 represent the 5 –20 s tracking interval after activation. *** (P<0.001) indicates a 10 20 significant difference by a paired t-test between a second control (not shown) and 0 0 the highest concentration 0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Hg2+ (mg l -1)

described mating behaviours. The Fish sperm quality as an indicator reproductive, cellular and biochemical frequencies of these behaviours, which of environmental pollution endpoints (sperm motility, sperm and change systematically as females The quality of gametes (sperm and eggs) egg development, number of eggs approach oestrus, were compared with affect subsequent fertilisation success. In produced, hatching and fertilisation oestrogen and progestagen fish, where most species fertilise success, and hormone responses). concentrations measured in daily faecal externally, gametes may come into direct We have shown that one EDC samples. Time series analysis revealed contact with water-borne environmental (ethinyloestradiol, a component of the that males could detect the approach of pollutants. Therefore, gamete quality can contraceptive pill) disrupts the fertility oestrus 2–3 days before female faecal be used to measure potential impacts of of zebrafish at environmentally relevant oestrogens and oestrogen/progestagen environmental pollution on reproduction. concentrations. ratio reached their peak values. Males Using sperm rather than eggs as an Van Look, K.J.W. & Kime, D.E. (2003). Automated sperm also paid closer attention to those indicator has a number of advantages: morphology analysis in : the effect of mercury on females excreting the higher faecal sperm have been shown to be goldfish sperm. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 1020–1033. oestrogen concentrations. Mounting and susceptible to pollution, sperm are copulation frequencies were positively produced in large quantities and sperm correlated with both peri-ovulatory faecal motility is more readily measured oestrogen concentrations, and the compared with effects on eggs. frequency of pre-copulatory courtship Fish sperm motility and morphology behaviours. These data suggested that can now be objectively, precisely and males invest their reproductive effort efficiently measured using specialised selectively by mating the most fertile techniques originally developed for females. The assumption that oestrogen mammalian sperm, especially human. is a valid index of fertility was Our study used automated sperm investigated further by examining morphology analysis to examine sequential phases of the reproductive goldfish sperm in the presence of an cycle for evidence that oocytes and environmental pollutant, mercury. follicles produced in a more oestrogenic Mercury significantly shortened fish environment would lead to the formation sperm tails, even when sperm were only of the most competent corpora lutea (the in contact with the mercury for (above) ‘The Fish ‘n’ Chips’ project ovarian structures responsible for 5 seconds. Sperm motility, which was is a collaborative research effort progesterone production and therefore measured using computer-assisted using the zebrafish (‘fish’) and applying microarrays (‘chips’), the maintenance of pregnancy). sperm analysis, was also significantly together with the measurement of Associations between sexual behaviour decreased, probably due to the reduced reproductive, cellular and and the quantitative amounts of tail lengths of the sperm. biochemical endpoints, to investigate the impact of hormone excretion supported the In a collaborative project ‘Fish ‘n’ endocrine-disrupting chemicals on hypothesis that males may indeed use Chips’ with Exeter and Cardiff reproduction this mechanism as a remote method of Universities we are using zebrafish (fish) assessing female fertility. and applying microarrays (chips) to investigate the action of a number of Pickard, A.R., Abaigar, T., Green, D.I., Holt, W.V. & Cano, M. (2000). Oestrogen excretion as a prediction of fertility in an well-known pollutants (endocrine- exotic ungulate, the Mohor Gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr). Theriogenology 53: 343. disrupting chemicals, EDCs) at the

Pickard, A.R., Holt, W.V., Green, D.I., Cano, M. & Abaigar, T. genetic level. EDCs interfere with the (2003). Endocrine correlates of sexual behavior in the endocrine system, and thus can lead to Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr). Hormones and Behavior 44: 303–310. alterations in growth, development and reproduction. We are measuring

reproductive biology 19 In order to fully implement ZSL’s conservation mission it is essential that we form collaborations among activities in the zoos, scientific research and field research to mutual benefit. Many IoZ research projects contribute to the wider conservation mission of ZSL, and the synergy between practical conservation and applied research reinforces both programmes. Here we outline a few of the many current IoZ projects which contribute to ZSL’s field conservation programmes.

Vulture declines in India Development of a Monitoring and Training Unit for the World In March 2004, our 3-year study funded Heritage Sites of Democratic by the UK Government’s Darwin Republic of Congo Initiative to investigate the causes of

zsl conservation programmes vulture declines in India came to an end. DRC is one of the most biologically rich The project culminated with an countries in the world, but its national international workshop in India which parks are currently under threat from brought together vulture experts, NGOs armed conflict and illegal poaching. and policy makers to review the findings We are studying the interaction between of the project. The workshop concluded poachers and anti-poaching patrols, and with the production of a vulture recovery the bushmeat trade which drives illegal plan. The situation in South Asia is now poaching, in order to gain a better so dire for vultures (the populations of understanding of how to optimise park which are declining by up to 50% per protection. We are also helping to year) that the highest priority develop and implement systems for recommendation of the plan is to bring Law-Enforcement Monitoring (LEM) in as many vultures as possible in from the DRC’s five World Heritage Sites. LEM is wild (where they are likely to die) and to a standardised method to register and set up multiple captive-breeding centres, report what is seen and done during based on our successful Vulture Care anti-poaching patrols. During LEM, the Centre in Haryana, India. The patrol effort, illegal activities Government of India has endorsed the encountered, and the measures taken, Recovery Plan and we are working with are all recorded electronically. The types, our partners to put words into action. intensities and distributions of threats Post-project funding from the Darwin to the park can therefore be monitored, Initiative was awarded to the IoZ in May along with the efficiency of the park 2004 to assist with this process. resources used to control them. LEM is therefore an invaluable tool for protected-area management.

(above) Gyps fulvus at Bikaner Zoo, India

(above) The Ishango workshop, Democratic Republic of Congo

20 Building capacity and Health surveillance of UK Conserving Darwin’s on determining disease threats to native species Chiloé Island, Chile endemic Galápagos fauna We collaborate with UK conservation This Darwin Initiative project aims to Worldwide, endemic island fauna are at agencies (chiefly English Nature, but also assist with the conservation of increasing risk from introduced diseases. RSPB, Herpetological Conservation Trust biodiversity in Chile, in particular, the We are working to establish a wildlife and others) to monitor the health of critically endangered Darwin's fox. To pathology laboratory in the Galápagos to animals during management activities. this end we are assessing fox help identify and manage disease threats All of the species involved are covered abundance, distribution and population to the endemic biodiversity of the by English Nature's Species Recovery substructure on Chiloé Island, and islands. The work is funded by a grant Programme and include the field cricket monitoring the threat to the species by from the Darwin Initiative to work with (Gryllus campestris), the pool frog (Rana feral . We have established a long- Virna Cedeño of the Galápagos National lessonae), the corncrake (Crex crex), the term mammal monitoring programme Park Service and University of red kite (Milvus milvus) and the common using ecological and epidemiological Guayaquil, Ecuador. The grant supports dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius). methodology, and non-invasive a three-year project that, in addition to Surveillance work includes disease risk population genetic techniques that can building the laboratory, will train analysis prior to translocation, and pre be applied to biodiversity monitoring Ecuadorean veterinarians, scientists and and post release health monitoring. across Chile. Amongst the highlights National Park workers in wildlife Frequently during surveillance work we during 2003/4 were: pathology and disease surveillance find disease entities which require techniques. The facility and staff will further detailed investigation to • Expedition to San Pedro Island, a small contribute to a disease-monitoring determine their significance to island south of Chiloé Island, where programme that will act as an early reintroduced species and/or their free- Charles Darwin observed and warning system, giving Ecuadorean living compatriots in the recipient “sampled” the first Darwin’s fox known researchers the long-term capacity to population. A recent case of lead to western science. We found no trace identify and respond to wildlife disease poisoning in a red kite, prompted of on the island. in the archipelago. investigations which showed that 9% of kites had raised blood lead levels and • Discovery of foxes in the north-east approximately 10% of wild kites' of Chiloé Island, which is heavily used

(above) Darwin’s Finch populations regurgitated pellets contained lead shot, by agriculture and forestry and where suffer from recurrent outbreaks of highlighting the level of exposure to foxes were thought not to exist. We avianpox virus lead for these birds. have created a field station at Lliuco (main image) The pathogens circulating as a new centre for field ecology in many of the endemic species of Galápagos such as marine iguanas are poorly characterised (above) A great crested newt being • Intensified information campaign for weighed during disease risk analysis local residents and training at schools. for the proposed pool frog reintroduction to the UK ZSL conservation programmes 21 An important part of ZSL’s work is Chris West, Matthew Hatchwell and facilitating the communication of Richard Lattis; co-hosted by ZSL and information between researchers, WCS, and supported by the North of professional zoologists and the general England Zoological Society. It brought public. We achieve this through our together leading thinkers and varied programme of meetings and practitioners familiar with the in situ and the publication of scientific books ex situ conservation roles of zoos and and journals. aquariums, and addressed opportunities for improving current programmes from a critical, conservation-minded MMUNICATING Meetings point of view. The 2004 Stamford Raffles Lecture, Bird artists and artist birds: plumes and A second symposium, Management of bowers in New Guinea, was presented marine ecosystems: monitoring change

CO SCIENCE by Sir David Attenborough CH. FRS. The in upper trophic levels, was held in April Singapore Tourism Board and Singapore and co-hosted by ZSL, IMPRESS Airlines generously sponsored the event, (Interactions between the Marine and we are most grateful for their Environment, Predators and Prey: continuing support. Implications for Sustainable Sandeel Fisheries) and SMRU (Sea Mammal Scientific Meetings were held monthly Research Unit). The conference, throughout the academic year and were organised by Ian Boyd and Sarah generously sponsored by the Mitsubishi Wanless, examined current advances in Corporation Fund for Europe and Africa. the understanding of the ecology of The session was launched with Professor marine predators and investigated how David Macdonald’s lecture The lion king: information from these species could be is his throne secure? Other meetings in used in management. the session covered a wide range of subjects, such as A healthy pallor: the link between avian plumage colour and immunocompetence and Life in the deep-sea: activity, adaptations and diversity. We also launched a new series of Scientific Debates, with The bushmeat debate: extinction and sustainability, and How much of a threat is infectious disease to biodiversity conservation?

In February 2004 we held a two-day Publications international symposium Catalysts for The Journal of Zoology, ZSL’s pre-eminent conservation: a direction for zoos in the international journal dedicated to 21st century. This symposium was academic zoology, continues to receive organised by Alexandra Zimmermann, increasing numbers of high-quality

22 (right) Scientific awards winners 2003

papers from top researchers. The Journal Scientific Awards The BIOSIS Award for Communicating promotes hypothesis-driven studies that Outstanding achievements in scientific Zoology to Dr Olivia Judson, of are of interest to all readers of zoology, research and conservation are Imperial College, London, for her book and provides comprehensive coverage recognised through our annual Dr Tatiana’s Sex Advice to All Creation. of the latest research and developments. presentation of awards. For 2003 the following awards were presented: The Stamford Raffles Award to Chris du ZSL’s quarterly journal, Animal Feu, for his contributions to ornithology. Conservation, provides a forum for rapid The ZSL Frink Medal for British publication of rigorous empirical or Zoologists to Professor Quentin Bone The Thomas Henry Huxley Award to theoretical studies relating to species for his use of anatomical, ultrastructural, Dr Graham Taylor, of the University of conservation. The journal brings together histochemical and experimental Oxford, for his thesis Animal flight innovative research and ideas from techniques to increase our dynamics: mechanics of stability and evolutionary biology and ecology that understanding of the functioning of the control and a letter of commendation contribute to the scientific basis of central nervous system and for his goes to runner up Dr James Poulet, conservation biology. outstanding contribution to zoology. of the University of Cambridge, for his thesis Sound processing in the The Conservation Biology book series, The Scientific Medal to Professor Mike singing cricket. published in association with Cambridge Bruford, of the University of Cardiff, for University Press, includes titles which his role in developing molecular genetic The Prince Philip Prize to Stuart reflect our research interests and provide techniques to reveal the structure of Goodfellow, of St Paul’s Catholic College, an important contribution to a particular natural populations, and for applying Sunbury-on-Thames, for his essay field. Titles currently in production his results to conservation biology, and The effect of habitat fragmentation on include Phylogeny and conservation to Dr Edward Charles Holmes, of the the invertebrate population on golf and People and wildlife: conflict or University of Oxford, for his analyses course heathland. co-existence. of gene sequence data and phylogenetic analysis to reveal the evolution and Honorary Fellowship to Professor Brian Production of Volume 39 of the population dynamic structure of Follett, of the University of Oxford, in International Zoo Yearbook began. disease-causing viruses. recognition of his research on circadian The special section, Zoo Animal rhythms, his outstanding contributions Nutrition, includes 11 articles that The ZSL Marsh Award for Conservation to promoting zoology at every academic address a variety of nutrition-related Biology to Professor , of and political level possible in the UK, topics, such as formulating diets and Duke University, USA, for his his work for the Zoological Society as dietary analysis for mammals and birds. contribution to conservation biology. a member of the Awards Committee, Articles in Section 2, The Developing and as a contributor towards promoting Zoo World, range from the growth and The ZSL Silver Medal to Peter Olney, for and refereeing candidates for the development of the Tasmanian devil to his work to promote good practice and Scientific Medal since he retired from using DNA to determine paternity in responsible management of wildlife in the Committee. Asian elephants. The reference section captivity, and his broader work for the contains a list of Zoos and Aquariums zoo community, and to Professor Aubrey The ZSL Marsh Award for Conservation of the World, a list of national and Manning, for his original and Biology, the Thomas Henry Huxley Award regional zoo associations and a register outstandingly informative television and the Prince Philip Prize are sponsored of international studbooks. series that has helped a wider general by the Marsh Christian Trust. public to appreciate the origins and functions of the British landscape.

communicating science 23 ZSL’s Library continues to maintain its members of the public; and answered pre-eminence as the largest collection zoological and historical enquiries. of books and serials on the subject of Special Behind the scenes tours were zoology and animal conservation in private held for students from University College ownership in the world. The Library London and for supporters of the contains an estimated 200,000 volumes. American Museum of Natural History. The collections include books dating A display of illustrations depicting from the sixteenth century, over 6000 birds of paradise and bower birds journal titles, archives of ZSL and attracted a great deal of interest and historical photographs. During 2003 the gave us an opportunity to exhibit some Library’s online catalogue was made of the beautiful historical material held in publicly available via the web. The the Library. The illustrations were catalogue can be accessed from the displayed around the time of Sir David Library page of the main ZSL website Attenborough’s Stamford Raffles Lecture

LIBRARY www.zsl.org or directly at on the subject of these birds. Other https://library.zsl.org. The catalogue gives special displays have been linked to details of all our journal holdings, all items in Lifewatch, ZSL’s magazine for books acquired since 1991 and most members. These include: The world’s first books published before 1860, including aquarium, the Fish House at London Zoo all the works we hold by Carl Linnaeus, to celebrate 150 years since its opening; and URLs of 80 journals. Winnie the bear; Testacea utriusque Online help in the form of `Frequently Siciliae eorumque historia et anatome by asked questions’ about the catalogue is Iosepho Xaverio Poli, 1797–1827; and the now available on the Library page of the works of John Gould to celebrate the main ZSL website. These questions were bicentenary of his birth. compiled using the feedback we received Michael Palmer, Archivist, visited the from users. The online catalogue has library and archives of the Wildlife greatly enhanced the services offered by Conservation Society as well as other the Library. libraries and archives in New York. He Interest in ZSL’s archives has continued also attended a meeting of librarians at to increase with a variety of researchers the American Zoos Association in visiting the Library, mainly to consult the Columbus, Ohio. This visit was an Daily Occurrence books, the 19th century invaluable opportunity to exchange ideas Council minutes, Minutes of Scientific and see how other specialist libraries meetings, the correspondence collection and archives operate. His visit was and zoo guides.The archive material will funded by the Michael Brambell Travel soon be included in the computerised Award 2003. catalogue, to enable web access. A Library staff participate in the wider recent welcome addition to the archives world of libraries and archives by has been a collection of letters to the attending meetings and conferences of Secretary of ZSL dating from the 1830s. ASLIB Biosciences, Charity Archivists and These were presented by the Royal Record Managers (CHARM), the GLAS College of Surgeons. User Group, Animal Health Information We continued to provide reference Specialists (UK & Ireland) and the use of the Library to Friends of ZSL and Learned Society Librarians Group.

24 Education and training are central to benefit from recent improvements to the IoZ’s activities. We have a strong Wellcome Building, including a commitment to hosting research student dedicated computer room and a new projects, particularly those leading to a library facility. PhD degree. All PhD students are co-registered at a university department During the year we also introduced but most spend the majority of their time teaching of a BSc module in at IoZ. During the year six new students Conservation Biology in collaboration started PhD projects, bringing the total of with University College London. PhD students at IoZ to 24. Angus Carpenter was awarded his PhD for Our annual Student Conference was held research on the ecology and economics in January. The conference represents an of harvesting in Malagasy chameleons. opportunity for students to present their work in a relatively informal atmosphere

Education & Education training PhD projects span a wide range of and for members of staff and university topics, covering all aspects of supervisors to learn about the diverse conservation biology. Although each is research undertaken at IoZ. This year the registered within one of the IoZ research Daisy Balogh Prize for the best talk was themes, often student projects are awarded jointly to Lizzie Boakes and interdisciplinary and combine work on Nicky Jenner. ecology, behaviour, epidemiology and genetics. Reflecting an increase in IoZ research on the socioeconomics of conservation, a growing area of student (top left) Philip Elliot research is on the impact of the receiving the Mazuri Zoo Foods prize from Professor bushmeat trade on endangered species Stephen May of the Royal in Africa, with several students working Veterinary College

on a project in Equatorial Guinea. (top right) MSc Students with the course directors In October 2003 we introduced a new MSc course in Wild Animal Biology, jointly run with the Royal Veterinary College. The new course draws on the strengths of our popular MSc course in Wild Animal Health, which is now in its tenth year, with an emphasis on management and diseases of wild animals, and it includes new modules in epidemiology and conservation biology. Students are encouraged to undertake project work in research areas pursued by IoZ staff and assignments and case reports are orientated towards management and conservation biology. The students for both MSc courses

25 INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY

Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science)

Senior Research Staff Peter Bennett PhD (Senior Research Fellow) Biodiversity and Macroecology Andrew Bourke PhD (Reader) Behavioural and Evolutionary Ecology Guy Cowlishaw PhD (Senior Research Fellow) Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS (Senior Research Fellow) Wildlife Epidemiology Sarah Durant PhD (Senior Research Fellow) William Holt PhD (Reader) Reproductive Biology William Jordan PhD (Senior Research Fellow) Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability Richard Pettifor DPhil (Senior Research Fellow) Population and Community Ecology Jinliang Wang PhD (Senior Research Fellow)

Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers Rajan Amin PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) • Jonathan Baillie PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Jon Bridle PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Chris Carbone DPhil (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Marcel Cardillo PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Sofia Consuegra del Olmo PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Emmanuel de Merode PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) • Roslyn Elliott PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Andrew Fenton PhD (NERC Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Matthew PhD (Wellcome Research Fellow) • Stephan Funk PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Carlos Garcia de Leaniz PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Trenton Garner PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Simon Goodman PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) O Clyde Hutchinson PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Nick Isaac PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS (Postdoctoral Research Assistant/Vet) Christopher Lloyd BVSc MSc CertZooMed MRCVS (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) • Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) governance, governance, & students staff Valerie Olson PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Amanda Pickard PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) • Sean Rands PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) • THE ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Marcus Rowcliffe PhD (Research Fellow - Teaching & Training) Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed MRCVS Officers (Lecturer in Wild Animal Health) Sir Martin Holdgate CB MA PhD DSc (h.c.) CBiol FIBiol Seirian Sumner PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) (President to 15/6/2004) Mark Trinder PhD (Postdoctoral Research Assistant) Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President from 15/6/2004) Katrien Van Look PhD (Postdoctoral Research Fellow) Professor Paul H Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS (Secretary) Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) Postgraduate Research Assistants Jon Bielby MSc • Directors Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Michael Dixon BSc ARCS DPhil (Director General) • Jackie Savery BSc MRes • Michael Bird FCA (Finance Director) Glyn Davies PhD (Director of Conservation Programmes) Postgraduate Research Students Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil (Director of Science) Sophie Allebone-Webb MSc Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Julie Anderson BSc Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director) Elizabeth Boakes MSc Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol (Zoological Director) Gina Caplen MSc Angus Carpenter MSc Roselle Chapman MSc Thomas Charman BA ZSL/UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE JOINT COMMITTEE Kate Ciborowski BA Ben Collen MRes For University of Cambridge Fredi Devas BSc Sir Patrick Bateson PhD FRS (Chairman to 15/6/2004) Joana Formosinho BSc • Andrew Balmford PhD Sonya Gowtage-Sequeira MSc Malcolm Burrows PhD FRS Nicola Jenner BSc Margaret Stanley PhD Noëlle Kumpel MSc Thomas Maddox BSc For ZSL Khyne Mar MSc Michael Dixon BSc ARCS DPhil (to 7/5/2004) Simon Rees BSc Paul H Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Janna Rist BSc Tony Fincham BSc PhD Christopher Sandbrook MSc Michael Hassell PhD FRS Nana Satake MRes Gordon Smith BSc In Attendance Oliver Thatcher MSc Georgina Mace OBE FRS DPhil Susan Walker BSc Michael Bird FCA Peter Wandeler MSc (p/t) Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Committee Secretary)

26 ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT STAFF LIBRARY

Administrative, Support and Technical Staff Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) Michael Palmer MA (Archivist) Caroline Bellhouse (Secretary/Administrative Assistant) • Marie Monaghan BA (Assistant Librarian) Anna Marie Cummins (MSc Administrative Assistant) Karen Nevard BA (Library Assistant) • Amritpal Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator - Information Systems) Claire Thatcher (Library Assistant) Breda Farrell (General Technician) David Hitchcock (Workshop Technician) Joanne Keogh (PA/Secretary/Receptionist) Rosalind Lucy Stead (Secretary/Administrative Assistant) Others working at the Institute, including volunteers Research Technicians working on projects in the field David Cheesman Btec HNC (Chief Technician) Benjamin Alyoshkin; Sultana Bashir; David Bennett; Robin Beck (Technician) • Tamara Berthel; Carmen Bessa-Gomes; Simon Bracey; Ruth Brown MSc (Technician) Sarah Bravington; Nils Bunnefeld; Lena Bykova; Rob Deaville BSc (Senior Technician) Lyndsey Cox; Laura Crawford; Olivia Curno; Yedra Feltrer Ramboud MSc, MRCVS (Technician) • Devojit Das; Florine de Haas von Dorsser; Jenny Fulford BSc (Technician) Siobhan de Little; Leslie Dickie; Amy Dickman; Dada Gottelli BSc (Senior Technician) Laura Dowsett; George Du Boulay; Boris Dzyuba; Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician) Vittoria Elliott; Helena Elofsson; Daniele Fanelli; Andrew Hartley BSc (Senior Animal Technician) • Dominique Fiedler; Sedef Gavaz; Aitana Gomez-Cano; Katherine Holehouse BSc (Technician) Emily Goodman; Julia Grey; Katerina Guschanski; Tracy Howard BSc (Senior Pathology Technician) • Morag Gunson; Jocelyn Hacker; Alex Harvey; Will Koning MSc (Technician) David Hayman; Marc Higgin; Anne Hilborn; Shaheed MacGregor Htec MSc FIBMS (Veterinary Microbiologist) Nick Horrocks; Jenny Hunter; Aerin Jacob; Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Hans Kelstrup; Andrew King; Helen Francis Lang; Anna Randall MSc (Technician) • Javier Lopez-Vaamonde; Kate McQuaid; Maged Taema MSc (Technician) • Richard Merrill; Susie Molony; Maurus Msuha; Chantay Murray; Nancy Ockendon; Sophie O’Doherty; Honorary Research Fellows 2004 Matthew Oliver; Lara Papini; Zjef Pereboom; Andrew Balmford PhD Malgorzata Pilot; Peggy Poncelet; Nilendran Michael Bruford PhD Prathalingam; Benjamin Pullen; Eileen Raeside; Roger Butlin PhD Nigel Raine; Martin Reichard; Oscar Ramos Rodriguez; Peter Daszak PhD Patricia Ruiz; Ivana Schoepf; Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen; Matthew Fisher PhD Mozafar Sharifi; Lauren Southcott; Jade Spence; John Gittleman PhD Amber Teacher; Malgorzata Tokarska; Ivna Tomaskovic; Rhys Green PhD Saskia van Gent; Elizabeth Vasey; Sarah Vaughton; Rufus Johnstone PhD Jagatheswari Virayah Ian Owens PhD Debbie Pain PhD Andy Purvis DPhil Robert Simmons PhD Simon Thirgood PhD • departures Paul Watson PhD BVetMed DSc MRCVS

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS AND MEETINGS

Scientific Books Fiona Fisken BSc (Editor) Peter Olney BSc DipEd CBiol FIBiol FLS (Editor) • Catherine Morris BA (Editorial Assistant)

Journals and Meetings Linda DaVolls BA (Production Editor) Patricia Manly (Senior Editorial Assistant) Deborah Body MSc (Scientific Meetings and Awards Co-ordinator)

Editors Journal of Zoology Ian Boyd PhD DSc Juliet Clutton-Brock PhD DSc Robert Elwood PhD John Gittleman PhD Tim Halliday MA DPhil Philip Rainbow PhD DSc

Editors Animal Conservation Michael Bruford PhD • Keith Crandall PhD John Gittleman PhD E.J. Milner-Gulland PhD John Reynolds PhD

governance, staff and students 27 Anglia Polytechnic University Parasitology, social status and welfare of mara; Reproductive biology of the red panda Antwerp Zoo (Belgium) Genome Resource Bank for the Okapi EEP Applied Biomathematics (USA) Developing, assessing and using criteria for threatened species assessment; Development of Red List indicators

BirdLife International Global biodiversity hotspots; Threatened species assessment; Development of Red List indicators Bird Conservation Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in Nepal Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India

Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Monks Wood Lead toxicity in red kites; Restoration and management of bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Cetacean strandings investigation; Endocrine disruption in harbour porpoise Charles Darwin Foundation (Ecuador) Building capacity and assessing disease threats to endemic Galapagos fauna Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) Phylogeography of giant pandas CNRS, Gif sur Yvette (France) Drosophila Gabon project Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (South Africa) Cheetah censusing Conservation International (USA) Global biodiversity hotspots; Developing, assessing and using criteria for threatened species assessment; Evaluating the socio-economic and biological sustainability of hunting in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea; Host–parasite ecology and evolution in wild mammals Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) Emerging infectious diseases; Infectious disease threats to wildlife conservation; Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory () Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Stormont Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland, Veterinary Sciences Division Adenovirus infections of rodents Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (Namibia) Tsaobis Baboon Project; Jackal Project Division of Natural Resources Feeding performance of African wild in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Spatial modelling of bushmeat in central Africa; St Lucia whiptail lizard phylogeny

ECOFAC-Guinea Ecuatorial Evaluating the socio-economic and biological sustainability of hunting in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea Ecoscope Applied Ecologists Feeding performance of in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas English Nature Health surveillance for species recovery programmes Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) Reproductive studies in gazelles

aborations European Zoo Association (EAZA) Genetic management of group-bred populations in conservation

Fauna and Flora International Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals; Conservation of the mountain chicken frog on Dominica Fisheries Research Services MEP-2* locus in Atlantic salmon Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Demography of the cheetahs in the Serengeti; Serengeti Carnivore Census; Cheetah censusing Fundación Denda Darwin, Santiago (Chile) Darwin’s Fox Project

Galápagos National Parks Service Building capacity and assessing disease threats to endemic Galápagos fauna

Harvard Medical School (USA) Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest (Hungary) Adenovirus infections of rodents Coll

Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (Democratic Republic of Congo) Darwin Initiative Congo World Heritage Sites Project Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Czech Republic) Phylogeography of the European bitterling Instituto de Desarollo Forestal (Equatorial Guinea) Evaluating the socio-economic and biological sustainability of hunting in Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea INTERVET Jackal Project IUCN (Switzerland) Developing criteria for threatened species assessment; Development of Red List indicators IUCN African Rhino Specialist Group (AfRSG) (South Africa) Rhino horn fingerprinting

Kenya Wildlife Service (Kenya) Maasai Mara cheetah conservation programme; Black rhino monitoring and conservation King Khalid Wildlife Research Centre (Saudi Arabia) Reproduction in Saudi Arabian gazelles KORA (Switzerland) Red fox phylogeography in Switzerland

Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Feeding performance of African wild dog in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas; Tsaobis Baboon Project Mammal Research Institute (South Africa) Feeding performance of African wild dog in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas Marine Environmental Monitoring Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population; Cetacean strandings investigation Marine Institute, Salmon Management Services Immune response genes of salmonid populations Michigan State University (USA) Reproductive success in male Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh Poxvirus infections of squirrels

National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India National Center for Ecology and Synthesis (USA) Host–parasite ecology and evolution in wild mammals National University of Ireland (Ireland) Immune response genes of salmonid populations Natural History Museum Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population; Cetacean strandings investigation Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (Norway) Immune response genes of salmonid populations

Poultry and Diagnostic Research Centre (India) Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India

Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage (Australia) Susceptibilities of species to human disturbance Queensland Department of Primary Industries (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Developing measures of biodiversity for the 2010 target Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Wildlife Hospital, Norfolk Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Developing measures of biodiversity for the 2010 target; Ecology and conservation of the great yellow bumble bee; Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in South Asia; Lead toxicity in red kites; Effects of provisioning farmland birds on environmental status of pathogens Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; Cetacean strandings investigation; Investigating sperm survival after cryopreservation

Scottish Agricultural College Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population; Cetacean strandings investigation Sea Mammal Research Unit, St Andrews Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population; Cetacean strandings investigation Silsoe Research Institute Correlates of reproductive fitness in the short-tailed field vole; Ovulation prediction for pigs Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution (USA) Measuring abundance of tropical butterflies Southern African Development Community Regional Programme for Rhino Conservation Bayesian mark-recapture population estimation Sri Krishnadevaraya University (India) Effects of the pesticide, cypermethrin, on gametogenesis and gamete quality in zebrafish

28 Tanzania National Parks (Tanzania) Long term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Tanzania Carnivore Conservation Program; Serengeti Carnivore Census; Cheetah censusing Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (Tanzania) Long term demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Tanzania Carnivore Conservation Program; Cheetah censusing Ta r angire Elephant Project (Tanzania) The Tanzania Carnivore Atlas Project The Technikon, Pretoria (South Africa) Spoor counting methodologies for censusing carnivores in the Serengeti Trinity College Dublin (Ireland) Conservation genetics of island populations of bumble bee Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) Tsaobis Baboon Project

UNESCO ‘Conservation in Crisis’ Programme Darwin Initiative Congo World Heritage Sites Project Universidad de los Lagos (Chile) Darwin’s Fox Project Universidade de Vigo (Spain) Survival tools for endangered breeds of livestock Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) Cetacean strandings investigation; Wild bird provisioning and health University of Antwerp (Belgium) Endocrine disruption in zebrafish University of Bath Conservation management and ecological genetics of the black bog ant University of Bergen (Norway) Sperm quality in marine fish species University of Berne (Switzerland) Microsatellite analysis of rabies affected Swiss red fox population in a fragmented landscape University of Birmingham Global biodiversity hotspots University of Brunel COMPRENDO - Comparative Research on Endocrine Disruptors. Phylogenetic Approach and Common Principles focusing on Androgenic/Antiandrogenic Compounds; Reproductive biology of the red panda; Oestrogenic mixtures in freshwater fish University of California at Berkeley (USA) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Asian sika deer University of California at Los Angeles (USA) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Asian sika deer University of Cambridge Species concepts and the selection of units for conservation management; Developing measures of biodiversity for the 2010 target; Genetic variation in UK harbour porpoises and their parasites; Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Tsaobis Baboon Project; Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Asian sika deer; Genetic analysis and management of captive-breeding populations; Optimisation and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; Ecology and conservation of the great yellow bumble bee; Sexual selection and signalling in chacma baboons; Epidemiological modelling of Phocine Distemper Virus; Predicting the susceptibilities of species to human disturbances; Functional response mechanisms in social foragers; Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in South Asia University of Cardiff Conservation management and ecological genetics of the black bog ant; Phylogeography of giant pandas; Adaptive divergence in Drosophila; Colony dynamics and the evolution of policing and reproductive skew in multiple-queen ants; Xenobiotic-induced alterations in gene expression in the brain and gonad; Red fox phylogeography in Switzerland University of Columbia, New York (USA) Extinction risk assessment for contemporary mammals University of Cork (Ireland) Cetacean strandings investigation University of East Anglia Harvesting, demography and dynamics of Malagasy chameleon populations University of Edinburgh The role of domestic dogs and jackals for the disease transmission to endangered carnivores in southern Africa; Genetic analysis of hybridisation between red deer and sika deer in Argyll, Scotland; Polygenetic variation and response to directional selection; Adaptive divergence in Drosophila in Gabon; Infectious parasites in wild cheetahs University of Exeter Xenobiotic-induced alterations in gene expression in the brain and gonad; Effects of the pesticide cypermethrin in gametogenesis and gamete quality in zebrafish University of Georgia (USA) Host–parasite ecology and evolution in wild mammals University of Gothenburg (Sweden) Molecular phylogenetics of University of Guayaquil (Ecuador) Building capacity and assessing disease threats to endemic Galapagos fauna University of Hannover (Germany) Lemur phylogeography University of Ishinomaki (Japan) Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Asian sika deer University of Kent, Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology Malagasy chameleon populations; Jackal Project University of La Trobe (Australia) Adaptive divergence in Drosophila University of Lausanne (Switzerland) Primary and secondary sex ratios in slave-making ants University of Leeds Natural selection, assortative mating and gene flow in a grasshopper hybrid zone in northern Spain; Simulations of parapatric and marginal species boundaries; Genetic responses to climate change in the brown argus butterfly University of Leicester Phylogeography of European bitterling Impact of the 2002 Phocine Distemper Virus epizootic on the UK seal population; Cetacean strandings investigation University of London, Imperial College Threatening processes and the conservation status of contemporary mammals; Species and populations as units for conservation assessment and management; Global biodiversity hotspots; Evaluating incentives for the sustainable hunting of bushmeat; Predicting the susceptibilities of species to human disturbances; Chytridiomycosis and amphibian conservation University of London, King's College Physiological correlates of reproductive fitness in the short-tailed field vole University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College Non-invasive monitoring of the reproductive cycle of ; Poxvirus infections in squirrels University of London, University College Genetics of quantitative trait variation in Drosophila; Drosophila Gabon project; Conservation and foraging ecology of bumble bees; Demography and reproduction of elephants in Myanmar; Metapopulation dynamics of black and white colobus monkeys; Bushmeat in Democratic Republic of Congo University of Malaya (Malaysia) Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses University of Minnesota (USA) Biocomplexity in the Serengeti ecosystem University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and assessing disease threats to endemic Galapagos fauna University of Natal (South Africa) Costs of vigilance in a social forager University of Newcastle Poxvirus infections in squirrels University of Oxford Ethiopian genetics University of Princeton (USA) Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Anthropogenic change and emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses University of Queensland (Australia) Semen freezing in macropods; adaptive divergence in Drosophila University of Redlands (USA) Feeding performance of African wild dog in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas University of Regensburg (Germany) Comparison of primary and secondary sex ratios in slave-making ants University of Saskatchewan (Canada) Cetacean strandings investigation University of Sheffield Global biodiversity hotspots; Sperm–oviduct interactions University of St Andrews Disease and carnivore coexistence; Epidemiological modelling of Phocine Distemper Virus Communication networks in African elephants University of Tohoku (Japan) Simulations of parapatric and marginal species boundaries University of Virginia (USA) Influence of energetic constraints on animal ecology; Threatening processes and the conservation status of contemporary mammals; Host–parasite ecology and evolution in wild mammals University of Washington (USA) The Serengeti Carnivore Census University of West of England Automatic ovulation prediction for pigs University of York Responses to climate change in the brown argus butterfly University of Zagreb (Croatia) Wolf and bear phylogeography

Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings investigation

Wageningen University (The Netherlands) Impact of aquaculture on the immune response genes of salmonid populations White Oak Conservation Center (USA) Genome Resource Bank for the Okapi EEP Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Population viability analysis of geese in Scotland Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Feeding performance of African wild dog in relation to hunting group size and kleptoparasitism from spotted hyaenas; Habitat use of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals; Long-term demography of Serengeti cheetahs; Cheetah censusing

collaborations 29 Animal Conservation Georgina Mace (Member, Advisory Board); Christopher Carbone (Member, Editorial Board); Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Animal Health Information Specialists (UK and Ireland) Ann Sylph (Member) Animal Reproduction Science William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) ASLIB Biosciences Group Ann Sylph (Newsletter Editor)

Behavioural Ecology Andrew Bourke (Editor) Biological Reviews Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) British Ecological Society Georgina Mace (Vice President)

Bushmeat Working Group Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member)

Centre for Ecology and Evolution Georgina Mace (Member, Steering Committee); Jon Bridle (Member, Steering Committee; Co-editor, CEE Newsletter) Cetacean and Turtle Steering Group (Biodiversity Action Plan) Paul Jepson (Member) Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group Michael Palmer (Member) Cheetah Conservation Fund Sarah Durant (Member, International Scientific Advisory Board) Conservation Education and Research Centre, Namibia Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Scientific Advisory Committee) Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA Andrew Cunningham (Associate) staff Representation CUP/ ZSL Conservation Biology book series Guy Cowlishaw (Series Editor)

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Andrew Cunningham (Member, Advisory Group on Quality Assurance, Veterinary Surveillance Strategy) Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Georgina Mace (Council Member)

EcoHealth Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial Board)

Frozen Ark Bill Holt (Member, Steering Group); Georgina Mace (Trustee)

Global Cheetah Forum Sarah Durant (Member, Steering Committee)

Insectes Sociaux Andrew Bourke (Member, Editorial Board) International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) International Embryo Transfer Society William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Committee); Amanda Pickard (Secretary, CANDES Advisory Committee) International Union for the Study of Social Insects Andrew Bourke (Member, WD Hamilton Award Committee; Treasurer, British Section) IUCN DAPTF Andrew Cunningham (Chair, Pathology and Disease Working Group) IUCN SSC Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, Global Species Assessment); Andrew Cunningham (Member, Veterinary Specialist Group and Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant (Member, Cat Specialist Group); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Veterinary Specialist Group and Conservation Breeding Specialist Group) IUCN SSC Executive Committee Georgina Mace (Member) IUCN SSC Red List Committee Georgina Mace (Chair)

Journal of Zoology William Jordan (Consultant Editor)

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Conditions and Trends Working Group Georgina Mace (Co-ordinating Lead Author)

Natural History Museum London Georgina Mace (Trustee) Natural Environment Research Council Georgina Mace (Member, Science and Innovation Strategy Board)

PLoS Biology Georgina Mace (Member, Editorial Board)

Reproduction William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Royal Society Georgina Mace (Member, Working Group on Biodiversity)

Society for Reproduction and Fertility Amanda Pickard (General Secretary)

The Sheep Trust William Holt (Trustee)

30 Agapow, P-M., Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Crandall, K.A., de Merode, E., Homewood, K. & Cowlishaw, G. (2004). Gittleman, J.L., Mace, G.M., Marshall, J.C. & Purvis, A. The value of bushmeat and other wild foods to rural (2004). The impact of species concept on biodiversity households living in extreme poverty in Democratic studies. Quarterly Review of Biology 79(2): 161–179. Republic of Congo. Biological Conservation 118(5): 573–581. Altizer, S., Nunn, C.L., Thrall, P.H., Gittleman, J.L., Antonovics, J., Cunningham, A.A., Dobson, A.P., Durant, S.M., Kelly, M. & Caro, T.M. (2004). Factors Ezenwa, V., Jones, K., Pedersen, A., Poss, M. & Pulliam, affecting life and death in Serengeti cheetahs: J.R.C. (2003). Social organization and parasite risk in environment, age and sociality. Behavioral Ecology mammals: integrating theory and empirical studies. 15(1): 11–22. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 34: 517–547. Elofsson, H., Van Look, K., Borg, B. & Mayer, I. (2003). Influence of salinity and ovarian fluid on sperm Amin, R., Bramer, M. & Emslie, R. (2003). Intelligent motility in the fifteen-spined stickleback. Journal of data analysis for conservation: experiments with rhino Fish Biology 63(6): 1429–1438. horn fingerprint identification. Knowledge-Based Systems 16: 329–336. Fazeli, A., Affara, N.A., Hubank, M. & Holt, W.V. (2004). Sperm-induced modification of the oviductal gene Bennett, P. (2004). Science in culture: the sound of expression profile after natural insemination in mice. extinction. Nature 428(6986): 895. Biology of Reproduction 71: 60–65.

Bennett, P.M. (2003). Newtonian birds in space and Fenton, A., Paterson, S., Viney, M.E. & Gardner, M.P. time. Review of Speciation and Biogeography of Birds (2004). Determining the optimal development route of by Newton, I. (2003). Trends in Ecology and Evolution Strongyloides ratti: an evolutionarily stable strategy 18(9): 444–445. approach. Evolution 58(5): 989–1000.

Birdsey, G.M., Lewin, J., Cunningham, A.A., Fenton, A. & Rands, S.A. (2004). Optimal parasite Bruford, M.W. & Danpure, C.J. (2004). Differential infection strategies: a state-dependent approach. enzyme targetting as an evolutionary adaptation to International Journal for Parasitology 34(7): 813–821. herbivory in . Molecular Biology and Evolution 21(4): 632–646. Fernandez, A., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Bourke, A.F.G. (2004). Social insects. In Grzimek’s Herraez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, E., Howie, F.E., Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition (Volume 3): Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, V., Martin, A., 67–73. Hutchins, M., Evans, A.V., Garrison, R.W. & Cunningham, A. & Jepson, P.D. (2004). Pathology: Schlager, N. (Eds). Michigan: Gale Group. whales, sonar and decompression sickness - Reply (Nature - Brief Communications Arising). Nature Bridle, J.R., Pedro, P.M. & Butlin, R.K. (2004). Habitat 428(6984): U1–U2. fragmentation and biodiversity: testing for the evolutionary effects of refugia. Evolution Garner, T.W.J., Pearman, P.B. & Angelone, S. (2004). 58(6): 1394–1396. Genetic diversity across a vertebrate species’ range: a test of the central-peripheral hypothesis. Molecular Caplen, G., Mottram, T.T., Pickard, A.R. & Milligan, S.R. Ecology 13: 1047–1053. (2004). A biosensor-based method for non-invasively monitoring wildlife reproduction - the field vole Groombridge, J.J., Jones, C.G., Nichols, R.A., Carlton, (Microtus agrestis) as a potential biomarker of M. & Bruford, M.W. (2004). Molecular phylogeny and environmental disruption. Analytical Letters morphological change in the Psittacula parakeets. 37(8): 1719–1735. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31(1): 96–108.

Cardillo, M., Purvis, A., Sechrest, W., Gittleman, J.L., Holehouse, K.A., Hammond, R.L. & Bourke, A.F.G. Bielby, J. & Mace, G.M. (2004). Human population (2003). Non-lethal sampling of DNA from bumble bees density and extinction risk in the world’s carnivores. for conservation genetics. Insectes Sociaux publications PLoS Biology 2(7): 909–914. 50(3): 277–285.

Carpenter, A.I., Rowcliffe, M. & Watkinson, A.R. (2004). Holt, W.V., Pickard, A.R. & Prather, R.S. (2004). Wildlife The dynamics of the global trade in chameleons. conservation and reproductive cloning. Reproduction Biological Conservation 120(2): 295–305. 127(3): 317–324.

Carpenter, A.I., Cote, I. & Jones, C. (2003). Habitat use, Holt, W.V. & Van Look, K.J.W. (2004). Concepts in egg laying sites and activity patterns of an endangered sperm heterogeneity, sperm selection and sperm Mauritian gecko (Phelsuma guentheri). The competition as biological foundations for laboratory Herpetological Journal 13: 155–158. tests of semen quality. Reproduction 127: 527–535.

Casey, S.P., Hall, H.J., Stanley, H.F. & Vincent, A.C.J. Holt, W.V. & Watson, P.F. (2004). Role of new and (2004). The origin and evolution of seahorses ( current methods in semen technology for genetic Hippocampus): a phylogenetic study using the resource conservation. In Farm Animal Genetic cytochrome b gene of mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Resources: Publication 30: 191–205. Simm, G., Phylogenetics and Evolution 30(2): 261–272. Villanueva, B., Sinclair, K.D. & Townsend, S. (Eds). British Society of Animal Science: Nottingham Chapman, R.E., Wang, J. & Bourke, A.F.G. (2003). University Press. Genetic analysis of spatial foraging patterns and resource sharing in bumble bee pollinators. Molecular Hyatt, A.D., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A., Field, H. & Ecology 12: 2801–2808. Gould, A.R. (2004). Henipaviruses: gaps in the knowledge of emergence. EcoHealth 1: 25–38. Chikhi, L., Goossens, B., Treanor, A. & Bruford, M.W. (2004). Population genetic structure of and inbreeding Isaac, N.J.B. & Cowlishaw, G. (2004). How species in an insular cattle breed, the Jersey, and its respond to multiple extinction threats. Proceedings of implications for genetic resource management. the Royal Society of London Series B 271: 1135–1141. Heredity 92: 396–401. Isaac, N.J.B. & Purvis, A. (2004). The ‘species problem’ Coltman, D.W., Goodman, S.J. & Bowen, W.D. (2002). and testing macroevolutionary hypotheses. Diversity Molecular ecology of Atlantic harbor seals, and Distributions 10: 275–281. vitulina. Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals: 138–151. Pfeiffer, C.J. (Ed.). Florida: Krieger Jepson, P.D., Arbelo, M., Deaville, R., Patterson, I.A.P., Publishing Company. Castro, P., Baker, J.R., Degollada, E., Ross, H.M., Herraez, P., Pocknell, A.M., Rodriguez, F., Howie, F.E., Cowlishaw, G., Lawes, M.J., Lightbody, M., Martin, A., Espinosa, A., Reid, R.J., Jaber, J.R., Martin, V., Pettifor, R. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2004). A simple rule for Cunningham, A.A. & Fernandez, A. (2003). Gas-bubble the costs of vigilance: empirical evidence from a social lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature 425(6958): forager. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 575–576. Series B 271(1534): 27–33. Jiggins, C.D. & Bridle, J.R. (2004). Speciation in the Cunningham, A.A., Kirkwood, J.K., Dawson, M., apple maggot fly: a blend of vintages? Trends in Spencer, Y.I., Green, R.B. & Wells, G.A.H. (2004). Bovine Ecology and Evolution 19(3): 111–114. spongiform encephalopathy infectivity in greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). Emerging Infectious Jordan, W.C., Dukes, J.P., Deaville, R., Bruford, M.W. & Diseases 10(6): 1044–1049. Youngson, A.F. (2003). Atlantic salmon change the expression of odorant receptor genes to learn the Cunningham, A.A., Prakash, V., Pain, D., Ghalsasis, smell of home. Journal of Fish Biology 63: 233–234. G.R., Wells, G.A.H., Kolte, G.N., Nighot, P., Goudar, M.S., Kshirsagar, S. & Rahmani, A. (2003). Indian Kopeika, J., Kopeika, E., Zhang, T.T., Rawson, D.M. vultures: victims of an infectious disease epidemic? & Holt, W.V. (2004). Effect of DNA repair inhibitor Animal Conservation 6: 189–197. (3-aminobenzamide) on genetic stability of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm. Theriogenology 61(9): 1661–1673.

staff representation and publications 31 Lello, J., Boag, B., Fenton, A., Stevenson, I.R. & Schaschl, H., Kaulfus, D., Hammer, S. & Suchentrunk, F. Gurnell, J., Sainsbury, A.W., Lloyd, C., Savery, J., Hudson, P.J. (2004). Competition and mutualism (2003). Spatial patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear Pfeiffer, D.U. & Newitt, J. (2004). Numbers and welfare among the gut helminths of a mammalian host. gene pools in (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) from of feral pigeons associated with Trafalgar Square, Nature 428(6985): 840–844. the Eastern Alps. Heredity 91: 125–135. London. Report to the Greater London Authority.

Leus, K., Macdonald, A.A., Goodall, G., Mitchell, S., Sharifi, M., Ghorbani, R., Fazeli, A. & Holt, W. (2004). Holt, W.V., Medrano, A., Thurston, L.M. & Watson, P.F. Hartley, A. & Bauwens, L. (2003). Cardiac glands with Evidence of sperm storage in Pipistrellus kuhlii (2003). Cooling rates and animal variability for boar a difference - scanning electron microscopy of the (Chiroptera: Vespertilioniodae) in western Iran. Folia sperm cryopreservation; insights from the cardiac gland region in the stomach of the babirusa, Zoologica 53(1): 1–6. cryomicroscope. Fifth International Conference on domestic pig, white-lipped peccary and Bennett’s Boar Semen Preservation. Doorwerth, The wallaby. In Zoo Animal Nutrition: 209–217. Fidgett, A., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Marino, J., Gottelli, D. & Macdonald, Netherlands. 24–27 August 2003. Clauss, M., Ganslosser, U., Hatt J-M. & Nijboer, J. D.W. (2004). Afroalpine ecology, solitary foraging and (Eds). Furth: Filander Verlag. intense sociality amongst Ethiopian . In Canid Jepson, P.D., Bennett, P.M., Deaville, R., Allchin, C.R., Biology and Conservation: 311–323. Macdonald, D.W. Baker, J.R. & Law, R.J. (2003). PCBs and health status Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Godfray, H.C.J. & Cook, J.M. & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University in UK-stranded harbour porpoises (Phocoena (2003). Evolutionary dynamics of host-plant use in a Press. phocoena): Investigating the links. Proceedings of the genus of leaf-mining moths. Evolution 57(8): Fifteenth Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine 1804–1821. Sumner, S., Hughes, W.O.H., Pedersen, J.S. & Mammals. Greensboro, North Carolina. 15–19 Boomsma, J.J. (2004). Ant parasite queens revert to December 2003. Lopez-Vaamonde, C., Koning, J.W., Jordan, W.C. & mating singly. Nature 428: 35–36. Bourke, A.F.G. (2003). No evidence that reproductive Pickard, A.R., Vazquez, J.M., Pemberton, R.M., Hart, J.P. bumblebee workers reduce the production of new Thomas, K., Tompkins, D.M., Sainsbury, A.W., & Mottram, T.T. (2003). Non-invasive endocrine queens. Animal Behaviour 66: 577–584. Wood, A.R., Dalziel, R., Nettelton, P.F. & McInnes, C.J. assessments in the domestic sow: towards an (2003). A novel poxvirus lethal to red squirrels automated reproductive monitoring system for pig Loskutoff, N.M., Holt, W.V. & Bartels, P. (Eds) (2003). (Sciurus vulgaris). Journal of General Virology production. The Appliance of Pig Science. University Biomaterial transport and disease risks (workbook 84(12): 3337–3341. of Nottingham, UK. 9–10 September 2003. development). Minnesota: CBSG. Van Horn, R.C., Engh, A.L., Scribner, K.T., Funk, S.M. Satake, N., Prathalingam, N.S. & Holt, W.V. (2003). The Mace, G.M. (2004). The role of taxonomy in species & Holekamp, K.E. (2004). Behavioural structuring of effect of mitochondrial inhibitors and caffeine on conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal relatedness in the spotted (Crocuta crocuta) motility and JC-1 aggregate formation in boar sperm. Society of London Series B 359: 711–719. suggests direct fitness benefits of clan-level Fifth International Conference on Boar Semen cooperation. Molecular Ecology 13(2): 449–458. Preservation. Doorwerth, The Netherlands. 24–27 Mendelson, S., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2003). August 2003. Anatomy of a bushmeat commodity chain in Takoradi, Van Look, K.J.W. & Kime, D.E. (2003). Automated Ghana. Journal of Peasant Studies 31(1): 73–100. sperm morphology analysis in fishes: the effect of mercury on goldfish sperm. Journal of Fish Biology O’Brien, S., Emahalala, E.R., Beard, V., Rakotondrainy, 63: 1020–1033. PhD Thesis R.M., Reid, A., Raharisoa, V. & Coulson, T. (2003). Decline of the Madagascar radiated tortoise Veit, C.E. & Wisser, J. (2003). Retrospective Carpenter, A.I. (2003). The ecology and exploitation Geochelone radiata due to overexploitation. Oryx confirmation and evaluation of toxoplasmosis with of chameleons in Madagascar. PhD thesis, University 37(3): 338–343. high mortality in saiga antelope. Verh. Ber. Erkrg. of East Anglia, UK. Zootiere 41: 113–116. Pain, D.J., Gargi, R., Cunningham, A.A., Jones, A. & Prakash, V. (2004). Mortality of globally threatened Wang, J. (2004). Application of the one-migrant-per- Sarus cranes Grus antigon from monocrotophos generation rule to conservation and management. MSc in Wild Animal Health Project Reports poisoning in India. Science of the Total Environment Conservation Biology 18(2): 332–343. 326: 55–61. Arca-Ruibal, B. (2003). Effects of pre-induction stress Wang, J.L. (2004). Sibship reconstruction from genetic on blood-gas, serum enzymes and cortisol levels in Pascolini, R., Daszak, P., Cunningham, A.A., Tei, S., data with typing errors. Genetics 166(4): 1963–1979. captive non-domestic equidae. Vagnetti, D., Bucci, S., Fagotti, A. & Di Rosa, I. (2003). Parasitism by Dermocystidium ranae in a population Wikelski, M. & Carbone, C. (2004). Environmental Delanis, W. (2003). Development of a polymerase chain of Rana esculenta complex in Central Italy and scaling of body size in island populations of reaction technique (PCR) for the detection of description of Amphibiocystidium n. gen. Diseases of Galapagos marine iguanas. In Iguanas: Biology and microsporidiosis in preserved specimens of threatened Aquatic Organisms 56(1): 65–74. Conservation: 148–157. Alberts, A.C., Carter, R.L., partulid snails. Hayes, W.K. & Martins, E.P. (Eds). Berkeley, California: Pereboom, J.J.M. & Biesmeijer, J.C. (2003). Thermal University of California Press Elliott, P. (2003). The prevalence of fat embolism in UK constraints for stingless bee foragers: the importance cetacean stranding mortalities: formalin-fixed lung of body size and coloration. Oecologia 137(1): 42–50. Zhang, X., Wang, J. & Hill, W.G. (2004). Influence of tissue archives stained with oil red O. dominance, leptokurtosis and pleitropy of deleterious Pickard, A.R. & Holt, W.V. (2004). Cryopreservation as mutations on quantitative genetic variation at Flores Miyamoto, K. (2003). Lowland anoa (Bubalus a supporting measure in species conservation; ‘not the mutation-selection balance. Genetics 166(1): 597–610. depressicornis): feeding a dwarf version of buffalo. frozen zoo’! In Life in the Frozen State: 393–413. Benson, E., Fuller, B. & Lane, N. (Eds). Baton Rouge: Zhang, X.S., Wang, J. & Hill, W.G. (2004). Garcia, C. (2003). Observations on helminth parasites CRC Press. Redistribution of gene frequency and changes of of captive and free-living common dormice quantitative genetic variation following a bottleneck in (Muscardinus avellanarius). Pickard, A.R., Holt, W.V., Green, D.I., Cano, M. & population size. Genetics 167:1475–1492. Abaiger, T. (2003). Endocrine correlates of sexual Holmes, R. (2003). Carcass feeding and contra- behaviour in the Mohor gazelle (Gazella dama mhorr). freeloading in captive wild felids. Hormones and Behaviour 44(4): 303–310. Conference and Workshop Publications and Lankester, F. (2003). Nutritional diarrhoea in captive Pollock, C., Mace, G. & Hilton-Taylor, C. (2003). The other Reports orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus) and possible causal revised IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: version factors. 3.1. In Harmonisation of Red Lists for threatened Butlin, R.K., Bridle, J.R. & Kawata, M. (2003). Genetics species in Europe: 33–43. De Iongh, H.H., Banki, O.S. and the boundaries of species’ distributions. In Lennox, A. (2003). Assessment of bone metabolism & Bergmann, W. (Eds). Leiden: Commission for Macroecology: Concepts and Consequences: 274–295. in wild polar ( maritimus) using serum International Nature Protection. Proceedings of the 43rd British Ecological Society biochemical markers. Annual Symposium. Gaston, K. & Blackburn, T. (Eds). Reichard, M., Smith, C. & Jordan, W.C. (2004). Genetic Oxford: Blackwell Science. Manketelow, P. (2003). Development of a PCR evidence reveals density-dependent mediated success molecular assay to detect PTLV retroviral infection of alternative mating behaviours in the European Caplen, G., Pickard, A.R., Mottram, T.T. & Milligan, S.R. in primates. bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Molecular Ecology 13: (2003). Facilitating non-invasive physiological data 1569–1578. collection from a sentinel species - a novel means of Mwangi, D. (2003). Use of Mycobacterium avium - assessing ecological health. South East Midlands specific PCR to examine reedbed filtration efficacy. Reid, W.V. & Mace, G.M. (2003). Taking conservation Branch of the Institution of Agricultural Engineers, biology to new levels in environmental decision 2003.Cranfield University, Silsoe. Newitt, J. (2003). Effects of feeding on group making. Conservation Biology 17: 943–945. behaviour and aggression in the feral pigeon Caplen, G., Pickard, A.R., Mottram, T.T. & Milligan, S.R. (Columba livia). Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Long, J. (2003). (2003). A non-invasive means of monitoring wildlife A model of human hunting impacts in multi-prey fertility - the field vole (Microtus agrestis) as a Paredes Gonzales, J. (2003). Ultrasonographic and communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 872–889. terrestrial biomarker. Mammal Society Easter physical anatomical comparison between axial and Conference, 28–30 March 2003. University of optical dimensions in the eye of a harbour porpoise Rowcliffe, J.M., Pettifor, R.A. & Carbone, C. (2004). Edinburgh, Scotland. (Phocoena phocoena). Foraging inequalities in large groups: quantifying depletion experienced by individuals in goose flocks. Cunningham, A.A. (2003). Disease considerations for Trondle, U. (2003). Influence of environmental factors Journal of Animal Ecology 73(1): 97–108. northern bald ibis translocations. Proceedings of the on the behaviour of Asian elephants (Elephas International Advisory Group (IAGNBI) for the maximus) at Chester Zoo. Sainsbury, A.W., Kountouri, A., DuBoulay, G. & Kertesz, Northern Bald Ibis Meeting Innsbruck: 42–45. P. (2004). Oral disease in free-living red squirrels Tirol, . July 2003. Tschopp, R. (2003). Investigation of the prevalence of (Sciurus vulgaris) in the United Kingdom. Journal of the Campylobacter spp. infection in captive-bred Asian Wildlife Diseases 40(2): 185–196. Dickie, L.A., Gurnell, J. & Pickard, A.R. (2003). Non- ungulates in the passage through Asia Exhibit at Schaschl, H., Goodman, S. & Suchentrunk, F. (2004). invasive monitoring of the progesterone cycle in fossa Whipsnade Wild Animal Park. Sequence analysis of the MHC class II DRB alleles in (Cryptoprocta ferox). Fifth Annual Symposium on Zoo Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra). Research. Marwell Zoological Park. 7–8 July 2003. Watson, B. (2003). Seroprevalence to red squirrel Developmental and Comparative Immunology parapoxvirus in grey squirrels (Sciurus carolensis) with 28(3): 265–277. relation to age and other parameters.

32 publications For further information about the Institute of Zoology contact: Professor Georgina Mace Director of Science Institute of Zoology The Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY

Telephone 020 7449 6601 Facsimile 020 7586 2870 [email protected] www.zsl.org

Anolis sp., Metripolitano Park, Panama City

director’s introduction 1 © 2004 The Zoological Society of London. Registered charity no. 208728 • Thanks to the following for use of photographs: p2 Noëlle Kümpel, Pascual Calabuig, Matthew Perkins; p4 The Royal Society; p6 Simon Goodman; p8 Troy Inman; p9 Nicola Jenner; p10 Glyn Davies, Noëlle Kümpel; p11 Chris Carbone; p12 Roselle Chapman; p13 Mike Lawes, D.R. Nash; p14 Carl Smith, Martin Reichard; p17 Guayarmina Brito, Paul Jepson; p18 Teresa Abaigar; p19 Katrien Van Look; p20 Simon Goodman, Andrew Cunningham, Emmanuel de Merode; p21 J. Foster, Stephan Funk; p25 Carlos Valderrama; p33 Simon Goodman • Thanks also to: Brian Aldrich, Tony Blurton, Michael Lister and Ian Meyrick • Edited by Linda DaVolls • All rights are reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the publisher • Print by Wace • Design by newlevel.co.uk