Institute of Zoology

LIVING conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2007/08 26919_Inner Cover:newlevel.co.uk 7/10/08 15:09 Page 1

(below) African straw-coloured fruit IOZ research strategy bats Eidolon helvum See page 14

© D. Hayman

This table summarises the main aspects of our research strategy, and the way in which it is to be implemented with our partners and collaborators. A full version of the strategy is available on request.

IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3

To undertake relevant, To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to high-quality biological research conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and and research training identified by conservation the wider community organisations }

IoZ HEFCE funded programme We run a programme of meetings and Activities publications see page 22: We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: • Biodiversity and macroecology see page 8 • Journal of Zoology and Animal • Behavioural and population ecology see page 10 Conservation • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 12 • Wildlife epidemiology see page 14 • Annual programme of evening • Reproductive biology see page 16 scientific meetings We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 27 • Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation Science Plan. The major topics: biology (a) Biodiversity patterns and processes How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, • Technical publications to support temporal and biological scales? best practice in zoos (International (b) People and the environment in a changing world ZooYearbook) and in field How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside conservation (Conservation Reports) human population growth and development? • Conservation Science and Practice book series published with Wiley-Blackwell

with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Programmes see page 20: • Bushmeat and forests • Carnivores and people • Deserts and rangelands • Marine and freshwater • UK native species • Island ecosystems

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection: • Animal health and welfare research • Reproductive monitoring

© 2008 The Zoological Society of London.

with } We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to theTropical Registered charity no. 208728 research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference Edited by Linda DaVolls Design by newlevel.co.uk with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science All rights are reserved, no part of this bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation publication may be reproduced, stored in Ecology and Evolution a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, We run MSc courses in Wild photocopying, recording or otherwise, Animal Health and Wild Animal without prior permission of the publisher. Biology with the Royal Veterinary College and an MSc course in Conservation Science see page 27

Print conforms to ISO 14001. Cover stock with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and certified by Forest Stewardship Council organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science (FSC).Text pages 1–32 produced using research interests see page 33 Wildlife Conservation Society and and conservation 75% recovered fibre certified by FSC. Natural England

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Xxxxxxxxxxxx X foreword

It’s hard to fix something if you don’t know how it works in the first place. The need for good science to underpin conservation practice and policy has never been greater as pressures on the environment continue to grow. This year’s report demonstrates once again the diversity of research and training carried out at the Institute of Zoology in response to this need.

Scientific highlights have included a global map of the distribution of emerging infectious diseases, which reveals that most diseases come from areas where large human populations come into contact with areas of high biodiversity, and hence identifies the importance of managing human-wildlife interactions to minimise the risk of future outbreaks. Diseases are not only a threat to humans, and research into the role of chytridiomycosis in global amphibian declines, rabies in African wild dogs, and malaria in Australian birds, has continued to improve our understanding of how pathogens affect wild animal populations.

Institute research also continues to provide clear evidence of how practical objectives in conservation can be underpinned by good quality research. Notably, the Indicators and Assessments Unit has contributed to the development of scientifically robust global biodiversity indicators, providing information that underpins national and international conservation planning towards the Convention on Biological Diversity and the UN Millennium Development goals.

The importance of conservation science needs to be communicated to Contents maximize its impact, and we continue to publicise the results of our extensive

1 Foreword scientific research to scientists, conservation practitioners, policy makers and 2 Introduction the general public alike, through the activities of the ZSL press office and 3 IoZ news 4 Research news the programme of meetings and symposia organised by the Institute. High 6 Research themes attendances at the latter attest to their continued topicality and interest, as 8 Biodiversity and macroecology well as the excellence of the speakers we attract. 10 Behavioural and population ecology 12 Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability 14 Wildlife epidemiology The link between the Institute and the Department of Zoology at the University 16 Reproductive biology of Cambridge continues to be rewarding as is seen in the wealth of 18 Indicators and assessments unit 20 ZSL conservation programmes collaborative studies, the strength of publications and the training of students. 22 Communicating science The focus on conservation biology at Cambridge has integrated very well with 24 ZSL scientific awards 2007 the Institute’s interests and, with a foot in both camps, I regard the growing 26 Library 27 Education and training collaboration as extremely welcome and important. 28 Funding 30 Governance, staff and students 33 Collaborations 36 Staff representation Professor Sir Patrick Bateson 37 Publications President 40 Student publications

Foreword 1 Introduction

The steep learning curve inherent in taking over at the top of IoZ was made steeper still by the coincidence between my arrival and the government’s periodic Research Assessment Exercise to rate the quality of university departments. IoZ is not obliged to submit to the RAE, but does so as a means of ensuring that the government gets value from its investment in our science. The last RAE was in 2001, and the intervening six years has seen many important contributions by IoZ scientists to the science underpinning conservation biology. Significant firsts include studies providing evidence of a fatal gas and fat embolic condition in cetaceans analogous to decompression sickness in human divers, a global species richness map for a complete higher taxon (birds), a model to explain the determinants of IUCN extinction risk in all mammalian species, models describing how leadership in foraging animals can emerge spontaneously from initially identical individuals, and molecular-based evidence that the effects of inbreeding in a wildlife population are more pronounced for complex diseases. During the RAE period IoZ scientists published 18 papers in Nature and Science, 14 papers in PNAS, Current Biology and PLoS Biology, and 625 papers in total. My personal view, which I hope the RAE panel will share, is that it is an excellent record for a relatively small organisation.

The passing of one RAE merely means that thoughts turn to the next, and to ways in which IoZ can continue to develop. The revised ZSL Strategic Plan confirmed science as one of the key mission areas for the Society, but also recognised the value of teamwork and collaboration in achieving our goals. A review of our collaborations with the University of Cambridge revealed a broad range of links, not only with the Zoology department, but also with Applied Maths, Biological Anthropology, the Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, and the Microsoft Computational Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory. The appointment of Professor Rhys Green, with his links to the conservation NGO community, as Chair of the Joint ZSL/Cambridge committee offers further opportunities in this regard. So too does the translocation of Dr Jonathan Baillie from IoZ to Director of Conservation Programmes, and the subsequent development of a cross-society Conservation Committee with representatives from all mission areas.

Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

2 Introduction IOZNews

(left) This year we have had to say goodbye to Kate Jones two long-serving members of research staff. Peter Bennett departed for a (below left) Readership at DICE, University of Kent. Amanda Duffus Peter contributed widely to the science (below right) output and administration of IoZ for more Andrew King than 20 years, ultimately becoming the head of the Biodiversity and (bottom) Macroecology ResearchTheme. Nick Isaac Daria Dadam left for a research position at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. Nick worked on and off at IoZ for a decade, finally on a NERC fellowship. We wish both Nick and Peter well in their new positions. Last year also saw the departure of Phil Cottingham, after more than 20 years of service. Phil’s seemingly effortless contribution to the management of IoZ was a boon to all who work here. We wish him a long and happy retirement.

At the same time, it is a pleasure to welcome two new staff members. Rosie Woodroffe joins us as a Senior Research Fellow, from her previous position as an associate professor at UC Davis. Rosie is well known for her research on the conservation of African wild dogs, and links between the European badger population and tuberculosis in cattle. Nichola Raihani joins us on a four-year post-doctoral research fellowship. Nichola has just finished a PhD at the University of Cambridge on cooperative breeding in Congratulations are due to Kate Jones, babblers, and will be using her time here who this year achieved a well-deserved to develop a study of this behaviour in promotion to Senior Research Fellow.The Australian apostlebirds. talents of our PhD students have also (right) been recognised in various awards. Notably, Nichola Raihani Amanda Duffus won the prize for the best student oral presentation at the Ecology (far right) Rosie Woodroffe and Management of Wildlife Disease Conference, inYork, while Andrew King won first prize in both the UCL Graduate School 2007 Poster Competition and the student competition at the VI. Göttinger Freilandtage conference. Congratulations also go to Daria Dadam for organising an excellent IoZ student conference and for winning the prize for the best presentation with her talk Dracula and the cockney sparrow: can haematology shed light on the decline of the London sparrow?

IoZ news 3 Research News

Over the year research undertaken at IoZ The emergence of lethal has continued to respond to a wide range chytridiomycosis on Sardinia of conservation issues. As a result of this The amphibian pathogen work, some of which is described below, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the ever-more accurate predictions about aetiological agent of chytridiomycosis, population changes in the light of a disease causing species declines and environmental pressures can be made to extinctions around the world. inform national and international Collaboration between scientists at decision-making processes. IoZ, Imperial College and the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid has revealed the emergence of B. dendrobatidis in up to nine countries in Europe, but to date the only lethal form of the disease reported for Europe remains the emergence in Peñalara © N. Lindsay Natural Park, near Madrid. A new IoZ Asian vultures face extinction in collaboration with ‘Zirichiltaggi’ Sardinian the wild within a decade Wildlife Conservation, a Sardinian-based Research carried out by Andrew NGO, has led to the discovery of the Cunningham and collaborators has pathogen on Sardinia in the endangered revealed that imminent extinction looms Sardinian brook newt Euproctus for at least three species of vulture in platycephalus, an amphibian species India. The oriental white-backed vulture found only on the island. This discovery Gyps bengalensis population is declining was cause for great concern, as the by more than 40% each year in India, Sardinian amphibian fauna is Europe’s where it has plunged by 99.9% since 1992. most novel and highly endemic and Numbers of long-billed vulture G. indicus B. dendrobatidis has the capacity to and slender-billed vulture G. tenuirostris spread with alarming speed. In response have each fallen by almost 97% in the to this, and funded by The People’s Trust same period. The cause of the for Endangered Species, Zirichiltaggi and catastrophic decline in vultures is IoZ initiated surveillance for the disease diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory across Sardinia. Corpses of another treatment for livestock. Although Sardinian endemic, the Sardinian painted manufacture of the drug was banned in frog Discoglossus sardus were also India in 2006, and a non-toxic discovered during field surveys. replacement has been found, farmers Furthermore, although the initial brook continue to use black market diclofenac newt samples testing positive came from because of its cheaper price. Captive the south in the Sette Fratelli mountains, breeding is now the last hope for these no evidence of infection was detected at species and we are pleased to report that other locations in these mountains. Instead, an oriental white-backed vulture was it appears that the more northerly Limbara hatched this year in a captive-breeding mountains harbour disease in several centre near Pinjore, northen India, which drainages, with both newts and painted was established with funds from a Darwin frogs infected and dying from disease. Initiative grant to ZSL.

Molecular phylogenetics of

(above) Round Island petrels Snorkelling for newts in the The gadfly petrels represent a major Limbara mountains problem for taxonomists. Morphological differences between species can be slight, (right) and as a consequence the taxonomy of Sardinian brook newt petrels is confused and in need of

© T. Garner revision. Round Island supports colonies

4 (left) Members of the CSIP team from ZSL begin examination of the common dolphins that died during the mass stranding event in Cornwall © PA Photos

of two petrel species, Pterodroma Yangtze River dolphin workshop Prevention of Chytrid Spread arminjoniana and P. neglecta, and is declared extinct and Early Surveillance Measures in occasionally visited by a third species, TheYangtze River dolphin or baiji Lipotes Dominica. Funded by Defra’s Darwin P. heraldica. PhD student Ruth Brown has vexillifer was this year declared extinct Initiative, the workshop represented the been carrying out phylogenetic analysis following an intensive six-week survey culmination of a three-year conservation of cytochrome-b sequences in order to of its habitat. Using high-tech optical project addressing the threat of better understand the status of the three instruments and underwater chytridiomycosis to the area’s unique species, as well as mechanisms of microphones, SamTurvey and an amphibian biodiversity. Chytrid reached speciation in the petrels.The results international team of scientists scoured Dominica in 2002 and has since resulted revealed no clear distinction between almost 3,500km of the river, fromYichang in the death of over 80% of the island’s arminjoniana, neglecta and heraldica, but near theThree Gorges Dam to Shanghai population of mountain chicken frogs the distribution of sequences suggests and back again, for signs of the dolphin. Leptodactylus fallax. that each species has been evolving The dolphin's population had plummeted © B. Lawson independently for a long time with from 400 in the 1980s to less than 100 in occasional hybridisation events. the mid-1990s.The last searches, in 1997–1999, suggested that as few as 13 dolphins might still survive.The expedition was intended to form the first part of an emergency recovery programme to translocate remaining baiji to a 21km-long oxbow lake in the nature reserve ofTian'e-zhou for an intensive breeding programme. Unfortunately, not a single individual was found.The primary The Dominican Forestry and Wildlife factor for the dolphin’s decline was Division have joined forces with IoZ to probably unsustainable by-catch in local monitor chytrid outbreaks across the fisheries.The extinction of the dolphin, island. A major outcome of the workshop whose lineage separated from all other was the generation of ideas to prevent the species of mammal over 20 million years movement of chytrid between the islands ago, represents the disappearance of a of the Lesser Antilles, including immersing major branch of the tree of life. consignments of fruit from other islands in seawater to flush out stowaway amphibians which may be infected by © R. Brown Chytridiomycosis workshop in chytrid. Future plans for Dominica include Dominica the opening of the now partially-built Common dolphin mass stranding In April Andrew Cunningham and Becki mountain chicken frog conservation investigation Lawson organised a regional training breeding centre. A team of IoZ staff from the UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme attended the recent mass stranding of common dolphins that occurred in and around the Percuil River in Cornwall on 9 June. In total, 26 common dolphins died or were found dead during the course of the day.The Defra funded CSIP team coordinated the post-mortem examinations of all 26 common dolphins, with the assistance of staff from the Veterinary Laboratory Agency at Polwhele. A comprehensive investigation into the mass stranding event is ongoing and a full report, including results of the post-mortem examinations, will be Yangtze River dolphin

released shortly. © S. Leatherwood

Research news 5 Research Themes

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organised into five Research Themes: Biodiversity and Macroecology page 8 Behavioural and Population Ecology page 10 Genetic Variation, Fitness and Adaptability page 12 Wildlife Epidemiology page 14 Reproductive Biology page 16

Each Research Theme group is made up of several research fellows, post-doctoral research assistants and PhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellow or Reader. Most staff work across several Research Themes in broad internal and external collaborations. The following pages outline some of the outcomes of current research programmes in each theme.

6 © S. Durant

Research themes 7 Biodiversity & MacroEcology

(below) Melanophthalma fulgurita,a small (~2mm body length) fungus-feeding beetle that is rarely found in the grassland matrix, increases in abundance inside the forest, but is most abundant when several kilometres from the nearest forest edge. The Biodiversity and Macroecology Global patterns of avian Research Theme aims to describe patterns species richness 0.40

of diversity in the biology, ecology and It is well known that the tropics are home ) -1 distribution of animal species and their to more species than higher latitudes, 0.32 .day

habitats at regional and global scales, and but species richness patterns are more -2 Forest Grassland to test hypotheses about the evolutionary complex than a simple global latitudinal 0.24 Matrix and ecological processes that may gradient. For example, the current species

explain the origin and maintenance of richness of birds peaks in tropical 0.16 this diversity.We also aim to work with mountain ranges, most notably through

practitioners to apply this knowledge in the Andes, Rift Valley mountains, and 0.08 setting priorities for conservation action. Himalayas. New research assesses the Abundance (beetles.m

possible role of the timing of mountain 0.00 © R. Ewers 4 0 4 - 16 64

uplift in promoting diversification in -16 -64 256 256 - 1024 different regions. Spatial patterns in the -1024 Distance to edge (m) richness of bird species were examined in order to evaluate how they overlap with patterns in the richness of higher taxa – Large-scale edge effects genera, families and orders.The results Habitat edges are a ubiquitous feature of (a) Species 1 956 show that hotspots of species richness in modern fragmented landscapes and have the Andes are congruent with patterns of a profound influence on the spatial genus richness, hotspots in the Himalayas distribution of many species. Determining are congruent with patterns of both genus the spatial scale over which organisms and family richness, but hotspots in the are affected by habitat edges (the ‘edge Rift Valley mountains do not reflect higher effect’) is important for conservation taxon patterns.These results imply that biology because it defines a transition the timing of historical effects on species from degraded to intact, interior habitat, richness patterns varies across regions. which is home to the most threatened (b) Genera 1 490 For example, the Rift Valley mountains are species in fragmented landscapes. A rich in species but not in genera or families recent study has found surprisingly large- because these mountains are young, and so scale edge effects for beetle communities have only been influencing diversification in New Zealand.Typically, edge effects for patterns for the past 7 million years or so. invertebrates should penetrate around In contrast, the Andes are rich in species 200–400m inside a forest, but we showed and genera because they are older, and so that as many as one in eight beetle have been able to influence diversification species was impacted by habitat edges for the past 25 million years. Overall, this over spatial scales of more than 1km. (c) Families 171suggests that diversification rates respond Previous modelling work had shown that to long-term changes in topography, and 1km edge effects can reduce the that historical patterns of diversification population size of forest interior species are still visible in distributions of bird by 80% and even lead to local extirpation higher taxa today. from many habitat patches.These results suggest that it is crucial to try to design Thomas GH, Orme CDL, Davies RG, Olson VA, Bennett PM, Gaston KJ, Owens IPF & BlackburnTM (2008) Regional reserves that minimise edge effects by variation in the historical components of global avian species having shapes that are as circular as richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 340–351. possible. Moreover, if the pattern we (d) Orders 119 detected in New Zealand is mirrored in (left) other parts of the world, it is likely that Global distribution of the richness of (a) species, large areas of forest that we previously (b) genera, (c) families and (d) orders of birds. ‘Hotter’ colours indicate higher levels of richness. assumed to be undisturbed may in fact already be under human pressure.

Ewers RM & Didham RK (2008) Pervasive impact of large- scale edge effects on a beetle community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 5426–5429.

8 Number of emerging infectious diseases events

1 2–3 4–5 6–7 8–11

(left) Global richness map of the geographic origins of EID events from 1940 to 2004.The map is derived for EID events caused by all pathogen types. Circles represent one degree grid cells, and the area of the circle is proportional to the number of events in the cell.

(below) Global trends in human emerging rates, oxygen stores and movement rates. Conventionally, we estimate species infectious diseases (EIDs) In our study of abundance patterns abundance in two dimensions Research published in the journal Nature (Carbone et al., 2007) we examine how (e.g. individuals per hectare). Many analysed the spatial and temporal global factors such as resource requirements, animals, however, such as flying pattern in emerging infectious human diet and use of space influence insects, forage in three dimensions. Take the example in a) where we are diseases, such as AIDS, Ebola and SARS. abundance. It might seem obvious that monitoring five species of insects of This analysis uniquely brought together small animals have smaller resource different size monitored in different the fields of macroecology, disease needs than big animals and are therefore sized plots. Conventionally we might ecology, socioeconomics and global more common. But why don't we have measure abundance by counting individuals overhead and projecting change to look at human diseases on a large super-species which dominate the their numbers in two dimensions (the global scale. The study correlated 335 planet? This research suggests that, in blue regions below each plot) to get emerging infectious disease ‘events’ with addition to the animals’ resource needs, number of individuals/metre 2 rather global patterns in human population size influences the use of resources itself. than the number per cubic metre density, changes in population, latitude, A good example is that large-bodied (based on the area in the box). However, the two measures differ not rainfall and wildlife biodiversity. The predators tend to hunt prey that live in only in absolute terms, but also in results were plotted against a measure of groups, whereas small-bodied predators relation to the size of the area global effort to identify new diseases to often hunt solitary animals: this leads to measured. One can see that the ratio produce a risk map of disease emergence, larger bodied species being rarer than of the measures decreases with an increase in plot size and this and to identify regions where new EIDs predicted solely on the basis of their influences our summary graph, b) of are most likely to originate (emerging resource requirements. Our work also abundance against body size. Such disease ‘hotspots’). Diseases that host reveals a profound importance for the differences could have important shift from wildlife to humans (zoonotics) way animals use space (see below). These implications for our understanding of were the main source of human emerging findings help understand the patterns of abundance patterns in animals which use space in different ways. infectious diseases. Areas that have both rarity and commonness observed in a high human population density and a nature, and therefore inform the high wildlife biodiversity have the highest conservation choices made by managers. likelihood of an infectious disease Carbone C, Rowcliffe JM, Cowlishaw G & Isaac NJB emerging into human populations. This (2007) The scaling of abundance in consumers and their paper demonstrates that conserving areas resources: implications for the energy equivalence rule. American Naturalist 170: 479–484. rich in biodiversity from development may be an important means of preventing Stephens PA, Carbone C, Boyd IL, McNamara JM, Harding KC & Houston AI (2008) The scaling of diving the emergence of new diseases in time budgets: insights from an optimality approach. American Naturalist 171: 305–314. humans. The study also indicates that global resources to counter disease 1724 emergence are poorly allocated, with the a) majority of the scientific and surveillance 729 Area used by animal (m3) effort focused on countries from where 216 the next important emerging infectious 27 Area measured by researcher (m2) 144 disease is least likely to originate. 936 81 36 9 12Length of side Jones KE, Patel NG, Levy MA, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL & Daszak P (2008) Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature 451: 990–994. 1/3 1/6 1/9 1/12 Ratio of measured to used areas

b) Energy, mass and space – Abundance overestimated because some physics behind animal area used is underestimated ecology and behaviour When we look at particular types of 2 behaviour across a wide range of species, Estimated Density (number/m ) it is clear that size is important. But why is this so? In recent papers (Carbone et al., Abundance This difference increases with 2007; Stephens et al., 2008) we explore True Density the size of the area measured basic questions about the effects of body (number/m3) size through its influence on metabolic

Body Mass Research themes 9 Behavioural & Population Ecology

Our research in behavioural ecology and Individual variability and ‘family effect’ leads to the observed population ecology has two major reproductive success in cheetahs variance of the long-term reproductive interlinked aims: to test fundamental Over 30 years of research on cheetahs success of cheetah females being twice hypotheses in behavioural and population Acinonyx jubatus in the Serengeti the expected variance under the ecology and to use our knowledge of the National Park, Tanzania, has helped assumption of complete independence of behavioural and population ecology of increase our understanding of carnivore fates between cubs. Such reported effects wild species, and the human populations ecology and behaviour, and last year was increase overall stochasticity in that interact with them, to inform no exception. Thanks to this long-term demography and make small cheetah conservation policy and management. study of free-ranging, known individual populations even more vulnerable to cheetahs, three novel aspects of cheetah extinction. In the case of highly reproduction and population dynamics threatened carnivores such as cheetahs, have been highlighted. First, females are this can have serious consequences on highly promiscuous, with high levels of the recommendations for conservation multiple paternity within litters and no and management. Our results reinforce evidence of mate fidelity (Gottelli et al., the importance of long-term studies that 2007). Second, the annual reproductive follow multiple generations in gaining a success of female cheetahs varies full understanding of the factors affecting markedly between individuals, and these population dynamics in vertebrates. individual differences are partly driven by Gottelli D, Wang JL, Bashir S & Durant SM (2007) Genetic longevity, in that females that have short analysis reveals promiscuity among female cheetahs. lives raise more viable cubs per year than Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 274: 1993–2001. those that live longer (Pettorelli & Durant, Pettorelli N & Durant SM (2007a) Longevity in cheetahs: 2007a). Such a result suggests that The key to success? Oikos 116: 1879–1886. experience and the increase in the Pettorelli N & Durant SM (2007b) Family effects on early number of reproductive events with survival and variance in long-term reproductive success of female cheetahs. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 908–914. longevity are key processes leading to a strong positive correlation between lifetime reproductive success and longevity. Finally, cub survival is litter- Sex roles upside down on antelope dependent, with cubs from the same litter mating arenas exhibiting more similar fates than When biologists speak of the Battle of the unrelated cubs when it comes to first year Sexes they usually assume that the survival (Pettorelli & Durant, 2007b). This conflict is between persistent males who always want to mate and coy, choosy females. However, this need not always be the case. In the topi antelopes Damaliscus lunatus of the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem, the sexual conflict can run in reverse. The hotshot topi males, who are found in the centre of mating arenas called leks, are discriminatory as to with whom they mate. Females mate many times with many different males and the males’ preference for the least mated females is thought to maximise their siring probability. The females on the other hand aggressively attack other mating couples, which enhances the females’ chances of getting mated. Males may in turn counterattack, especially if they have already mated many times with the aggressive female. This new insight from topi points to the possibility that role-reversal in the Battle of the Sexes © S. Durant

10 may be more common than is usually assumed, particularly when it comes to species where promiscuous females can cause sperm depletion in their favoured mating partners. In topi, the males may mate more than 30 times in half an hour during peaks in mating activity.

Bro-Jørgensen J (2007) Reversed sexual conflict in a promiscuous antelope. Current Biology 17: 2157–2161.

Conservation and Sustainable Use: a Handbook of Techniques The relentless exploitation of wildlife, whether for food, medicine or other uses, © J. Bro-Jørgensen is a key concern for conservationists worldwide. Indeed, wildlife conservation available free to individuals living and and sustainable use have recently become working outside the developed world centrepieces in conservation and through the Gratis Book Scheme, run as a development research. Assessment and collaboration between the Natural History interpretation of information, and ultimate Book Service, the British Ecological action in a scientific study of exploited Society, the publisher (Oxford University species must consider numerous factors: Press) and the authors. Details can be from the biology, habitat requirements found at and population dynamics of the species in www.nhbs.com/Conservation/gratis- question to the relationships that people books.php. have with their environment and the Milner-Gulland EJ & Rowcliffe M (2007) Conservation and species within it. Any long-term Sustainable Use: a Handbook ofTechniques. Oxford: Oxford management plan must ensure that University Press. people and wildlife can coexist – otherwise it is doomed to fail. (left) Conservation and Sustainable Use Octopus fisher in Mozambique. © N. Hill Understanding the sustainability of provides a practical and integrated natural resource use requires work on approach to carrying out research on the both biology and human behaviour. conservation of exploited species of any kind. It describes both field and analytical techniques for obtaining and interpreting information, and integrating biological, social, economic and institutional analyses. It also demonstrates how to translate information into effective action through appropriate interventions, from legislation to changing people's attitudes. This is the first time that all these issues have been covered together in a single, practically-orientated volume. The book is aimed at a wide audience, including graduate level students and researchers in conservation biology, human ecology, sociology and resource economics, field biologists, wildlife managers and practitioners in the fields of conservation and international development. It is also

Research themes 11 Genetic variation, fitness & adaptability

The aim of the Genetic Variation, Fitness How did stocking affect genetic Cantabria from the 1950s up until 2002, and Adaptability Research Theme is to variability in Spanish Atlantic we found that the genetic signal of the develop and apply empirical and salmon populations? original Cantabrian populations changed theoretical methods to describe patterns Unfortunately, Atlantic salmon Salmo significantly. When looking at the fish of relatedness among individuals, salar are declining across their entire caught after the stocking had begun, we populations and species. Our research distribution on both sides of the Atlantic saw a lower proportion of the typical aims to test hypotheses on the effects of Ocean. The reasons for this decline are Spanish mitochondrial DNA sequence and genetic diversity on individual fitness and not fully understood, but are likely to higher proportions of new sequences that population persistence and to apply this involve a combination of factors including we did not see in the Spanish fish caught knowledge of genetic structure and over-fishing, habitat loss, pollution, before stocking had begun. Even from the genetic diversity/fitness relationships to climate change and the construction of fish caught from Cantabrian rivers after the management of animal populations. dams that block migration. One region in the stocking had ended, we still identified which Atlantic salmon have been not-typically Spanish sequences. seriously declining over the last century is Comparing these odd sequences with northern Spain, the southern margin of other researchers' work, we identified that their European range. In Cantabria, one of these sequences are common in the the provinces of northern Spain, three of populations that were used to stock the the seven historic populations are now Cantabrian rivers. Therefore, importing extinct and the remaining populations are eggs and juveniles from foreign sources endangered. Scales have been collected has had a lasting effect on the genetics of from every angled-caught fish since the Cantabrian salmon populations. It is 1940s providing a unique resource of difficult to say whether this change will biological material for genetic analysis. have a negative impact overall; however, the populations are still declining. Further work may assist our understanding of the effects of changes to an Atlantic salmon population's genetic variability.

Ciborowski K L, Consuegra S, García de Leániz C, Wang J, Beaumont MA & Jordan WC (2007) Stocking may increase mitochondrial DNA diversity but fails to halt the decline of endangered Atlantic salmon populations. Conservation Genetics 8: 1355–1367.

Ecology and evolution in the Antarctic The Antarctic biota has evolved in isolation in an extreme environment over millions of years. In the Southern Ocean and coastal waters of Antarctica this has led to a unique fauna adapted to extreme low temperatures, the presence of ice and extreme seasonality. Extreme selection ©D.Hay pressures on organisms from bacteria to During the 1970s and 1980s, the four fish have resulted in unique changes at Cantabrian rivers were heavily stocked the genomic level, such as the evolution with salmon from a range of foreign of antifreeze glycoproteins from digestive sources including Scotland. Our study enzymes in the notothenioid fish. aimed to discover whether stocking the However, adaptation to life at extremes four Cantabrian rivers with foreign-origin involves physiological trade-offs that may salmon had any lasting effects on the constrain responses to climate change. genetics of the populations. By looking at Antarctica, as elsewhere, is suffering from the mitochondrial DNA (which is passed increased temperatures and observations on to the next generation from the indicate that the Scotia Arc and the mother) for nearly 1,000 salmon caught in Antarctic Peninsula may be subject to the

12 © A. Rogers

greatest rate of climate change on Earth. increasing number of whole genome strong in gustatory genes and in genes This year Alex Rogers edited and sequences available for a wide range of prone to duplication. In contrast to some contributed to two volumes of the animals allow analysis of whole gene other studies, we find that few genes PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal families, how they vary among species show statistically significant evidence of Society B, which provided a and how that variation may be associated positive selection, or selection for comprehensive synthesis of Antarctic with aspects of their ecology. In diversification among species. Overall ecology, evolution and the likely Drosophila there are around 60 gustatory genome size is strongly correlated with impacts of climate change on Antarctic and 60 olfactory receptor genes and it is the proportion of duplicated ecosystems. Antarctica is also a key thought that ecological specialisation chemoreceptor genes, but genome size, region with respect to the evolution of the influences repertoire size, with increased specialisation and endemism may be global deep-sea fauna. A collaborative loss of genes in specialist species. By interrelated in their influence on project with Queen’s University Belfast analysing the size of the gustatory and repertoire size. and the British Antarctic Survey has olfactory repertoires among the genomes Gardiner A, Barker D, Butlin RK, Jordan WC & Ritchie MG identified that at least one important of 12 species of Drosophila we find that (2008) Drosophila chemoreceptor gene evolution: selection, group of deep-sea octopuses originated in repertoire size varies substantially and the speciation and genome size. Molecular Ecology 17: 1648–1657. shallow water in the Southern Ocean. loci are evolving by duplication and loss, Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium (2007) Evolution of These animals invaded the deep ocean with striking examples of lineage-specific genes and genomes on the Drosophila phylogeny. Nature globally through the thermohaline duplication. Selection analyses imply that 450: 203–218. circulation, the cold dense waters that the majority of genes are subject to sink around Antarctica and form the purifying selection which reduces deepest water layers in much of the variation among species, but this is less world’s ocean. In January 2009 Alex Rogers will take part in a NERC-funded project in collaboration with the Universities of Southampton, Bristol and Newcastle, British Antarctic Survey and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA, to locate and explore deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the Scotia Sea. These may form an important biogeographic link between vent communities in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Rogers AD (2007) Evolution and biodiversity of Antarctic organisms: a molecular perspective. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 362: 2191–2214.

Rogers AD, Murphy EJ, Clarke A & Johnston N (2007) Antarctic Ecology: From genes to ecosystems. Volume 1. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B 362: 1–166.

Rogers AD, Murphy EJ, Clarke A & Johnston N (2007) Antarctic Ecology: From genes to ecosystems Volume 2: Evolution, diversity and function. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society B 362: 2185–2349.

Evolution of olfactory and gustatory receptor genes in Drosophila

Chemoperception plays a key role in adaptation and speciation in many animals, and the senses of olfaction and gustation (taste) are mediated by gene families which show large variation in

repertoire size among species.The © J. Holopainen

Research themes 13 Wildlife Epidemiology

The Wildlife Epidemiology Research Theme Evidence of zoonotic henipavirus When zoonotic transmission occurs, it is aims to identify where disease is a threat and bat lyssavirus infections usually due to increased human–bat to wildlife conservation, either as a in Africa interactions, such as encroachment of primary cause of species declines, or as Henipaviruses and bat lyssaviruses are farms into bat habitat. We are now working a threat to remnant wildlife populations, emerging zoonotic viruses that can cause to find out if zoonotic transmission occurs investigate the emergence of disease as fatal encephalitis in humans. Pteropid fruit in Africa and, if so, how this can be a conservation threat and develop an bats (or flying foxes) Pteropus giganteus prevented.This research will benefit both understanding of the consequences of are known reservoir hosts of human health and bat conservation. changes in wildlife disease epidemiology, henipaviruses, while a wide range of bats Epstein JH, Prakash V, Smith CS, Daszak P, Jakati RD, both to wildlife conservation and welfare carry bat lyssaviruses.The distribution of McLaughlin AB, Meehan G, Field HE & Cunningham AA and to human health and welfare, pteropid bats was assumed to limit the (2008) Evidence for henipavirus infection in Indian Pteropus giganteus (Chiroptera; Pteropodidae) fruit bats. Emerging particularly where these changes are distribution of henipaviruses. In northern Infectious Diseases 14: 1309–1311.

driven by anthropogenic forces. India, we found evidence of antibodies to Hayman DTS, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, McEachern J A, Wang L, henipavirus in fruit bats, thereby extending Wood JLN & Cunningham AA (2008) Evidence of henipavirus infection in West African fruit bats. PLoS ONE 3: e2739 the known distribution of henipaviruses doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002739.

in Asia westward by >1,000km.There are Hayman DTS, Fooks AR, Horton D, Suu-Ire R, Breed AC, Cunningham AA & Wood JLN (2008) Antibodies against no pteropid bats in Africa, but we found Lagos bat virus in megachiroptera from West Africa. serological evidence of henipavirus Emerging Infectious Diseases 14: 926–928. infection in fruit bats in Ghana, West Africa, approximately 5,800km from the nearest pteropid bat populations.This Emerging epidemic diseases surprising discovery provides the first in frogs in Britain evidence of henipavirus infection in Annually recurring epidemic disease, Africa. Both of these findings indicate characterized by systemic haemorrhaging potential for the zoonotic emergence of or by skin ulceration, has emerged as a henipaviruses over a wider geographic major cause of frog mortality in Britain area than previously believed. In Ghana, over recent years. We conducted a series we also discovered antibodies against of transmission studies to investigate lyssaviruses in three species of fruit bat. the cause (or causes) of these disease syndromes. Both syndromes were recreated by exposing frogs to ranavirus cultured from naturally-diseased frogs. Bacteria, such as Aeromonas hydrophila, which had previously been associated with similar lesions, were not significant to disease development. Unexpectedly, disease outcomes were influenced by both the source of the virus and the route of exposure, indicating that different ranaviruses with different tissue tropisms and pathogeneses (possibly similar to quasi-species in RNA virus populations) are circulating in the British frog population. Immunohistochemical analyses of infected frog tissues demonstrated that, in comparison to the skin ulceration syndrome, the haemorrhagic form of ranavirus disease is associated with virus infection of a wider range of internal organs, specifically of certain tissues, such as the spleen, which might be important in the pathogenesis of the haemorrhagic disease.Toads have

© D. Hayman also been found with haemorrhagic

14 © M. Fisher

ranavirus disease in Britain. Inoculation die-offs and at other sites across Spain. studies indicated that the same, or similar, B. dendrobatidis was detected in samples viruses are affecting both frogs and toads from 64% of the ponds in the Sierra de in the wild and confirm that ranavirus has Guadarrama and at two sites outside this emerged as an important cause of region, showing that levels of amphibian amphibian mortality in Britain. exposure to B. dendrobatidis are spatially heterogeneous and that the pathogen may Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Russell P & Bennett PM (2007) Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in Britain are be present in the wild outside the host. dependent on the source of ranavirus agent and the route of Imperial College and IoZ extended this exposure. Epidemiology and Infection 135: 1200–1212. first study by developing a mathematical Cunningham AA,Tems CA & Russell PH (2008) Immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirus antigen in model to examine the effect of a free- the tissues of infected frogs (Rana temporaria) with systemic living stage of B. dendrobatidis on host haemorrhagic or cutaneous ulcerative disease. Journal of Comparative Pathology 138: 3–11. population dynamics.Theory predicts that

Cunningham AA, Hyatt AD, Russell P & Bennett PM (2007) host extinction can be caused by long- Experimental transmission of a ranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo) to common frogs (Rana temporaria). lived or saprobic free-living stages.The Epidemiology and Infection 135: 1213–1216. model was used to describe the introduction of chytridiomycosis into a breeding population of common toads Environmental detection and Bufo bufo in the UK, parametrised from the threat of free-living laboratory infection and transmission © Marine Environmental Monitoring Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis experiments, as well as published in UK waters. Earlier studies have already New research demonstrates the possible information regarding toad population found strong links between elevated presence of Batrachochytrium dynamics.The model predicted that the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dendrobatidis in the environment with longer that B. dendrobatidis was able to mercury levels in UK-stranded harbour the potential for devastating effects on persist in water, due to either an porpoises Phocoena phocoena that died amphibian populations worldwide. increased zoospore lifespan or saprobic of infectious disease, suggesting that Current surveillance of B. dendrobatidis is reproduction, the more likely it was that these pollutants may have a role in based on the detection of the pathogen in it could cause local B. bufo extinction. increasing susceptibility to disease-related its host but in vitro work suggests Establishment of endemic B. dendrobatidis mortality. Newer sets of persistent infective stages may survive in the abiotic infection in B. bufo, with severe host organic pollutants are now emerging in environment for at least 3 months. In a population depression, was also possible, the marine environment and collaborative study involving IoZ, Imperial in agreement with field observations. accumulating through food webs so College and the CSIRO in Australia, we Although this model is able to predict marine top predators like dolphins and used a quantitative PCR method to show clear trends, more precise predictions harbour porpoises can act as important that B. dendrobatidis can be detected in will only be possible when the life history sentinels of ocean health. In this latest small (<1 l) volumes of water.The study of B. dendrobatidis, including free-living study, levels of perfluorooctane was extended to the Sierra de stages of the life cycle, is better understood. sulphonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanic Guadarrama mountain range in Spain at acid (PFOA) were investigated in liver Walker SF, Salas MB, Jenkins D, GarnerTWJ, Cunningham locations associated with chytrid-related AA, Hyatt AD, Bosch J & Fisher MC (2007) Environmental samples from 58 UK-stranded harbour detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate porpoises. Although no PFOA was climate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77: 105–112. detected in any samples, levels of PFOS Mitchell KM, ChurcherTS, GarnerTWJ & Fisher MC (2008) Persistence of the emerging pathogen Batrachochytrium ranged from <16 to 2,420 μg/kg wet dendrobatidis outside the amphibian host greatly increases weight.These concentrations reflect a the probability of host extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B. 275: 329-334. significant contamination of marine mammals in UK waters with PFOS and this study provides a UK baseline against PFOS and PFOA in the livers of which monitoring organisations can assess harbour porpoises in UK waters the efficacy of regulatory controls and For a number of years IoZ has worked voluntary limitations on their future use. with toxicologists from the Centre for Law RJ, Bersuder P, Mead LK & Jepson PD (2008) PFOS and Environmental, Fisheries and Aquaculture PFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoena Science (CEFAS) to study the exposure to, phocoena) stranded or by-caught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin 56: 792–797. and toxic effects of, a range of persistent

© S. Walker chemical pollutants in marine mammals

Research themes 15 (below) Reproductive External reproductive organ structures in: (A) female and (B) male Syngnathus abaster with enlarged biology view of boxed areas (C and D).

Our understanding of reproductive biology Sperm size and motility These results are of special interest in comes largely from a small number of activation in pipefish this species because there is increasing intensely studied model species, but nature Like seahorses, some of the closely evidence that it is essentially a marine presents a bewildering array of adaptations related pipefish species (Family species that has only recently colonised with almost every new species we Syngnathidae) incubate their eggs within freshwater lakes in Ukraine (within the examine. In the Reproductive Biology a male brood pouch. This has contributed last 10–20 years). This adaptation would Research Theme we aim both to explore to considerable confusion about sperm ensure that the sperm are protected from and understand some of this diversity and transfer mechanisms to the eggs; some inappropriate exposure to the external to use some of this knowledge for the authors have reported that ejaculates are environment which might, at worst, kill development of technologies that may released directly into water before they them completely or at best, prevent them have practical applications. In addition, we reach the eggs, while others have from being activated and taking part aim to find out whether and how suggested that eggs are fertilised using in fertilisation. environmental change may affect spermatozoa deposited directly into the Dzyuba BB, Van Look KJW, Kholodnyy VS, Satake N, Cheung reproductive and developmental processes. brood pouch via an internal sperm duct. S & Holt WV (2008) Variable sperm size and motility In collaboration with Borys Dzyuba activation in the pipefish, Syngnathus abaster; adaptations to paternal care or environmental plasticity? Reproduction, (National Academy of Sciences of the Fertility and Development 20: 474–482. Ukraine) we have presented anatomical evidence from the freshwater pipefish Syngnathus abaster showing not only that A B direct sperm deposition into the pouch is Female Male impossible, but that spermatozoa must somehow travel a significant distance (>4mm) outside the body of the male, to reach and fertilise eggs in the pouch. We also used several potential sperm activating solutions to identify the type of environment most conducive to sperm activation. Spermatozoa released from the testis were active for a brief period (<5min) in water or 150mM saline, but showed prolonged (>25 min) motility in ovarian fluid. This suggests that spermatozoa are released into a mixture of ovarian fluid and eggs while the male and female are in close contact.

C D

Sperm duct

Anal fin

Skin fold

Ovipositor 5mm 2mm © B. Dzyuba

16 (below) Koala spermatozoa that have been stained to show whether they are live (green sperm heads) or dead (orange sperm heads).These sperm have also been stained orange with a fluorescent dye (JC-1) that shows active mitochondria within the live sperm only.

(below right) Koala born by artificial insemination

Dead and swollen sperm

Live sperm © S. Johnston

Development of successful important genetic lines have been lost. upon a substantial improvement in our artificial insemination technology Artificial insemination in the koala has ability to cryopreserve spermatozoa for the koala now resulted in the successful production effectively. The koala is widely recognised in of more than 31 offspring (Allen et al., Allen CD, Burridge M, Chafer ML, Nicolson VN, Jago SC, Australia and around the world as an 2008b), using in some cases a remarkably Booth RJ, Fraser G, Ensabella T-J, Zee YP, Lundie-Jenkins G iconic species. While not regarded as low number of spermatozoa (sometimes et al. (2008a) Control of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) anterior pituitary-gonadal axis with analogues of GnRH. endangered, koalas are under threat from only 3 million) for the insemination. Reproduction, Fertility and Development 20: 598–605. road traffic accidents, predation by dogs, Methods for controlling the female Allen CD, Burridge M, Mulhall S, Chafer ML, Nicolson VN, fragmentation of their habitat and the reproductive cycle have also been Pyne M, Zee YP, Jago SC, Lundie-Jenkins G, Holt WV et al. (2008b) Successful artificial insemination in the koala disease chlamydia which causes female developed (Allen et al., 2008a). However, (Phascolarctos cinereus) using extended and extended- chilled semen collected by electroejaculation. Biology of infertility. The Australian conservation the current protocol for the preservation Reproduction 78: 661–666. authorities have therefore developed of koala sperm is still ineffective; only Zee YP, Holt WV, Allen CD, Nicolson V, Burridge M, Lisle A, integrated strategies to deal with koala 50% of spermatozoa are motile after Carrick FN & Johnston SD (2007) Effects of cryopreservation on mitochondrial function and heterogeneity, lipid raft management and protection. The state freezing and thawing, the sperm nucleus stability and phosphatidylserine translocation in koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility of Queensland has developed a wide decondenses during post-thaw and Development 19: 850–860. ranging strategy that not only includes incubation, and so far it has not been traditional conservation issues, such possible to obtain any pregnancies. We as habitat protection, but has also have been collaborating with Steve recognised the need to develop Johnston and Yeng Peng Zee (University reproductive technologies for the species. of Queensland) on the development of Their immediate priorities are to develop effective methods for assessing sperm artificial insemination procedures that quality in koalas, and have shown that would assist zoos with their captive- mitochondrial function is severely breeding programmes, and also to protect affected by the cryopreservation methods the genetic diversity of the koala (Zee et al., 2007). Consequently, the population by establishing banks of frozen establishment of a functional genome semen that can be used in the future if resource bank in this species is dependent

Research themes 17 indicators & assessments unit

The Indicators and Assessments unit was Towards monitoring global formed in 2006 to consolidate work at biodiversity ZSL on defining the status and trends of Developing indicators that are biodiversity.The unit is a joint IoZ and representative of trends in global ZSL Conservation Programmes initiative, biodiversity has presented the scientific and is comprised of a total of 20 staff, community with a significant challenge. students and interns. The five major The Indicators and Assessments unit has projects of the unit are primarily developed and implemented the IUCN designed to produce scientifically robust Red List Index with a new sampled global biodiversity indicators for global approach, permitting the assessment of targets such as the Convention on the conservation status and trends of Biological Diversity and the UN large, speciose taxonomic groups. This Millennium Development goals. They approach is based on the IUCN Red List also provide biodiversity information at and measures trends in extinction risk a level more amenable to national through time. The group’s output will add conservation planning, and a focus for around 15,000 species to the Red List conservation attention. from taxonomic groups which have not been assessed before, and is providing new and detailed information about the status and trends of a wide range of species more broadly representative of biodiversity than has been possible to date.

Baillie JEM, Collen B, Amin R, Akçakaya HR, Butchart SHM, Brummitt N, Meagher TR, Ram M, Hilton-Taylor C & Mace GM (2008) Towards monitoring global biodiversity. (below) Conservation Letters 1: 18–26. Distribution of countries that have NationalThreatened Species Lists Salafsky N, Salzer D, Stattersfield AJ, Hilton-Taylor C, Neugarten R, Butchart SHM, Collen B, Cox N, Master LL, compiled using IUCN Categories and O’Connor S & Wilkie D (2008) A standard lexicon for Criteria (dark red) or other criteria biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523- (bright red). 1739.2008.00937.x

18 1.4 Living Planet Index The average of three indices which 1.2 measure overall trends in populations of terrestrial (green), marine (dark blue) and freshwater (light blue) vertebrate 1 Global LPI species.The index declined by 27% from 1970 to 2005. 0.8 Bars are 95% confidence limits.

0.6 Index Value

0.4

0.2

0 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

State of the planet local institutions, and formulating a global Over the past 35 years, during a time biodiversity observation system, period when the human population has systematically designed across regions almost doubled, trends in vertebrate and taxa, could provide an impetus to populations show a decrease of nearly address the tropical biodiversity data gap. 30%. In a report for the Convention on Collen B, McRae L, Kothari G, Mellor R, Daniel O, Greenwood Biological Diversity produced in A, Amin R, Holbrook S & Baillie J (2008) 2010 & beyond: collaboration with WWF and the Global Rising to the biodiversity challenge. Loh J & Goldfinger S (Eds). Gland, Switzerland: WWF. Footprint network, the Living Planet Index Collen B, Ram M, ZaminT & McRae L (2008)The tropical shows that wild species and natural biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global ecosystems are under pressure to a monitoring.Tropical Conservation Science 1: 97–110. greater or lesser degree across all biomes McRae L, Loh J, Collen B, Holbrook S, Latham J,Tranquilli S & Baillie J (2007) A Living Planet Index for Canada. Mitchell and regions of the world. S (Ed.). Canada: WWF-Canada.

Monitoring biodiversity change Focusing on species that represent a unique branch of the tree of life, and which require urgent attention to ensure persistence, is the aim of the EDGE programme. Camera trap monitoring surveys set in Sapo National Park, Liberia, are being used to combine several aspects of the unit’s work. Combining new These findings unveil a deeper issue that standardised camera trap data to monitor must be addressed.Tropical areas in wildlife across a network of sites allows particular suffer from lack of baseline the development of a standard index of information on local and regional change in abundance, called the Wildlife (above) biodiversity conservation.This barrier Picture Index. Optimal monitoring of a A pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodon weakens the efficacy of conservation site over time also provides cost effective liberiensis) captured by camera trap measures and the ability to predict future information for park management, as well in Sapo National Park, Liberia. changes in the health of species and as baseline biodiversity data in tropical ecosystems. In the context of the areas that have data limited coverage. Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2010 Testing of these newly developed target to reduce biodiversity loss, methods in Sapo National Park has biodiversity datasets are still far from resulted in the first ever picture of a being a complete resource in tropical pygmy hippo Hexaprotodon liberiensis countries.This compromises the (one of the EDGE focal species) in Liberia. effectiveness with which local and regional biodiversity change can be measured.The key reasons for this include insufficient funding, lack of adequate infrastructure and expertise for data collection, inaccessibility to research sites due to political upheaval, and difficulties in getting data published. The situation is exacerbated by the high rate at which tropical forests are being lost, and lack of data in tropical countries limits the extent to which future changes can be successfully predicted. Developing methods, filling existing gaps on key regions, habitats, and taxa, investing in

Indicators and assessments unit 19 zsl conservation programmes © S. Patrick © MRAG ©T.Weeks

Island Ecosystems Marine and Freshwater UK Native Species

Inbreeding, reproductive success Molecular approaches to Patterns of abundance and and sperm aberrations in hihi conservation of deep-sea distribution in butterfly Inbreeding depression is a commonly cold-water corals populations observed consequence of declining and The deep sea is the largest environment Insects are the most numerous and endangered species. Of the numerous on Earth but the least well known, successful group on the planet, recorded phenotypic expressions of sampled, and studied. Within this huge comprising more than half of all inbreeding, the reduction of fertility is area hard substrata (bedrock, boulders, described species.They are therefore an probably the most apparent. Low hatching stones and animal shells or skeletons) are essential component to the functioning of success is certainly the case for the hihi rare but where they occur, for example most terrestrial ecosystems. As insects Notiomystis cincta where approximately seamounts and canyons, distinct and are often short-lived, warmth-loving 30% of eggs laid fail to hatch each year. sometimes spectacular communities of species, they can show rapid and clear The hihi, an endangered and endemic sessile megafaunal organisms (corals, responses to changes in the environment, passerine with a highly promiscuous and sponges etc) are present.These provide making them ideal indicators of a vicarious polygynandrous mating habitat to hundreds of other species ecosystem health. Butterflies, in particular, system, has gone through a series of (urchins, seastars, brittlestars etc).These are extremely sensitive to changes in both bottleneck events associated with re- locations may be associated with rich climate and landscape, and many British introduction to offshore islands. Current populations of fish that are targeted by species have declined substantially in research at IoZ aims to understand how fishers. Fishing gear that contacts the recent years. In partnership with the variation in male sperm quality impacts seabed has the potential to destroy Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) on reproductive success, how this alters the animals living at the bottom. In and Butterfly Conservation, IoZ is estimates of effective population size and, collaboration with MRAG (Marine undertaking research to explore the importantly, how inbreeding influences Resources Assessment Group), the patterns of abundance and distribution in this relationship.To understand this by-catch from the bottom longline fishery butterfly populations in Britain.The association, microsatellite markers were for Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus project brings together 30 years of data developed specifically for the hihi in eleginoides in South Georgia was from the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme and addition to a detailed pedigree from the investigated (500m–2000m in depth). new information on the resources focal population.This pedigree allows Significant by-catch of octocorals was available to butterflies.The research aims accurate quantification of each male’s observed and species were identified to reveal the factors that determine reproductive success, combined with using DNA barcoding. Hotspots of butterfly abundance, which will lead to a detailed data on sperm morphology and diversity were highlighted resulting in the deeper understanding of the mechanisms viability, embryo and nestling mortality initiation of three special management that cause population decline.The results and longer term survival of fledglings. areas where fishing effort is greatly will help conservation organisations Inbreeding, and its impact on reduced to protect these vulnerable improve site management for the benefit reproductive success, is a significant area deep-sea habitats.There are few studies of insects and other wildlife. of concern for conservation, and on the by-catch of bottom longline fishing population viability will be a useful tool gear and the current study is important for future conservation strategies. because the method is increasingly being used in deep-sea fisheries.

20 Research carried out at IoZ focuses on scientific issues relevant to the conservation of species and their habitats. This work directly supports ZSL’s field conservation programmes, which are currently run in over 30 countries worldwide. The combination of applied and pure research means that we are engaged in conservation activities at all points along the spectrum, from genes to ecosystems. Here we describe how research carried out at IoZ underpins conservation policy and practice, and makes it possible to source support and funding for conservation work in range countries in partnership with governments, NGOs and local communities. © N. Jenner © E. Payan © S. Allebone-Webb

Deserts and Rangelands Carnivores and People Bushmeat and Forests

Monitoring of black-backed jackals Jaguars and wild meat hunting in Evaluating dependence on forest in Namibia the Colombian Amazon products in Equatorial Guinea The black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas Jaguars Panthera onca require well The unsustainable harvest of forest is one of the most abundant and conserved habitat, abundant prey and products represents one of the biggest widespread carnivores across southern large areas to survive. Protected areas are threats to biodiversity in tropical Africa. Africa, having successfully exploited a frequently too small to ensure their However, the widespread use of forest range of habitats from remote wildlife conservation and jaguars are forced to products, including bushmeat, fish and refuges where they live alongside roam over unprotected areas. In Colombia wild plants, has led many to propose that endangered carnivores, to urban areas jaguars and indigenous people that rural populations rely on wildlife for food where they come into contact with practise legal subsistence hunting and income. Consequently, there is a people, domestic animals and livestock. compete for, and depend upon, the same need to assess this dependence on forest This highly adaptable canid may have an prey.The current project uses camera resources in order to evaluate the important role in the transmission of traps to estimate the density of jaguars, potential impacts to people following a diseases such as canine distemper and measure prey population abundance and reduction in forest offtake whether due rabies which have caused mortality in evaluate the sustainability of indigenous to declining wildlife populations or to some endangered carnivores. Despite the hunting, inside and outside Amacayacu management. Food consumption, importance of the species to the ecology National Park. Jaguar densities varied livelihood activities and income were of the region, the black-backed jackal has from 3.6 to 2.7 in 100km2 inside and recorded in 150 households in two rural received relatively little attention for outside the park, respectively, which villages in Equatorial Guinea over one research.To address this, IoZ’s Jackal indicates that parks of 14,000km2 are the year, and showed that people consume, Project has been conducting scientific ideal size for long-term jaguar produce and earn significant amounts research and annual disease monitoring conservation. Only a handful of such from wildlife resources, particularly surveys on a population of black-backed parks exist in Amazonia. Although hunting bushmeat.The consumption of wild jackals on the desert coast of Namibia. inside and outside the park is not foods, especially plants, increased during Recent research has explored the relative significantly different, the preferred prey the lean season, implying that wild plants importance of ecological, social and for jaguars and humans showed signs of reduce vulnerability to food shortages in genetic factors in determining jackal depletion outside the park and times of stress, and are therefore space-use, group size, reproductive unsustainable harvest rates at both sites. important for food security. Poorer, food success and parental behaviour.Through This forecasts that the continuing hunting insecure and less accessible households collaborations with the Desert Research pressure will drive these species to local gained a significantly higher proportion Foundation of Namibia, Gobabeb extinction, and jaguars with them. of production and income from wildlife, Research andTraining Centre, and Consequently management efforts for suggesting that these vulnerable Windhoek Polytechnic College the conservation must be urgently households with few livelihood options project has also been involved in implemented across landscape size scales rely on wildlife for regular income.These providing research training for Namibian in the Amazon basin to ensure the future results show that poorer families in more students and international volunteers, of the species. remote villages are indeed dependent on many of whom have successfully gone a range of wildlife resources, and this on to pursue careers in conservation must be taken into account in any policy and research. responses to unsustainable harvests.

ZSL Conservation programmes 21 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating different intensities of bushmeat hunting the communication of science between and trapping, and examines the size of researchers, professional zoologists and household consumption and market the public. We achieve this through a trading. Governance, and institutional varied programme of meetings and the impacts on wildlife management, lessons publication of scientific journals and books. learned from agriculture and non-timber forest production, as well as the biogeographic, cultural and economic Publications differences in wildlife trade and consumption are also discussed. Animal Conservation Symposia Now in its eleventh year, Animal In November ZSL hosted an international Conservation continues to provide a symposium Trade-offs in Conservation: forum for rapid publication of novel, peer- Deciding what to Save, organised by reviewed research into conservation of Nigel Leader-Williams (above middle), animal species and their habitats.The Bill Adams (left) and Bob Smith (right). focus is on rigorous quantitative studies The symposium examined the critical relating to populations, species or issues of priority setting and decision- communities and their conservation. making where resources for conservation Subjects covered by the journal include are limited. Sessions included important population biology, epidemiology, debate on the wider non-biological issues evolutionary ecology, population genetics, International Zoo Yearbook that surround our assessment of trade- biodiversity, biogeography and The focus of Volume 42 is the global offs and factors that influence the choices conservation economics. extinction crisis facing amphibians and that we make within a conservation the coordinated response of zoos and decision-making framework. Journal of Zoology aquariums, governments, museums, A second symposium was held in May, The Journal of Zoology, our pre-eminent universities, botanical gardens and Avian Reintroduction Biology: Current journal dedicated to academic zoology, private-sector collaborators. Issues for Science and Management, continues to attract an increasing number Implementation of the Amphibian organised by John Ewen, Doug Armstrong, of high-quality research papers and reviews. Conservation Action Plan and initiatives Kevin Parker and Philip Seddon. Invited Published monthly, the Journal promotes such as Amphibian Ark and the 2008Year speakers presented expert opinions on a hypothesis-driven studies that advance of the Frog campaign are presented.The range of topics that encompass current our knowledge of animals and their systems. results of conservation activities in the priorities in avian reintroduction biology. Afrotropics, Colombia, Ecuador, Hong Conservation Biology book series Kong, Mexico, Panama, South Asia and This series includes titles which reflect our Taiwan are also described. All volumes Science for Conservation research interests. Zoos in the 21st Century: (1–42) are now available online. Seminar Series Catalysts for Conservation?, edited by This series provides our staff and students Alexandra Zimmermann, Matthew with the opportunity to learn more Hatchwell, Lesley Dickie and Chris West, about the work of visiting researchers, was published during the year. Modern Meetings collaborators and invited speakers. A zoos and aquariums are playing an range of subjects was covered during increasingly active and important role Scientific Meetings the year, including Exposure of Grand in managing global diversity and this Scientific Meetings are held monthly Canyon California condors to dietary book evaluates the unique attributes of throughout the academic year.Topics are lead and Evolutionary ecology of zoos that can contribute to the varied, covering a range of conservation immune gene variability and its role in conservation landscape. and environmental issues.This year’s parasite resistance, mate choice and programme included meetings on Shark conservation genetics. Conservation Science and Practice Biology and Conservation, Reproductive book series Strategies in Animal Societies and The Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Frozen Ark Project. Scientific meetings are Management and Poverty Reduction, free and open to anyone who would like edited by Glyn Davies and David Brown, to attend. Details can be found at provides insight into what species survive www.zsl.org/science/scientific-meetings.

22 Stamford Raffles Lecture The 2008 Lecture was given by Jeffrey Sachs, Director of the Earth Institute at Columbia University and Special Advisor to the United Nations Secretary-General. Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet examined the challenges of sustainable development in the 21st century, focusing on ways to achieve the four key goals of our global society: environmental sustainability (including a solution to climate change), the stabilisation of the world’s population, the end of extreme poverty, and a new era of global cooperation to solve common problems.

Communicating science 23 ZSL SCIEnTIF IC AWARDS 2007

ZSL recognises outstanding achievements Frink Medal Silver Medal in conservation and zoological research Presented to a professional scientist for For contributions to the understanding through its annual presentation of awards substantial and original contributions to and appreciation of zoology, including and prizes. In 2007 the following awards zoology. Awarded to: such activities as higher and public were presented: Professor Tom Cavalier-Smith FRS, education in natural history and wildlife University of Oxford, for outstanding conservation. Awarded to: contributions to our knowledge of cell and Ian Andrews, on behalf of the Scottish genome evolution, large scale phylogeny Ornithologists’ Club, for The Birds and the tree of life, and major of Scotland. evolutionary transitions.

Gold Medal Scientific Medal Awarded to: Presented to research scientists with no Dame Vivien Duffield DBE, in recognition more than 15 years’ postdoctoral of her, and her family’s, longstanding and experience for distinguished work in continuing support of ZSL and ZSL zoology. Awarded to: London Zoo. Professor Tim Coulson, Imperial College London, for major contributions to the field of quantitative population biology The Stamford Raffles Award through the application of demographic For distinguished contributions to zoology models to examine ecological and by amateur zoologists. Awarded to: evolutionary change. Professor Ted Benton, University of Essex, Professor Sunetra Gupta, University of for his extensive work on bees, butterflies Oxford, for research on strain structure and dragonflies. among pathogens, and for contributions to our understanding of the evolution, maintenance and dynamics of parasite The Marsh Award for Conservation population diversity. Biology For contributions of fundamental science and its application to the conservation of animal species and habitats. Awarded to: Dr Stuart Butchart, BirdLife International, for the development of an influential new index to measure trends in the status of threatened species.

The Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation For contributions of fundamental science and its application to conservation in marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. Awarded to: Dr Simon Jennings, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, for the development of applied science programmes that have influenced policy decisions both nationally and internationally.

24 (from left to right)

Brian Marsh OBE (Marsh ChristianTrust) Ian Andrews ProfessorTed Benton Dr Simon Jennings Janet Maclean Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS Dr Stuart Butchart ProfessorTom Cavalier-Smith FRS DrTim Hawes Dr Matthew Cobb Professor Sunetra Gupta Nigel Robinson (Thomson Reuters) ProfessorTim Coulson Ruth Upsall (Concord College)

The Thomson Reuters/Zoological Record The Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Award Presented for the best zoological project Presented for the public communication by an A-level student or equivalent. of zoology. Awarded to: Awarded to: Dr Matthew Cobb for his book The Egg Anthony Yong Kheng Cordero Ng, and Sperm Race. Concord College, for his project Investigation into the effect of sleeping pills and caffeine pills on the heart rate Thomas Henry Huxley Award and of Daphnia magna. Marsh Prize AnthonyYong Kheng Cordero Ng Presented for the best zoological doctoral thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: Honorary Fellowship Dr Tim Hawes, University of Birmingham, Awarded to: for his thesis Plasticity in Arthropod Professor John Beddington CMG FRS, Cryotypes – a Polar Perspective. Government Chief Scientific Adviser and Head of the Government Office for Science. Charles Darwin Award Presented for the best zoological project by an undergraduate student attending a university in the UK. Awarded to: Janet Maclean, University of Aberdeen, for her project An investigation into the Professor John Beddington presence of selection on the collecting his award from melanocortin-1 receptor coat Professor Sir Patrick Bateson pigmentation gene and how this selection might act in water voles that are patchily distributed in Scottish uplands.

ZSL Scientific awards 2007 25 LIBRARY

During 2007 1,982 books were added to ZSL's Library's serial holdings have been the online catalogue, 3,558 journal issues updated on a quarterly basis in SUNCAT, accessioned and 2,979 loans were made http://edina.ac.uk/suncat/. SUNCAT can to Fellows and ZSL staff. be used to locate serials within contributing libraries and includes links to the web pages of these libraries. As a result, ZSL has supplied an increasing number of document requests from academic libraries within the UK.

To launch our Darwin 200 celebrations and to celebrate World Book Day The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle under the command of Captain FitzRoy, (below) R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836, edited The title page of the first edition and superintended by Charles Darwin of On The Origin of Species, [and others], 1838–1842 was the March published in 1859 Artefact of the Month on the ZSL website. In July we presented the landmark papers launching Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's work on evolution and natural selection as the July Artefact of the Month to celebrate 150 years since they were read to the Linnean Society. To further highlight Darwin 200 celebrations, all Library collection and present an exciting books by and about Charles Darwin in the opportunity for these beautiful books to Library have been added to the online be enjoyed by a wider public. catalogue at http://library.zsl.org Interest in ZSL’s archives has continued to Thomson Reuters have generously increase with a variety of researchers provided ZSL with online access to visiting the Library, mainly to consult the Zoological Record back to 1864. This is Daily Occurrence books, the 19th century an incredibly useful resource for ZSL Council minutes, Minutes of Scientific staff allowing them easily to search Meetings, the correspondence collection the zoological literature from 1864 to and zoo guides. The emerging archive the present. catalogue can be searched from the main Library catalogue at http://library.zsl.org; ZSL Art Cataloguer Ann Datta left in March use the ‘Switch database’ function to but continues to develop and enhance the move into ‘ARC’, the archives catalogue. catalogue as a volunteer. The catalogue, which is almost complete, can be searched An event to remember Connie Nutkins by using the ‘Switch database’ option to was held in the Library in February. A ‘Art’ in the Library catalogue at former member of staff from IoZ, Connie http://library.zsl.org. The Art Cataloguer post left a generous bequest to ZSL for use was funded by the Michael Marks Trust. by the Library.

Pages from John Gould's A monograph We are extremely grateful for the of the Ramphastidae or family of toucans continued help of our dedicated team and one volume of A monograph of the of volunteers and the many Fellows Trochildae, or family of humming-birds and Friends of ZSL who continue to feature as a special ‘turning the pages’ support the Library with their time, and exhibit in the newly opened Blackburn by donating books, archives, zoo Pavilion at ZSL London Zoo. These ephemera and funds for the conservation graphics link the living collection to the of items in our collections.

26 Library Education & training

Education and training are central to Katie Colvile, also received distinctions. IoZ’s activities and we have a strong As usual, graduates have been successful commitment to hosting research at gaining wildlife-related posts and are projects, particularly those leading to now working across eight different a PhD degree. countries in Asia, Africa, Central America, South America and Europe. Richard Our PhD students are co-registered at a Suu-ire, a graduate of our course in 2006 university department but most spend the and Senior Wildlife Officer in Ghana, majority of their time at IoZ. During the was appointed President of the year PhDs were awarded to Nicola Jenner Commonwealth Veterinary Association (University of Kent) for her studies of earlier this year. offspring care in the black-backed jackal MSc students, Wild Animal Biology Canis mesomelas; Janna Rist (Imperial A new ZSL MSc course in Conservation College London) for research on the Science opened this year. The course is trends and conservation-related impacts run in partnership with the Royal Botanic of the bushmeat trade in Africa; Nana Gardens (Kew), the Durrell Wildlife Satake (Royal Veterinary College London) Conservation Trust (Jersey), and Imperial for her studies of the cellular signalling College London (Silwood Park), with mechanisms in reproduction in boars; 30 students spending time at all of these Shama Zaki (University of Leicester) for institutions. The course is now attracting her investigations into the life history and outstanding applications from all over the phylogenetic relationships of the world, and is already becoming a leading European bitterling Rhodeus sericus; and focus for training the next generation of Susan Walker (Imperial College London) conservation professionals. for research into the distribution of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium MSc students, Wild Animal Health dendrobatidis and its association with outbreaks of chytridiomycosis in European amphibians.

Problem-based learning has been introduced as a significant new element to the MSc courses in Wild Animal Biology and Wild Animal Health. We have adopted the reiterative or ‘closed-loop system’ of problem-based learning that has dramatically improved medical courses throughout Europe and North America. The MSc students attending the 2006/2007 courses did exceptionally well: two Wild Animal Biology (MSc WAB) students, Fay Clark and Femke Broekhuis, received distinctions, the first distinctions achieved by any MSc WAB students in the four year history of this course. Two MSc WAH students, Alison Peel and (left) Prize winners from the MSc courses in Wild Animal Health and Wild Animal Biology Femke Broekhuis, Katie Colvile, Alison Peel, Fay Clark, with Stephen May who presented the awards

Education and training 27 funding

As usual, we received our annual core Jonathan Baillie and Ben Collen were income from HEFCE via the University of awarded £184,800 from the Rufford Cambridge; however this year 50% of our Maurice Laing Foundation to fund the income came from other sources, project ‘Delivering the IUCN Red List of particularly the Research Councils and Threatened Species and Global government departments. In total, 50 new Biodiversity’ until 2009. Annual updates of grants were received during the year. this list will be produced and results disseminated to the scientific community, Defra awarded Paul Jepson and Rob as well as policy-makers and the general Deaville a further £42,688 to develop a public. Methods to retrospectively assess web accessed database for the species will be developed and carried out collaborative UK Cetacean Strandings on reptiles and fishes, to find trends in Investigation Programme (CSIP).This will extinction risk for these lesser-known allow the integration of all data collected vertebrate groups. A website with an on strandings of cetaceans (whales, online database will also be established dolphins and porpoises) in the UK since for Regional Red Lists, to support nations 1990 and will enable partner organisations in understanding the conservation of to directly enter information on strandings biodiversity in their countries and at via a web portal. As the CSIP is a publicly regional level. funded research programme, collated information will be displayed through a The Esmée Fairbairn Foundation awarded government data portal, so that for the Ben Collen a further £271,950 to fund the first time the public will be able to access IUCN Sampled Red List Index. Over the information on UK strandings. next two years, this project will be assessing the conservation status of more than 10,000 species from eight different invertebrate groups.These assessments will not only increase the invertebrate coverage of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species by two and a half Core Grant £2,040,900 times, but will also help set the baseline from which more accurate trends in global biodiversity can be measured in the future. Research Grants & Contracts £1,900,684 Alex Rogers was awarded £358,397 from (Government Bodies £485,327) NERC for the project ‘Benthic biodiversity of seamounts in the south west Indian Ocean’. Seamounts may host spectacular (Research Councils £571,811) communities of corals, sponges or other attached fauna along with a high diversity (Other Organisations £843,546) of associated species.They are also important hotspots of biological activity in the oceans and many predators such as cetaceans, sharks, tunas and other fish aggregate around or on them to feed Other Income £181,397 and/or reproduce. As a result, seamounts are important areas for fisheries for both pelagic species, such as tuna, and those that are found near or on the seabed (orange roughy or rockfish). Bottom fisheries have the potential to harm seabed communities through the direct impacts of fishing gear, such as trawls, on

28 recognised as occurring in waters as deep Funding organisations as 1,000m off the continental shelf of Europe and elsewhere in the world. The American Museum of Natural History reefs, formed mainly by the stony coral Bat Conservation Trust Lophelia pertusa, were found to host a BBSRC high diversity of other species and shared Botswana Cheetah and Wild Dogs Programme many ecological features with shallow- British Andrology Society water tropical coral reefs. Within a short British Ecological Society time it was also discovered that trawling British Herpetological Society often targeted areas where cold water Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium (CIDC) coral reefs occur with disastrous Centre for Ecology and Evolution consequences for the coral communities Chester Zoo Columbus Zoo which are smashed to pieces by the heavy Darwin Initiative gear. The CoralFISH project is a Deakin University (Melbourne, Australia) consortium of 16 European partners, from Defra academia and industry. It is aimed at Edith Mary Pratt Musgrave Fund (University of Cambridge) studying the association between fish Esmée Fairbairn Foundation species and coral as well as what European Commission environmental factors are required for the European Science Foundation growth of corals so that their distribution Gilchrist Educational Trust can be modelled. These data are Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) important to enable ecosystem-based © A. Rogers Hobson Vision Ltd management of deep-sea fisheries in Idea Wild delicate organisms like corals. This project European and north east Atlantic waters John S Cohen Foundation will explore the biodiversity of seamounts that protects these vulnerable marine Leverhulme Trust in a region that remains almost ecosystems in a manner consistent with Natural England completely unknown to science in terms the recent UN Resolution calling for Natural History Museum of its deep-sea fauna. To do this the UK’s protection of deep-sea biodiversity NERC ISIS remotely operated vehicle (ROV), (UNGA Res. 61/105). The project will Ocean Park Conservation Foundation capable of diving to 6,500m depth, will be employ cutting-edge technology including Parkes Foundation deployed. It will film, photograph and the use of manned submersibles and People’s Trust for Endangered Species (PTES) sample the species that live there, some PEW Charitable Trusts remotely operated vehicles (ROVs). of which will certainly have never been Royal Society observed or described before, and will Royal Veterinary College study how these species are distributed (above) RSPB Whip corals Viminella spp. and Rufford Maurice Laing Foundation along the south west Indian Ocean Ridge Acanthogorgia on Coral Garden Hill, Faial and, at smaller scales, on the seamounts Island, Azores, at a depth of 330m. Photo Science Foundation Ireland themselves. The impact of deep-sea taken from the submersible Lula (Rebikoff Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) fisheries in this region that developed Foundation) by Alex Rogers. Project funded Society for Reproduction and Fertility by Lighthouse Foundation, LeverhulmeTrust over the last 10 years will also be St Louis Zoological Park and EC 7th Framework programme. assessed in collaboration with partners Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Wellcome Trust from the IUCN, the Food and Agriculture Wildlife Conservation Society Organisation, the international Census of WWF International Seamounts project and industry. Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education

Alex Rogers was also awarded £344,680 from the European Commission for the project ‘CoralFISH: Assessment of the interaction between corals, fish and fisheries, in order to develop monitoring and predictive modelling tools for ecosystem based management in the deep waters of Europe and beyond’. Recently cold-water coral reefs were

Funding 29 governance, staff & students

The Zoological Society of London Institute of Zoology Postgraduate Research Students Gerardo Acosta Jamett DVM MSc Officers Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute Sophie Allebone-Webb MRes of Zoology) Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Arnaud Bataille BSc Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc Farid Belbachir FRS (Secretary) Senior Research Staff Jon Bielby MSc • Paul Rutteman CBE BSC (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) Peter Bennett DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and Patricia Brekke BSc Macroecology • Savrina Carrizo MSc Chris Carbone DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity Senior Management and Macroecology Natalie Cooper MSc Ralph Armond MA (Director General) Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural Ian Craigie MSc Jonathan Baillie PhD (Director of Conservation and Population Ecology Helen Cross Programmes) Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD MRCVS, Theme Robin Curtis Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute Leader, Wildlife Epidemiology of Zoology) Daria Dadam MSc Sarah Durant PhD David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Amelia Dickman MSc William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Biology Amanda Duffus BSc.H. (SSP), MSc Brian Oldman BA (Commercial Director) • Paul Jepson PhD BVMS MRCVS, Postgraduate Tutor Gillian Eastwood Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Kate Jones PhD Emily Fitzherbert MSc William Jordan PhD, Theme Leader, Genetic David Hayman BVM&S, MSc (Con. Bio.), MRCVS Variation, Fitness and Adaptability Nicholas Hill MSc ZSL/University of Cambridge Alex D Rogers PhD Olivier Hymas Joint Committee Jinliang Wang PhD Nicola Jenner BSc • Rosemary Woodroffe PhD Andrew King BSc Ralph Armond, Director General ZSL Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Postdoctoral Research Staff and Lecturers Professor Malcolm Burrows FRS, Head, Department Alanna Maltby MSc of Zoology, University of Cambridge Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse BVMS, MSc, PhD Laura Martinez Dr Tony Fincham BSc PhD Sophia Ahmed PhD Kirsty Morris Dr Rhys Green, University of Cambridge (Chairman) Edward Brede PhD Maurus Msuha MSc Professor Paul Harvey BA MA DPhil DSc FRS Jakob Bro-Jørgensen PhD Carlos Esteban Payan Garrido BSc Dr Andrea Manica PhD, University of Cambridge Kate Ciborowski PhD Alison Peel BSc(Vet) BVSc MSc MRCVS Professor Ian Owens PhD, Imperial College London Ben Collen PhD Robert Pickles BSc Professor William Sutherland PhD, University of Roslyn Elliott PhD • Janna Rist BSc • Cambridge John Ewen PhD Nana Satake BSc Mres Robert Ewers PhD • Björn Schulte-Herbrüggen BSc MRes FRS In attendance: Trenton Garner PhD Joseph Smith MSc Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute Nick Isaac PhD • of Zoology) Michelle Taylor MRes Kirsty Kemp PhD Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) Amber Teacher BSc MRes Rhiannon Lloyd PhD Michael Russell FCMA (Financial Director) Susan Walker BSc • Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Nick Wilson, University of Cambridge Shama Zaki Aldeen Abdul Haleem MSc Nichola Raihani PhD Christina Herterich LLM ACIS, Institute Administrator (Committee Secretary) Marcus Rowcliffe PhD Administrative and Support Staff Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertLAS CertZooMed Christina Herterich LLM ACIS (Institute Administrator) MRCVS Phil Cottingham BTec (CED) MIScT (Assistant Institute Anna Santure PhD Administrator) • Seirian Sumner PhD Amrit Dehal BSc (Assistant Institute Administrator – Samuel Turvey DPhil Information Systems) Katrien Van Look PhD • Breda Farrell (General Technician) David Hitchcock (Assistant Institute Administrator – Buildings & Capital Projects) Postgraduate Research Assistants Joanne Keogh (PA to Head of Institute and Senior Staff) Ruth Brown MSc Alison Rasmussen (Assistant Institute Administrator – Katie Colvile Finance) Tom Hart MSc Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc MRCVS Fieke Molenaar DVM MSc MRCVS Nana Satake MRes

30 Indicators & Assessment Unit Administrators Scientific Publications and Others working at the Institute, including Anna Chenery MSc (Sampled Red List Index Meetings volunteers working on projects in the field Administrator) • Nadia Dewhurst MSc (Sampled Red List Index Administrator) Journals and Meetings Thomas Alexander Vincent Le Bourlot Sarah Holbrook MSc (Living Planet Index Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications Abdul Alhaider Thibault Lengronne Administrator) • and Meetings) Hajir Al-khaiurlla Sarah Lewis Louise McRae MSc (Living Planet Index Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Claudia Amphlett Paul Lintott Administrator) ZooYearbook) Tzo Tze Ang Khyne Mar Mala Ram MSc (Indicators & Assessments Unit Lucinda Haines BSc (Journals Manager) Sayako Arai Harry Marshall Administrator) Joy Hayward BSc (Scientific Meetings Co-ordinator) Ana Ardid Valentina Matos Tara Zamin MSc (Regional Red List Administrator) Natalie Ashford-Hodges Beatriz Mattos Alistair Auffret Kristine Meise Editors Journal of Zoology Tom Avent Veronica Melchionda Research Technicians Ian Boyd PhD DSc (Editor-in-Chief) • Ashley Barratclough Rachel Mellor Dada Gottelli BSc (Chief Technician) Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief) Leigh Barrett Victoria Morgan Edward Almond (Research Technician) • Tim Halliday MA DPhil Caroline Bennett Claire Narraway George Busby (Research Technician) Virginia Hayssen PhD Sapna Bhagdev Darren Nevard Holly Bik Deise Nishimura Frances Clare (Research Technician) Andrew Kitchener PhD Elizabeth Boakes Cecilia Orme Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Philip Rainbow PhD DSc • Programme Manager) Katherine Bowgen Jenny Paola Gallo Santos Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD Daphne Green HNC AIScT (Senior Technician) Jon Bridle Fiona Pamplin Gunther Zupanc PhD Nicholas Camara Giovanni Pastorino Nicola Jenner (Research Technician) • Claudia Carraro Hannah Peck Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician) Editors Animal Conservation Bernadette Carroll Gabriela Peniche Johanna Nielsen BSc (Research Technician) Tharsila Trautvetter Carranza Benjamin Pettit Guy Cowlishaw PhD • Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Laura Cobain Gary Powney Trenton Garner PhD Jennifer Sears (Research Technician) Emily Coleman Agnes Rocha-Gosselin John Gittleman PhD • Jennifer Crees Bitty Roy Matthew Gompper PhD Desire Dalton Maria Sanchez Honorary Research Fellows Todd Katzner PhD Olivia Daniel Judith Schleicher Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Karen Mock PhD Simon de Graaf Stuart Semple Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Thomas Doherty-Bone Laura Simpson Stephen Redpath PhD Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Emily Dolan Nadia Sitas Medicine, USA Caitlin Douglas Miriam Isabel Smith Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London Editors International Zoo Yearbook Sam Earle Charlotte Staples Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia, David Field BSc MBA Louise Ellender David Stonehill USA Kristin Leus PhD Kate Feldman Katherine Sullivan Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet Charles Foley Mimi Sun Marion Foley-Fisher Uma Thiruchelvam Professor Katherine Homewood, University College Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD London Sarah Forbes Claudia Useche Trujillo Chris West BvetMed CertLas MRCVS CBiol MIBiol Professor Ian Owens, Imperial College London Jim Fouracre Kelly Thurston Dr Debbie Pain, Royal Society for the Protection Thomas Galewski Ursina Tobler of Birds Sophie Gauss Anthony Turner Dr Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Library Jennifer Gilbert Leila Walker Dr Simon Thirgood, Macauley Institute Hanna Granroth Stacey Waring Stephen Green Hillary Warner Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter Anne Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Annemarie Greenwood Hazel Watson Michael Palmer MA (Archivist) Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Anne Hilborn Aidan Weatherill Marie Hitchcock BA MCLIP (Assistant Librarian) • Isla Hoffman Heap Catherine Webber Honorary Research Associates James Godwin (Library Assistant) Elise Huchard Rebecca Welling Teresa Abáiger PhD Rhiannon Hughes-Lloyd Katherine Wells Boris Dzyuba PhD Podjana Imrat Michael Williamson Ulrike Irlich Penny Wilson Simon Goodman PhD Miho Ishida Susan Wilson • departures Marcella Kelly PhD Hanna Javed Helen Womack Heather Koldeway PhD Colin Johnstone Sally Wren Jonathan Loh PhD Kim Johnstone Valerie Olson PhD Blythe Jopling Nilendran Prathalingam PhD William Justice Christina Keller Sebastien Regnaut PhD Gayle Kothari Katrien Van Look PhD Laura Kurpiers

Visiting Research Fellows Judit Hidalgo Vila PhD Kamran Safi PhD Governance, staff and students 31 Geospiza parvula taken from The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle under the command of Captain FitzRoy, R.N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin [and others], 1838–1842

32 Collaborations

Afrotheria Specialist Group Conservation priorities Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index for EDGE mammals (Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor gene American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN Chester Zoological Gardens Chytridiomycosis expression in homing in Atlantic salmon Sampled Red List Index emergence in Dominica Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica) Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health and Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica List Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) North demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Index American bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis reservoirs in China Communications Inc International programme on Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and the state of the oceans (IPSO) Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada) determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa International programme on the state of the oceans Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red List Galapagos National Park Building capacity and (IPSO) Index; Global Mammal Assessment; Spatial patterns determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; of hunting and sustainability in Rio Muni; Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity: Ecology of West Nile virus in Galapagos; Genetics, Evaluating dependence on wild foods among the indicators of sustainable development in Eastern parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp: impacts rural poor in Central Africa; Conservation priorities Europe; Bat ultrasonic acoustic monitoring of disease vectors on biodiversity in Galapagos for EDGE mammals protocols; Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and German Primate Centre (Germany) Optimisation beyond; Sustainable monitoring of bats inThailand Conservation, Information and Research on and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Cetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whale Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) International watching Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) programme on the state of the oceans (IPSO) Coordination of social foragers in patchy Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus; Anthropogenic vultures in India in desert baboons drivers of emerging infectious diseases BirdLife International Global biodiversity hotspots; Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le IUCN Sampled Red List Index biodiversity: indicators of sustainable development Scienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic in Eastern Europe Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservation islands of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact of vulture Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact of Convention on Migratory Species Living Planet declines on public and animal health in India disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK Index British Antarctic Survey Chemosynthetically-driven Group on Earth Observations Secretariat (Switzerland) CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory ecosystems south of the Polar Front; International IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging programme on the state of the oceans (IPSO); zoonotic paramyxovirus; Zoonotic virus infections Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins; in African bats Molecular approaches to coral conservation biology Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands capacity and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Deakin University (Australia) Ecology and evolution Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research of introduced avian malaria (Germany) Ecological and genetic determinants of British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in Initiative Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Habitat use of European amphibian populations tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History cryptic mammals Monitoring bat biodiversity: indicators of sustainable development in Eastern Europe Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Functional response mechanisms in social foragers; Imazon (Brazil) Hierarchical socio-economic models Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation in Optimisation and social constraints in group-living of Amazonian deforestation butterflies: implications for macroecology and vertebrates; Coordination of social foragers in conservation IMV Enhancement of sperm cell survival by patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells choice in desert baboons Innovis Ltd Enhancement of sperm cell survival by Doñana Biological Station (Consejo Superior de epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index Investigaciones Cientificas) (Spain) Amphibian chytrid fungus in Doñana INPA (Brasil) Hierarchical socio-economic models of Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Impact Amazonian deforestation of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosis Britain; Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; emergence in Dominica; West Indian mammal Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature Epidemiology of Eidolon helvum extinctions; Conservation priorities for EDGE (Democratic Republic of Congo) Development of a mammals monitoring and training unit for the World Heritage Care for the Wild International Comparative Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo demography of elephants in European zoos and range states Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitation de la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic Center for Cartography of Fauna and Flora (Slovenia) Environmental Volunteer Programme, Murcia islands Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals (Spain) Living Planet Index Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon Central Science Laboratory Garden Bird Health Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) (France) Dynamics of species extinctions Initiative; Health surveillance for species recovery Reproductive studies in gazelles programmes Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index Cryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) NERC European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fish Management of bumble bee habitat in agricultural List Index species in fresh waters of the Ukraine landscapes; Effects of spatial scale on population abundance and dynamics; Health surveillance for Institute of Cancer Research A biomolecular species recovery programmes; Resource limitation approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in in butterflies: implications for macroecology and California sea lions Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management of conservation bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes Institute of Ecology Anthropogenic change and Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture emerging zoonotic paramyxovirus Fauna and Flora International Chytridiomycosis Science (CEFAS) Cetacean strandings investigation; emergence in Dominica; Habitat use of tigers in Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of IUCN Sampled Red List Index altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic theYangtze River dolphin; Conservation priorities Centro de Proteccion e Higiene de las Radiaciones mammals; Conservation priorities for EDGE for EDGE mammals (Cuba) Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean mammals; Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-sea health Sapo National Park, Liberia fauna of oceanic islands

Collaborations 33 Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences Natural England Impact of Batrachochytrium Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential of whale watching; dendrobatidis emergence in Britain; Health investigation Determining age structure of cetacean populations; surveillance for species recovery programmes Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptor Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean health Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings gene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon International Association of Astacology IUCN investigation;The Frozen Ark project; Extinction risk Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (USA) Sampled Red List Index and declines in amphibians Genetics of caste determination in polistine wasps; International Pacific Halibut Commission Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List Hierarchical socio-economic models of Amazonian Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Index deforestation IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Deep-sea NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola West Indian fauna of oceanic islands mammal extinctions Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands Societe Audubon d’Haiti Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; West Indian mammal extinctions New York State Department of Health (USA) West JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) International Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics, State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled Programme on the State of the Ocean parasitology and ecology of mosquito species: Red List Index impacts of disease vectors on biodiversity in Station d'Ecologie Experimentale du CNRS à Galapagos Moulis (France) Ecological and genetic North-West University, Louis du Perez (South determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Kenya Wildlife Service Conservation priorities for Africa) Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals emergence in European amphibian populations EDGE mammals Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health and Red List Index Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Northern Rangelands Trust (Kenya) Conservation Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative priorities for EDGE mammals studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology Northern Territories Parks and Wildlife Service Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics (Australia) Mammalian biodiversity patterns extinctions DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California Sumatran Tiger Project Habitat use of tigers in sea lions altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals Leuser Development Programme Habitat use of O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna of tigers in altered landscapes and monitoring of oceanic islands Swedish Museum of Natural History Sexual cryptic mammals selection and the hihi Oxford Brookes University Conservation priorities Liberian Forestry Development Authority (Liberia) for EDGE mammals Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park, Liberia Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanic the Serengeti cheetah population; National Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health islands Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian mammals; A surveillance for species recovery programmes national plan for carnivore conservation inTanzania Parques Nacionales de Colombia Jaguar density, TanzaniaWildlife Research Institute Long-term prey availability and hunting pressure in the demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Macquarie University (Australia) Provisioning rules Colombian Amazon National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian and maintenance of group stability in cooperatively People’s Trust for Endangered Species Health mammals; A national plan for carnivore breeding vertebrates surveillance for species recovery programmes conservation inTanzania Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index Prince of Songkla University (Thailand) Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A national Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; plan for carnivore conservation inTanzania strandings investigation Sustainable monitoring of bats inThailand Tiger Tops Habitat use of tigers in altered Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions; Queens University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Phylogeographic patterns of disease occurrence in Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of Index California sea lions oceanic islands Queensland Department of Primary Industries Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) (Australia) Anthropogenic change and emerging of oceanic islands Coordination of social foragers in patchy zoonotic paramyxovirus environments; Optimisation and social constraints Marine Resources Assessment Group Molecular in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads and approaches to studying the conservation biology of mate choice in desert baboons; Functional response corals mechanisms in social foragers Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection oceanic islands and the hihi Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring Mauritian Wildlife Foundation Conservation and bat biodiversity: indicators of sustainable UNAM (Mexico) Conservation priorities for EDGE molecular ecology of Round Island petrels development in Eastern Europe mammals Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Government Rothamsted Research Management of bumble bee UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the Republic of Namibia Coordination of social habitat in agricultural landscapes Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; foragers in patchy environments; MHC, parasite IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index loads and mate choice in desert baboons Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled Red List Index UNESCO 'Conservation in Crisis' Programme Ministry of Lands and Resettlement; Government of Monitoring and training unit for the World Heritage the Republic of Namibia Coordination of social Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red Sites of Democratic Republic of Congo foragers in patchy environments; MHC, parasite List Index loads and mate choice in desert baboons Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean Research Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands and oviduct epithelial cells poxviruses in squirrels Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria Emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Bird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for species the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of recovery programmes; Impact of disease in the Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in European decline of house sparrows in the UK; Living Planet immunogenetics amphibian populations; Conservation priorities for Index Universidad de Chile Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell EDGE mammals Museo Regionale di Scinze Naturali (Madagascar) survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; Universite de Savoie Ecological and genetic Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Optimisation and social constraints in group-living determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis vertebrates; Epidemiology of parapoxvirus in emergence in European amphibian populations squirrels Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studies Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation of Bird Health Initiative linking ecology, evolution and physiology theYangtze River dolphin University College Dublin (Ireland) Sustainable National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps national monitoring of bats inThailand spp. vultures in India University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection National Institute for Medical Research Modelling programme; Monitoring bats in Mongolia; Agency Garden Bird Health Initiative amphibian response to Batrachochytrium Evolutionary dynamics of major histocompatibility dendrobatidis SANBI (Kenya) Conservation priorities for EDGE genes in Arctic charr; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic mammals islands National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red List Index ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Auckland (New Zealand) Sustainable national monitoring of bats inThailand National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea fauna Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings of oceanic islands investigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-sea Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory Garden fauna of oceanic islands Bird Health Initiative National University of Mongolia Conservation Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA) priorities for EDGE mammals International programme on the state of the ocean

34 University of Birmingham Sexual selection and the University of London, University College University of St Andrews A postgenomic approach hihi; Extinction, island biogeography and Coordination of social foragers in patchy to the role of odour and gustatory receptors in community structure in island birds; Ecology and environments; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal prey Drosophila speciation; Patterns of genetic variability evolution of introduced avian malaria; Comparative conservation in Amazonia; Determinants of during population decline in Iberian Atlantic studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; human–large carnivore conflict inTanzania; Social salmon; IUCN Sampled Red List Index and ecological dynamics of the bushmeat trade; University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of University of Staffordshire Resource limitation in Development of a monitoring and training unit for oceanic islands butterflies: implications for macroecology and the World Heritage Sites of Democratic Republic of conservation University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation in Congo; Metapopulation dynamics of colobus in the bats; Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south coastal forests of Kenya; Human impacts on University of Stirling Comparative demography of of the Polar Front; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic carnivore biodiversity inTanzania; Resource elephants in European zoos and range states islands; Optimisation and social constraints in limitation in butterflies; implications for University of Sussex Communication networks in group-living vertebrates macroecology and conservation; Echolocation in African elephants bats; Marine resources, livelihoods and conservation University of British Columbia (Canada) around a West African marine protected area; University of Swansea Patterns of genetic International programme on the state of the ocean Changing livelihoods: a comparison of land tenure variability during population decline in Iberian University of California (USA) DNA damage and systems; Factors influencing cooperative behaviour Atlantic salmon cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding in group performance in humans. University of Teesside West Indian mammal urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions; University of London, Imperial College Comparative extinctions Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and studies linking ecology, evolution ad physiology; physiology University of Trondheim (Norway) Provisioning Energetic constraints on animal ecology; Habitat rules and maintenance of group stability in requirements of Sumatran mammals in human- cooperatively breeding vertebrates altered landscapes; Macroecology and macroevolution of mammals; Determinants of University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation pathogen distribution and prevalence in a multi- genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants host and island system; Sexual selection and of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a extinction in birds; Evaluating dependence on wild multihost and island system University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and foods among the rural poor in Central Africa; University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints mate choice in desert baboons; Functional response Spatial patterns of hunting and sustainability in Rio on animal ecology; Effects of spatial scale on mechanisms in social foragers (baboons); Muni; Disease susceptibility of three amphibian population abundance and dynamics Optimisation and social constraints in group-living species; Wildlife management indicators for timber vertebrates; Wildlife immunogenetics: certification in West African forests; Emergence of University of Washington (USA) Long-term understanding neutral and functional genetic Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; influences on pathogen resistance;The Frozen Ark midwife toad; Ecological and genetic determinants Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and project; Effectiveness of parks in maintaining of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in physiology biodiversity;Towards a deeper understanding of European amphibian populations; Invasive species University of York International programme on the extinction; Sexual selection in hihi; Determining as vectors of disease in amphibians; Emerging state of the oceans (IPSO) disease threats to Galapagos taxa; Epidemiology of disease threats to newts in the UK; Mammalian zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Conservation of diversity patterns; Molecular approaches to the University of Zurich (Switzerland) Ecological and amphibians using nuclear transfer technology; conservation biology of corals; Effects of private genetic determinants of Batrachochytrium Collective decisions and shelter choice in a ecotourism on a subsistence fishing community dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian gregarious insect populations University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College Population and immunocompetent genetic Uppsala University (Sweden) Collective decision variation; Effects of ultraviolet radiation on cetacean and shelter choice in a gregarious insect health; Conservation and molecular ecology of US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Canterbury (New Zealand) The Hope Round Island petrels; Molecular and adaptive River Forest Fragmentation Project genetic variation of ranavirus in the UK; Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health and Epidemiology of poxviruses in squirrels; Identifying reproduction in elephant populations in Asia University of Cendrawasih (Indonesia) Conservation emerging disease threats to UK newts; priorities for EDGE mammals Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenic University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian drivers of emerging infectious diseases Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of theYangtze mammal extinctions River dolphin University of Delhi (India) Conservation priorities University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled for EDGE mammals Veterinary Laboratories Agency Cetacean strandings Red List Index investigation; Health surveillance for species University of East Anglia Management of bumble University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and recovery programmes; Zoonotic virus infections in bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Relatedness determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa African bats; Evaluating the threat of vulture and information in reproductive conflicts in social declines to public and animal health in India groups; Multiple mating in topi antelopes; Garden University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite Bird Health initiative; Pigs, palms, people and loads and mate choice in desert baboons Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus tigers: integrating conservation and commerce in infections in Eidolon helvum University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Sumatra cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Veterinary Services Division (Dominica) University of Edinburgh Implications of dog-wildlife Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic co-existence for conservation and public health; constraints on animal ecology Impact of vulture declines on public and animal health in India; Emerging disease threats to UK newts University of Newcastle Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Epidemiology Waikato Institute of Technology (New Zealand) University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of poxviruses in squirrels; International programme The Hope River Forest Fragmentation Project of oceanic islands on the state of the ocean Wild Camel Protection Foundation Conservation University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project priorities for EDGE mammals altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals University of Oxford Habitat use of tigers in altered Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals; demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Camera trapping as a census tool; IUCN Sampled National Conservation Action Plan forTanzanian cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial Red List Index; West Indian mammal extinctions mammals; Investigating human–large carnivore cells conflict inTanzania; Jaguar, ocelot and mammal University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assay University of Guayaquil (Equador) Building capacity prey conservation in Amazonia; Wildlife Picture service; Reproductive and density assessment of and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; Index; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals wild red deer in relation to landscape West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos; Genetics, Wildlife Division (Ghana) Epidemiology of Eidolon parasitology and ecology of mosquito spp: impacts University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka Health and helvum of disease vectors on biodiversity on Galapagos reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Wildlife Institute of India Monitoring tigers, large University of Guelph (Canada) Comparative University of Queensland (Australia) Semen mammals and human–wildlife conflict in India demography of elephants in European zoos and freezing in macropods; Comparative studies linking range states ecology, evolution and physiology Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird Health Initiative University of Kent Emergence of Batrachochytrium University of Reading Patterns of genetic variability dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; during population decline in Iberian Atlantic salmon Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) Invasive species as vectors of disease and Chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems south of the University of Rochester (USA) Modelling the amphibian declines; Factors influencing cooperative Polar Front amphibian response to infection by behaviour and group performance in humans; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals demography of the Serengeti cheetah population University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, on animal ecology World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons; List Index Dynamics of species extinctions University of Sheffield A postgenomic approach to the role of odour and gustatory receptors in World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean Drosophila speciation; Enhancement of sperm cell strandings investigation Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of nest- survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence in Conservation genetics of macaroni penguins; Galapagos; Genetics, parasitology and ecology of Maintenance of group stability in cooperatively mosquito spp.; Determining disease threats to breeding vertebrates; Comparative studies linking endemic Galapagos taxa ecology, evolution and physiology ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) University of Leicester Population genetics and University of Southampton Chemosynthetically- Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts phylogeography of the European bitterling driven ecosystems south of the Polar Front; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health Initiative; Cetacean strandings investigation; Impact of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK

Collaborations 35 staff Representation

Professional Affiliations International Union for the Study of Editorial Positions Social Insects Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for British Section) Animal Health Information Specialists Animal Conservation (UK and Ireland) IUCN SSC Tim Blackburn (Associate Editor), Guy Cowlishaw Ann Sylph (Member) Jonathan Baillie (Coordinator, IUCN Sampled Red (Editor); Nick Isaac (Associate Editor);Trent Garner List Index; Co-chair, IUCN Red List Working Group; (Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Bat Conservation Trust, UK Member, Biodiversity Assessments Sub-Committee; Kate Jones (Trustee) Member, Biodiversity Indicators Assessments Animal Reproduction Science Committee); Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (Member, William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) British Andrology Society Antelope Specialist Group); Ben Collen (Member, William Holt (Chairman) Red List Index Working Group; Member, Users Biological Reviews Working Group; Member, Classification Schemes Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) British Ecological Society Working Group); Andrew Cunningham (Member, Tim Blackburn (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli Veterinary Specialist Group; Member, Conservation Conservation Science and Practice book series (Member) Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant (Member, Alex Rogers (Series Editor) Cat Specialist Group); John Ewen (Member, British Veterinary Zoological Society Reintroduction Specialist Group);Trent Garner Cryobiology Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar (Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); Dada William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) (Council Member) Gottelli (Member, Canid Specialist Group); Kate Jones (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Alex Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Bushmeat Working Group Rogers (Focal Point, Marine Invertebrate Red List Andrew Cunningham (Review Editor) Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe Authority); Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Veterinary (Member) Specialist Group; Member, Conservation Breeding EcoHealth Specilaist Group) Andrew Cunningham (Member, Editorial Board) Centre for Ecology and Evolution Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee); Leverhulme Trust Endangered Species Research Kate Jones (Member, Steering Committee) Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Advisory Board for the Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe Philip Leverhulme Prizes in Zoology) (Editor) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology Tim Blackburn (International Science Advisor) Linnean Society Evolutionary Ecology Research Alex Rogers (Fellow) Tim Blackburn (Editor) Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity Action Plan Steering Group Marine Mammal Society Global Ecology and Biogeography Paul Jepson (Member) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Tim Blackburn (Editor); Kate Jones (Editorial Board)

Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology Insect Conservation and Diversity Michael Palmer (Member) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member, International Robert Ewers (Editor) Advisor, Veterinary Specialist Group) Cheetah Conservation Fund Journal of Animal Ecology Sarah Durant (Member, International Scientific Natural Environment Research Council Peter Bennett (Associate Editor) Advisory Board) Alex Rogers (Member, Peer Review College) Journal of Applied Ecology Conservation International Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Jonathan Baillie (Member, Steering Committee on Sarah Durant (Trustee) Conservation Outcomes) Journal of Zoology Office International des Épizooties Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board) Consortium for Conservation Medicine, USA Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Andrew Cunningham (Associate); Kate Jones Amphibian Diseases) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological (Associate) Sciences Royal Society Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs William Holt (Member, International Fellowships Andrew Cunningham (Member,TB Advisory Group; Award Panel) Tropical Conservation Science Reviewer, Statuatory and Exotic Diseases Research Ben Collen (Associate Editor) Programme) SCOR Panel on New Technologies for Observing Marine Life Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Frozen Ark Alex Rogers (Vice Chair) Alex Rogers (Sub-Editor) William Holt (Member, Steering Group) Sheep Trust Global Cheetah Forum William Holt (Trustee) Sarah Durant (Member, Steering Committee) Society for Conservation Biology Global Invasive Species Programme Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Tim Blackburn (Member, Expert Working Group on Invasive Alien Species Indicators) Student Conference on Conservation Science Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory International Advisory Group for the Northern Committee) Bald Ibis Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) University of Birmingham Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor) International Council for Exploration of the Sea Paul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group on University of Liverpool the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans) Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior Research Fellow) International Embryo Transfer Society William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory University of Oxford Committee) Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor)

International Foundation for Science WildlifeDirect Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Jonathan Baillie (Scientific Advisor) Committee) Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education Becki Lawson (Council Member); Fieke Molenaar (Council Member) 36 Staff representation publications

Allen, C.D., Burridge, M., Chafer, M.L., Nicolson, Cardillo, M., Mace, G.M., Gittleman, J.L., Jones, V.N., Jago, S.C., Booth, R.J., Fraser, G., Ensabella, K.E., Bielby, J. & Purvis, A. (2008)The predictability T-J., Zee,Y.P., Lundie-Jenkins, G., Holt, W.V., Lisle, of extinction: biological and external correlates of A.T., Carrick, F.N., Curlewis, J.D., D’Occhio, M.J. & decline in mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Johnston, S.D. (2008) Control of the koala Society of London Series B 275: 1441–1448. (Phascolarctos cinereus) anterior pituitary-gonadal axis with analogues of GnRH. Reproduction, Fertility Cassey, P., Blackburn,T.M., Duncan, R.P. & and Development 20: 598–605. Lockwood, J.L. (2008) Lessons from introductions of exotic species as a possible information source for Allen, C.D., Burridge, M., Mulhall, S., Chafer, M.L., managing translocations of birds. Wildlife Research Nicolson, V.N., Pyne, M., Zee,Y.P., Jago, S.C., 35: 193–201. Lundie-Jenkins, G., Holt, W.V., Carrick, F.N., Curlewis, J.D., Lisle, A.T. & Johnston, S.D. (2008) Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Blackburn,T.M., Hauber, M.E., Successful artificial insemination in the koala Vorobyev, M. & Marshall, N.J. (2008) Eggshell (Phascolarctos cinereus) using extended and colour does not predict measures of maternal extended-chilled semen collected by investment in eggs of Turdus thrushes. electroejaculation. Biology of Reproduction Naturwissenschaften 95: 713–721. 78: 661–666. Cassey, P., Ewen, J.G., Boulton, R.L., Karadas, F., Anderson, J., Cowlishaw, G. & Rowcliffe, J.M. Moller, A.P. & Blackburn,T.M. (2007) A (2007) Effects of forest fragmentation on the nondestructive method for extracting maternally abundance of Colobus angolensis palliatus in derived egg yolk carotenoids. Journal of Field Kenya’s coastal forests. International Journal of Ornithology 78: 314–321. Primatalogy 28: 637–655. Cassey, P., Lockwood, J.L., Olden, J.D. & Blackburn, Armstrong, D.P., Richard,Y., Ewen, J.G. & Dimond, T.M. (2008)The varying role of population W.J. (2008) Avoiding hasty conclusions about abundance in structuring indices of biotic effects of habitat fragmentation. Avian Conservation homogenization. Journal of Biogeography and Ecology 3: 8 [online] URL: http://www.ace- 35: 884–892. eco.org/vol3/iss1/art8/. Ciborowski, K.L., Consuegra, S., García de Leániz, Baillie, J.E.M., Collen, B., Amin, R., Akçakaya, H.R., C., Beaumont, M., Wang, J. & Jordan, W.C. (2007) Butchart, S.H.M., Brummitt, N., Meagher,T.R., Ram, Rare and fleeting: an example of interspecific M., Hilton-Taylor, C. & Mace, G.M. (2008)Towards recombination in animal mitochondrial DNA. monitoring global biodiversity. Conservation Letters Biology Letters 3: 554–557. 1: 18–26. Ciborowski, K.L., Consuegra, S., Garcia de Leaniz, Bhadury, P.,Austen, M.C., Bilton, D.T., Lambshead, C., Wang, J., Beaumont, M A. & Jordan, W.C. (2007) P.J.D., Rogers, A.D. & Smerdon, G.R. (2008) Stocking may increase mitochondrial DNA diversity Evaluation of combined morphological and but fails to halt the decline of endangered Atlantic molecular techniques for marine nematode salmon populations. Conservation Genetics (Terschellingia spp.) identification. Marine Biology 8: 1355–1367. 154: 509–518. Clark, F. & King, A.J. (2007) A Critical Review of Zoo- Bielby, J., Cooper, N., Cunningham, A.A., Garner, based Olfactory Enrichment. In Chemical Signals in T.W.J. & Purvis, A. (2008) Predicting susceptibility to Vertebrates 11: 391–398. Hurst, J.L., Beynon, R.J., future declines in the world’s frogs. Conservation Roberts, S.C. & Wyatt,T.D. (Eds). NewYork: Springer. Letters 1: 82–90. Clusella-Trullas, S.,Terblanche, J.S., Blackburn,T.M. Blackburn,T.M. (2008) Using aliens to explore how & Chown, S.L. (2008)Testing the thermal melanism our planet works. Proceedings of the National hypothesis: a macrophysiological approach. Academy of Sciences of the United States of Functional Ecology 22: 232–238. America 105: 9–10. Collen, B., McRae, L., Kothari, G., Mellor, R., Daniel, Blackburn,T.M., Cassey, P., Duncan, R.P., Evans, K.L. O., Greenwood, A., Amin, R., Holbrook, S. & Baillie, & Gaston, K.J. (2008)Threats to avifauna on oceanic J. (2008) 2010 & beyond: Rising to the biodiversity islands revisited. Conservation Biology 22: 492–494. challenge. Loh, J. & Goldfinger, S. (Eds). Gland, Switzerland: WWF. Blackburn,T.M., Cassey, P. & Lockwood, J.L. (2008) The island biogeography of exotic bird species. Collen, B., Ram, M., Zamin,T. & McRae, L. (2008) Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 246–251. The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global monitoring. Tropical Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2007) Reversed sexual conflict Conservation Science 1: 97–110. in a promiscuous antelope. Current Biology 17: 2157–2161. Cooper, N., Bielby, J.,Thomas, G.H. & Purvis, A. (2008) Macroecology and extinction risk correlates Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2008) Dense habitats selecting of frogs. Global Ecology and Biogeography. for small body size: a comparative study on bovids. 17: 211–221. Oikos 117: 729–737. Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P. & Bennett, Bro-Jørgensen, J. (2008)The impact of lekking on P.M. (2007) Emerging epidemic diseases of frogs in the spatial variation in payoffs to resource- Britain are dependent on the source of ranavirus defending topi bulls, Damaliscus lunatus. Animal agent and the route of exposure. Epidemiology and Behaviour 75: 1229–1234. Infection 135: 1200–1212.

Carbone, C., Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Isaac, Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Russell, P. & Bennett, N.J.B. (2007)The scaling of abundance in P. M. (2007) Experimental transmission of a consumers and their resources: implications for ranavirus disease of common toads (Bufo bufo)to the energy equivalence rule. American Naturalist common frogs (Rana temporaria). Epidemiology 170: 479–484. and Infection 135: 1213–1216.

Publications 37 Cunningham, A.A.,Tems, C.A. & Russell, P.H. (2008) Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2008) Pervasive impact Hayman, D.T.S., Suu-Ire, R., Breed, A.C., McEachern, Immunohistochemical demonstration of ranavirus of large-scale edge effects on a beetle community. J.A., Wang, L., Wood, J.L.N. & Cunningham, A.A. antigen in the tissues of infected frogs (Rana Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of (2008) Evidence of Henipavirus infection in West temporaria) with systemic haemorrhagic or the United States of America 105: 5426–5429. African fruit bats. PLoS One 3: e2739. DOI: cutaneous ulcerative disease. Journal of 10.1371/journal.pone.0002739 Comparative Pathology 138: 3–11. Ewers, R.M. & Rodrigues, A.S.L. (2008) Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Holt, W.V. (2008) Cryobiology, wildlife conservation Daszak, P., Epstein, J.H., Kilpatrick, A.M., Aguirre, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 113–116. and reality. Cryoletters 29: 43–52. A.A., Karesh, W.B. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007) Collaborative research approaches to the role of Garcia, G., Cunningham, A.A., Horton, D.L., Garner, Holt, W.V., O’Brien, J. and Abaiger,T. (2007) wildlife in zoonotic disease emergence. Current T.W.J., Hyatt, A., Hengstberger, S., Lopez, J., Applications and interpretation of computer- Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Ogrodowczyk, A., Fenton, C. & Fa, J.E. (2007) assisted sperm analyses and sperm sorting 315: 463–475. Mountain chickens Leptodactylus fallax and methods in assisted breeding and comparative sympatric amphibians appear to be disease free on research. Reproduction, Fertility and Development de Haas van Dorsser, F.J., Green, D.I., Holt, W.V. & Montserrat. Oryx 41: 398–401. 19: 709–718. Pickard, A.R. (2007) Ovarian activity in Arabian leopards (Panthera pardus nimr): sexual behaviour García de Leániz, C., Fleming, I.A., Einum, S., Huchard, E., Benavides, J., Setchell, J.M., and faecal steroid monitoring during the follicular Verspoor, E., Jordan, W.C., Consuegra, S., Aubin- Charpentier, M.J., Knapp, L.A., Cowlishaw, G. & cycle, mating and pregnancy. Reproduction, Fertility Horth, N., Lajus, D.L., Villanueva, B., Ferguson, A., Raymond, M. (2008)The importance of shape in and Development 19: 822–830. Youngson, A.F. & Quinn,T.P. (2007) Local Adaptation. primate sexual swellings: Evidence from wild InThe Atlantic salmon: genetics, conservation and chacma baboons (Tsaobis leopard park, Namibia) Didham, R.K.,Tylianakis, J.M., Gemmell, N.J., Rand, management. Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer, L. & and free-ranging mandrills (Cirmf, Gabon). T.A. & Ewers, R.M. (2007) Interactive effects of Nielsen, J. (Eds). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. American Journal of Primatology 70: 5–66. habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22: Gardiner, A., Barker, D., Butlin, R.K., Jordan, W.C. & Hughes, L.A., Shopland, S., Wigley, P., Bradon, H., 489–496. Ritchie, M.G. (2008) Drosophila chemoreceptor gene Leatherbarrow, A.H., Williams, N.J., Bennett, M., evolution: selection, specialization and genome size. DePinna, E., Lawson, B., Cunningham, A.A. & Diniz-Filho, J.A.F., Hawkins, B.A., Bini, L.M. De Molecular Ecology 17: 1648–1657. Chantrey, J. (2008) Characterisation of Salmonella Marco, P. & Blackburn,T.M. (2007) Are spatial enterica serotypeTyphimurium isolates from wild regression methods a panacea or a Pandora’s box? Gardiner, A., Barker, D., Butlin, R.K., Jordan, W.C. & birds in northern England from 2005–2006. BMC A reply to Beale et al. Ecography 30: 848–851. Ritchie, M.G. (2008) Evolution of a complex locus: Veterinary Research 4: 4. DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-4-4. exon gain, loss and divergence at the Gr39a locus Drosophila 12 Genomes Consortium (inc Jordan, in Drosophila. PLoS One 3: e1513. DOI: Hunter, J.S., Durant, S.M. & Caro,T.M. (2007) W.C.). (2007) Evolution of genes and genomes on 10.1371/journal.pone.0001513. Patterns of scavenger arrival at cheetah kills in the Drosophila phylogeny. Nature 450: 203–218. Serengeti National ParkTanzania. African Journal of Garner,T.W.J. (2007) Experimental evidence of Ecology 45: 275–281. Duffus, A.L.J., Pauli, B.D., Wozney, K., Brunetti, C.R. innate immunity: a matter of design, convenience & Berrill, M. (2008) Frog virus 3-like infections in or constraints? Animal Conservation 10: 418–419. Hutchinson, O.C., Picozzi, K., Jones, N.G., Mott, H., aquatic amphibian communities. Journal of Wildlife Sharma, R., Welburn, S.C. & Carrington, M. (2007) Diseases 44: 109–120. Gaston, K.J., Davies, R.G., Orme, C.D.L., Olson, V.A., Variant surface glycoprotein gene repertoires in Thomas, G.H., Ding,T.S., Rasmussen, P.C., Lennon, Trypanosoma brucei have diverged to become Durant, S.M., Bashir, S., Maddox,T. & Laurenson, J.J., Bennett, P.M., Owens, I.P.F. & Blackburn,T.M. strain-specific. BMC Genomics 8: 234. DOI: M.K. (2007) Relating long-term studies to (2007) Spatial turnover in the global avifauna. 10.1186/1471-2164-8-234. conservation practice: the case of the Serengeti Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series Cheetah Project. Conservation Biology 21: 602–611. B 274: 1567–1574. Johnston, S.D., Smith, B., Pyne, M., Stenzel, D. & Holt, W.V. (2007) One-sided ejaculation of echidna Dzyuba, B.B., Van Look, K.J.W., Kholodnyy, V.S., Goodman, S. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007) Plan de sperm bundles. American Naturalist 170: Satake, N., Cheung, S. & Holt, W.V. (2008) Variable contingencia para la aparición del virus del oeste E162–E164. sperm size and motility activation in the pipefish, del Nilo en Galápagos. Ministerio del Ambiente, Syngnathus abaster; adaptations to paternal care or Ecuador. Jones, K.E., Patel, N.G., Levy, M.A., Storeygard, A., environmental plasticity? Reproduction, Fertility and Balk, D., Gittleman, J.L. & Daszak, P. (2008) Global Development 20: 474–482. Goodman, S. & Cunningham, A.A. (2007) Plan de trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature contingencia para la emergencia del virus de la 451: 990–994. Epstein, J.H., Prakash, V., Smith, C.S., Daszak, P., influenza aviar en Galápagos. Ministerio del Jakati, R.D., McLaughlin, A.B., Meehan, G., Field, Ambiente, Ecuador. Jordan, W.C., Fleming, I.A. & Garant, D. (2007) H.E. & Cunningham, A.A. (2008) Evidence for Mating system and social structure. InThe Atlantic henipavirus infection in Indian Pteropus giganteus Gottelli, D., Wang, J.L., Bashir, S. & Durant, S.M. Salmon: Genetics, Conservation and Management. (Chiroptera; Pteropodidae) fruit bats. Emerging (2007) Genetic analysis reveals promiscuity among Verspoor, E., Stradmeyer L. & Nielsen, J. (Eds). Infectious Diseases 14: 1309–1311. female cheetahs. Proceedings of the Royal Society Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. of London Series B 274: 1993–2001. Ewen, J.G. & Armstrong, D.P. (2007) Strategic Laurance, W.F., Nascimento, H.E.M., Laurance, S.G., monitoring of reintroductions in ecological Hall-Spencer, J.M., Rogers, A.D., Davies, J. & Foggo, Andrade, A., Ewers, R.M., Harms, K.E. & Ribeiro, restoration programmes. Ecoscience 14: 401–409. A. (2007) Historical deep-sea coral distribution on J.E. (2007) Habitat fragmentation, variable edge seamount, oceanic island and continental shelf- effects, and the landscape-divergence hypothesis. Ewen, J.G., Ciborowski, K.L., Clarke, R.H., Boulton, slope habitats in the NE Atlantic. In Conservation PLoS One 2: e1017. DOI: R.L. & Clarke, M.F. (2008) Evidence of extra-pair and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep- 10.1371/journal.pone.0001017 paternity in two socially monogamous Australian Sea Coral Ecosystems: 135–146. George, R.Y & passerines: the crescent honeyeater and the yellow- Cairns, S.D. (Eds). Miami: University of Miami. Law, R.J., Bersuder, P., Mead, L.K. & Jepson, P.D. faced honeyeater. Emu 108: 133–137. (2008) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbour Hardy, P.B., Sparks,T.H., Isaac, N.J.B. & Dennis, porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or by- Ewen, J.G.,Thorogood, R., Karadas, F. & Cassey, P. R.L.H. (2007) Specialism for larval and adult caught around the UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin (2008) Condition dependence of nestling mouth consumer resources among British butterflies: 56: 792–797. colour and the effect of supplementing carotenoids implications for conservation. Biological on parental behaviour in the hihi (Notiomystis Conservation 138: 440–452. Li Songhai, Akamatsu,T.,Wang Ding, Wang Kexiong, cincta). Oecologia. 157: 361–368. Dong Shouyue, Zhao Xiujiang, Wei Zhuo, Zhang Hayman, D.T.S., Fooks, A.R., Horton, D., Suu-Ire, R., Xianfeng,Taylor, B., Barrett, L.A.,Turvey, S.T., Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2007)The effect of Breed, A.C., Cunningham, A.A. & Wood, J.L.N. Reeves, R.R., Stewart, B.S., Richlen, M. & Brandon, fragment shape and species’ sensitivity to habitat (2008) Antibodies against Lagos bat virus in J.R. (2008) Indirect evidence of boat avoidance edges on animal population size. Conservation megachiroptera from West Africa. Emerging behavior ofYangtze finless porpoises. Bioacoustics Biology 21: 926–936. Infectious Diseases 14: 926–928. 17: 174–176.

Ewers, R.M. & Didham, R.K. (2007) Habitat Mace, G.M. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2007)The 2010 fragmentation: panchreston or paradigm? Trends in biodiversity indicators: challenges for science and Ecology and Evolution 22: 511. policy. Conservation Biology 21: 1406–1413.

38 MacLeod, R., MacLeod, C.D., Learmonth, J.A., Phillimore, A.B., Orme, C.D.L.,Thomas, G.H., Sutherland, W.J., Bailey, M.J., Bainbridge, I.P., Jepson, P.D., Reid, R.J., Deaville, R. & Pierce, G.J. Blackburn,T.M., Bennett, P.M., Gaston, K.J. & Brereton,T., Dick, J.T.A., Drewitt, J., Dulvy, N.K., (2007) Mass-dependent predation risk and lethal Owens, I.P.F. (2008) Sympatric speciation in birds is Dusic, N.R., Freckleton, R.P., Gaston, K.J., Gilder, dolphin-porpoise interactions. Proceedings of the rare: insights from range data and simulations. P.M., Green, R.E., Heathwaite, A.L., Johnson, S.M., Royal Society of London Series B. 274: 2587–2593. American Naturalist 171: 646–657. Macdonald, D.W., Mitchell, R., Osborn, D., Owen, R.P., Pretty, J., Prior, S.V., Prosser, H., Pullin, A.S., McClean, R.V., Holt, W.V. & Johnston, S.D. (2007) Prakash, V., Green, R.E., Pain, D.J., Ranade, S.P., Rose, P., Stott, A.,Tew,T.,Thomas, C.D.,Thompson, Ultrastructural observations of cryoinjury in Saravanan, S., Prakash, N., Venkitachalam, R., D.B.A., Vickery, J.A., Walker, M., Walmsley, C., kangaroo spermatozoa. Cryobiology 54: 271–280. Cuthbert, R., Rahmani, A.R. & Cunningham, A.A. Warrington, S., Watkinson, A.R., Williams, R.J., (2008) Recent changes in populations of resident Woodroffe, R. & Woodroof, H.J. (2008) Future novel McLaughlin, A.B., Epstein, J.H., Prakash, V., Smith, Gyps vultures in India. Journal of the Bombay threats and opportunities facing UK biodiversity C.S., Daszak, P., Field, H.E.& Cunningham, A.A. Natural History Society 104: 128–135. identified by horizon scanning. Journal of Applied (2007) Plasma biochemistry and hematologic values Ecology 45: 821–833. for wild-caught flying foxes (Pteropus giganteus)in Rands, S.A., Cowlishaw, G., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, India. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine J.M. & Johnstone, R.A. (2008)The emergence of Taema, M.M., Bull, J.C., Macgregor, S.K., Flach, E.J., 38: 446–452. leaders and followers in foraging pairs when the Boardman, W.S. & Routh, A.D. (2008) qualities of individuals differ. BMC Evolutionary Retrospective study of Campylobacter infection in a McRae, L., Loh, J., Collen, B., Holbrook, S., Biology 8: 51. zoological collection. Applied and Environmental Latham, J.,Tranquilli, S. & Baillie, J. (2007) Living Microbiology 74: 1332–1338. Planet Index for Canada. In Living Planet Report for Rogers, A.D. (2007) Evolution and biodiversity of Canada. Mitchell, S. (Ed.).Toronto, Canada: WWF- Antarctic organisms: a molecular perspective. Terblanche, J.S., White, C.R., Blackburn,T.M., Canada. PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society of Marais, E. & Chown, S.L. (2008) Scaling of gas London Series B. 362: 2191–2214. exchange cycle frequency in insects. Biology Letters Milner-Gulland, E.J. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2007) 4: 127–129. Conservation and Sustainable Use: a Handbook of Rogers, A.D., Clark, M.R., Hall-Spencer, J.M. & Techniques. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gjerde, K.M. (2008) A Scientific Guide to the FAO Thomas, G.H., Orme, C.D.L., Davies, R.G., Olson, Draft International Guidelines (December 2007) for V.A., Bennett, P.M., Gaston, K.J., Owens, I.P.F. & Mitchell, K.M., Churcher,T.S., Garner,T.W.J. & Fisher, the Management of Deep-Sea Fisheries in the High Blackburn,T.M. (2008) Regional variation in the M.C. (2008) Persistence of the emerging pathogen Seas. Switzerland: IUCN. historical components of global avian species Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis outside the richness. Global Ecology and Biogeography. amphibian host greatly increases the probability of Rogers, A.D., Murphy, E.J., Johnston, N.M. & 17: 340–351. host extinction. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Clarke, A. (2007) Introduction. Antarctic ecology: London Series B. 275: 329–334. from genes to ecosystems. Part 2. Evolution, Turvey, S.T., Pitman, R.L.,Taylor, B.L., Barlow, J., diversity and functional ecology. Philosophical Akamatsu,T., Barrett, L.A., Zhao Xiujiang, Reeves, Molenaar, F.M., Sainsbury, A.W., Waters, M. & Amin, Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series R.R., Stewart, B.S., Pusser, L.T.,Wang Kexiong, Wei R. (2008) High serum concentrations of iron, B 362: 2187–2189. Zhuo, Zhang Xianfeng, Richlen, M., Brandon, J.R. & transferrin saturation and gamma glutamyl Wang Ding. (2007) First human-caused extinction of transferase in captive black rhinoceroses (Diceros Rowcliffe, J.M. & Carbone, C. (2008) Surveys using a cetacean species? Biology Letters 3: 537–540. bicornis). Veterinary Record 162: 716–721. camera traps: are we looking to a brighter future? Animal Conservation 11: 185–186. Walker, S.F., Salas, M.B., Jenkins, D., Garner,T.W.J., Moura, C.J., Harris, D.J., Cunha, M.R. & Rogers, Cunningham, A.A., Hyatt, A.D., Bosch, J. & Fisher, A.D. (2008) DNA barcoding reveals cryptic diversity Rowcliffe, J.M., Field, J.,Turvey, S.T. & Carbone, C. M.C. (2007) Environmental detection of in marine hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from (2008) Estimating animal density using camera Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in a temperate coastal and deep-sea environments. Zoologica traps without the need for individual recognition. climate. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 77: 105–112. Scripta 37: 93–108. Journal of Applied Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365- 2664.2008.01473.x. Yang, W-C., Chou, L-S., Jepson, P.D., Brownell, R.L. Mysterud, A.,Yoccoz, N.G., Langvatn, R., Pettorelli, Jr., Cowan, D., Chang, P-H., Chiou, H-I.,Yao, C-J., N. & Stenseth, N.C. (2008) Hierarchical path analysis Sainsbury, A.W. (2008) Medical aspects of red Yamada,T.K., Chiu, J-T., Chin, S-C., Wang, P-J. & of deer responses to direct and indirect effects of squirrel translocation. In Zoo and Wild Animal Fernández, A. (2008) Unusual cetacean mortality climate in northern forest. Philosophical Medicine: CurrentTherapy Volume 6: 236–242. event inTaiwan: caused by naval activities? Transactions of the Royal Society of London Fowler, M.E. & Miller, R.E (Eds). St Louis: Saunders Veterinary Record 162: 184–186. Series B 363: 2359–2368. Elsevier. Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V., Allen, C.D., Nicolson, V., Naranjo, V., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Vicente, J., Salafsky, N., Salzer, D., Stattersfield, A.J., Hilton- Burridge, M., Lisle, A., Carrick, F.N. & Johnston, S.D. Gortazar, C. & de la Fuente, J. (2008) Influence of Taylor, C., Neugarten, R., Butchart, S.H.M., Collen, (2007) Effects of cryopreservation on mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase alleles on resistance to B., Cox, N., Master, L.L., O’Connor, S. & Wilkie, D. function and heterogeneity, lipid raft stability and bovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar (2008) A standard lexicon for biodiversity phosphatidylserine translocation in koala (Sus scrofa). Animal Genetics 39: 316–320. conservation: unified classifications of threats and (Phascolarctos cinereus) spermatozoa. Reproduction, actions. Conservation Biology DOI: 10.1111/j.1523- Fertility and Development 19: 850–860. Paull, G.C., Van Look, K.J.W., Santos, E.M., Filby, 1739.2008.00937.x A.L., Gray, D.M., Nash, J.P. &Tyler, C.R. (2008) Zee,Y.P., Holt, W.V., Gosalvez, J., Allen, C.D., Variability in measures of reproductive success in Seytanoglu, A., Georgiou, A.S., Sostaric, E., Watson, Nicolson, V., Pyne, M., Burridge, M., Carrick, F.N. & laboratory-kept colonies of zebrafish and P.F., Holt, W.V. & Fazeli, A. (2008) Oviductal cell Johnston, S.D. (2008) Dimethylacetamide can be implications for studies addressing population-level proteome alterations during the reproductive cycle used as an alternative to glycerol for the successful effects of environmental chemicals. Aquatic in pigs. Journal of Proteome Research 7: 2825–2833. cryopreservation of koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) Toxicology 87: 115–126. spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility and St-Amour, V., Wong, W.M., Garner,T.W.J. & Development 20: 724–733. Paulo, O.S., Pinheiro, J., Miraldo, A., Bruford, M.W., Lesbarreres, D. (2008) Anthropogenic influence on Jordan, W.C. & Nichols, R.A. (2008)The role of prevalence of 2 amphibian pathogens. Emerging vicariance vs. dispersal in shaping genetic patterns Infectious Diseases 14: 1175–1176. in ocellated lizard species in the western Mediterranean. Molecular Ecology 17: 1535–1551. Stephens, P.A., Carbone, C., Boyd, I.L., McNamara, J.M., Harding, K.C. & Houston, A.I. (2008)The Pedersen, A.B., Jones, K.E., Nunn, C.L. & Altizer, S. scaling of diving time budgets: insights from an (2007) Infectious diseases and extinction risk in wild optimality approach. American Naturalist mammals. Conservation Biology 21: 1269–1279. 171: 305–314.

Pettorelli, N. & Durant, S.M. (2007) Family effects Sumner, S. & Keller, L. (2008) Social evolution: on early survival and variance in long-term reincarnation, free-riding and inexplicable modes of reproductive success of female cheetahs. Journal reproduction. Current Biology 18: R206–R207. of Animal Ecology 76: 908–914.

Pettorelli, N. & Durant, S.M. (2007) Longevity in cheetahs:The key to success? Oikos 116: 1879–1886.

Publications 39 Student publications

PhD Theses MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health Awarded by University of London, UK Awarded by University of London, UK Jenner, N. (2008) Contributions to offspring care by parents and helpers, and the factors affecting their Bellamy,T. (2007)The effect of ultraviolet radiation, Basu, P. (2007) Investigation of ultrasound levels of contribution, in the black-backed jackal vitamin D3 and UVB blasting on the activity, techniques to measure blubber thickness in common Canis mesomelas. University of Kent, UK. behaviour and growth rate of the juvenile Jamaican seals (Phoca vitulina) undergoing rehabilitation and boa Epicrates subflavus. its relation to body condition scores. Rist, J. (2007) Bushmeat catch per unit effort in space and time. Imperial College London, UK. Bowgen, K. (2007) Pathological findings from black- Colvile, K. (2007) A disease risk analysis for browed albatross chicks (Thalassarche reintroduction of grey wolves (Canis lupus)to Satake, N. (2007) Studies of cellular signalling melanophrys) from New Island, Falkland Islands. Scotland. mechanisms in boar spermatozoa initiated by oviductal epithelial cells. Royal Veterinary College Broekhuis, F. (2007) Habitat selection patterns of Curtiss, P. (2007) A disease risk analysis for the London, UK. cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in the Serengeti, reintroduction of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus Tanzania. albicilla) into Suffolk. Walker, S. (2008) Spatial patterns in the distribution of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and outbreaks Clare, F. (2007) A possible biological control of Gonzalez Herndandez, M. (2007) of fatal chytridiomycosis in European amphibian amphibian chytridiomycosis. Amphibiocystidium infection in palmate newts populations. Imperial College London, UK. (Triturus helveticus) from Larzac, southern France. Clark, F. (2007) Environmental enrichment: evaluation Zaki, S. (2008) Life-history parameters and for a mixed-species nocturnal mammal exhibit. Justice, W. (2007) Interspecific variation in the phylogenetic relationships of the European pathological lesions observed in two passerine bitterling. University of Leicester, UK. Dutta, C. (2007) EM of gaboon viper monocyte species affected by salmonellosis. inclusions. Peel, A. (2007) Qualitative risk analysis for the Forbes, S. (2007) Nutritional and dietary requirements importation of live amphibians infected with of red fronted macaws (Ara rubrogenys) in captivity. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytridiomycosis) into Great Britain. Goodman, G. (2007)The feasibility of a restricted beaver (Castor fiber) release at the London Wetland Revell, E. (2007) Determining a normal range for Centre. circulating concentrations of Vitamin A in a sample of domesticated African grey parrots (Psittacus Kothari, G. (2007) Microhabitat parameters affecting erithacus). nest distribution of the red-barbed ant (Formica rufibarbis) on St Martins, Isles of Scilly. Smithyman, J. (2007) Comparative digestive physiology of bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) and Leech, S. (2007) Experimental investigation into the waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). dose dependent pathogenicity of the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Soto-Azat, C. (2007) Out of Africa? On the origin of amphibian chytridiomycosis. Paxton, H. (2007)The locomotor kinematics of Asian elephants. Valderrama Vasquez, C. (2007) Livestock predation by wild carnivores: factors predisposing its Peniche, G. (2007) Mating behaviour and the effect occurrence in Ibagué, Rovira and Cajamarca, of climate conditions on the onset of the mating Tolima – Colombia. behaviour of the red-barbed ant Formica rufibarbis on the Isles of Scilly.

Pintus, K. (2007) Animal welfare, environmental enrichment and mixed-species exhibits.

Sainsbury, C. (2007) PCR of chelonia herpesvirus.

Sitas, N. (2007)Towards a species-specific index of conservation effort.

Stead, N. (2007) Non-invasive endocrine monitoring in Passeriformes.

Wilkins,T. (2007) UK captive tapir diets – are they nutritionally adequate?

40 Student publications 26919_Inner Cover:newlevel.co.uk 7/10/08 15:09 Page 1

(below) African straw-coloured fruit IOZ research strategy bats Eidolon helvum See page 14

© D. Hayman

This table summarises the main aspects of our research strategy, and the way in which it is to be implemented with our partners and collaborators. A full version of the strategy is available on request.

IoZ objective 1 IoZ objective 2 IoZ objective 3

To undertake relevant, To anticipate and respond to To communicate outcomes and results to high-quality biological research conservation research priorities scientists, conservation practitioners and and research training identified by conservation the wider community organisations }

IoZ HEFCE funded programme We run a programme of meetings and Activities publications see page 22: We undertake research and research training. Current themes are: • Biodiversity and macroecology see page 8 • Journal of Zoology and Animal • Behavioural and population ecology see page 10 Conservation • Genetic variation, fitness and adaptability see page 12 • Wildlife epidemiology see page 14 • Annual programme of evening • Reproductive biology see page 16 scientific meetings We provide training through MSc and PhD programmes see page 27 • Biannual international symposia on topical themes in conservation Science Plan. The major topics: biology (a) Biodiversity patterns and processes How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, • Technical publications to support temporal and biological scales? best practice in zoos (International (b) People and the environment in a changing world ZooYearbook) and in field How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside conservation (Conservation Reports) human population growth and development? • Conservation Science and Practice book series published with Wiley-Blackwell

with ZSL We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s Conservation Programmes see page 20: • Bushmeat and forests • Carnivores and people • Deserts and rangelands • Marine and freshwater • UK native species • Island ecosystems

We respond to research questions and contribute to ZSL’s living animal collection: • Animal health and welfare research • Reproductive monitoring

© 2008 The Zoological Society of London.

with } We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by We contribute to theTropical Registered charity no. 208728 research links with Zoology and organisations in the Cambridge Biology Association programme and other relevant departments Conservation Forum Cambridge Student Conference Edited by Linda DaVolls Design by newlevel.co.uk with institutions We maintain and develop Our research is influenced by Our meetings facilities and in London research links with academic London-based conservation issues programme of talks communicate science All rights are reserved, no part of this bodies, especially the Centre for and conservation publication may be reproduced, stored in Ecology and Evolution a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, We run MSc courses in Wild photocopying, recording or otherwise, Animal Health and Wild Animal without prior permission of the publisher. Biology with the Royal Veterinary College and an MSc course in Conservation Science see page 27

Print conforms to ISO 14001. Cover stock with other Collaboration with most relevant Research questions are influenced Our meetings facilities and certified by Forest Stewardship Council organisations outside bodies for our core by our formal links with the programme of talks communicate science (FSC).Text pages 1–32 produced using research interests see page 33 Wildlife Conservation Society and and conservation 75% recovered fibre certified by FSC. Natural England

Cert no. SGS-COC-0620

Xxxxxxxxxxxx X Institute of Zoology mission: To identify, undertake, and communicate high-quality research to benefit the conservation of animal species and their habitats.

For further information about the Institute of Zoology please contact: Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of Zoology The Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY

Telephone +44 (0)20 7449 6610 [email protected] www.zsl.org