Institute of Zoology

Living Conservation

Science for Conservation Annual Report of the Institute of Zoology 2011/12 IoZ research strategy Raising the profile of Raising the profile issues and conservation and ensuring priorities, well are they at policy represented and in the media level With other organisations With other organisations collaborate with most We relevant outside bodies for interests our core research (see page 35). Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation. 6 . Providing policy makers, policy makers, Providing and the conservationists public with the general needed to information decisions informed make issues on conservation With institutions in London With institutions maintain and develop We links with academic research bodies, especially the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. Wild courses run MSc in We Wild Animal Health and Animal Biology with the College and Veterinary Royal in Conservation an MSc (see page 29). Science is influenced by Our research conservation London-based issues. Our meetings facilities and programme of talks communicate science and conservation ­ 5 Managing and a relevant developing and useful body of knowledge zoological University College London College University maintain and develop We links with Genetics, research and Environment, Evolution and other relevant notably the departments, Centre for Biodiversity and Research. Environmental aim to maximise the We for shared opportunities graduate training at Masters and Doctoral level. contribute to London- We wide activities in ecology through and evolution membership of the Centre for Ecology and Evolution. 4 Using our unique as a role convening society leading learned and achieve foster to excellence international to in science relevant conservation our core priorities 3 EDGE; Indicators and Assessments; Marine Marine Assessments; and Indicators EDGE; Health Wildlife and Freshwater; and Mongolia Europe UK, Asia; Meetings biology themes in conservation ) Yearbook Zoo ( International in zoos practice ( Conservation and in field conservation ) Reports Wiley-Blackwell published with series With the Zoological Society of London questions and respond to research We Conservation Programmes contribute to ZSL’s (see page 22): and Reintroduction; Breeding • Conservation South East Asia; South and Central Africa; • questions and respond to research We living animal collection: contribute to ZSL’s research Welfare Animal Health and • monitoring • Reproductive run a programme of meetings and We publications (see page 24): and Animal Conservation of Zoology • Journal Scientific of evening Annual programme • symposia on topical • Biannual international best support publications to Technical • book Science and Practice • Conservation Attracting and engaging and engaging Attracting of range a diverse people and organisations in the science of zoology – from and conservation leaders in to students their field 2 Encouraging and Encouraging in excellence rewarding and the performance science, of communication and animal conservation husbandry How can we explain and model biological diversity at a range of spatial, temporal and biological scales? world How can we manage wild species and habitats sustainably alongside human population growth and development? Our Aim policy. and influence conservation inform and to objectives its conservation help ZSL achieve to research, and conservation high quality zoological relevant and promote undertake To Our Objectives 1 Our Activities HEFCE funded programme training in and research research undertake We the following themes (see pages 10–19): and macroecology • Biodiversity and population ecology • Behavioural and molecular ecology • Evolution epidemiology Wildlife • and PhD education through MSc provide We programmes. Science Plan The major topics: and processes patterns • Biodiversity in a changing and the environment • People foreword

In the last twelve months, the Earth’s human population passed the 7 billion mark. More than three times as many people are alive today compared with when I was born in the late 1930s. All of these people need the basic essentials of life – food to eat, clean water to drink, clothes to wear, somewhere to call home. This in turn places increasing pressures on the finite resources and productive capacity of our planet. As more land is turned over to agriculture and industry, more rivers are dammed for power, diverted for irrigation and tapped for drinking water, and more of the ocean is fished, the wilderness and the wildlife it supports disappears rapidly. Wild spaces are increasingly being reduced to a series of protected islands in a sea of human transformation. Even these protected areas are under a growing threat from incursions by people and non-indigenous species, and from climate change.

If humanity is to co-exist with wildlife, answers are needed to some basic questions about nature and the effects that humans have on it. Wildlife must be monitored to find out which populations, species and ecosystems are under most threat. Where wildlife is disappearing, why exactly is this happening? Once conservation scientists know what is driving the decline of a species or population, they must work out how to stop or reverse that decline, turning their knowledge of that system into practical action. These issues provide the motivation for much of the work carried out by the scientists at the Institute of Zoology. The pages that follow describe some of the ways in which their science identifies and addresses some of the fundamental problems facing animals and their habitats around the world.

The Institute of Zoology is a small organisation, with about 100 staff and Contents students working on conservation science. It could not do nearly so much of

1 Foreword this important work without the support of its many partners in research and 2 Introduction education (a full list of these takes up pages 35–39), most notably through its 3 IoZ news academic affiliation with University College London, and the equally dedicated 6 Research news staff in ZSL’s Conservation Programmes and Living Collections. It could also 8 Research themes not function without support from the wide range of organisations that fund 10 Biodiversity and macroecology its research (pages 30–31). I should like to take this opportunity to thank all of 12 Behavioural and population ecology 14 Evolution and molecular ecology these partners for their continued support of the Institute. 16 Wildlife epidemiology 20 Indicators and assessments unit 22 ZSL conservation programmes Professor Sir Patrick Bateson 24 Communicating science President of the Zoological Society of London 26 ZSL scientific awards 2011 28 Library 29 Education and training 30 Funding 32 Governance, staff and students 35 Collaborations 40 Staff representation 41 Publications 45 Student publications

Foreword 1 Introduction

London has long been the world centre of biological research, and still represents, by a considerable margin, the world’s largest single conglomeration of biodiversity researchers. It has huge resources of preserved material in the Natural History Museum, at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, at the Linnean Society, and at the Zoological Society. It is home to several of the world’s foremost halls of academia in the colleges of the University of London, with various departments ranking as international centres of expertise in ecology, evolution, taxonomy, genetics, palaeontology and conservation. In an era of concern about environmental change, its place at the heart of political power adds to London’s importance as an international hub for biodiversity issues.

London is of course also home to the Institute of Zoology. As one of the world’s foremost independent conservation research organisations, it makes sense that we should look for ways to integrate more closely with the huge array of research expertise on our doorstep, and this is something we are always seeking to do. In 2011, we took a major step in that respect by formally changing our university partnership, to become affiliated with University College London.

A formal partnership with a university is a condition of our core government funding, and for the past decade we had been affiliated with the University of Cambridge. The relationship with Cambridge had been positive and useful and had resulted in many excellent research collaborations, but really close ties between the two organisations had been hampered by our geographic separation. Moreover, while the interests of the two organisations were very similar, the review of Institute research carried out in 2010 by HEFCE had highlighted that more opportunities lay in complementarity than in overlap. We did not take the decision to part ways lightly, but I am pleased to say that Cambridge understood our reasons, and that we parted amicably.

The new affiliation links us to another of the world’s leading universities. UCL is a major European focus for biological and biomedical research, with active programmes in evolutionary biology and environmental research. Its Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX) programme has established a successful interaction between biology and mathematics, and its Environment Institute and Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research are concerned with many aspects of global change. We are very excited about this new relationship, and the new challenges and opportunities that it brings.

Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

2 Introduction IoZ News

This year saw the introduction of a new Research Theme at the Institute. The Evolution and Molecular Ecology Theme, headed by Trent Garner (below), will focus on the evolutionary processes that shape biodiversity across systems and at all scales. In addition to molecular genetics, the research will involve experimental ecology, modelling, long-term population studies, behaviour and the development of theory, amongst other methods and approaches. Much of the research falls under three broad topics: genetic variation and distribution; the genomic basis of phenotypic plasticity; and co-evolution.

2011 also saw the retirement of the Institute’s longest-serving staff member Daphne Green (above), who joined ZSL in 1966 to work in the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine. Daphne became an expert on radioimmunoassay and ELISA assays, and ran one of only two labs in the UK that could carry out faecal hormone analyses in wild species. We wish her well in her retirement.

In 2011 ZSL received a generous legacy gift of £110,000 from Edna Groves (below) to further research carried out at the Institute. Born in Brixton, Edna’s father worked as a policeman at Albany Street Station. As a member of the constabulary her father could visit the Zoo for free and Edna was a regular visitor. Edna became a Lifetime Fellow of ZSL and visited IoZ, where she discussed research projects In April Senior Research Fellow Kate Jones with staff. We are very grateful for Edna’s (left) moved to University College London generosity, which will support research as Chair of Ecology and Biodiversity in the and conservation science at the IoZ. Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment. Kate will hold a joint appointment with the Zoological Society of London. In her new post, she will continue her research into processes that drive global patterns of biodiversity, and continue to develop innovative ways to monitor biodiversity.

IoZ News 3 IoZ News

continued

monitoring, and genetic and health management. The book considers a wide range of taxa, although there is a predominance of bird and mammal studies that reflects the published research in this field. The structure and content are designed to be used by people wanting to bridge the research-management gap, such as conservation managers wanting

© Y. Karsh / Camera Press Y. © to expand their thinking about reintroduction-related decisions, or Becki Lawson (left) was awarded funding researchers who seek to make useful from the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust applied contributions to reintroduction. to visit institutions in the USA specialising IoZ scientists John Ewen, Karina Acevedo- in wildlife disease investigation and health Whitehouse, Tony Sainsbury and Rosie surveillance. Becki’s project, ‘Optimising a Woodroffe contributed to the chapters citizen science approach to national focused on health management. wildlife health surveillance’, aims to develop her research for the Garden Bird Health initiative. Becki used the Travel Fellowship to visit scientists at Cornell, Princeton and Tufts universities and the National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, to gather information that she can use to expand public-based wildlife health surveillance in Britain.

In July IoZ researchers Nathalie Pettorelli (above right) and Seirian Sumner (above left), with support from the L’Oréal- UNESCO For Women in Science programme, brought together some of the UK’s most prominent women scientists for John Ewen co-edited a new book on the third Soapbox Science. Held at reintroduction biology, which was London’s Southbank, the event aims to published in January 2012. The book brings showcase UK women in science and together contributions from reintroduction inspire the next generation of scientists, experts around the world, and uses an giving them the confidence to push issue-based framework that advocates a through existing barriers, and help change strategic approach to reintroduction. The societal norms that often stand in the way authors recommend that all actions should of women in science. be guided by explicit theoretical frameworks and based on clearly defined objectives. Issues covered include husbandry and intensive management,

4 (below; left to right) David Hitchcock, Bill Holt and Katrien Van Look presenting ‘Fish ‘n’ Chips – zebrafish, genes and gender-bending chemicals’ at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition in 2004.

Professor Bill Holt left the institute last Bill joined ZSL in 1969, obtained his PhD resource banking for conservation, year, leaving behind him a 40 year legacy from the Royal Veterinary College in 1979 through the Frozen Ark Project and the of successful Reproductive Biology and headed the Reproductive Biology Health and Safety Committee of the research at ZSL. We have been privileged Research Group from 1995. In addition, International Embryo Transfer Society. to host such a dedicated and insightful Bill served as Acting Director for the Bill has successfully supervised numerous scientist who, together with his numerous Institute of Zoology between 1999 and PhD and MSc students and continues to colleagues, made a significant impact on 2000, and again from 2006 to 2007, and be an excellent scientific mentor, this important field. His enthusiasm and continues as an ex-officio member of the colleague and friend to many. His gentlemanly approach has earned him ZSL Ethics Committee. During his career, influence extends well beyond ZSL too, great respect across the world and we Bill has published over 220 journal with Bill being awarded Honorary thank him for his contribution. articles, conference papers and books Professorships at University College and has been awarded over £4 million in London, the Royal Veterinary College grant income. His research advanced our London and the University of knowledge of the biology and Bedfordshire. He is also an Honorary preservation of semen and the use of Research Associate of the Smithsonian reproductive biotechnologies in the Institute, USA. Bill now joins the conservation of wild species. In University of Sheffield as a Visiting recognition of his contributions to the Professor and continues to supervise two field, Bill was awarded the 2011 Brian PhD students, one at Brunel University Setchell Medal by the British Andrology and one at the University of Portsmouth. Society. Bill has long been involved with international efforts to promote and coordinate the applications of genome

IoZ news 5 Research News

Over the year research undertaken at Unintended consequences of computer simulations, we found that by IoZ has continued to improve our conservation actions: managing removing CDV, the risk of extinction for understanding of zoological process and disease in complex ecosystems the cheetahs could be almost doubled. We respond to a wide range of conservation Infectious diseases are a serious threat to demonstrated the potential for unintended issues. As a result of this work, some of biodiversity and vaccination can be used consequences of conservation actions which is described below, ever-more to successfully protect affected species when those are targeted at a single species. accurate predictions about population from it. However, single species are always Chauvenet, A.L.M., Durant, S.M., Hilborn, R. & Pettorelli, N. changes in the light of environmental part of a larger group, called communities, (2011) Unintended consequences of conservation actions: pressures can be made. with which they interact. Therefore, managing disease in complex ecosystems. PLoS One 6: e28671. conservation actions for one species could potentially affect the survival of another. When both species are known to be at risk Investing in evolutionary history of extinction, it is important to understand Decision-making about the focus of how protecting one from disease may conservation investment has become a endanger the other. We used two central part of both academic research and threatened carnivores cohabiting in the conservation action. It has been strongly Serengeti as a case study: lions and argued that maximising phylogenetic cheetahs. In this ecosystem, lions are diversity should be one of the main goals threatened by regular outbreaks of the of priority-setting for conservation. There Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) which can are two main arguments for choosing kill a third of the population at once. prioritisation techniques that aim to Cheetahs are not affected by CDV, but, conserve the maximum possible amount because lions are known to have an of evolutionary history. The first is a important impact on cheetah numbers, we pragmatic perspective; phylogenetic wanted to investigate how removing CDV, distinctiveness (PD) is a compound metric thus protecting lions, may impact cheetah of all forms of genotypic, phenotypic numbers. Using mathematical tools and (‘feature’ or ‘character’ diversity) and functional diversity, both measurable and unmeasurable, so maximising PD thereby provides biological systems with the most options to respond to a changing world. The second is from more of an ethical perspective, whereby maximising the conservation of PD best preserves the immense history of the Earth.

© S. Durant, Serengeti Cheetah Project © S. Durant, Serengeti We evaluated how one measure of evolutionary history developed at ZSL (EDGE) has been implemented in mammals. We assessed how robust this method is to changes in knowledge of taxonomy and extinction risk, and examined how mammalian species that rank highly in EDGE score are representative of the collective from which they are drawn. We found that the majority of the changes in species ranks between this and the previous version of the EDGE list were due to changes in Red List status. The 195 changes in mammal conservation status, which principally represent changes to more threatened categories of Red List status, are of serious concern; they are leading to a net deterioration in

6 6 Comparison of Red List status between Extinct/Extinct in the Wild (EX/EW) versions of the EDGE list. Critically Endangered (CR) Black bubble = no category change. Endangered (EN) Bubble size is scaled to the number of Vulnerable (VU) cases of a given category, as a

Near Threatened (NT) proportion of the species that used to be in that category in the previous New Red List Category Least Concern (LC) version of the Red List.

Data Deficient (DD)

N e w R e d L S tsi at ut s DD LC NT VU EN CR EX/EW

Old Red List Category

conservation status across the group and the occurrence of disease in wild animals an erosion of biodiversity. This study also associated with translocations. The revealed the number of reassessments of analyses included hazards present mammalian species extinction risk category throughout the translocation pathway owing to non-genuine impacts on status, derived from the interactions between such as changing taxonomy, new information host immunity and the parasite, the effect and reassessment of the quality of of parasites on populations, the effect of existing data used for assessments in the non-infectious disease agents, and the light of new understanding. While such effect of stressors on host–parasite changes are potentially problematic for interactions. We used the reintroduction priority-setting schemes, such as EDGE, of Eurasian cranes Grus grus to England the expanding knowledge of species to demonstrate our method. Of the 24 conservation status is undoubtedly a hazards identified, one was classified as positive advance for conservation. high risk and five were medium risk. Seventeen other hazards were considered By avoiding priority lists that are dominated low or very low risk. In the absence of by highly threatened species, an approach host species and locations and are better information on the number, identity, that uses a roughly equal weighting of currently using next generation sequencing distribution and pathogenicity of parasites extinction risk and PD buffers high-ranking technologies to acquire whole genome of wild animals, there is uncertainty in the species from change, in cases such as sequences of these isolates. This genomic risk of disease to translocated animals and mammals where the range of the two approach offers insights into the UK recipient populations. Surveys of parasites component scores is similar (roughly two origins and spread of these viruses as well in source and destination populations and orders of magnitude). The EDGE as adaptations to new hosts and localities. detailed health monitoring after release programme (www.edgeofexistence.org), The collection of further frog mortality will improve the information available for which implements practical on-the-ground reports from members of the public has future analyses of disease risk. It is conservation actions for focal species also been an ongoing project (the Frog intended that this method can be adapted from the top 100 list of EDGE species, Mortality Project) between IoZ and the to assess the risks of disease in other makes use of this benefit. amphibian conservation charity, Froglife. translocated populations. We now have a database of more than Collen, B., Turvey, S.T., Waterman C., Meredith, H.M.R., Baillie, Sainsbury, A.W. & Vaughan-Higgins, R.J. (2012) Analyzing J.E.M. & Isaac, N.J.B. (2011) Investing in evolutionary history: 5,000 reports spanning 20 years, with data disease risks associated with translocations. Conservation implementing a phylogenetic approach for mammalian on mortality, pond and local habitat Biology 26: 442–452. conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 366: 2611–2622. management. These data are being modelled within a cutting edge spatio- temporal framework to evaluate contrasting hypotheses explaining UK A genomic approach to the spread ranavirus emergence, including the of ranavirus in the UK modifying effect of climate change on an Amphibians are in the midst of a endemic pathogen and spread via particularly striking extinction crisis and human-mediated translocations. considerable research into ranaviruses and other parasites has revealed the significant impact of infectious diseases. Analysing disease risks associated The UK public has been reporting unusual with translocations die-offs of the common frog Rana Translocations are expected to be used temporaria for over 25 years, with reports increasingly to counter the undesirable

initially localised to south-east England effects of anthropogenic changes to WWT © S. Dench but now widespread. Ranavirus, a large ecosystems, including loss of species. double-stranded DNA virus of the family Methods to assess the risk of disease Iridoviridae, was shown to be the cause of associated with translocations have been these mass mortalities in the early 1990s compiled in a comprehensive manual of (centre) and research into the pathogen has disease-risk analysis for movement of Stephen Price researching ranavirus in UK amphibians continued at IoZ since. We have used cell domestic animals. In a recent study this culture to isolate virus from diseased manual was used to devise a qualitative (above) amphibians from different time points, method for assessing the probability of Eurasian crane Grus grus

Research news 7 Research Themes

Research at the Institute of Zoology is organised into four Research Themes:

Biodiversity and Macroecology page 10 Behavioural and Population Ecology page 12 Evolution and Molecular Ecology page 14 Wildlife Epidemiology page 16

Each Research Theme group is made up of several research fellows, postdoctoral research assistants and PhD students, and is led by a Senior Research Fellow or Professor. Most staff work across several Research Themes in broad internal and external collaborations.

The following pages outline some of the outcomes of current research programmes in each theme. © T. Blackburn T. ©

8 9 Biodiversity & Macroecology

The Biodiversity and Macroecology New analytical approaches to Research Theme aims to describe patterns maximise the value of camera trap data of diversity in the biology, ecology and Camera traps are devices designed to distribution of animal species and their capture images of wild animals habitats at regional and global scales, and automatically by linking a camera to a to test hypotheses about the evolutionary movement sensor. This enables researchers and ecological processes that may to see which species are present in an explain the origin and maintenance of area, how abundant they are, and what this diversity. We also aim to work with they are up to, without having to be practitioners to apply this knowledge in present, providing a window on the lives setting priorities for conservation action. of animals that are too rare or shy to observe directly. While camera traps have been around for over a century, with the advent of mass-produced, low cost models, they have become a central tool for anyone seeking to study, monitor or conserve many species of animal. However, the full potential of camera traps has yet to be realised, and these two papers are part of a series developing new Postcopulatory mechanisms of analytical approaches to extract the inbreeding avoidance in the hihi maximum value from camera trap data. A high number of threatened bird species Rowcliffe et al (2011) show how the occur on islands, particularly in small, positions of animals relative to the camera isolated populations. Inbreeding is in images can be used to quantify the common in these populations and often sensitivity of camera traps, giving an has negative repercussions on individual example where the distance that cameras fitness and genetic variation. Where costly can ‘see’ is effectively greater for larger inbreeding has the potential to occur, species, and during drier weather. The ability natural selection is predicted to favour to measure camera sensitivity is important mechanisms to avoid mating between because this variable is a key determinant close relatives. We have previously shown of the rate at which records of a given inbreeding depresses hatching success species accumulate, so controlling for and nestling survival in the hihi Notiomystis sensitivity will help to extract an unbiased cincta. We have now tested whether index of animal abundance from trap rate female hihi have evolved mechanisms to data. Rowcliffe et al (2012) use information avoid mating with their close relatives. on the patterns of movement in front of the Hihi are a highly promiscuous species, but camera in order to quantify the sinuosity do form social pair bonds with a single of animal movement paths, and use this male. Therefore, females could avoid information to quantify the extent to which mating with relatives in two ways, either traditional radio-tracking studies under- by choosing less related social male estimate total distances moved by animals. partners to breed with or by fertilising Distance moved is an important behavioural- their eggs with sperm from less related ecological variable, linking to energy use extra-pair individuals. We found that and the mechanisms of population females do not discriminate against persistence. However, this study suggests related males to form social pair bonds, two- to ten-fold under-estimation in existing but their offspring are fathered by less radio-tracking studies, highlighting a need related individuals. This suggests female for improved methods in this area. hihi have postcopulatory mechanisms of

Rowcliffe, J.M., Carbone, C., Jansen, P.A., Kays, R. & inbreeding avoidance. There are a number Kranstauber, B. (2011) Quantifying the sensitivity of camera of mechanisms that could explain our traps: an adapted distance sampling approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2: 464–476. findings: for example, higher compatibility

Rowcliffe, J.M., Carbone, C., Kays, R., Kranstauber, B. & and fertilisation success between less Jansen, P.A. (2012) Bias in estimating animal travel distance: related gametes, sperm ejection the effect of sampling frequency. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 653–662. 10 The proposed unified framework for biological Terminology Alien invasions. The proposed framework recognises that Casual / Naturalised / Established the invasion process can be divided into a series of Introduced Invasive stages, that in each stage there are barriers that need Stage Transport Introduction Establishment Spread to be overcome for a species or population to pass on to the next stage, that species are referred to by Barrier different terms in the terminology depending on where in the invasion process they have reached,

Survival and that different management interventions apply Captivity Dispersal

Geography at different stages. Different parts of this framework

Reproduction emphasise views of invasions that focus on Environmental or Captivation population, process, or species. The unfilled block arrows describe the movement of species along Invasion Failure ‘Boom and Bust’ the invasion framework with respect to the barriers.

Management Prevention Containment Mitigation Eradication

(of related males), sperm selection implications for streamlining the transfer represented in the fossil record bear little (of unrelated males) or biased fertility/ of research results to management of relationship to anything still around today, mortality of offspring fathered by related invasions for conservation. Moreover, the making it very difficult to tease apart the individuals. This finding is important as framework allows different management biases in the fossil record and clarify the the evolution of inbreeding avoidance measures to be mapped onto the invasion nature of the relationship between past mechanisms in threatened endemic island process. This helps to clarify the responses abundance and fossil abundance. Studies species may help slow accumulation of to invasions that are most likely to be of the very recent prehistoric past provide inbreeding and loss of genetic variation, relevant or successful at different stages, a unique opportunity to understand this essential in maintaining adaptive potential. and hence where the responsibility for important problem. In particular, fossil

Brekke, P., Wang, J., Bennett, P.M., Cassey, P., Dawson, D.A., different management interventions is assemblages deposited since the end of Horsburgh, G.J. & Ewen, J.G. (2011) Postcopulatory likely to lie. the last Ice Age glaciation, during the mechanisms of inbreeding avoidance in the island endemic hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Behavioral Ecology 23: 278–284. Blackburn, T.M., Pyšek, P., Bacher, S., Carlton, J.T., Duncan, Holocene interval, represent species that R.P., Jarošík, V., Wilson, J.R.U. & Richardson, D.M. (2011) A lived in environments extremely similar to proposed unified framework for biological invasions.Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 333–339. today. By looking at the well-documented A proposed unified framework for Holocene bird fossil record from Sweden, biological invasions and comparing patterns of abundance of The last two decades have seen an Determinants of species abundance bird fossils with the modern Swedish explosion of research on human-mediated in the Quaternary vertebrate fossil avifauna, we reveal that likelihood of species invasions. However, invasion record being preserved in the fossil record is biologists have pursued their research Researchers interested in using the recent indeed related to abundance in source using a great variety of terminologies, fossil record to understand past communities. However, a far more dissecting and pursuing the invasion ecosystems typically want to know not important predictor of fossil abundance is process in different ways. This is only which species existed when the fossil body size – large-bodied species are much problematic because it hinders comparison deposits were formed, but also wider more likely to be preserved than smaller of patterns and processes in invasions, information about their former abundance species. These findings have important and leads to the reinvention of concepts and rarity. However, the process of implications for using the Holocene record and hypotheses. Much of the difference fossilisation is inherently biased, meaning in establishing environmental baselines stems from taxonomy: most plant that patterns of abundance shown by for restoration ecology. ecologists adopt a framework that views species preserved in the fossil record are Turvey, S.T. & Blackburn, T.M. (2011) Determinants of species invasions as a series of barriers that a very unlikely to match true patterns of abundance in the Quaternary vertebrate fossil record. Paleobiology 37: 537–546. species negotiates to become invasive, abundance in original prehistoric faunas. while most animal ecologists adopt a This problem is compounded by the fact framework that views invasions as a that nearly all of the ecosystems series of stages that a species must pass through on the pathway from native to invasive alien.

We proposed a unified framework for invasion biology that combines the key elements of the barrier (plant) and stage (animal) models, and that can be applied to all human-mediated invasions. Amongst the insights provided by the new framework are that the stage and barrier models differ in focus rather than substance: the animal framework focused on the status a species attains, while the plant framework focused on the barriers to progress from one state to the next. The unified framework also shows how a terminology for invasion biology maps onto both stages and barriers. This helps to clarify to which stages in the invasion process

different terms refer, which has important Turvey © S.

Research themes 11 Behavioural & Population Ecology

Our research in behavioural ecology and Jealous females? was in consortship (a ‘mate-guarding’ population ecology has two major In the mating game, males are traditionally association with a male partner who interlinked aims: to test fundamental viewed as competitors, while females are defends exclusive mating access to the hypotheses in behavioural and population portrayed as choosy. However, there is female). Further work is now required to ecology and to use our knowledge of the now mounting evidence of more flexible establish whether such aggression reflects behavioural and population ecology of sex roles for males and females. We an attempt by females to suppress the wild species, and the human populations explored patterns of competition between reproduction of their competitors, or that interact with them, to inform females in an animal society where both whether this pattern might arise conservation policy and management. males and females occupy conventional incidentally, since receptive females tend sex roles (where males are the primary to be more active in the centre of the competitors and females invest most in group and might therefore be more reproduction) – and thus where mating exposed to aggression from others. These findings reveal the importance that sex can have in shaping female social relationships in animal societies, and further suggest that access to mates may represent an extra cost of sociality to females.

Huchard, E. & Cowlishaw, G. (2011) Female-female aggression around mating: an extra cost of sociality in a multimale primate society. Behavioral Ecology 22: 1003–1011.

Contact between endangered African wild dogs and domestic dogs: opportunities for pathogen transmission Infectious diseases seriously threaten the populations of many endangered mammals, including African wild dogs Lycaon pictus. Extinction risks may be particularly high where the endangered host lives alongside a more abundant host species which can maintain infection with virulent pathogens. Domestic dogs Canis familiaris are often assumed to act as such ‘reservoir hosts’ for pathogens threatening wild dogs. We studied the densities and movement patterns of both domestic dogs

© E. Huchard and African wild dogs in a Kenyan rangeland, using Global Positioning competition between females might be System-collars and conventional least expected – and found some surprising radiotelemetry. Wild dogs lived at low results. Our study was conducted on population densities, and direct desert baboons in Namibia, at ZSL/IoZ’s encounters between packs were rare. In long-term Tsaobis Baboon Project. Studying contrast, domestic dogs lived at higher two troops, we found that the frequency of densities and encountered one another aggression between females showed little more frequently. These differences relationship to potential competition over suggest that directly transmitted virulent food or paternal care for young. However, pathogens would be more likely to persist females did receive much more aggression within populations of domestic dogs than from other females when they were within wild dog populations. However, sexually receptive. This effect was even wild dog populations alone might more marked when the receptive female maintain pathogens that are indirectly

12 (e.g. spatial or effort restrictions). However, we suggest that alternative occupations could help increase support for direct conservation measures.

Hill, N.A.O., Rowcliffe, J.M., Koldewey, H.J. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2012) The interaction between seaweed farming as an alternative occupation and fisher numbers in the central Philippines. Conservation Biology 26: 324–334.

Natural population die-offs: causes and consequences for terrestrial mammals With extreme climatic events expected to occur more frequently and with greater

© D. Rubenstein intensity in the coming decades, there is increasing awareness that such events transmitted through vectors or The interaction between seaweed represent a growing threat to biodiversity. environmental persistence. The risk of farming as an alternative occupation In particular, extreme natural events, such contact between the two host species was and fisher numbers in the central as cyclones, droughts and floods, have been limited by their behaviour: domestic dogs Philippines shown to trigger episodes of high mortality were associated with human settlements, Conservation in developing countries is in wildlife populations in relatively short which wild dogs avoided. Clustering of often faced with tackling unsustainable time-windows. These population die-offs settlements, reflecting grazing traditions exploitation of natural resources. The have been documented across different of local pastoralists, accentuated these development of alternative sources of taxonomic groups and in a wide range of patterns. Our study suggests that spillover income is frequently promoted as an circumstances; yet, a consensus on how of directly transmitted pathogens from approach to reduce the number of people to define them has not emerged and the domestic dogs to wild dogs might be exploiting natural resources in the context elements favouring the occurrence of infrequent, which may explain the recent of poverty. This approach is often based on these abrupt population losses remain growth of the local wild dog population surprisingly understudied. These issues despite sporadic cases of rabies. hamper our ability to identify populations most at risk. Our study provided a Mitigating the threat of disease is functional definition of natural population challenging, partly because uncertainty die-offs, an assessment of extrinsic and about disease dynamics makes it difficult intrinsic processes shaping these die-offs, to identify the best management and a framework for assessing the approaches. Serious impacts on vulnerability of terrestrial mammals to susceptible populations most frequently natural and anthropogenically caused occur when generalist pathogens are extreme events. With this framework, we maintained within populations of hope to identify populations most at risk abundant reservoir hosts, and spill over and support previous efforts to assess the into less abundant host species. We vulnerability of species to climate change. © N. Hill investigated interspecific and intraspecific Ameca y Juarez, E.I., Mace, G.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Pettorelli, transmission routes by comparing African the assumption that the rural poor exploit N. (2011) Natural population die-offs: causes and wild dogs’ exposure to six canine natural resources because they have no consequences for terrestrial mammals. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 272–277. pathogens with behavioural measures of other options, and that if provided with their opportunities for contact with more lucrative alternatives they will stop domestic dogs and with other wild dogs. exploiting natural resources. Although this Domestic dog contact was associated with approach has been widely adopted in exposure to canine parvovirus, Ehrlichia conservation projects, there has been very canis, Neospora caninum and perhaps little assessment of its conservation rabies virus, but not with exposure to impacts. We analysed the impact of an canine distemper virus or canine alternative occupation (seaweed farming) coronavirus. Contact with other wild dogs on fisher numbers in 10 communities on appeared not to increase the risk of Danajon Bank, central Philippines. We exposure to any of the pathogens. These wanted to know how seaweed farming findings, combined with other data, had influenced fisher numbers. As suggest that management directed at historical records of fisher numbers are domestic dogs might help to protect wild lacking, we developed two approaches to dog populations from rabies virus, but not determine how fisher numbers had from canine distemper virus. However, changed over time and the influence of further analyses are needed to determine seaweed farming. The results were mixed. the management approaches which are Seaweed farming had reduced fisher most appropriate for each pathogen. numbers in some villages, a result that may be correlated with socioeconomic Woodroffe, R. & Donnelly, C.A. (2011) Risk of contact between endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus and domestic status, but in others there were increases dogs: opportunities for pathogen transmission. Journal of in fisher numbers in line with human Applied Ecology 48: 1345–1354. population growth. The heterogeneity of Woodroffe, R., Prager, K.C., Munson, L., Conrad, P.A., Dubovi, E.J. & Mazet, J.A.K. (2012) Contact with domestic dogs outcomes is consistent with suggestions increases pathogen exposure in endangered African wild that alternative occupations are not a dogs (Lycaon pictus). PLoS One 7: e30099. substitute for direct conservation measures

Research themes 13 EVOLUTION & MOLECULAR ECOLOGY

The Evolution and Molecular Ecology Inbreeding and inbreeding was established primarily in order to Research Theme aims to deepen our depression of early life traits in a conduct research on the evolution of knowledge of the evolutionary processes cooperative mammal cooperative behaviour. The study system that shape biodiversity across systems Mating between relatives, or inbreeding, was established and continues to be run and at all scales. Although the tools of often results in inbreeding depression in by the Universities of Cambridge and molecular genetics are commonly which inbred offspring are smaller in size Zurich, while this particular research was employed by members of the theme, and/or have lower survival. Until recently, funded by a NERC PhD grant through the projects also involve experimental most inbreeding research has been University of Edinburgh. ecology, modelling, long-term population conducted on captive or laboratory species Nielsen, J.F., English, S., Goodall-Copestake, W.P., Wang, J., studies, behaviour and the development but there is a growing awareness of the Walling, C.A., Bateman, A.W., Flower, T.P., Sutcliffe, R.L., of theory, amongst other methods and importance of studying inbreeding in the Samson, J., Thavarajah, N.K., Kruuk, L.E.B., Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Pemberton, J.M. (2012) Inbreeding and inbreeding approaches, to inform conservation wild in order to better understand the depression of early life traits in a cooperative mammal. practice and policy and add to our basic interplay of inbreeding with natural Molecular Ecology 21(11): 2788–2804. understanding of evolution. environmental conditions. To date, inbreeding has been little studied in cooperative breeders, where the close Estimating selfing from genetic proximity of kin is generally expected to marker data have led to the evolution of inbreeding Many plants and some invertebrate avoidance mechanisms. We collaborated animals (e.g. snails, earthworms, with scientists from Cambridge and Zurich molluscs) are hermaphrodites and can do to analyse skin samples collected in the self reproduction to different degrees. For Kalahari from large numbers of such species, it is of great interest to know individually recognisable meerkats the proportion of progeny derived via Suricata suricatta. We have established a self-fertilisation (selfing rate), its variation genetic pedigree and used this to explore among individuals, populations and the effects of inbreeding on variation in species, and to understand the causes of growth, behaviour and survival. This this variation. Methods have been research has shown that nearly half of the developed to estimate the selfing rate of a population of meerkats is inbred to some population from a sample of individuals extent. Furthermore, we have shown that genotyped for several marker loci. These inbred pups weigh less, are smaller, grow methods are based on the homozygosity at reduced rates and have lower survival excess (or inbreeding) or/and identity than outbred pups. Previous studies on disequilibrium at marker loci, assuming other wild populations of animals have perfect genotype data (without errors and found evidence for the effects of mutations), the absence of biparental inbreeding being more pronounced in inbreeding and the presence of inbreeding stressful environmental conditions. In equilibrium. In practice, however, these meerkats, where helpers play a large role assumptions are often violated, which in raising the dominants’ pups, the social leads to biased selfing rate estimates. We setting is an important component of a propose a new method to reconstruct the meerkat’s environment. Our study showed pedigree of a sample of individuals taken some tentative evidence for the positive from a monoecious diploid population effects of the social environment in practising mixed selfing and outbreeding ameliorating the effects of inbreeding reproduction, using multilocus genotypic depression such that inbred pups reared in data. Selfing and outcrossing events are groups with more helpers suffered from then detected when an individual derives less pronounced inbreeding depression. from identical parents and from two Although we found a higher than expected distinct parents, respectively. Selfing rate level of inbreeding in meerkats, very close is estimated by the proportion of selfed relatives appeared to avoid inbreeding and offspring in the reconstructed pedigree of future work on the same population may a sample of individuals. The method reveal how meerkats achieve close kin accommodates genotyping errors, and is recognition. All data for this study comes robust to biparental inbreeding and © O. Mohammed © O. © J. Nielsen © J. from the Kalahari Meerkat Project, which inbreeding disequilibrium. Both simulated

14 (right) Global habitat suitability for seven octocoral Suborders present suborders, showing the global hotspot for 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 octocorals in the Northeast Atlantic.

(below) Accuracy (measured by root mean squared errors of estimates over 100 replicates, RMSE) of four methods (new method; inbreeding method; inbreeding disequilibrium method; InStruct method) as a function of the actual simulated selfing rate. Fifty offspring are taken at random from a population, with each offspring genotyped at 10 loci, each having 10 alleles with frequencies in a uniform Dirichlet distribution. -135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135

0.06 sampling in the deep sea. We used habitat and other social insects is painting a suitability modelling to predict global fascinating picture of the mechanisms that RMSE deep-sea octocoral distribution using a underlie those processes in both insects and database of geolocated specimens and cells. We develop a conceptual framework 0.04 environmental data, such as ocean that seeks to unite these processes at the temperature currents. Many octocorals regulatory level of the genes. utilise a form of calcium carbonate called 0.02 calcite in the construction of parts of their skeleton. In order to efficiently extract calcite from the water column, the 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 concentration of calcite needs to be high. Selfing Rate More than 97% of octocoral records were found in waters saturated or New method supersaturated for calcite. The calcite Inbreeding method saturation state was found to be a key Inbreeding disequilibrium method factor in determining habitat suitability. InStruct method This result has implications for the future of many octocorals as ocean acidification

and empirical data were analysed by the is known to reduce the calcite saturation © K. Booth new and previous methods to compare state. All seven octocoral suborders their statistical properties and accuracies. demonstrated a habitat preference for Social insect castes and cell differentiation The new method is found to be more continental shelves and margins, are examples of plasticity in the phenotype. robust and accurate than others in various particularly the North and West Atlantic The same genome allows for different situations, and to be more accurate by and Western Pacific Rim. We suggest that behaviours (in insects) and cell functions several fold in some cases. approximately 17% of oceans are suitable through a reprogramming of the for at least one suborder but 3.5% may expression of shared genes. We know Wang, J., El-Kassaby, Y.A. & Ritland, K. (2012) Estimating selfing rates from reconstructed pedigrees using multilocus be suitable for all seven. The resulting quite a lot about cell differentiation: a key genotype data. Molecular Ecology 21(1): 100–116. distribution estimates create a useful process is the chemical ‘tagging’ of a resource for researchers, managers and creature’s DNA that does not affect its conservationists. sequence (that is, above and beyond the (below) Tubipora musica DNA sequence, or epigenetic) and helps Yesson, C., Taylor, M.L., Tittensor, D.P., Davies, A.J., Guinotte, J., Baco, A., Black, J., Hall-Spencer, J.M. & Rogers, A.D. (2012) control both reprogramming and cell Global habitat suitability of cold-water octocorals. Journal of commitment. The question that we discuss Biogeography 39: 1278–1292. is whether the processes before, during and after the ‘switch’ at both the cellular and colony levels of biological Shifting behaviour: epigenetic organisation are controlled by similar reprogramming in eusocial insects epigenetic mechanisms. These are really They fight, punish, reward and coerce exciting times for sociobiologists, with the their friends. They are promiscuous, selfish, powerful idea that the punctuated altruistic, deceptive and manipulative. They epigenetic landscape controlling caste are farmers, predators and scavengers. differentiation may well be the same as

© R. Jones They dispense law and order. Eusocial that which controls cell differentiation – insects – bees, wasps, ants and termites – and that the same ancient molecular Global habitat suitability of are the soap opera stars of the non-human regulatory processes have been co-opted cold-water octocorals animal kingdom. Much of that behaviour to produce the fascinating array of social Three-quarters of Octocorallia species are centres around an extreme division of complexities in insects as well as cells. found in deep waters. These cold-water labour, with individuals becoming queens, Patalano, S., Hore, T.A., Reik, W. & Sumner, S. (2012) Shifting coral colonies can form a major workers and sometimes soldiers. Once it behaviour: epigenetic reprogramming in eusocial insects. constituent of structurally complex starts, this process is usually irreversible – Current Opinion in Cell Biology 24: 367–373. habitats. The global distribution and the much as embryonic stem cells have no habitat requirements of deep-sea alternative but to become part of a kidney octocorals are poorly understood due to or cartilage once the biological ‘switch’ is the expense and logistic difficulties of thrown. Recent research into honeybees

Research themes 15 Wildlife Epidemiology

The Wildlife Epidemiology Research West Nile Virus vector competency of Theme aims to identify where disease is mosquitoes in the Galapagos Islands a threat to wildlife conservation, either West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne as a primary cause of species declines or as flavivirus that has spread rapidly across a threat to remnant wildlife populations. the Americas during the last decade. Thus The Research Theme also aims to far it has not emerged in the Galapagos investigate the emergence of disease as Islands of Ecuador – a UNESCO World a conservation threat and develop an Heritage Site with many endemic species understanding of the consequences of of wildlife. Since the virus infects a wide changes in wildlife disease epidemiology; range of vertebrate hosts, including both to wildlife conservation and welfare reptiles, and is associated with the decline and to human health and welfare, of several North American bird particularly where these changes are populations, there is concern about the

driven by anthropogenic forces. impact that WNV could have on the fauna © G. Eastwood of Galapagos. This provides strong incentive to investigate how mosquitoes transmission to new hosts bitten. Such currently established in Galapagos might ‘vector competency’ was assessed using interact with WNV, for example, could the the WN02 virus clade, with the effect of mosquitoes act as a vector for this novel temperature examined by incubating pathogen. We experimentally infected field mosquitoes at either 27°C or 30°C prior to samples of Culex quinquefasciatus, a testing groups at various time points mosquito that established in the region post-exposure. The results showed that approximately 30 years ago. This enabled C. quinquefasciatus has a moderate ability us to study what happens when the to be a WNV vector, its competence being mosquito takes an infected blood-meal comparable to USA strains of this and the subsequent likelihood of WNV mosquito. Rates of infection, dissemination and transmission all increased with time post-exposure to WNV, and after 28 days, 44% of mosquitoes tested could transmit the virus. Vector efficiency (i.e. the proportion of basic ingested infections that result in salivary transmission ability) increased from 14 days. Temperature significantly increased the proportion of mosquitoes infected, but not their transmission of WNV. Thus, we found limited indication that there would be seasonal differences in transmission. We demonstrate that Galapagos C. quinquefasciatus is a competent WNV vector, and therefore should be considered an animal and public health risk for the archipelago and controlled wherever possible. Future steps will examine further species of mosquito in Galapagos, and their biting behaviour, to help determine whether WNV would circulate in this important conservation region.

Eastwood, G., Kramer, L.D., Goodman, S.J. & Cunningham, A.A. (2011) West Nile Virus vector competency of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the Galapagos Islands. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 426–433. © G. Eastwood

1616 Chytridiomycosis-infected midwife toads Alytes sp. in the Pyrenees © R. Farrer

Multiple emergence of genetically only harboured the disease. By doing so, and the other transported many times by diverse amphibian-infecting we identified three separate and divergent international trade (BdGPL). Our study Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis lineages that we have named BdGPL, highlights the urgent action required to Since the discovery of the amphibian- BdCAPE and BdCH. Our data show that prevent future panzootics, which may infecting pathogenic fungus BdGPL is the most common lineage require new measures to prevent Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) (found on all five continents we tested) transmission of infectious diseases. As for during the 1990s, it has been found on and also the type associated with many other threatened species, tightening every continent on Earth except mass-mortalities and extinction. We the biosecurity associated with trade is Antarctica, and is responsible for dozens therefore called this lineage the Global key to preventing accelerated evolution of extinctions and local extinctions. One of Panzootic Lineage. BdCAPE is also found and spread of hyper-virulent diseases in the puzzling aspects of the disease has in more than one continent, and BdCH the future. been the extremely high genetic similarity only in Switzerland. Farrer, R.A., Weinert, L.A., Bielby, J., Garner, T.W.J., Balloux, F., found between isolates from diverse Clare, F., Bosch, J., Cunningham, A.A., Weldon, C., du Preez, habitats worldwide. We examined the BdGPL uniquely has features within the L.H., Anderson, L., Pond, S.L.K., Shahar-Golan, R., Henk, D.A. & Fisher, M.C. (2011) Multiple emergences of genetically genomes from a global panel of Bd genome that may have resulted from diverse amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proceedings of the isolates both from amphibian habitats hybridisation between two parental strains. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America experiencing die-offs (such as the recent Both BdGPL and BdCAPE have been 108: 18732–18736. mountain chicken Leptodactylus fallax spread via trade in amphibians: once by epizootic on Montserrat), and others that accidental cohousing in a zoo (BdCAPE),

Research themes 17 Wildlife Epidemiology

continued

Evidence of the spread of emerging songbirds in 2005, leading to epidemic infectious disease in migrating birds mortality associated with significant Trichomonas gallinae is a protozoan declines of breeding populations of parasite that is well known as a cause of greenfinches Carduelis chloris and the disease trichomonosis in pigeon, dove chaffinches Fringilla coelebs and raptor species worldwide. The parasite in the central and western counties of emerged as a novel infection of British England in 2006. Sequence data and platform-based multilocus typing tools confirm that a single clonal strain of T. gallinae is the causative agent of this emerging infectious disease. Continued epidemic spread of the disease with a pronounced shift in geographical distribution towards eastern England occurred in 2007. This was followed by international spread to southern Fennoscandia where cases were confirmed at multiple sites in the summer of 2008, once again affecting finch species with similar signs of disease. Sequence data showed no variation between the British and Fennoscandian parasite strains. Epidemiological and historical ring return data support bird migration as a plausible mechanism for the observed pattern of disease spread, and suggest the chaffinch as the most likely primary vector. We believe this to be the first documented case of the spread of a protozoal emerging infectious disease by migrating birds. Seasonal epidemic mortality due to finch trichomonosis continues to occur in the late summer months of each year in Great Britain. Both the greenfinch and chaffinch have large and widespread populations across Europe and into Russia. Continued disease surveillance, in combination with census monitoring, is required to determine the impact of this emerging infectious disease on European finch populations.

Lawson, B., Cunningham, A.A., Chantrey, J., Hughes, L.A., John, S.K., Bunbury, N., Bell, D.J. & Tyler, K.M. (2011) A clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae is the aetiologic agent of an emerging avian epidemic disease. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 11: 1638–1645.

Lawson, B., Robinson, R.A., Neimanis, A., Handeland, K., Isomursu, M., Agren, E.O., Hamnes, I.S., Tyler, K.M., Chantrey, J., Hughes, L.A., Pennycott, T.W., Simpson, V.R., John, S.K., Peck, K.M., Toms, M.P., Bennett, M., Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (2011) Evidence of spread of the emerging infectious disease, finch trichomonosis, by migrating birds. EcoHealth 8: 143–153. © J. Pakenham / BTO Pakenham © J.

18 © O. Restif © O.

Diverse paramyxoviruses found in in a wide range of animal species. Some this region, giving it ample opportunity for fruit bat populations paramyxoviruses of bats can transmit contact with human and domestic animal Bats are an incredibly diverse and widely across species barriers, often with fatal populations. Given the possibility that this distributed taxonomic order. consequences. We worked with a contact might facilitate cross-species virus Approximately 1,200 species of bats exist, population of straw-coloured fruit bats transmission, we investigated the and bats are found on every continent Eidolon helvum in Ghana, West Africa. The paramyxoviruses in this bat population. except Antarctica. Like many other large population (up to 1,000,000 Paramyxoviruses have been successfully animals, some bats constitute a reservoir individuals) roosts directly over a busy detected in bat urine before so we of zoonotic infections. Paramyxoviruses hospital in the capital city, Accra, and collected urine non-invasively from plastic (e.g. measles and mumps viruses) are undergoes long-range migration. The sheeting underneath the roosts over a negative-stranded RNA viruses that occur species is also harvested for bushmeat in two-month period. From these samples we were able to detect high diversity of novel paramyxoviruses using consensus- Urine collection in order to detect PCR. These findings were significant paramyxoviruses in fruit bats because some of the detected viruses are closely related to those already known to be fatal in humans. Also, the level of viral diversity in reservoir populations is fundamental to understanding and predicting viral emergence. Finally, detecting such a high prevalence and genetic diversity of novel paramyxoviruses in a short period of time might suggest a unique relationship exists between bats and paramyxoviruses. Given the high rate of bat-human contact at the study site, the zoonotic potential of the detected viruses needs to be investigated further.

Baker, K.S., Todd, S., Marsh, G., Fernandez-Loras, A., Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J.L.N., Wang, L.F., Murcia, P.R. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012) Co-circulation of diverse paramyxoviruses in an urban African fruit bat population.

© K. Baker Journal of General Virology 93: 850–856.

Research themes 19 indicators & assessments unit

2 Global environmental agreements 2.0 such as the Convention on Biological Population trend for species found in the high Arctic Arctic species trend 95% confidence limits around the trend Diversity (CBD) have set stringent 1.75 goals for biodiversity conservation. Statistically significant inflection Scientifically robust biodiversity positive 1.5 negative indicators are required to track

progress towards these goals Index Value (1970 = 1.0) and define the status and trends of 1.25 biodiversity; the Indicators and 1 Assessments (IAU) unit was formed 1.0 in 2006 for this purpose. The unit is a joint Institute of Zoology and 0.75

Conservation Programmes initiative, Index value (1970 =1.0) and comprises around 20 staff and 0.5

students. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2005 2000

This year, work has expanded to Arctic wildlife responses to climate McRae, L., Gill, M., Bohm, M., Deinet, S. & Collen, B. (2012) The Arctic Species Trend Index: using vertebrate population build novel understanding of wildlife 0 and land use change trends to monitor the health of this rapidly changing population dynamics in the Arctic, to 1970The polar 1975regions are places1980 of compelling1985 1990ecosystem Biodiversity1995 (in press). 2000 2005 develop new methods for forecasting beauty, and are home to some of the YearBöhm, M., McRae, L., Deinet, S., Gill, M.J. & Collen, B. (2012) impact on wildlife of changes in world’s most charismatic wildlife. Tracking trends in Arctic vertebrate populations through space and time. CAFF Assessment Series No. 8. Conservation of environmental policy, and to However, rapid changes in climate Arctic Flora and Fauna, Iceland. understand how robust our occurring at the poles, and the accelerating comprehension of invertebrate rate of resource exploitation in these Gill, M.J., Zöckler, C., McRae, L., Loh, J. & Collen, B. (2011) The Arctic Species Trend Index: A barometer for Arctic wildlife. biodiversity patterns is in the context unique polar ecosystems, are adversely In: State of the Arctic Coast 2010: scientific review and outlook of data uncertainty. Many of the impacting wildlife populations. (Forbes, D.L. (Ed.)), International Arctic Science Committee, Land-Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, Arctic projects are providing science to Working with the Conservation of Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, International inform global biodiversity policy for Flora and Fauna (CAFF) Circumpolar Permafrost Association, Germany. the Convention on Biological Biodiversity Monitoring Program (CBMP) in Diversity 2020 strategic plan. the Arctic, we have developed new means to Integrating uncertainty into understand the temporal and spatial conservation decisions dynamics of Arctic populations. Arctic The conservation status of an ever-greater species are suffering mixed fortunes, with number of species is being assessed using declining trends particularly evident for tools for evaluating extinction risk, such as those species dependent on sea ice. A focus the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. on marine populations uncovered recent Baseline biodiversity data are important to declines in the Bering Sea and Aleutian understand how humans are impacting Islands for seven mammal species (beluga biodiversity, enable proactive conservation Delphinapterus leucas, Steller’s sea lion decision-making, and are the focus of Eumetopias jubatus, harbour seal Phoca Indicators and Assessments Unit projects, vitulina, sea otter Enhydra lutris, Pacific such as the sampled approach to Red walrus Odobenus rosmarus, northern fur Listing. However, the extent to which data seal Callorhinus ursinus, grey whale from these new groups of species changes Eschrichtius robustus); threats responsible our understanding of macroecological include overharvesting, increased predation, patterns such as distribution threat, and loss of summer sea ice and depleted prey thus our response to conservation resource. We also explored the use of spatial problems, remains untested. techniques to identify environmental and Global priorities for biodiversity climatic drivers of biodiversity change and conservation have been largely biased were able to identify gaps in monitoring towards vertebrate species and terrestrial throughout the Arctic region. In ecosystems, and an understanding of the conjunction with CBMP, these results are drivers of extinction risk in freshwater being used to inform monitoring and invertebrates will therefore contribute to policy decisions in the Arctic. a more accurate picture of biodiversity.

20 0.8 0.8 Expansion & effective Changes in extinction risk over time for 53 species 0.75 0.8 0.75 0.8 of large mammals in sub-Saharan Africa. Expansion & effective x Expansion & effective 0.7 0.75 Effective management 0.7 0.750.8 Four policy scenarios are: 0.8 Expansion & effective Red List Index x EfExpansionfectiveImproved management & effective management with expansion of 0.65 x 0.750.7 Effective management 0.65 0.750.7 Expansionprotected area network to 17% of each country

x 0.65 EffectiveImproved management management x 0.7 0.6 0.650.7 ExpansionEffective management 0.6 ExpansionExpansion of protected area network to 17% of Red List Inde 0.650.6 Businesseach ascountry usual 0.55 0.650.6 Expansion 0.55 Red List Inde BusinessExpansionBusiness as usual as usual Red List Inde 0.550.6 Business as usual 0.5 0.550.6 © KWS/ZSL 0.5 Red List Inde Business as usual 2010Red List Inde 0.550.5 2020 2030 2040 Business as usual 0.550.5 2010 2010 2020 2020 20302030 20402040 2010 2020Year 2030 2040 0.5 0.5 Year 2010 2020 Year 2030 2040 2010 2020 2030 2040 Year Year

However, the high levels of data Bland, L.M., Collen, B., Orme, C.D.L. & Bielby, J. (2012) Data case study we compared protected area uncertainty and the selectivity of extinction risk in freshwater uncertainty in IUCN Red List assessments invertebrates. Diversity & Distributions policies for African mammals, assessed for freshwater invertebrates could bias the DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00914.x using the Red List Index; in the second results of broad-scale studies based on example we used the Living Planet Index these assessments. A species is assigned Informing policy decisions to assess the impact of a complete halt, to the Data Deficient (DD) category when In order to influence global environmental versus a reduction, in bottom trawling. there is inadequate information to make an policy effectively, conservation scientists assessment of its risk of extinction. To date, need to be able to provide robust We found that under our scenarios of all invertebrate taxa with systematic risk predictions of the impact of alternative expansion, and increasing protected area assessments show high proportions of DD policies on biodiversity and measure effectiveness, biodiversity indicators can species: 35% of dragonflies and progress towards goals using reliable aid in decision-making and are able to damselflies, 49% of freshwater crabs and indicators. In response to the Convention differentiate between the impacts of the 21% of crayfish are currently listed as DD. on Biological Diversity’s (CBD) 2010 target different policies. Overwhelmingly, it Vertebrate groups are typically better of reducing significantly the rate of appears that increasing the effectiveness known. Our findings demonstrated that the biodiversity loss, we helped develop two of protected area management will have three taxonomic groups we looked at biodiversity indicators: the Red List Index a far greater positive impact on wildlife showed considerable differences not only (which monitors change in extinction risk) trends, than merely increasing the size of in distribution of extinction risk, but also in and the Living Planet Index (which tracks protected areas. Our results are a first the influence of data uncertainty on those changes in population abundance). Both attempt to use predictive models and distributions. Global patterns of extinction are used to good effect to inform policy indicators to credibly track trends and risk, and therefore our understanding of makers about how biodiversity is inform policy. To be useful and relevant, the plight of threatened species in those changing. However, to date, they have not scientists must make testable predictions groups, were not only dependent on the been used in a predictive framework. about the impact of global policy on absolute number of DD species in the biodiversity to ensure that targets such taxon, but also on the distribution among With Emily Nicholson (University of as those set by the CBD catalyse effective families and realms of these DD species. Melbourne) and E.J. Milner-Gulland and measurable change. Broadening the coverage of biodiversity (Imperial College London), we developed Nicholson, E., Collen, B., Barausse, A., Blanchard, J., Burn, B., assessments to under-studied taxa and a framework for using biodiversity Costello, B., Fritz, S., Jones, J., McRae, L., Possingham, H., systems is essential to developing a more indicators predictively to inform policy Sullivan, K., Underwood, F. & Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2012) Making robust policy decisions using global biodiversity representative picture of biodiversity. Our choices at a global level. We used two case indicators. PLoS One, 7: e41128. study shows that despite recent efforts studies to illustrate the approach, in which Armenteras, D., Finlayson, M., Rosser, A., Walpole, M., Agard, towards achieving this goal, high levels of we projected the impacts of feasible J., Butchart, S., Carino, J., Collen, B., Firbank, L., Galli, A., data deficiency challenge the integration of policies on trends in biodiversity and tried Gokhale, Y., Hocking, M., Hoft, R., Kitzes, J., Prip, C., Redford, K.H., McGeoch, M., Oldfield, T. & Toivonen, H. (2012) these assessments into conservation to pick up the impacts in relevant Biodiversity. In Global Environmental Outlook 5 (ed. by GEO decision-making and supports the need indicators. The policies were based on 5). United Nations Environment Programme. for increased efforts in invertebrate targets agreed at the Convention on research and conservation. Biological Diversity for 2020. In the first

100% Proportion of species of crayfish, freshwater crabs and dragonflies assigned to each justification for the use of the Data Deficient % Species 80% (DD) category. Species listed under ‘old records’ have only been recorded prior to 1995; species listed under ‘few records’ are known from five records or fewer. 60% Taxonomic Uncertainty Unknown Threats 40% Unknown Population Trends Old Records Unknown Habitat or Provenance 20% Few Records Type Series or Locality © T. Weeks T. © 0% Crayfish Freshwater Crabs Dragonflies Indicators and assessments unit 21 zsl conservation programmes

Research carried out at IoZ focuses on 2012 Chagos Expedition Chagos Community Environment scientific issues relevant to the ZSL played an integral part in the Project conservation of species and their campaign for the creation of the Chagos ZSL is not only committed to documenting habitats. This work directly supports Marine Reserve in 2010, both through the the status of the ecosystems in Chagos, ZSL’s field conservation programmes, provision of scientific information and but also to raising awareness within the which are currently run in more than 60 through awareness-raising exercises. The Chagossian community and building their countries worldwide. The combination establishment of the largest no-take capacity to protect their unique biological of applied and pure research means that marine reserve in the world protected over heritage. To achieve this ZSL, along with we are engaged in and can inform 640,000 km2 of the Indian Ocean and was a partners such as the Royal Society for the conservation policy and practice at all significant step in the conservation of Protection of Birds, Royal Botanic Gardens, levels, in partnership with governments, marine biodiversity, a priority area for ZSL. Kew and Coral Cay Conservation, held NGOs and local communities. Large no-take marine reserves such as this Chagos Environment Fun Days in July in provide protection from exploitation for both London and Manchester. internationally threatened migratory species, though the quest to quantify and The Fun Days brought together over 600 qualify this benefit with robust evidence of the UK based Chagossian community. is ongoing. ZSL’s marine conservation and education staff aimed to immerse the visitors in the In March ZSL scientists Heather Koldewey marine and island wildlife found in Chagos and Catherine Head participated in the first through a variety of engaging activities, scientific expedition to the archipelago whilst also providing a taste of what since the reserve was established. Heather conducting conservation science in the and Catherine’s work focused on region involves. The London School of monitoring long-term reef condition and Diving gave participants a chance to determining the implications of human discover SCUBA and find out how ZSL’s impact on coral reef biodiversity in cryptic scientists survey the Chagos reefs. species groups. Their findings will contribute to the longest time-series of Following on from the fun days, 13 reef condition in the Indian Ocean. So far participants from London and Manchester these records have demonstrated that were given the opportunity to participate rates of coral recovery and resilience in in an eight-week environmental training Chagos are unmatched anywhere else in programme. This group was selected on the world. the basis of their enthusiasm to learn more about the environment of Chagos In addition to this work, ZSL’s Marine and how it might be best conserved. ZSL’s and Freshwater team, along with multiple mission was to give these young partners including the Universities of Chagossians the practical and theoretical Western Australia, Oxford and St Andrews, knowledge they would need to become have embarked on a ground-breaking both ambassadors for the protection of initiative to collect baseline information on the Chagos archipelago, and possible the species present in the Chagos active conservationists in the future. archipelago. Developing and adapting new and existing technologies to monitor crucial habitats, such as seamounts, the Pygmy Sloth Expedition 2012 expedition incorporated the first Found only on the Isla Escudo de Veraguas video-based surveys of Chagos using in Panama, the tiny pygmy three-toed sloth Stereo Baited Underwater Video Systems. Bradypus pygmaeus is both a top 100 Over the course of this expedition the EDGE species (a list calculated on the basis team filmed over 150 seabed sites. of a species’ evolutionary distinctiveness Building on these surveys, the partners and the level of threat that they face) and are now developing pelagic monitoring one of the 100 most endangered species systems to assess shark and tuna in the world (as selected by the IUCN

© H. Koldewey assemblages. Species Specialist Groups and listed in the book ‘Priceless or Worthless?’).

22 © ZSL © C. Turner © C.

The pygmy three-toed sloths and a number disease, which had already decimated cutting-edge technology is opening of other endemic species are supported by populations of the critically endangered exciting new opportunities in conservation. a range of habitats on the Isla Escudo de mountain chicken frog Leptodactylus In particular, the rapid advances currently Veraguas, which lies 17 km off the coast of fallax on Dominica, which led to 50 occurring in telemetry, cameras, sound- Panama. Unfortunately these precious mountain chicken frogs being airlifted recording and satellite technology have ecosystems and the species they support from the island of Montserrat in 2009. This the potential to revolutionise conservation are currently under threat due to transfer happened just in time, as within interventions worldwide. ZSL has exploitation for use as firewood and in weeks of the disease first being discovered consistently been at the forefront of the construction. There is also anecdotal in Montserrat mountain chicken development and utilisation of innovative evidence that suggests the sloths populations had begun to plummet. Of technological solutions to conservation themselves are directly threatened by the 50 mountain chicken frogs that were challenges. By establishing the Technology hunting. In order to effectively protect this rescued from Montserrat, 12 were for Nature centre in early 2012, in fascinating species and its habitat we transported to secure conservation partnership with Microsoft Research and need to establish a baseline of the current breeding facilities at ZSL London Zoo, University College London, ZSL is state of the population and its whilst the remainder were split between ensuring this will remain the case. Within environment. For this reason, ZSL the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust in this centre the partners will develop and researchers Craig Turner and David Jersey and Parken Zoo in Sweden. In advance ground-breaking systems and Curnick, along with bat expert Alanna addition to chytridiomycosis, the mountain devices that will enable researchers to Maltby, travelled to the Isla Escudo de chicken frogs, so named for their large size better record the behaviour and Veraguas in 2012 to carry out initial and desirability as a food source, were distribution of wild animals, as well as to assessments of the sloth populations and also threatened by habitat loss and monitor the status of the natural world their mangrove habitat. hunting by local communities. and its most threatened ecosystems.

Craig and David completed over 70 ZSL London Zoo is now the only place in The Technology for Nature partners are transects through the mangrove forests, the world housing mountain chicken frogs particularly focused on advancing tools in thought to be the sloth’s primary habitat, from both Montserrat and Dominica. These remote sensing and analytics, as well as mapping their extent and encountering frogs are kept in temperature-controlled developing opportunities for crowd more than 60 sloths. These encounters conservation breeding units that include sourcing and citizen science. Such tools informed the current estimates of a sloth automated spray systems and dedicated will both increase the impact of population of less than 200 individuals, areas for rearing live food. In addition, conservation interventions and enable much smaller than originally expected, anyone entering the facility must comply organisations to effectively measure and and revealed that mangroves cover just with stringent bio-security protocols, monitor the success of their work. One over 10 ha of the island. which include wearing paper suits, masks such tool is InstantWild, launched by ZSL and gloves. These measures ensure that in 2011. Utilising a network of remote A further expedition is scheduled for early no pathogens will be transferred from the camera traps and cell-phone networks, 2013 and recently a young Panamanian outside world to the amphibians. InstantWild allows users to view and conservationist, Diorene J. Smith, has been identify species in photographs moments appointed as the EDGE fellow for this In 2012 the dedication of ZSL staff to the after the image is captured in the wild. species. As a part of her fellowship Diorene preservation of this species was rewarded received training in field conservation by the delivery of a huge brood of 76 Pressures on the natural world are monitoring and reporting techniques froglets to two of ZSL’s female mountain increasing exponentially. Harnessing the during the EDGE fellows training course, chickens. Once fully grown the frogs will potential of technology to monitor and which was held in Kenya in late 2012. In be released into a protected, disease-free communicate these will be essential to addition, over £3,500 was raised through area in the wild. The safe delivery of these protect species and the ecosystems they an online campaign to support ZSL’s froglets provides a welcome lifeline for rely on. The establishment of the pygmy sloth conservation work. one of the most endangered amphibians Technology for Nature centre is an in the world. important, and encouraging, step in increasing the impact of conservation and Mountain Chicken Frogs Bred at ZSL protecting our global biological heritage. London Zoo Establishment of Technology for The spread of the deadly fungal pathogen Nature Centre chytridiomycosis is driving amphibian From tracking elusive carnivores in the (top band; left to right) populations around the world to Serengeti to eavesdropping on bat calls Chagos Environment Fun Day; pygmy sloth; extinction. It was the detection of this with the iBats smart-phone application, mountain chicken frog; new technology

ZSL conservation programmes 23 COMMUNICATING SCIENCE

A major part of IoZ’s work is facilitating Publications International Zoo Yearbook the communication of science amongst Volume 46 of the International Zoo researchers and professional zoologists, Yearbook adds to its reputation as an and to the public. We achieve this through Journal of Zoology invaluable resource for researchers, a varied programme of meetings, and the Published monthly, the Journal includes students and animal managers. The focus publication of scientific journals and books. hypothesis-driven studies that advance of the current volume is New World our knowledge of animals and their Primates, guest edited by Gustl Anzenberger Forthcoming Science and Conservation systems. The 2012 Thomas Henry Huxley (University of Zurich) and Anthony Events: http://www.zsl.org/science/events Review ‘Clones, hermaphrodites and Rylands (Conservation International). pregnancies: nature’s oddities offer Papers included describe the status of evolutionary lessons on reproduction’, Neotropical primate species, in situ and by John Avise, was published in January. ex situ conservation projects and field A new series of Hidden Gems, featuring studies, and highlight advances in the papers of historical interest from the maintenance, husbandry and breeding of digitised Proceedings and Transactions of species of conservation concern. the Zoological Society of London, and the Journal of Zoology podcast are available via the Journal homepage. Conservation Science and Practice book series Each book in the Wiley-Blackwell/ZSL Animal Conservation Conservation Science and Practice series Animal Conservation provides a forum for aims to address the multidisciplinary rapid publication of novel research into aspects of conservation by looking at how the conservation of animal species and biological scientists and ecologists are their habitats. Feature Papers and interacting with social scientists to effect commentaries, published in each issue, long-term, sustainable conservation continue to be well received. Three measures. Titles published this year themed virtual issues: Conservation include Applied Population and Conflicts, Marine Mammal Conservation Community Ecology: The Case of Feral and Camera Trapping, were published Pigs in Australia, Tropical Forest during the year. Conservation and Industry Partnership: An Experience from the Congo Basin and Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Management.

24 Meetings Economics as if life mattered: can we shape economic policy to save species? Wildlife conservation projects are subject Symposia to constraints of global economic policy ZSL’s symposia bring together groups of and historically such policies have international experts to discuss important fostered exploitation over protection of topics in conservation science, providing biodiversity. Economic factors often stand loss?’, ‘The Sargasso Sea’ and ‘The an opportunity for leaders to exchange in the way of effective conservation, evolution of life history and parasitism: ideas on best practice and communicate contribute to the failure to achieve the good, the bad and the ugly’. their research. long-term results and, ultimately, are behind the agony of choice we face when trying to save species from extinction. Science for Conservation Seminar Numerous visions of a new economy, Series with the interests of people and the planet This series provides our staff and students at the centre, are beginning to emerge. with the opportunity to learn more about The May symposium, organised by the work of visiting researchers, Kristen Steele (International Society for collaborators and invited speakers. Ecology and Culture), Aniol Esteban (new A range of subjects was covered during economics foundation) and Ian Bateman the year, including ‘Climate change and (University of East Anglia), explored the species extinction risk: a trait-based ways in which the current global market approach’, ‘Breeding without breeding: economy hinders conservation. Current molecular markers-based breeding’, © J. Bro-Jørgensen © J. economic incentives used in conservation, ‘The curious case of the disappearing such as assigning market values to species devil’ and ‘Remote camera trapping in Antelope conservation in the 21st century: and sustainable use, were discussed and Australia: species, programs, methods from diagnosis to action possibilities for conservation policy to and challenges’. The drastic decline in wildlife populations influence the broader movement for since 1970 has hit antelopes particularly economic change were examined. severely, with more than a quarter of Stamford Raffles Lecture species now threatened by extinction. The 2012 Stamford Raffles Lecture was However, antelopes have received far less given by Tim Birkhead FRS, Professor of conservation attention than many of their Behavioural Ecology, University of mammalian relatives and, in the absence Sheffield. ‘Darwin, Sex and Sexual of immediate action, several species are in Selection’ described how Darwin’s concept imminent danger of extinction in the wild. of sexual selection transformed our The November symposium, organised by understanding of animal behaviour. Jakob Bro-Jørgensen (University of Although Darwin knew that the males of Liverpool/IUCN Antelope Specialist Group) many species are promiscuous, he and David Mallon (Manchester Metropolitan assumed females to be monogamous. University/IUCN Antelope Specialist Group, Science and Conservation Events However, we now know that promiscuity Co-chair), explored current trends in global ZSL’s popular Science and Conservation is common among females. Professor antelope populations and the factors that Events lecture series is free and open to Birkhead explored how this has changed drive major threat processes. Various the public. Held on the second Tuesday of our view of many aspects of reproduction conservation priorities were evaluated, each month throughout the academic and how it has helped to explain the taking account of both biological and socio- year, each meeting provides an overview remarkable diversity in copulatory economic aspects. Topics addressed of the latest developments in conservation behaviour, anatomy and physiology. included how to turn habitat loss into and zoological research. This year’s conservation-friendly land use in a world programme included lectures on ‘Selling of environmental change, how antelope– conservation: lessons from Selfridges’, livestock interactions affect resource ‘Shallow seas’, ‘Conservation in China: competition and disease transmission, how unique challenges or global lessons?’, (top right) Stamford Raffles speaker, Tim Birkhead to render bushmeat hunting sustainable, ‘The global decline of mangroves: is there and the usefulness of sport hunting, game a sustainable future?’, ‘Extreme natural (centre left) ranching and reintroductions to conservation. events: an overlooked driver of biodiversity The organisers of the Sargasso Sea Meeting

Communicating science 25 ZSL SCIEnTIFIC AWARDS 2011

ZSL recognises outstanding ZSL Scientific Medal Marsh Award for Conservation Biology achievements in conservation and Presented to research scientists with no For contributions of fundamental science zoological research through its annual more than 15 years postdoctoral and its application to the conservation of presentation of awards and prizes. In 2011 experience for distinguished work in animal species and habitats. Awarded to: the following awards were presented: zoology. Awarded to: Jane Hill, University of York, for outstanding Tom Little, University of Edinburgh, for contributions to our understanding of how significant contributions to our habitat degradation and climate change understanding of the evolution of host– affect insect distribution and abundance. parasite interactions and for promoting Jane has also identified methods for interdisciplinary approaches to tackle improving biodiversity in oil palm broad issues in biomedical science. plantations and shown that even small Jon Slate, University of Sheffield, for forest fragments can contribute influential research into microevolutionary substantially to regional diversity. processess in wild populations, using data from long-term field and laboratory ecological studies combined with cutting- Marsh Award for Marine and edge genomics technologies and statistical Freshwater Conservation genetic approaches. For contributions of fundamental science and its application to conservation in marine and/or freshwater ecosystems. ZSL Silver Medal Awarded to: For contributions to the understanding Brendan Godley, University of Exeter, for and appreciation of zoology, including providing new insights into marine such activities as higher and public biodiversity and, in particular, the complex education in natural history and wildlife life histories and migration strategies of conservation. Awarded to: marine turtles. In recent years his research Martin Fisher, Fauna and Flora has included sustainable fisheries, the International, Editor of Oryx: the ecological impacts of marine renewable ZSL Frink Medal International Journal of Conservation, for energy resources and climate change. Presented to a professional scientist for significant contributions to the publication substantial and original contributions to of applied conservation science, zoology. Awarded to: particularly by practitioners tackling Thomson Reuters Zoological Record Award Paul Harvey CBE FRS (above), University real-world conservation issues in Presented for the public communication of Oxford, for pioneering approaches in developing countries, and for related of zoology. Awarded to: evolutionary biology which allow for the outreach and mentoring activities. Nigel Paterson, Director and Producer of statistical analysis of species characteristics the BBC TV series Planet Dinosaur. to infer directions and magnitudes of evolution, and for demonstrating how ZSL Stamford Raffles Award measures of phylogenetic tree shape Presented for distinguished contributions ZSL Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and changed under different speciation and by amateur zoologists. Awarded to: Marsh Award extinction processes. Dan Danahar, Biodiversity Coordinator and Presented for the best zoological doctoral teacher of Environmental Science at thesis produced in the UK. Awarded to: Dorothy Stringer School, Brighton, for Kate Jordan, University of Warwick, for outstanding contributions to biodiversity her thesis ‘Exploring the generative conservation, education and sustainability architecture of intramembranous through a range of activities, including the ossification’. highly successful Big Biodiversity Butterfly Count, and the ongoing development of the Big Nature Centre, in support of Brighton and Hove’s bid for the city to become a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

26 (top row; left to right) Martin Fisher ZSL Silver Medal Kate Jordan ZSL Thomas Henry Huxley Prize and Marsh Award presented by Brian Marsh, Marsh Christian Trust Dan Danahar ZSL Stamford Raffles Award

(middle row; left to right) Brendan Godley Marsh Award for Marine and Freshwater Conservation Nigel Paterson Thomson Reuters Award for Communicating Zoology Jeremy Mallinson ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions to the Zoo Community presented by Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, President ZSL Jon Slate ZSL Scientific Medal Jane Hill Marsh Award for Conservation Biology

(bottom row; left to right) Dee Webb and Shona Crawford-Smith ZSL Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Tom Little ZSL Scientific Medal Lord Claus Moser ZSL Honorary Fellowship presented by Professor Sir Patrick Bateson, President ZSL Marius Wenzel ZSL Charles Darwin Award and Marsh Prize

ZSL Charles Darwin Award and Marsh Prize ZSL Award for Outstanding Contributions The Zoological Society of London thanks Presented for the best zoological project to the Zoo Community the Marsh Christian Trust and Thomson by an undergraduate student attending a Awarded to: Reuters for their generous support of the university in the UK. Awarded to: Jeremy Mallinson, Director Emeritus at the awards programme. Marius Wenzel, University of Aberdeen, Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust. for his project: ‘Patterns of dispersal, genetic structure and phylogeography of European populations of the red-billed ZSL Honorary Fellowship chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax)’. Awarded to persons who, by their association with the Society, have promoted the objectives of the Society. ZSL Prince Philip Award and Marsh Prize Awarded to: Awarded to an A-Level (or Higher) student Lord Claus Moser. for the best zoological project involving some aspect of animal biology. Awarded to: Shona Crawford-Smith, St Mary’s School, Shaftesbury, for her project: ‘A study of the artificial habitat preference of the white-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes) at Bristol Zoo Gardens’. St Mary’s School, Shaftesbury represented by Dee Webb.

ZSL scientific awards 2011 27 Library

1 2

3 4

During 2011 over 4,100 book titles were Elephant House papers and material on the added to the online catalogue, 2,580 Zoo during World War II. journal issues accessioned and 2,255 loans were made to Fellows and ZSL staff. The The letters of Alfred Russel Wallace have ZSL Library online catalogue at been scanned for the Alfred Russel Wallace http://library.zsl.org was used 16,600 times. Correspondence Project; and the volumes

of The natural history of Carolina, Florida 5 6 ZSL Library celebrated the bicentenary of and the Bahama Islands, containing the the birth of Edward Lear by featuring his figures of birds, beasts, fishes, serpents, works on the ZSL website and a display of insects and plants... together with their original watercolours (9,10). ZSL is fortunate descriptions in English and French... by to have 12 original watercolours by Lear, Mark Catesby, 1731–1743, were consulted seven of which were used as a basis for for a census of surviving copies. lithographic colour plates published in Transactions of the Zoological Society. Recent donations include the Coulton 7 8 Portfolio presented by Professor Alexander, To celebrate the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee, ZSL’s former Secretary. The portfolio ZSL’s Royal Charter was featured as the consists of drawings of vertebrate animals ‘Artefact of the month’ (11) on the ZSL from the collection of Charles Hamilton website and photographs of the Queen Smith (1776–1859). An extensive bequest visiting ZSL London Zoo in 1990 were of books was received from Malcolm displayed in the Reading Room, along with Whitehead, a former member of ZSL staff, related ephemera, including a copy of the Fellow and member of ZSL Council. 9 10 menu card for the ‘Coronation Reception’. A display in the ZSL Reception featured Her The Retrospective Book Cataloguing project Majesty’s visit to ZSL London Zoo in 1976. continues, with over 7,000 records added by the end of June 2012. The project involves To celebrate World Book Day 2012 and adding details of all books in ZSL Library National Science Week some of the oldest for which there is no existing electronic books in the Library: Historiae animalium record, increasing their availability and (8) / Conradi Gesneri (Konrad Gessner). accessibility. This is a key project in helping Tiguri: Froschover, 1551–1585, were ZSL to deliver the strategic aim of facilitating 11 12 displayed on the website. These amazing access to zoological and conservation volumes attempted to record and classify knowledge. This project is being funded ‘Artefact of the Month’ August 2011 to July 2012 all knowledge of the animal world as it with thanks to a bequest from Connie was known at that time. Nutkins, a former member of staff of 1. Ostrich egg with plan of Whipsnade painted onto it c.1940. IoZ, who left a generous gift in her will 2. Bat drawings in the manuscripts of Samuel The Library was featured in an article to the Library. Richard Tickell (1811–1875) to celebrate the about Learned Society Libraries in CILIP Year of the Bat. See page 34. Update, and the art collection was ZSL has contributed catalogue details 3. Zoo Literature in ZSL Library. highlighted in the January issue of the to AIM25, a major project to provide easy 4. The war memorial at ZSL London Zoo. 5. A letter from Joseph Hooker to Brian Houghton Public Catalogue Foundation’s newsletter. access to the catalogues of archives in Hodgson to commemorate Joseph Hooker who London and the M25 area. The AIM25 died 100 years ago on 10 December 1911. The ZSL Archives were featured in an website has received 121 million hits 6. A letter from Captain Robert Scott to article in the January 2012 issue of History since it was started in December 2000 commemorate the 100-year anniversary of his expedition reaching the South Pole. Today; ‘Handsome gifts to a Young (http://aim25.ac.uk/). 7. A letter from Charles Dickens, Junior, to celebrate Society’ by Roger Rideout. Interest in the the bicentenary of his father, Charles Dickens. Archives has continued to increase with We are extremely grateful for the continued 8. Rhinoceros, Gessner, Vol. 1. Historiae animalium, researchers consulting the Daily help of our dedicated team of volunteers 1551–1585. Occurrences for ZSL London Zoo and ZSL and the many Fellows and Friends of ZSL 9. Lagotis cuvieri watercolour by Edward Lear. 10. Euplectes franciscans watercolour by Edward Lear. Whipsnade Zoo, press cuttings, zoo guides who continue to support the Library with 11. The Royal Seal attached to the ZSL’s Royal Charter, and the photographic collection, journals their time, by donating books, archives, Queen Elizabeth enthroned. of Eustace Poles, manuscripts of Brian zoo ephemera and funds for the 12. Memoir of the life and public services of Houghton Hodgson, the unbuilt Tecton conservation of items in our collections. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles.

28 Library Education & training

(right) Kristen Steele, MScWAB (bottom left) Mhairi Fleming, MScWAH (bottom right) Rebecca Short, MScCS

Education and training are central to IoZ’s Our MSc courses in Wild Animal Health patterns and dispersal of odonata in activities and we have a strong and Wild Animal Biology were the subject Britain. The Conservation Science MSc is commitment to hosting research projects, of a major review in order to improve the completing its sixth year in 2012, an particularly those leading to a PhD degree. flexibility of delivery, in line with the occasion marked by a review of the European Credit Transfer System. The performance of the course. This was Our PhD students are co-registered at a courses are now available to students achieved by carrying out anonymous university department but most spend the studying for a Certificate, Diploma and questionnaires with alumni, lecturers and majority of their time at IoZ. In the MSc degree, and changes to the prospective employers to establish how 2011–2012 academic year PhDs were curriculum have increased collaborative the quality of the experience provided awarded to Rose Cairns (University of teaching opportunities. In 2011 24 students during the course is perceived, the Leeds) for her critical analysis of the graduated from the MSc courses. Kristen experience of students since graduating, discourses of conservation and science Steele received the award for the MScWAB and how potential employers perceive the on the Galapagos islands; Robin Curtis, student with the highest aggregate marks, quality of graduates produced. The results (University College London) for his and also the prize for the best research suggest that the course is largely achieving research into the importance of resources project for her work on the ecological its goal of producing skilled graduates in determining butterfly population correlates and conservation of European who are well placed to take an active role abundance at multiple scales; Gillian eel Anguilla anguilla populations in the as conservationists in the workplace. The Eastwood (University of Leeds) for her Thames estuary. After taking a post at the vast majority of responding alumni felt study on the potential ecology of West International Society for Ecology and that the course had made them more Nile Virus on the Galapagos islands; Nick Culture, Kristen returned to ZSL in 2012 to employable, and had indeed found paid Hill (Imperial College London) for his organise the symposium Economics as if employment in a conservation-related research on the interactions between life mattered: can we shape economic role. Similarly, employers generally had a seaweed farming and fishing in Danajon policy to save species? Mhairi Fleming very favourable view of graduates, both in Bank, central Philippines; Alanna Maltby received the prize for the MScWAH absolute terms and relative to those from (Imperial College London) for her study on student with the highest aggregate marks, comparable courses. We aim to build on the evolution of echolocation in bats; and also the prize for the best research this encouraging picture by continuing to Peter Minting (University of Sussex) for project for her behavioural assessment of improve course content and structure to his research into the effects of dental pain in Malayan sun bears produce excellent graduates, and to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis on Helarctos malayanus. Our graduates facilitate their passage into conservation natterjack toad Bufo calamita populations continue to take up important positions in careers. One particular initiative in this in the UK; Alison Peel (University of conservation medicine and wildlife health; respect is the introduction of a bursary Cambridge) for her study of the for example, Wigganson Matandiko, who scheme, which will be used to help epidemiology of Lagos bat virus and graduated in 1998 is now Head of the improve the diversity of intake. henipaviruses in straw-coloured fruit bats Veterinary Unit at the Zambia Wildlife Eidolon helvum; Olutolani Smith (Imperial Authority, and Sreejith Radhakrishnan, College London) for her research into the who graduated in 2009, is Assistant Forest population genetics and structure of the Veterinary Officer at Periyar Tiger Reserve Sumatran tiger. in Kerala, India.

The MSc course in Conservation Science, run in partnership with Imperial College, the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew and Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust, continues to attract many more applicants than can be accommodated, despite a rise in fees this year necessitated by the changing financial climate. In 2011 31 students graduated. Jeremy Cusack received the T.H. Huxley Award for best overall grade, Rebecca Short received the Joseph Hooker Award for the best coursework grade, and Alyson Pavitt received the Gerald Durrell Award for the best project, with her study into the temporal range dynamics, distribution

Education and training 29 funding

Institute of Zoology Income £4,827,134 1 August 2011 – 31 July 2012

Research Grants & Contracts £2,138,110

(European Union £105,841) Core Grant £2,218,963 (Government Bodies £541,908)

(Research Councils £613,519)

(Other Organisations £876,842) Other Income £470,062

In 2011 we received our annual core Tim Blackburn was invited to join the income from HEFCE via the University of Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Cambridge. 54% of our income came Program at King Saud University (KSU) in from other sources. In total 43 new grants Riyadh. KSU invites a small number of were received during the year. international researchers with outstanding careers and high international standing to become part of this Fellowship Program. and tracks the fate of those species in order These scientists collaborate with each to inform science and environmental other and with researchers at KSU on policy. Red Lists at all scales (global, projects across a wide range of research regional and national) are one of the most fields, with the aim of promoting scientific important and robust tools for informing research, collaboration and education. In decision-making in nature conservation. return, KSU provides salary costs and This year, a report entitled Evolution Lost: research expenses to allow the Status and trends of the World’s Distinguished Scientist Fellows to pursue vertebrates was published, detailing the relevant research questions of their own response of vertebrate species to growing choosing. In 2011/12, the Distinguished human mediated threats. This report Scientist Fellowship Program provided received significant media coverage and research funds of €80,000, which was used was launched at the Global Legislators to help compile the GAVIA database, and Forum, at the Convention on Biological will part fund a PhD student project Diversity. The grant also supported analysing these data. It also provided updates to the global IUCN Red List; the salary costs of €40,000, which was used in website is now able to provide free access large part to offset the impact of Tim to assessments of 59,508 species. The Blackburn’s salary on the core HEFCE grant. online web portal for National Red List data has seen usage increase by 65% on last year. Fifty countries have provided national threatened species assessment data, and the site holds information on

(above) more than 70,000 species worldwide. Tim Blackburn on Farasan Island, Saudi Arabia The website has received visitors from The Indicators & Assessments Unit was more than 90 countries, with a steadily awarded £50,000 from The Rufford increasing number of both unique hits and Foundation to fund the IUCN Red List of repeat visitors. Six international, peer Threatened Species and Global Biodiversity reviewed journal articles comprising Indicators project. The Rufford Foundation developments and data analysis were also has been a long-term supporter of this published in Science, Conservation Biology, project, which undertakes the assessment Oryx and Philosophical Transactions of the of the relative risk of extinction of species, Royal Society of London.

30 © R. Yarnell © R. Nielsen © J.

Rosie Woodroffe was awarded a total of was in place to assess the impact that the Funding £1.7 million by Defra for two projects on existing trawl fishery has had historically, bovine tuberculosis (TB) transmission or to monitor the impact of ongoing Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency between badgers and cattle. TB is a huge trawling activity on the benthic ecosystem (AHVLA) problem for British farmers, and badgers’ of the west Greenlandic shelf. In 2011 Birdlife International ability to transmit infection to cattle makes Sustainable Fisheries Greenland initiated a Calgary Zoological Society TB control both challenging and 3-month pilot study, undertaken by ZSL Centre for Ecology and Evolution controversial. The first project evaluates and the Greenland Institute of Natural Columbus Zoo and Aquarium how TB transmission might be influenced Resources, to trial the feasibility of Darwin Initiative by testing badgers and culling those found image-based surveying techniques in this to be infected. Although such management region. This new initiative was promising Defra might be expected to reduce TB transmission and funding was secured to improve, ESPA-NERC to cattle, badgers respond to culling by implement and expand upon the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria ranging more widely, potentially spreading techniques to derive biodiversity and European Commission the disease more widely. The second project species richness measures, and basic Exodus Travels Ltd works on farms in TB-affected areas of measures of community function and Cornwall to investigate ways to keep habitat structure from image data and HEFCE badgers and cattle apart without culling. physical sampling of the seafloor in regions IFREMER Collars using the same technology found subjected to varying degrees of trawling International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) in vehicle sat-nav systems will reveal full impact. Image analysis approaches will be International Whaling Commission details of badger and cattle movements, further developed through a new King Saud University so that points of contact – and possible collaboration with the Technology for Nature Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund transmission – can be better understood. initiative (ZSL, University College London and Microsoft Research). This work will Natural England establish a scientific basis upon which to NERC Kirsty Kemp was awarded £200,005 from assess change in the benthic ecosystem New Zealand Department of Conservation Sustainable Fisheries Greenland for the and critically, will directly inform marine Royal Society project ‘Community responses to trawling management policy on the west Rufford Foundation impact’. This project looks at indices of Greenland shelf. diversity and ecosystem function of the Saint Louis Zoological Park macrobenthic community (corals, sponges, Society for General Microbiology worms, echinoderms) living at 200–500 m Andrew Cunningham was awarded Sustainable Fisheries Greenland depth off the west coast of Greenland. This €573,100 from the European Commission Veterinary Laboratories Agency habitat has been severely impacted by for the project ANTIGONE: ANTIcipating Vodafone Foundation bottom trawling for the commercially the Global Onset of Novel Epidemics, Wildlife Trust, USA valuable shrimp Pandalus borealis. a European research network of fourteen Trawling is a highly destructive activity academic partners from seven European Winston Churchill Memorial Trust Fellowship with both direct and indirect impacts on member states. ANTIGONE aims to WWF China the benthic ecosystem. Trawl nets cause identify the key factors that render WWF International severe structural damage to the seafloor zoonotic pathogens prone to cross the habitat. Target organisms are removed species barrier and gain efficient from the ecosystem and there is enhanced transmissibility among humans. It brings mortality of non-target organisms together a team of top researchers damaged by ground gear and left more working on a broad range of important susceptible to predation and competition. zoonotic viral and bacterial pathogens, However, the economic importance of the with multi-disciplinary backgrounds from shrimp fishery to Greenland cannot be the human and veterinary medical field, overstated. The industry is responsible for as well as other relevant disciplines. 25% of national employment and fish and ANTIGONE is funded by the European fish products constitute 90% of Greenland’s Commission and will run from 2011 to 2016. total export revenues; shrimp alone account for 60%. The UK is by far the largest market, importing 50% of global cold-water shrimp produce. Before 2011 no system

Funding 31 governance, staff & students

The Zoological Society of London Institute of Zoology

Officers Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Postgraduate Affiliated Postgraduate Professor Sir Patrick Bateson FRS (President) Zoology) Research Students Research Students Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS (Secretary) Claudia Amphlett Julio Benavides Paul Rutteman CBE BSc (Econ) FCA (Treasurer) Senior Research Staff Claire Asher Anne-Sophie Bertrand Andrew Cunningham BVMS PhD Dip ECZM (Wildlife Kate Baker Alecia Carter Population Health) MRCVS; Deputy Director, Institute Farid Belbachir Thomas Coglan Senior Management of Zoology; Theme Leader, Wildlife Epidemiology Emily Bell Alexander Gorbachev Ralph Armond MA (Director General) Chris Carbone DPhil, Theme Leader, Biodiversity and Jonathan Baillie PhD (Director of Conservation Macroecology Lucie Bland Anne Hilborn Programmes) Guy Cowlishaw PhD, Theme Leader, Behavioural and Paddy Brock Thibault Lengronne Tim Blackburn DPhil (Director of the Institute of Population Ecology Sarah Brooke Kirsten McMillan Zoology) Trent Garner PhD, Theme Leader, Evolution and Jessica Bryant Ilana Pizer Mason David Field BSc MBA (Zoological Director) Molecular Ecology Emmelianna Bujak Kate Richardson Ian Meyrick BA FCIPD (Human Resources Director) William Holt PhD, Theme Leader, Reproductive Rose Cairns Miguel Soares Biology Michael Russell FCMA (Finance Director) • Aliénor Chauvenet Claudio Soto-Azat Sarah Durant PhD Rich Storton MA (Marketing Director) Frances Clare Richard Suu-Ire Paul Jepson BVMS PhD Dip ECZM (Wildlife James Wren BA (Hons) (Development Director) Fay Clark Population Health) MRCVS, Postgraduate Tutor Chris Clements Kate Jones PhD, UCL and ZSL Chair, Ecology and Biodiversity Murray Collins ZSL/University College London Anthony Sainsbury BVetMed CertZooMed DVetMed Jennifer Crees Joint Committee DipECZM (Wildlife Population Health) PGCAP FHEA Helen Cross MRCVS Robin Curtis Jinliang Wang PhD University College London David Daversa Rosie Woodroffe PhD Professor Andrew Pomiankowski (Head of Tammy Davies Genetics, Evolution and Environment) Julieta Decarre Professor Mary Collins (Dean of Life Sciences); Postdoctoral Research Staff Martina Di Fonzo Committee Chair Jon Bielby PhD Caitlin Douglas Professor John Carroll (Head of Biosciences and Monika Böhm PhD Simon Dures Associate Dean) Patricia Brekke PhD Gillian Eastwood Dr Helen Chatterjee (Senior Lecturer in Biology Kate Ciborowski PhD and Deputy Director of Museums, Collections and Rhys Farrer Public Engagement) Ben Collen PhD Aisyah Faruk Stephanie Dreier PhD Henry Ferguson-Gow ZSL John Ewen PhD Ben Garrod Ralph Armond (Director General) Tom Hart PhD Gianfranco Gliozzo Professor Geoff Boxshall FRS (Natural History Aidan Keane PhD Nicholas Hill Museum, ZSL Secretary) Kirsty Kemp PhD Eric Isaí Ameca y Juárez Professor Ian Owens (Imperial College London) Becki Lawson MA VetMB MSc PhD Dip ECZM Alexandra Kamins (Wildlife Population Health) MRCVS Sir Cyril Chantler (appointed Chair UCL Partners) Gita Kasthala Ellouise Leadbeater PhD Rosalind Kennerley Rhiannon Lloyd PhD • In attendance: Alexander Lee Sinead Murphy PhD Arun Mistry (Director of Finance, Faculty of Alanna Maltby Biomedical Sciences, UCL) Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Harry Marshall Loren Moyse (Director of Administration, Nichola Raihani DPhil • James McNamara Faculty of Life Sciences, UCL) David Redding PhD Helen Meredith Professor Tim Blackburn (Director of the Institute Marcus Rowcliffe PhD of Zoology, ZSL) Peter Minting Seirian Sumner PhD Ian Meyrick (Human Resources Director, ZSL) Sean Morrow Samuel Turvey DPhil Michael Russell (Finance Director, ZSL) Johanna Nielsen Christopher Yesson PhD Christina Herterich (Institute Administration Hannah O’Kelly Manager, ZSL); Committee Secretary Alison Peel Postgraduate Research Assistants Stephen Price Liam Brierley • Nadia Richman Ricardo Castra Cesar de Sa LVM MSc MRCVS Jennifer Sears Katie Colvile MA VetMB MSc MRCVS • Su Shan Clare Duncan • Lisa Signorile Tim Hopkins Freya Smith Louise McRae MSc Olutolani Smith Huma Pearce • David Stanton Victoria Price • Leila Walker Rebecca Vaughan-Higgins BSc BVMS MRCVS CertAVP (zoo medicine) PhD • Charlotte Walters Oliver Wearn Emma Wombwell Veronica Zamora-Gutiérrez

32 Scientific Publications and Meetings Others working at the Institute, including volunteers working on projects in the field Administrative and Support Staff Journals and Meetings Christina Herterich LLM ACIS LPC (Institute Linda DaVolls BA (Head of Scientific Publications Iseme Adeola Deborah Leigh Administration Manager) and Meetings) Alex Ashford Hila Levy Amrit Dehal BSc Hons (Administrator – Information Fiona Fisken BSc (Managing Editor, International Leigh Barrett Stefania Lo Bianco Systems) Zoo Yearbook) Sultana Bashir Jonathan Loh Idrish Dudhwala BA Hons Accounting & Finance Anne Braae BSc (Journals Manager) • Kieran Bates Simon Mahood (Administrator – Finance) Elina Rantanen PhD (Journals Assistant) Claire Bedford Rafael Mares David Hitchcock (Administrator – Buildings & Capital Megan Orpwood-Russell (Scientific Events Amel Belbachir Melissa Marr Projects) Co-ordinator) Lawrence Bellamy Nicholas Masters Joanne Keogh (PA/Administrator to Director, Administration Manager and Theme Leaders) Rebecca Boulton Vinamra Mathur Editors Journal of Zoology Lynne Rushton BSc Hons (Administrator – Health Ruth Bramwell Niamh McHugh Nigel Bennett PhD (Editor-in-Chief) & Safety) Sarah Brook Thalassa McMurdo- Virginia Hayssen PhD Zoe Brooke Hamilton Andrew Kitchener PhD Research Technicians Lola Brookes Rosemary Moorhouse- Rob Knell PhD Gann Gemma Clucas (Research Technician) • Ellie Butcher Mark-Oliver Rödel PhD Katherine Moul Olivia Daniel (Research Technician) Madelaine Castles Jean-Nicolas Volff PhD Amy Munro-Faure Robert Deaville BSc (Cetacean Strandings Anabel Clements Reviews: Steven LeComber PhD Chloe North Programme Manager) Amy Collins Stefanie Oberprieler Christopher Durrant (Research Technician) Lucy Cook Editors Animal Conservation Suzanne Offord Ellie Dyer (Research Technician) Frazer Coomber Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse PhD Helen O’Neill Veronica Gomez-Pourroy (Research Technician) William Cornforth Res Altwegg PhD James Ounsley Dada Gottelli (Chief Technician) Andrew Cozens Trevor Branch PhD Yuan Pan Shinto John MLT (Microbiology Technician) Daria Dadam Darren Evans PhD Kevin Parker Gabriela Peniche BSc Biol. VN MSc (Pathology Alice Daish Technician) Trent Garner PhD Inti Pedroso Felicia Davies Matthew Perkins BSc (Pathology Technician) Matthew Gompper PhD Alison Peel Frances Davis Ian Warren (Laboratory Technician) Iain Gordon PhD Matthis Petit Maria del Mar Masdeu Cano Jeff Johnson PhD Robert Pickles Adam Devenish Project Administrators Todd Katzner PhD Cassandra Raby Nwando Dike Stefanie Deinet BA MSc (Living Planet Index Nathalie Pettorelli PhD Louise Raggett Lydia Doerr Administrator) Marcela Randau da Costa Thomas Doherty-Bone Editors International Zoo Yearbook Carvalho Honorary Research Fellows James Duffy David Field BSc MBA Eveline Rijksen Dr Andrew Balmford, University of Cambridge Annie English Caroline Lees MSc Lucy Ritchie Professor Malcolm Bennett, University of Liverpool Gema Escribano Avila Kristin Leus LIC PhD Jo Roche Professor Tim Coulson, Imperial College London Alice Fitch R. Eric Miller DVM DACZM Inaki Rodriguez Prieto Dr Peter Daszak, Consortium for Conservation Terri Freemantle Alex Rübel Dr Med Vet Silvia Teresa Rodriguez Medicine, USA Marta Gaworek-Michalczenia Ramilo Miranda Stevenson MBA PhD Dr Matthew Fisher, Imperial College London Jonas Geldmann Elizabeth Rowse Professor John Gittleman, University of Virginia, USA Pamela Glintenkamp Christopher Ruis Professor Katherine Homewood, University College Michelle Goh Jon Russ London Library Rob Gordon Margarida Saavedra Dr E J Milner-Gulland, Imperial College London Zaria Gorvett Christina Saliba Professor Ian Owens, Natural History Museum Ann Sylph MSc MCLIP (Librarian) Daphne Green Catherine Sayer Professor Andy Purvis, Imperial College London Michael Palmer MA (Deputy Librarian/Archivist) Jonathan Green Eleanor Smith Professor Charles Tyler, University of Exeter James Godwin (Library Assistant) Joanna Haddock Robin Southon Professor Paul Watson, Royal Veterinary College Ruth Jones MSc (Assistant Librarian) Jade Hall Jenny Spencer Emma Milnes MA (Retrospective Book Cataloguer) Daniel Hall Fiona Spooner Honorary Research Associates Nic Hannaford Jonathan Sumner Jon Bridle James Hansford Benjamin Tapley Jakob Bro-Jørgensen • departures Manuel Hernandez Michael Taylor Boris Dzyuba Peter Hill Rebecca Taylor Simon Goodman Rupert Houghton Ayako Tokumine Marcella Kelly Carla Jackson Jonathan Usherwood Julie Leonard Lasanthi Jayananda Carmen Vazquez Martin Jonathan Loh Elizabeth Jones Heidi Vorndran Daniel Kachelreiss Mick Webber Visiting Research Fellows Per Karlsson Manuel Weber Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse Ryan Keen Craig Williams Tiffany Bogich Miles Keighley Faye Willman Rachael Kemp Stefan Wiswedel Daniela Kretz Nadine Wohl Stephanie Landymore Edward Wombwell Mike Lawes Erin Wright Sophie Ledger Samil Yildirim

Governance, staff and students 33 Bat drawings in the manuscripts of Samuel Richard Tickell (1811–1875) to celebrate the Year of the Bat ZSL Library Artefact of the month – September 2011

34 Chennai Snake Park (India) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Chiang Mai University (Thailand) Health and Collaborations reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Chinese Academy of Sciences (China) North American bullfrogs as potential Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis reservoirs in China; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program Living Planet Index Clemson University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Colorado State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Communications Inc International Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO) CONABIO (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna Living Planet Index Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans (Spain) Zoonotic potential of whale watching Adelphi University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Brigham Young University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Index List Index Conservation International IUCN Sampled Red List Index Adnan Menderes University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled British Antarctic Survey International Programme on Red List Index the State of the Ocean (IPSO); IUCN Sampled Red Consortium for Conservation Medicine (USA) List Index Anthropogenic drivers of emerging infectious African Technology and Policy Studies Network diseases (Kenya) Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social British Divers Marine Life Rescue Cetacean sustainability and tipping points in African drylands strandings investigation Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare (Italy) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands American Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN British Embassy in Quito (Ecuador) Building capacity Sampled Red List Index and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Convention on Biological Diversity (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index American University of Beirut (Lebanon) IUCN British Hedgehog Preservation Society Hedgehog Sampled Red List Index health Convention on Migratory Species Living Planet Index Amphibian and Reptile Conservation (ARC) British Herpetological Society Assessing the Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites conservation issue of Aesculapian snakes CORDIO (Kenya) IUCN Sampled Red List Index harboured by the introduced wall lizard; Health introduced onto Crown lands Cornwall Wildlife Trust Marine Strandings Network surveillance for species recovery programmes; IUCN British Trust for Ornithology Garden Bird Health Cetacean strandings investigation Sampled Red List Index Initiative; Hedgehog health; Garden wildlife health COSEWIC Regional Red List Programme Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Brunel University Population structure of otters in Cetacean strandings investigation; Health CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory Southeast Asia; Otters as a model species to surveillance for species recovery programmes; (Australia) Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; investigate biomagnification of pharmaceuticals in Zoonotic virus infections in African bats; Evaluating IUCN Sampled Red List Index the environment the threat of vulture declines to public and animal Davidson College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List health in India; Garden Bird Health Initiative; Impact Bulgarian National Museum of Natural History Index of disease in the decline of house sparrows in the Monitoring bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe UK; Zoonotic disease spillover from fruit bats to Deakin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Butterfly Conservation Resource limitation in humans in Ghana List Index butterflies; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Applied Biomathematics (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Department of Conservation (New Zealand) CAB International IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red California Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red List Index Arafura Timor Research Facility (Australia) IUCN List Index Sampled Red List Index Department of Economic Development, California State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Environment and Tourism (South Africa) IUCN ArtDataBanken (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Sampled Red List Index Index; Regional Red List Programme Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium Zoonotic Department of Forests (Cyprus) Regional Red List Auburn University (USA) Signal content of plumage virus infections in African bats; Epidemiology of Programme colour zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Henipavirus in Department de l’Etude du Milieu et Agricole Australian Freshwater Turtle Conservation and African bats; Fruit bats as bushmeat in Ghana; Zoonotic (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Research Association (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red disease spillover from fruit bats to humans in Ghana List Index Desert Research Foundation of Namibia Care Earth Trust (India) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Optimisation and social constraints in group-living Australian Museum and Department of Carnegie Museum of Natural History (USA) IUCN vertebrates; Coordination of social foragers in Environment and Conservation IUCN Sampled Red Sampled Red List Index patchy environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate List Index choice in desert baboons; Metapopulation genetics Catholic University of Chile IUCN Sampled Red List Australian National University Evolution of personality in Mauritius pink pigeons Index in social species; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Doga Dernegi (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) Avila University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project Dokuz Eylul University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red Babraham Institute Molecular basis of a major List Index Central Connecticut State University (USA) IUCN evolutionary transition; Epigenetics of phenotypic Sampled Red List Index Downstream Research Group Conservation of the plasticity in a eusocial wasp Yangtze River Dolphin Central Science Laboratory Health surveillance for Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre (Canada) species recovery programmes DPPVN – Society of Bird Research and Nature International Programme on the State of the Ocean Protection (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index (IPSO) Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionelle et Evolutive (France) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust Chytridiomycosis Bat Conservation Trust Monitoring bat biodiversity emergence in Dominica; West Indian mammal in Eastern Europe; Urban habitat use by bats in Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Management of extinctions; Chytridiomycosis in Leptodactylus fallax London: implications for conservation policy; bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; in Montserrat; Conservation of the mountain chicken Conservation status of bats in Europe Health surveillance for species recovery frog; Ecology of the solenodon and hutia in agricultural programmes; Resource limitation in butterflies Bermuda Biological Station IUCN Sampled Red List and native forest systems in Dominica; Leptodactylus Index Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture fallax and Alytes muletensis as models to investigate Science Cetacean strandings investigation; IUCN mitigation strategies for chytridiomycosis Bigelow Marine Laboratory (USA) International Sampled Red List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean (IPSO); IUCN Earlham College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index Centre for Environmental Studies Demetra (Italy) Eastern Kentucky University (USA) IUCN Sampled IUCN Sampled Red List Index Biodiversity Consultancy IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Index Centre for Genomic Regulation (Spain) Genetics of Eden Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index caste determination in polistine wasps Biodiversity Synthesis Centre (USA) IUCN Sampled Edith Cowan University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Red List Index (France) Occurrence, distribution and abundance of BIOSCAPE IUCN Sampled Red List Index African mammals; The role of individual biology in Ege University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red List Bird Conservation Nepal Conservation of Gyps spp. determining population-level processes in vertebrates Index vultures in India Centro Internacional de Ecologia Tropical El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (Mexico) IUCN BirdLife International IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Venezuela) Regional Red List Programme Sampled Red List Index Bishop Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Enciclopedia de la Flora Chilena (Chile) IUCN Technologicas (Argentina) Regional Red List Sampled Red List Index Bohol Island State University (Philippines) IUCN Programme Sampled Red List Index Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red List Index Charles Darwin University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Bombay Natural History Society (India) Conservation Essex Wildlife Trust IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Impact of vulture Estacion Experimental de Zonas Aridas (Spain) declines on public and animal health in India Charles University (Czech Republic) IUCN Sampled Reproductive studies in gazelles Red List Index

Collaborations 35 European Bird Census Council Living Planet Index Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research Katerniaghat Foundation (India) IUCN Sampled Red (Germany) Determinants of Batrachochytrium List Index European Commission Determinants of occurrence, dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian distribution and abundance of African mammals Kenya Wildlife Service Samburu-Laikipia wild dog populations; IUCN Sampled Red List Index project European Environment Agency IUCN Sampled Red Herpetological Society (Philippines) IUCN Sampled List Index Kesatsart University (Thailand) Health and Red List Index reproduction in elephant populations in Asia Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (Argentina) Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Kumasi National University of Science and IUCN Sampled Red List Index Technology (Ghana) Ecosystem services in Ghana: Farmed Environment Company Ltd Management of Humboldt Institute (USA) Regional Red List Programme understanding the human component bumble bee habitat in agricultural landscapes Humboldt State University (USA) IUCN Sampled La Trobe University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Fauna and Flora International Habitat use of tigers Red List Index List Index in altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic mammals; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Hungarian Natural History Museum IUCN Sampled Laurentian University (Canada) Landscape Pygmy hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Red List Index epidemiology of ranavirus in Ontario Park, Liberia; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Illinois Natural History Survey (USA) IUCN Sampled Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland) Red List Index DNA damage and cancer: a biomolecular approach Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California Illinois Wesleyan University (USA) IUCN Sampled List Index sea lions Red List Index Federal University of Amazonas (Brazil) IUCN Liberian Forestry Development Authority Pygmy Indianapolis Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index hippopotamus monitoring in Sapo National Park; INIBIOMA (Argentina) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institut Français de Recherche Pour L’Exploitation de Lighthouse Foundation Deep-sea fauna of oceanic la Mer (France) Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands islands Field Museum (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon Lincoln University (New Zealand) Ecology and Finnish Environment Institute Regional Red List (France) Dynamics of species extinctions evolution of invasive alien species Programme Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique London Aquarium Reproductive biology of the FishBase IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red List Index seahorse Fisheries Research Services Odorant receptor gene Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia IUCN London School of Economics Saving Sumatran expression in homing in Atlantic salmon Sampled Red List Index swamps: carbon credits and biodiversity Food and Environment Research Agency Garden conservation in Indonesia Institute for Problems of Cryobiology and Bird Health Initiative Cryomedicine – National Academy of Sciences London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Forestry and Wildlife Division (Dominica) (Ukraine) Intrusion dynamics of euryhaline fish Evaluating threat to the sand lizard from parasites Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; species in fresh waters of the Ukraine harboured by the introduced wall lizard Amphibian conservation in the Caribbean Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Louisiana Fauna Project (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Forschungmuseum Alexander Koenig (Germany) (Estonia) Regional Red List Programme List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index Institute of Cancer Research A biomolecular approach Louisiana State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Fundacion Amigos de la Naturaleza (Bolivia) IUCN to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California Red List Index Sampled Red List Index sea lions; Zoonotic potential of whale watching Ludwig Maximilian University (Germany) IUCN Fundacion Andigena (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Sampled Red List Index Red List Index (Vietnam) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Macaulay Institute Susceptibility of social species to Frankfurt Zoological Society (Germany) Long-term Institute of Ecology and Systematics (Cuba) IUCN population decline in changing environments demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Sampled Red List Index Macquarie University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Friedrich-Loeffler Institute (Germany) Zoonotic Institute of Hydrobiology (China) Conservation of the List Index; Parent-offspring conflict in cooperatively viruses in Eidolon helvum Yangtze River dolphin breeding pied babblers FrogLife Molecular and adaptive genetic variation of Institute of Marine Research (Norway) Deep-sea Makerere University (Uganda) Living Planet Index ranavirus in the UK; Garden wildlife health; Are fauna of oceanic islands Mampam Conservation IUCN Sampled Red List Index humans spreading wildlife disease between British Institute of Zoology (China) Ecology and evolution of frog populations? Marine Environmental Monitoring Cetacean invasive alien species strandings investigation Galapagos Conservation Trust Building capacity and Instituto de Biología, UNAM (Mexico) IUCN Sampled determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa Marine Mammal Center (USA) DNA damage and Red List Index cancer: a biomolecular approach to understanding Galapagos National Park Building capacity and Instituto Butantan (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index urogenital carcinoma in California sea lions determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; Ecology of West Nile virus in Galapagos Instituto de Ecología (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red Marine Research Institute (Iceland) Deep-sea fauna List Index of oceanic islands Game and Fisheries Research (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (Brazil) Marshall University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Genus-ABS Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal (Mexico) IUCN Massey University (New Zealand) Sexual selection Sampled Red List Index and the hihi; Modelling dynamics of translocated Georgia College and State University (USA) IUCN populations Sampled Red List Index Instituto Tecnológico de Huejutla (Mexico) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Max Planck Institute (Germany) The role of individual German Aerospace Centre Individual optimisation biology in determining population-level processes and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Instituto y Nucleo Zoologico ARCO (Spain) IUCN in vertebrates; Determinants of occurrence, Sampled Red List Index German Primate Centre Individual optimisation and distribution and abundance of African mammals social constraints in group-living vertebrates Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN (Poland) Regional Merritt College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Programme Global Marine Species Assessment IUCN Sampled Midwest Biodiversity Institute (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine Sciences Red List Index (CICIMAR) Zoonotic potential of whale watching Gobabeb Training and Research Centre (Namibia) Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, Land, Housing and Coordination of social foragers in patchy International Association of Astacology IUCN Environment (Montserrat) Conservation of the environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Sampled Red List Index mountain chicken frog in desert baboons International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) Ministry of Environment (Japan) Regional Red List Göteborg Natural History Museum (Sweden) IUCN Biodiversity, ecosystem services, social Programme Sampled Red List Index sustainability and tipping points in African drylands Ministry of Environment (Prague) Regional Red List Government of Dominica Amphibian conservation International Pacific Halibut Commission Programme in the Caribbean Conservation genetics of Pacific sleeper sharks Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Namibia) Green Balkans (Bulgaria) Monitoring bat Iowa State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Coordination of social foragers in patchy biodiversity in Eastern Europe Index environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice Greendale Veterinary Diagnostics Ltd Impact of Israel Ministry of the Environment Regional Red List in desert baboons disease in the decline of house sparrows in the UK Programme Ministry of Lands and Resettlement (Namibia) Griffith University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l’Ambiente (Italy) Coordination of social foragers in patchy List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index environments; MHC, parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons Group on Earth Observations Secretariat IUCN SSC IUCN Sampled Red List Index; (Switzerland) IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Conservation priorities for EDGE mammals; Ministry of Nature Protection (Armenia) IUCN Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond Conservation of the Yangtze River dolphin; Protected Sampled Red List Index areas: trends in biodiversity Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Research Reserve (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List James Cook University (Australia) IUCN Sampled Parks (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Red List Index Missouri Botanical Gardens (USA) IUCN Sampled Hainan Normal University (China) IUCN Sampled JM Kaplan Foundation (USA) International Red List Index Red List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean Missouri Department of Conservation (USA) IUCN Harvard University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Joint Nature Conservation Committee IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Moredun Research Institute Epidemiology of Programme Hebrew University of Jerusalem (Israel) IUCN poxviruses in squirrels Sampled Red List Index Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Gardens (China) Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (Spain) Constraints on recovery of small populations: the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (Greece) Mitigating the emergence of Batrachochytrium Hainan gibbon as a case study Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad;

36 Determinants of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in New York State Department of Health (USA) West Sahara Conservation Fund Determinants of occurrence, European amphibian populations; Role of host Nile virus emergence in Galapagos distribution and abundance in African mammals movement and sexual behaviour in transmission of New York State Diagnostic Laboratory (USA) Saint Petersburg Scientific Research Center (Russia) chytrid fungus in amphibians; IUCN Sampled Red List Samburu-Laikipia Wild Dog Project IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index; Comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia New York State Museum (USA) Camera trapping as Salmonella Reference Unit, Health Protection a census tool Agency Garden Bird Health Initiative Museo de Historia Natural (Peru) Regional Red List Programme New Zealand Department of Conservation Sexual San Diego Natural History Museum (USA) IUCN selection and the hihi Sampled Red List Index Museo de Zoologia (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Nordens Ark (Sweden) IUCN Sampled Red List Index San Diego Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università di Firenze North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences ScarabNet IUCN Sampled Red List Index (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List Index (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Scenic Hudson (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile) IUCN North of England Zoological Society IUCN Sampled Scottish Agricultural College Cetacean strandings Sampled Red List Index Red List Index; Chytridiomycosis emergence in investigation; Garden Bird Health Initiative Dominica Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali (Italy) IUCN Scottish Salmonella Reference Laboratory Garden Sampled Red List Index North-West University (South Africa) Behavioural Bird Health Initiative Ecology of Pyxicephalus adspersus; Testing the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle (Switzerland) IUCN ‘Out of Africa’ hypothesis for the emergence of Scripps Institute of Oceanography (USA) Sampled Red List Index lethal amphibian chytridiomycosis; IUCN Sampled International Programme on the State of the Ocean Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle (France) IUCN Red List Index Sea Fisheries Research Institute (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Northern Michigan University (USA) IUCN Sampled Sampled Red List Index Museum für Naturkunde (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Sea Mammal Research Unit Cetacean strandings Red List Index Norwegian Institute for Nature Research The role of investigation; Parasitism, immunity and sexual Nanjing Normal University (China) Conservation of individual biology in determining population-level dimorphism in the Galapagos sea lion the Yangtze River dolphin; IUCN Sampled Red List processes in vertebrates Seawatch Foundation Cetacean strandings investigation Index Old Dominion University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt (Germany) National Aeronautics and Space Administration List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index (USA) Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; O’Malley Fisheries (Ireland) Deep-sea fauna of Determinants of occurrence, distribution and Shaanxi Normal University (China) Disease threats oceanic islands abundance of African mammals; The role of and conservation of the Chinese giant salamander individual biology in determining population-level Omsk State Pedagogical University (Russia) IUCN Simon Fraser University (Canada) Odorant receptor processes in vertebrates Sampled Red List Index gene expression in homing in Atlantic salmon National Agricultural Research Foundation (Greece) Organizaciôn Zootropic (Guatemala) IUCN Sampled Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Birds of Prey Trust Conservation of Gyps Paignton Zoo and Environmental Park Health Smithsonian Institute (USA) Genetics of caste spp. vultures in India surveillance for species recovery programmes determination in polistine wasps; Metabolic National Institute for Medical Research Modelling Palacky University Olomouc (Czech Republic) IUCN syndrome: a potential risk factor in African elephant amphibian response to Batrachochytrium Sampled Red List Index infertility; Camera trapping as a census tool dendrobatidis Pamukkale University (Turkey) IUCN Sampled Red South African National Biodiversity Institute IUCN National Institute for Public Health and the List Index Sampled Red List Index; Regional Red List Programme Environment (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red Parks Canada Protected areas: trends in biodiversity Sociedad Ornitologica de la Hispaniola (Dominica) List Index West Indian mammal extinctions Pennsylvania State University (USA) IUCN Sampled National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Red List Index Societe Audubon d’Haiti West Indian mammal (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled Red List Index extinctions People’s Trust for Endangered Species Chytridiomycosis National Museum (South Africa) IUCN Sampled Red in Leptodactylus fallax in Montserrat; Health Society for Southeast Asian Herpetology (Germany) List Index surveillance for species recovery programmes IUCN Sampled Red List Index National Museum of Natural History of Spain IUCN Pig Improvement Company Investigation of predictors South Australian Museum (Australia) IUCN Sampled Sampled Red List Index of boar sperm fertility following cryopreservation Red List Index National Museum of Nature and Science (Japan) Queens University Belfast IUCN Sampled Red List Southeastern Louisiana University (USA) IUCN IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Sampled Red List Index National Museum of Wales IUCN Sampled Red List Queens University Canada IUCN Sampled Red List Species 2000 IUCN Sampled Red List Index Index Index State Natural History Museum Braunschweig National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Queensland Museum (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List Index (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index State University of New York (USA) IUCN Sampled National Science Foundation (USA) IUCN Sampled RAMAS IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Red List Index Razi University (Iran) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Station d’Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS á Moulis National Taiwan Ocean University IUCN Sampled (France) Determinants of Batrachochytrium Red List Index Rebikoff Foundation (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna of dendrobatidis emergence in European amphibian oceanic islands National University of Ireland, Cork Deep-sea fauna populations; Ecology and evolution of introduced of oceanic islands Receiver of Wreck, Maritime and Coastguard Agency avian malaria Cetacean strandings investigation National University of Ireland, Galway Deep-sea State Institute for Nature Protection (Croatia) fauna of oceanic islands; IUCN Sampled Red List Rewilding Europe Rewilding Europe Regional Red List Programme Index Roehampton University London Individual optimization State Museum of Natural History (Germany) National University of Mongolia Regional Red List and social constraints in group-living vertebrates Regional Red List Programme; IUCN Sampled Red Programme List Index Romanian Bat Protection Organisation Monitoring National University of Singapore IUCN Sampled bat biodiversity in Eastern Europe Statistics Netherlands IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Rothamsted Research Management of bumble bee Stellenbosch University (South Africa) Comparative Natural England Health surveillance for species habitat in agricultural landscapes studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; recovery programmes; Evaluating threat to the sand Ecology and evolution of invasive alien species; Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh IUCN Sampled lizard from parasites harboured by the introduced IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index wall lizard; Conservation genetics of adders in the Stony Brook University (USA) West Indian mammal UK; Assessing the conservation issue of Aesculapian Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew IUCN Sampled Red List extinctions snakes introduced onto Crown lands Index Swedish Board of Fisheries IUCN Sampled Red List Natural History Museum Cetacean strandings Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts IUCN Sampled Index investigation; The Frozen Ark project; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index; Developing species identification Swedish Species Information Center IUCN Sampled Royal Netherlands Institute for Ocean Research systems for bat echolocation calls; Health Red List Index Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands surveillance for species recovery programmes Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Natural History Museum of Bern (Switzerland) IUCN Landscape Research IUCN Sampled Red List Index Conservation of Gyps spp. vultures in India; Garden Sampled Red List Index Bird Health Initiative; Health surveillance for species Tanzania National Parks Long-term demography of Natural History Museum of Crete (Greece) IUCN recovery programmes; Impact of disease in the the Serengeti cheetah population; National Sampled Red List Index decline of house sparrows in the UK; Living Planet Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian mammals; A Index; Garden wildlife health national plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe IUCN Sampled Red List Index Royal Veterinary College Enhancement of sperm cell Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute Long-term survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; Naturalis (The Netherlands) IUCN Sampled Red List Predictors of boar sperm fertility following National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian Index cryopreservation; Wildlife health bridge; Problem- mammals; A national plan for carnivore Nature Conservancy IUCN Sampled Red List Index solving in primates; Optimisation and social conservation in Tanzania; Determinants of constraints in group-living vertebrates; occurrence, distribution and abundance in African Nature Protection Trust (Seychelles) IUCN Sampled Epidemiology of parapoxvirus in squirrels mammals; CUT plan for large carnivore Red List Index management in Tanzania. Russian Academy of Sciences IUCN Sampled Red NatureServe (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index Tarangire Elephant Project (Tanzania) A national Netherlands Institute for Ecology Deep-sea fauna of plan for carnivore conservation in Tanzania Rutgers University (USA) Comparative studies oceanic islands linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology Technical University of Denmark IUCN Sampled Red and evolution of invasive alien species List Index

Collaborations 37 Tel Aviv University (Israel) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Adelaide (Australia) Ecology and University of the Free State (South Africa) IUCN evolution of invasive alien species; Sexual selection Sampled Red List Index Texas A&M University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red and the hihi; Ecology and evolution of introduced List Index; Honey wasps: a vespid honeybee? University of Ghana Zoonotic virus infections in avian malaria; Comparative studies linking ecology, African bats Tidewater Inc (USA) Regional Red List Programme evolution and physiology; Extinction, island biogeography and community structure in island University of Ghent (Belgium) IUCN Sampled Red Toledo Zoo (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index birds; Prayer animal releases in Taiwan: analysis of List Index Tour du Valat (France) Living Planet Index an Eastern pathway to biological invasions University of Girona (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Tromso University (Norway) Deep-sea fauna of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells oceanic islands Medicine (Romania) IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Glasgow IUCN Sampled Red List Index Truman State University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red University of Alberta (Canada) IUCN Sampled Red University of Grenada (Spain) IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index List Index Tsaobis Leopard Nature Park (Namibia) University of Auburn (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List University of Guam IUCN Sampled Red List Index Coordination of social foragers in patchy Index environments; Optimisation and social constraints University of Guayaquil (Equador) Building capacity University of Auckland (New Zealand) Automatic in group-living vertebrates; MHC, parasite loads and determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa; detection, parameterisation and species and mate choice in desert baboons West Nile virus emergence in Galapagos identification systems for bat echolocation calls UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre University of Hohenheim (Germany) Evaluating University of Aveiro (Portugal) Mammal diversity and Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; threat to the sand lizard from parasites harboured soil functional integrity across habitat gradients in Brazil IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Living Planet Index; by the introduced wall lizard Diagnosing deleterious biodiversity change University of the Azores (Portugal) Deep-sea fauna University of Hong Kong IUCN Sampled Red List of oceanic islands Uniformed Services University (USA) Zoonotic virus Index infections in African bats University of Bangor IUCN Sampled Red List Index; University of Hyogo (Japan) IUCN Sampled Red List Biodiversity indicators for 2010 and beyond; River Universidad Andres Bello (Chile) Saving mouth Index dolphins, fish and fisheries in Bangladesh brooding frogs: the impact of chytridiomycosis on University of Illinois (USA) A biomolecular approach Darwin’s frogs University of Bath Cooperation in a eusocial tropical to understanding urogenital carcinoma in California paper wasp Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes (Mexico) sea lions; IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Beyreuth (Germany) Determinants of University of Innsbruck (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red occurrence, distribution and abundance in African Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez (México) List Index mammals IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Kansas (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List University of Birmingham Sexual selection and the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (Spain) Index hihi; Extinction, island biogeography and community Enhancement of sperm cell survival by epididymal structure in island birds; Ecology and evolution of University of Kent Mitigating the emergence of and oviduct epithelial cells introduced avian malaria; Comparative studies Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) Wildlife linking ecology, evolution and physiology; Ecology midwife toad; Invasive species as vectors of disease immunogenetics and evolution of invasive alien species and amphibian declines; Factors influencing cooperative behaviour and group performance in Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) University of Bonn (Germany) Predator-prey size humans; Conservation status of European bats; Ecology and evolution of introduced avian malaria relationships and evolution of giganticism in dinosaurs Implications of infectious disease for the global Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) IUCN University of Bournemouth IUCN Sampled Red List trade and conservation of amphibians; Invasive Sampled Red List Index Index species as vectors of disease in amphibians; Sexual selection and the hihi; Assessing the conservation Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico IUCN University of Braunschweig (Germany) IUCN issue of Aesculapian snakes introduced onto Crown Sampled Red List Index Sampled Red List Index lands; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Metapopulation Universidad de Puerto Rico IUCN Sampled Red List University of Bremen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons; Improving the Index oceanic islands impact of amphibian conservation programmes Universidad de Salamanca (Spain) IUCN Sampled University of Bristol Evolution of echolocation in University of Koblenz-Landau (Germany) IUCN Red List Index bats; Optimisation and social constraints in Sampled Red List Index group-living vertebrates Universidad del Valle (Colombia) IUCN Sampled University of Kuopio (Finland) IUCN Sampled Red Red List Index University of British Columbia (Canada) International List Index Programme on the State of the Ocean Universidad del Zulia (Venezuela) IUCN Sampled University of Kwa-Zulu Natal (South Africa) MHC, Red List Index University of California (USA) Samburu-Laikipia Wild parasite loads and mate choice in desert baboons Dog Project; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (México) University of Las Palmas (Spain) Cetacean strandings IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Canberra (Australia) IUCN Sampled investigation; IUCN Sampled Red List Index Red List Index Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (Peru) University of Lausanne (Switzerland) Evolution of IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Cambridge MHC, parasite loads and nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp mate choice in desert baboons; Evolutionary Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (Spain) IUCN Sampled University of Leeds West Nile virus emergence in genetics of cooperation in meerkats; Optimisation Red List Index Galapagos; Social change, economic growth and and social constraints in group-living vertebrates; drivers of conservation threats in Galapagos; Parasitism, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (Ecuador) IUCN Wildlife immunogenetics; The Frozen Ark project; immunity and sexual dimorphism in the Galapagos Sampled Red List Index Effectiveness of parks in maintaining biodiversity; sea lion; Determining disease threats to endemic Sexual selection and the hihi; Epidemiology of Universidade de Brasilia (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red Galapagos taxa; Dynamics of reproductive dominance zoonotic viruses in Eidolon helvum; Zoonotic virus List Index in dinosaur ants; IUCN Sampled Red List Index infections in African bats; IUCN Sampled Red List Universidade de Sao Paulo (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Index; Conformist behaviour in humans; Evolution of University of Liverpool Garden Bird Health Initiative; Red List Index cooperation; Signal content of plumage colour; From Cetacean strandings investigation; Impact of disease bats to humans: the social, ecological and biological in the decline of house sparrows in the UK; The role Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) dynamics of pathogen spillover; Epidemiological of individual biology in determining population- IUCN Sampled Red List Index aspects of amphibian chytridiomycosis; Role of host level processes in vertebrates Universidade do Vale do Itajai (Brazil) IUCN movement and sexual behaviour in transmission University of Ljubljana (Slovenia) IUCN Sampled Sampled Red List Index of chytrid fungus in amphibians; Influence of climate Red List Index change on bat communities and effectiveness Universidade Federal da Bahia (Brazil) IUCN of protected areas in Mexico; Adaption to captivity University of London, University College Sampled Red List Index in corncrake Coordination of social foragers in patchy environments; Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brazil) IUCN Constraints on recovery of small populations: the University of Cardiff Phylogeography and Sampled Red List Index Hainan gibbon case study; Biodiversity, ecosystem conservation genetics of okapi; Metapopulation services, social sustainability and tipping points in Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (Brazil) IUCN genetics in Mauritius pink pigeons African drylands; Large felid ecology and interactions Sampled Red List Index University of Columbia (USA) Anthropogenic drivers with humans in the Algerian Sahara; Social and Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte of emerging infectious diseases ecological dynamics of the bushmeat trade; (Brazil) IUCN Sampled Red List Index Metapopulation dynamics of colobus in the coastal University of Copenhagen (Denmark) Evolution of forests of Kenya; Resource limitation in butterflies; Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná (Brazil) IUCN personality in social species; Chytridiomycosis in Kenya Evolution of echolocation in bats; Marine resources, Sampled Red List Index University of Dublin (Ireland) IUCN Sampled Red List livelihoods and conservation around a West African Universita di Firenze (Italy) IUCN Sampled Red List Index marine protected area; Changing livelihoods: a Index comparison of land tenure systems; Factors influencing University of East Anglia Management of bumble cooperative behaviour in group performance in Universite Cadi Ayyad (Morocco) IUCN Sampled bee habitat in agricultural landscapes; Garden Bird humans; Human-wildlife conflict, wellbeing and Red List Index Health Initiative; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; economic opportunity: coexisting with carnivores in Evolution and diversification of ants Universite de Poitiers (France) IUCN Sampled Red the Gobi Desert; Climate change, drought impacts List Index University of Edinburgh Beeworm: bumblebee- and mitigation of human-wildlife conflict in East nematode host-parasite interaction; Emerging African rangelands: the case of Amboseli; Predicting Universite de Savoie (France) Determinants of disease threats to UK newts; Evolutionary genetics the spatio-temporal evolution of the human footprint; Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in of cooperation in meerkats Primates of the Caribbean: using historical era European amphibian populations introductions of primates to the Lesser Antilles to University of Erlangen (Germany) Deep-sea fauna of Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (Malaysia) IUCN understand rates of island evolution; Mobile gaming, oceanic islands Sampled Red List Index citizen science and biodiversity; Phenotypic plasticity University of Exeter Genetics of caste determination in tropical paper wasps; Addressing information Universities Federation for Animal Welfare Garden in polistine wasps; Ecology and evolution of introduced needs in cheetah; Cultural and biological values of Bird Health Initiative avian malaria; Comparative transcriptomics of midwife highland lakes in Papua, Indonesia; Prayer animal University of Aberdeen Cetacean strandings toads associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia releases in Taiwan: analysis of an Eastern pathway programme; Deep-sea fauna of oceanic islands; to biological invasions; Comparative transcriptomics University of Florida (USA) Habitat use of tigers in Odorant receptor gene expression in homing in of midwife toads associated with emergence of altered landscapes and monitoring of cryptic Atlantic salmon ranavirus in Iberia mammals; IUCN Sampled Red List Index

38 University of London, Imperial College Comparative University of Newcastle Epidemiology of poxviruses University of Virginia (USA) Energetic constraints on studies linking ecology, evolution and physiology; in squirrels; International Programme on the State animal ecology Energetic constraints on animal ecology; of the Ocean University of Wageningen (The Netherlands) Camera Mammalian community structure and dynamics University of Niš (Serbia) IUCN Sampled Red List trapping as a census tool across gradients of land-use intensity in Malaysian Index Borneo; Determinants of pathogen distribution and University of Washington (USA) Long-term prevalence in a multi-host and island system; University of Nottingham The Frozen Ark project demography of the Serengeti cheetah population Wildlife management indicators for timber University of Ohio (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List University of the West Indies (Jamaica) IUCN certification in West African forests; Mitigating the Index Sampled Red List Index emergence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the Mallorcan midwife toad; Determinants of University of Oklahoma (USA) IUCN Sampled Red University of Western Australia IUCN Sampled Red Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in List Index List Index European amphibian populations; Population-level University of Oslo (Norway) The role of individual University of Wisconsin (USA) IUCN Sampled Red cost of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection biology in determining population-level processes List Index in the Pyrenean midwife toad; Spatial global in vertebrates biodiversity monitoring in the context of data University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa) IUCN uncertainty; Invasive species as vectors of disease University of Otago (New Zealand) IUCN Sampled Sampled Red List Index in amphibians; Emerging disease threats to newts Red List Index University of York International Programme on the in the UK; Epidemiology of amphibian University of Ovidius Constanta (Romania) IUCN State of the Ocean (IPSO); IUCN Sampled Red List chytridiomycosis; Role of social information in Sampled Red List Index Index mediating individual fitness and population dynamics; Modelling amphibian response to chytrid University of Oxford Population genetic units in the University of Yüzüncü Yil (Turkey) Signal content of infection; Effects of alternative livelihoods on a Ethiopian wolf; Conservation genetics of adders in plumage colour subsistence fishing community; IUCN Sampled Red the UK; Camera trapping as a census tool; IUCN University of Zurich (Switzerland) Determinants of List Index; Modelling the dynamics of translocated Sampled Red List Index; West Indian mammal Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis emergence in populations; Ecosystem services in Ghana: extinctions; Antarctic monitoring; Regional Red List European amphibian populations; IUCN Sampled understanding the human component; Dynamics of Programme; Epidemiology and dynamics of Red List Index; Micro-evolutionary response to large mammal range collapse and extinction: poxvirus infection in birds climate change in wild populations evidence from the Holocene record; Bovine University of the Pacific (USA) IUCN Sampled Red tuberculosis in cattle and badgers; Determinants of US Geological Survey IUCN Sampled Red List Index List Index tiger occurrence and population viability in Utrecht University (The Netherlands) Health and fragmented landscapes; Disease susceptibility in University of Padova (Italy) IoZ hormone assay service reproduction in elephant populations in Asia three amphibian species; The role of individual University of Peradeniya (Sri Lanka) Health and biology in determining population-level processes Vaquita.org Foundation Conservation of the Yangtze reproduction in elephant populations in Asia in vertebrates; Susceptibility of social species to River dolphin population decline in changing environments; University of the Philippines IUCN Sampled Red List Veterinary Laboratories Agency Zoonotic virus Management interventions for large mammal Index infections in Eidolon helvum populations in Cambodia; Ecological and genetic University of Portsmouth Genomic aspects of DNA determinants of grey squirrel expansion in Italy and Veterinary Services Division (Dominica) damage induced by germplasm cryopreservation Britain; Whole genome analysis of Batrachochytrium Chytridiomycosis emergence in Dominica; dendrobatidis; Patterns and processes in natural University of Presov (Slovakia) IUCN Sampled Red Implementation of a regional management plan for population declines; Testing the ‘Out of Africa’ List Index amphibians in the Caribbean hypothesis for the emergence of lethal amphibian University of Pretoria (South Africa) Evolution of Veterinary Services Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus chytridiomycosis; Comparative transcriptomics of cooperation; IUCN Sampled Red List Index infections in Eidolon helvum midwife toads associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia; Diagnosing deleterious University of Queensland (Australia) Semen freezing Villanova University (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List biodiversity change; Inferring extinction risk from in macropods; Comparative studies linking ecology, Index vertebrate population trends; Interaction between evolution and physiology; Evolution of personality Virginia Tech University (USA) Hunting behaviour in badgers and cattle; African lion population genetics; in social species; IUCN Sampled Red List Index; Serengeti cheetah Effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity Evolution of punishment and cooperation; IUCN in Chaco Argentina; Adaptation to captivity in Sampled Red List Index West University of Timisoara (Romania) IUCN corncrake; Leptodactylus fallax and Alytes Sampled Red List Index University of Quintana Roo (Mexico) IUCN Sampled muletensis as models to investigate mitigation Red List Index Wetlands Institute (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List strategies for chytridiomycosis Index University of Reading Ecology of the solenodon and University of London, Kings College Environmental hutia in agricultural and native forest systems in Whittier College (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List change in riparian ecosystems: development of a Dominica Index new policy-planning tool University of Rochester (USA) Modelling the Wildlife Conservation Society (USA) Long-term University of London, Queen Mary Population and amphibian response to infection by demography of the Serengeti cheetah population; immunocompetent genetic variation; Molecular and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis National Conservation Action Plan for Tanzanian adaptive genetic variation of ranavirus in the UK; mammals; Occurrence, distribution and abundance Sex, flies and fungus; Epidemiology of poxviruses in University of Salzburg (Austria) IUCN Sampled Red of African mammals; The role of individual biology squirrels; Identifying emerging disease threats to UK List Index in determining population-level processes in newts; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in Eidolon University of San Carlos (Philippines) IUCN Sampled vertebrates; CUT plan for large carnivore helvum; Forest fragmentation and parasitism of Red List Index management in Tanzania Malaysian amphibians; Learning and social information use in foraging bumblebees; University of San Diego (USA) Energetic constraints Wildlife Division (Ghana) Zoonotic virus infections in Comparative transcriptomics of midwife toads on animal ecology African bats; Epidemiology of zoonotic viruses in associated with emergence of ranavirus in Iberia Eidolon helvum University of Sheffield Enhancement of sperm cell University of London, Royal Holloway West Indian survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells; Wildlife Trust for India IUCN Sampled Red List Index mammal extinctions; Primates of the Caribbean: Comparative studies linking ecology, evolution and Wildlife Trusts UK Health surveillance for species using historical era introductions of primates to the physiology; Ecology and evolution of invasive alien recovery programmes Lesser Antilles to understand rates of island species; Cascading extinctions and the design of evolution; Beeworm: bumblebee-nematode ecological risk indicators; Metabolic syndrome: a Wildlife Veterinary Investigation Centre Garden Bird host-parasite interaction; Are bumblebees the potential risk factor in African elephant infertility; Health Initiative extended phenotype of nematodes? A Genomic aspects of DNA damage induced by WildScreen IUCN Sampled Red List Index transcriptomics approach; Quaternary mammal germplasm cryopreservation extinction dynamics in Asia Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) University of Southampton Deep sea fauna of Cetacean strandings investigation University of Lund (Sweden) Ecology and evolution oceanic islands of introduced avian malaria Worcester Polytechnic Institute (USA) IUCN University of St Andrews IUCN Sampled Red List Sampled Red List Index University of Lyon (France) The role of individual Index; Ecosystem service provision and adaptive biology in determining population-level processes management in the Solomon Islands Working Dogs for Conservation (USA) Long-term in vertebrates demography of the Serengeti cheetah population University of Staffordshire Resource limitation in University of Marburg (Germany) IUCN Sampled butterflies World Dragonfly Association IUCN Sampled Red List Red List Index Index University of Sussex Molecular basis of a major University of Minnesota (USA) IUCN Sampled Red evolutionary transition; Chytrid effects on natterjack World Wildlife Fund Living Planet Index; Developing List Index toad population genetics; From bats to humans: the national measures of biodiversity change social, ecological and biological dynamics of University of Missouri (USA) Building capacity and Wurzburg University (Germany) Evolution of pathogen spillover determining disease threats to Galapagos taxa nest-drifting by workers of the tropical paper wasp; University of Sydney (Australia) IUCN Sampled Red Determinants of occurrence, distribution and University of Monash (Australia) Ecology and List Index abundance of African mammals evolution of introduced avian malaria; Cultural and biological values of highland lakes in Papua, University of Tasmania IUCN Sampled Red List Index Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation (USA) Indonesia; IUCN Sampled Red List Index IUCN Sampled Red List Index University of Teesside West Indian mammal University of Montpellier (France) MHC, parasite extinctions Xuzhou Normal University (China) IUCN Sampled loads and mate choice in desert baboons; Influence Red List Index University of Tennessee (USA) IUCN Sampled Red of sociality on disease spread in socially-structured List Index Yibin University (China) IUCN Sampled Red List populations Index University of Texas (USA) Regional Red List University of Murcia (Spain) Enhancement of sperm Programme; IUCN Sampled Red List Index ‘Zirichiltaggi’, Sardinian Wildlife Conservation (Italy) cell survival by epididymal and oviduct epithelial cells Disease threats to endangered Sardinian newts University of Trier (Germany) IUCN Sampled Red List University of Natal (South Africa) Dynamics of Index Zoo Atlanta (USA) IUCN Sampled Red List Index species extinctions University of Victoria (Canada) Conservation Zoological Museum of Copenhagen (Denmark) University of Neuchatel (Switzerland) Evolution of genetics of the Pacific sleeper shark; Determinants IUCN Sampled Red List Index punishment and cooperation of pathogen distribution and prevalence in a Zoological Survey of India IUCN Sampled Red List University of New Mexico (USA) Energetic multihost and island system Index constraints on animal ecology

Collaborations 39 Staff Representation

Professional Affiliations International Foundation for Science UNEP- WCMC Marcus Rowcliffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Ben Collen (Honorary Fellow; Lead Author, Global Committee) Environmental Outlook) Agencia Nacional de Evaluación y Prospectiva International Union for the Study of Social Insects University College London (ANEP), Spain Seirian Sumner (Member, Secretary for British Section) Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor); Andrew Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Reviewer) Cunningham (Honorary Professor); Ellie Dyer IUCN SSC (Honorary Research Associate) American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Tim Blackburn (Member, Invasive Species Specialist Trent Garner (Member) Group); Monika Böhm (Member, Snake and Reptile University of Birmingham American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Red List Authority); Ben Collen (Member, Red List Tim Blackburn (Honorary Professor) Gillian Eastwood (Member) Committee; Co-Chair, National Red List Working Group; Member, Red List Technical Working Group; Member, University of Liverpool Amphibian Ark Biobanking Advisory Group Hippo Specialist Group); Andrew Cunningham Andrew Cunningham (Honorary Senior Research Fellow) Rhiannon Lloyd (Biobanking Officer) (Member, Veterinary Specialist Group; Member, University of Oxford Animal Health Information Specialists (UK and Ireland) Conservation Breeding Specialist Group); Sarah Durant Tim Blackburn (Visiting Professor) Ann Sylph (Member) (Member, Cat Specialist Group); John Ewen (Member, Reintroduction Specialist Group); Trent Garner Wildlife Disease Association Bat Conservation Trust, UK (Member, Amphibian Specialist Group); Dada Gottelli Anthony Sainsbury (Member, Scientific Committee, Kate Jones (Trustee) (Member, Canid Specialist Group); Kate Jones European Section) British Andrology Society (Member, Chiroptera Specialist Group); Anthony Working Dogs for Conservation William Holt (Committee Member) Sainsbury (Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group); Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Science Advisory Board) Samuel Turvey (Member, Cetacean Specialist Group; British Ecological Society Member, Saola Working Group; Conservation World Congress of Herpetology Jon Bielby (Member); Tim Blackburn (Council Co-ordinator, Small Mammal Specialist Group); Trent Garner (Member, Executive Committee) Member); Patricia Brekke (Member); Ellie Dyer Rosie Woodroffe (Member; Co-ordinator, African Wild Zebra Foundation for Veterinary Zoological Education (Member); Trent Garner (Member); Kirsty Kemp Dog Working Group; Member, Canid Specialist Becki Lawson (Council Member) (Member); Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Group; Member, Wildlife Health Specialist Group) Zirrichiltaggi, Sardinia British Society for Parasitology Kenya Wildlife Service Jon Bielby (Member); Trent Garner (Member) Jon Bielby (Member) Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Steering Group on British Veterinary Zoological Society Conservation and Management of Large Carnivores) Katie Colvile (Member); Andrew Cunningham (Member) King Saud University Bushmeat Working Group Tim Blackburn (Member, Distinguished Scientist Editorial Positions Guy Cowlishaw (Member); Marcus Rowcliffe (Member) Fellowship Scheme) Centre for Ecology and Evolution Laurentian University Trent Garner (Adjunct Professor) Animal Conservation Tim Blackburn (Member, Steering Committee); Kate Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Editor); Jon Bielby Jones (Member, Steering Committee) London Biology Librarians Group (Associate Editor); Tim Blackburn (Associate Editor); Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Mexico Ann Sylph (Member) Paddy Brock (Associate Editor); Trent Garner (Editor); Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Honorary Professor) London Invasive Species Initiative Nick Isaac (Associate Editor); Nathalie Pettorelli (Editor) Charity Archivists and Records Managers Group Ellie Dyer (Committee Member) Animal Reproduction Science Michael Palmer (Member) London Learned and Professional Societies William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Conservation Commons Librarians Group Biological Reviews Ben Collen (Member, Steering Committee) Michael Palmer (Member) Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Defenders of Wildlife Marine Mammal Society Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine Rosie Woodroffe (Member, Scientific Advisory Board) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member; Committee Jinliang Wang (Member, Editorial Board) Member; Sea Lion Carcinoma Working Group) Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Cryobiology Andrew Cunningham (Member, Amphibian Health Mexican National Science Academy William Holt (Member, Editorial Board) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Advisory Committee); Trent Garner (Member, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Amphibian Health Advisory Committee) Mexican Society of Marine Mastozoology Andrew Cunningham (Editor) European Cetacean Society Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (President Elect; Committee Member, Veterinary Specialist Group) EcoHealth Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Jon Bielby (Reviews Editor); Andrew Cunningham European College of Zoological Medicine Nature Conservation Trust, South Africa (Member, Editorial Board) Sarah Durant (Trustee) Andrew Cunningham (Diplomat, Chair, Wildlife Ecological Applications Population Health); Anthony Sainsbury (Member) New Zealand Department of Conservation Trent Garner (Member, Editorial Board) John Ewen (Co-chair, Hihi Recovery Group) European Society for Evolutionary Biology Emu: Austral Ornithology Trent Garner (Member) Office International des Épizooties John Ewen (Associate Editor) European Wildlife Disease Association Andrew Cunningham (Member, Ad hoc Group on Amphibian Diseases) Endangered Species Research Becki Lawson (Member, Student Activities Council) Andrew Cunningham (Editor); Marcus Rowcliffe (Editor) Rainforest Life Fisheries Society of the British Isles European Journal of Wildlife Research Kirsty Kemp (Member) Ben Collen (Member, Environmental Advisory Committee) Anthony Sainsbury (Associate Editor) Frozen Ark Ramsar Global Ecology and Biogeography William Holt (Member, Steering Group); Rhiannon Kate Jones (Editor) Lloyd (Member, Steering Group) Nathalie Pettorelli (Invited Expert, Scientific and Technical Review Panel) Journal of Applied Ecology Genetics Society Nathalie Pettorelli (Associate Editor) Trent Garner (Member) Royal Veterinary College Andrew Cunningham (Visiting Professor) Journal of Evolutionary Biology GEO-BON Jinliang Wang (Member, Board of Reviewing Editors) Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Sheep Trust William Holt (Trustee) Journal of Zoology Herpetologist’s League Jon Bielby (Member, Editorial Board); Trent Garner Trent Garner (Member) Societas Europea Herpetologica Trent Garner (Member, Conservation Committee) (Member, Editorial Board); Nichola Raihani Hihi Recovery Group (Member, Editorial Board) Patricia Brekke (Member) Society for Conservation Biology Nathalie Pettorelli (Member) Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals International Advisory Group for the Northern Bald Ibis Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Editor) Andrew Cunningham (Committee Member) Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Trent Garner (Member) NeoBiota International Association for Ecology and Health Tim Blackburn (Editor) Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse (Member) Society of Vector Ecology Gillian Eastwood (Member) Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences International Council for Exploration of the Sea Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Editorial Board) Student Conference on Conservation Science Paul Jepson (Member, Ad hoc Advisory Group on Scientific Reports the Impact of Sonar on Cetaceans) Guy Cowlishaw (Member, Conference Advisory Committee) Andrew Cunningham (Editor) International Embryo Transfer Society UK Cetacean and Marine Turtle Biodiversity Action Tropical Conservation Science William Holt (Co-chair, CANDES Regulatory Ben Collen (Associate Editor) Committee) Plan Steering Group Paul Jepson (Member) Wildlife Research Andrew Cunningham (Associate Editor) 40 Staff representation Carvell, C., Jordan, W.C., Bourke, A.F.G., Pickles, R., Redhead, J.W. & Heard, M.S. (2012) Molecular and spatial analyses reveal links between colony-specific Publications foraging distance and landscape-level resource availability in two bumblebee species. Oikos 121: 734–742.

Cassey, P., Hauber, M.E., Maurer, G. & Ewen, J.G. (2012) Sources of variation in reflectance spectrophotometric data: a quantitative analysis using avian eggshell colours. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 3: 450–456.

Chaber, A.L., Lloyd, C., O’Donovan, D., McKeown, S., Wernery, U. & Bailey, T. (2012) A serologic survey for Coxiella burnetii in semi-wild ungulates in the Emirate of Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 48: 220–222.

Chauvenet, A.L.M., Durant, S.M., Hilborn, R. & Pettorelli, N. (2011) Unintended consequences of conservation actions: managing disease in complex ecosystems. PLoS One 6: e28671. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028671

Acosta-Jamett, G., Chalmers, W.S.K., Cunningham, Black, S.A., Meredith, H.M.R. & Groombridge, J.J. Chauvenet, A.L.M., Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., A.A., Cleaveland, S., Handel, I.G. & Bronsvoort, (2011) Biodiversity conservation: applying new Coulson, T., Blackburn, T.M., Adams, L., Walker, L.K. B.M.D. (2011) Urban domestic dog populations as a criteria to assess excellence. Total Quality & Pettorelli, N. (2012) Does supplemental feeding source of canine distemper virus for wild carnivores Management and Business Excellence affect the viability of translocated populations? The in the Coquimbo region of Chile. Veterinary 22: 1165–1178. example of the hihi. Animal Conservation 15: 337–350. Microbiology 152: 247–257. Blackburn, T.M., Prowse, T.A.A., Lockwood, J.L. & Clark, F.E. (2011) Great ape cognition and captive Albert, S., Gatschenberger, H., Azzami, K., Gimple, O., Cassey, P. (2011) Passerine introductions to New care: can cognitive challenges enhance well-being? Grimmer, G., Sumner, S., Fujiyuki, T., Tautz, J. & Zealand support a positive effect of propagule Applied Animal Behaviour Science 135: 1–12. Mueller, M.J. (2011) Evidence of a novel immune pressure on establishment success. Biodiversity responsive protein in the Hymenoptera. Insect and Conservation 20: 2189–2199. Colgan, T.J., Carolan, J.C., Bridgett, S.J., Sumner, S., Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41: 968–981. Blaxter, M.L. & Brown, M.J.F. (2011) Polyphenism in Blackburn, T.M., Pysek, P., Bacher, S., Carlton, J.T., social insects: insights from a transcriptome-wide Alford, L., Blackburn, T.M. & Bale, J.S. (2012) Effect of Duncan, R.P., Jarosik, V., Wilson, J.R.U. & analysis of gene expression in the life stages of the latitude and acclimation on the lethal temperatures Richardson, D.M. (2011) A proposed unified key pollinator, Bombus terrestris. BMC Genomics of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae. framework for biological invasions. Trends in 12: 623. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-623 Agricultural and Forest Entomology 14: 69–79. Ecology and Evolution 26: 333–339. Collen, B. & Bohm, M. (2012) The growing availability Alford, L., Hughes, G.E., Blackburn, T.M. & Bales, J.S Bland, L.M., Collen, B., Orme, C.D.L. & Bielby, J. of invertebrate extinction risk assessments – (2012) Walking speed adaptation ability of Myzus (2012) Data uncertainty and the selectivity of A response to Cardoso et al. (October 2011): persicae to different temperature conditions. extinction risk in freshwater invertebrates. Diversity Adapting the IUCN Red List criteria for invertebrates. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102: 303–313. and Distributions. Biological Conservation 149: 145–146. DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00914.x Ameca y Juarez, E.I., Mace, G.M., Cowlishaw, G. Collen, B., McRae, L., Deinet, S., De Palma, A., & Pettorelli, N. (2011) Natural population die-offs: Böhm, M., McRae, L., Deinet, S., Gill, M. & Collen, B. Carranza, T., Cooper, N., Loh, J. & Baillie, J.E.M. causes and consequences for terrestrial mammals. (2012) The Arctic Species Trend Index. Tracking (2011) Predicting how populations decline to Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27: 272–277. trends in Arctic vertebrate populations through extinction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal space and time. CAFF Assessment Series No. 8. Society of London Series B 366: 2577–2586. Armenteras, D., Finlayson, M., Rosser, A., Walpole, M., Akureyri, Iceland: Conservation of Arctic Flora and Agard, J., Butchart, S., Carino, J., Collen, B., Firbank, Fauna. Collen, B., Turvey, S.T., Waterman, C., Meredith, H.M.R., L., Galli, A., Gokhale, Y., Hocking, M., Hoft, R., Kitzes, Kuhn, T.S., Baillie, J.E.M. & Isaac, N.J.B. (2011) J., Prip, C., Redford, K.H., McGeoch, M., Oldfield, T. Brace, S., Barnes, I., Powell, A., Pearson, R., Investing in evolutionary history: implementing a & Toivonen, H. (2012) Biodiversity. In Global Woolaver, L.G., Thomas, M.G. & Turvey, S.T. (2012) phylogenetic approach for mammal conservation. Environmental Outlook 5. Environment for the future Population history of the Hispaniolan hutia Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of we want chapter 5: 133–166. GEO 5 (Ed.). Nairobi, Plagiodontia aedium (Rodentia: Capromyidae): London Series B 366: 2611–2622. Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. testing the model of ancient differentiation on a geotectonically complex Caribbean island. Collins, M.B., Milner-Gulland, E.J., Macdonald, E.A. Molecular Ecology 21: 2239–2253. & Macdonald, M.W. (2011) Pleiotropy and charisma Bai, C.M., Liu, X., Fisher, M.C., Garner, T.W.J. & Li, determine winners and losers in the REDD+ game: Y.M. (2012) Global and endemic Asian lineages of Branch, T.A., Austin, J.D., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., all biodiversity is not equal. Tropical Conservation the emerging pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium Gordon, I.J., Gompper, M.E., Katzner, T.E. & Science 4: 261–266. dendrobatidis widely infect amphibians in China. Pettorelli, N. (2012) Fisheries conservation and Diversity and Distributions 18: 307–318. management: finding consensus in the midst of Consuegra, S., de Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Stet, R.J.M. competing paradigms. Animal Conservation 15: 1–3. & Jordan, W.C. (2011) Contrasting responses to Baker, K.S., Todd, S., Marsh, G., Fernandez-Loras, A., selection in class I and class II alpha major Suu-Ire, R., Wood, J.L.N., Wang, L.F., Murcia, P.R. Brekke, P., Wang, J., Bennett, P.M., Cassey, P., histocompatibility-linked markers in salmon. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012) Co-circulation of diverse Dawson, D.A., Horsburgh, G.J. & Ewen, J.G. (2011) Heredity 107: 143–154. paramyxoviruses in an urban African fruit bat Postcopulatory mechanisms of inbreeding population. Journal of General Virology 93: 850–856. avoidance in the island endemic hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Behavioral Ecology. Davison, N.J., Perrett, L.L., Law, R.J., Dawson, C.E., Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cruz, M., Cedeño, V. DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr183 Stubberfield, E.J., Monies, R.J., Deaville, R. & Goodman, S.J. (2011) Adaptation, isolation by & Jepson, P.D. (2011) Infection with Brucella ceti distance and human-mediated transport determine Brock, P.M., Hall, A.J., Goodman, S.J., Cruz, M. & and high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in patterns of gene flow among populations of the Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. (2012) Applying the tools of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded disease vector Aedes taeniorhynchus in the ecological immunology to conservation: a test case in south-west England. Veterinary Record 169: 14. Galapagos Islands. Infection, Genetics and Evolution in the Galapagos sea lion. Animal Conservation. 11: 1996–2003. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00567.x de Eyto, E., McGinnity, P., Huisman, J., Coughlan, J., Consuegra, S., Farrell, K., O’Toole, C., Tufto, J., Benavides, J.A., Godreuil, S., Bodenham, R., Bro-Jorgensen, J. (2011) Queuing in space and time Megens, H.J., Jordan, W., Cross, T. & Stet, R.J.M. Ratiarison, S., Devos, C., Petretto, M.-O., Raymond, M. reduces the lek paradox on an antelope lek. (2011) Varying disease-mediated selection at & Escobar-Páramoa, P. (2012) No evidence for Evolutionary Ecology 25: 1385–1395. different life-history stages of Atlantic salmon in transmission of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli fresh water. Evolutionary Applications 4: 749–762. strains from humans to wild western lowland Browne, R.K., Li, H., Robertson, H., Uteshev, V.K., gorillas in Lope National Park, Gabon. Applied and Shishova, N.R., McGinnity, D., Nofs, S., Figiel, C.R., De Luna, C.J., Goodman, S.J., Thatcher, O., Jepson, Environmental Microbiology 78: 4281–4287. Mansour, N., Lloyd, R.E., Agnew, D., Carleton, C.L., P.D., Andersen, L., Tolley, K. & Hoelzel, A.R. (2012) Wu, M. & Gakhova, E.N. (2011) Reptile and Phenotypic and genetic divergence among harbour Benavides, J.A., Huchard, E., Pettorelli, N., King, A.J., amphibian conservation through gene banking and porpoise populations associated with habitat Brown, M.E., Archer, C.E., Appleton, C.C., Raymond, other reproduction technologies. Russian Journal of regions in the North Sea and adjacent seas. Journal M. & Cowlishaw, G. (2012) From parasite encounter Herpetology 18: 165–174. of Evolutionary Biology 25: 674–681. to infection: multiple-scale drivers of parasite richness in a wild social primate population. American Del Valle, I., Gomez-Duran, A., Holt, W.V., Muino- Journal of Physical Anthropology 147: 52–63. Calboli, F.C.F., Fisher, M.C., Garner, T.W.J. & Jehle, R. Blanco, T. & Cebrian-Perez, J.A. (2012) Soy lecithin (2011) The need for jumpstarting amphibian genome interferes with mitochondrial function in frozen- Bernaldo de Quirós, Y., González-Díaz, O., Saavedra, P., projects. Trends in Ecology and Evolution thawed ram spermatozoa. Journal of Andrology Arbelo, M., Sierra, E., Sacchini, S., Jepson, P.D., 26: 378–379. 33: 717–725. Mazzariol, S., Di Guardo, G. & Fernandez, A. (2011) Methodology for in situ gas sampling, transport and Carter, A.J., Heinsohn, R., Goldizen, A.W. & Biro, P.A. Didier, K.A., Cotterill, A., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Frank, laboratory analysis of gases from stranded cetaceans. (2012) Boldness, trappability and sampling bias in L., Georgiadis, N.J., Graham, M., Ihwagi, F., King, J., Scientific Reports 1: 193. DOI:10.1038/srep00193 wild lizards. Animal Behaviour 83: 1051–1058. Malleret-King, D., Rubenstein, D., Wilkie, D. & Woodroffe, R. (2011) Landscape-scale conservation Billeter, S.A., Hayman, D.T.S., Peel, A.J., Baker, K., Carter, A.J., Marshall, H.M., Heinsohn, R. & planning of the Ewaso Nyiro: a model for land use Wood, J.L.N., Cunningham, A., Suu-Ire, R., Dittmar, K. Cowlishaw, G. (2011) Evaluating animal planning in Kenya? Smithsonian Contributions to & Kosoy, M.Y. (2012) Bartonella species in bat flies personalities: do observer assessments and Zoology 632: 105–123. (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) from western Africa. experimental tests measure the same thing? Parasitology 139: 324–329. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66: 153–160.

Publications 41 Donnelly, C.A. & Woodroffe, R. (2012) Reduce Gordon, I.J., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Altwegg, R., Johnston, S.D., Satake, N., Zee, Y., Lopez-Fernandez, uncertainty in UK badger culling. Nature 485: 582. Garner, T.W.J., Gompper, M.E., Katzner, T.E., Pettorelli, C., Holt, W.V. & Gosalvez, J. (2012) Osmotic stress N. & Redpath, S. (2012) What the ‘food security’ and cryoinjury of koala sperm: an integrative study Donnelly, R.E., Katzner, T., Gordon, I.J., Gompper, agenda means for animal conservation in terrestrial of the plasma membrane, chromatin stability and M.E., Redpath, S., Garner, T.W.J., Altwegg, R., Reed, ecosystems. Animal Conservation 15: 115–116. mitochondrial function. Reproduction 143: 787–797. D.H., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. & Pettorelli, N. (2011) Putting the eco back in ecotourism. Animal Gosalvez, J., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Fernandez, J.L., Johnston, W.T., Vial, F., Gettinby, G., Bourne, F.J., Conservation 14: 325–327. Gouraud, A. & Holt, W.V. (2011) Relationships Clifton-Hadley, R.S., Cox, D.R., Crea, P., Donnelly, between the dynamics of iatrogenic DNA damage C.A., McInerney, J.P., Mitchell, A.P., Morrison, W.I. & Duffy, J.P. & Pettorelli, N. (2012) Exploring the and genomic design in mammalian spermatozoa Woodroffe, R. (2011) Herd-level risk factors of bovine relationship between NDVI and African elephant from eleven species. Molecular Reproduction and tuberculosis in England and Wales after the 2001 population density in protected areas. African Journal Development 78: 951–961. foot-and-mouth disease epidemic. International of Ecology. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2012.01340.x Journal of Infectious Diseases 15: e833–e840. Gururaja, K.V., Preeti, G., Patil, R.K. & Cunningham, Durant, S.M., Craft, M.E., Hilborn, R., Bashir, S., A.A. (2011) Dermal fungal infection in a frog from the Jones, K.E., Blackburn, T.M. & Isaac, N.J.B. (2011) Can Hando, J. & Thomas, L. (2011) Long-term trends in Western Ghats, India. Current Science 101: 622–623. unified theories of biodiversity explain mammalian carnivore abundance using distance sampling in macroecological patterns? Philosophical Transactions Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Journal of of the Royal Society of London Series B 366: 2554–2563. Applied Ecology 48: 1490–1500. Hardman, K., Dastjerdi, A., Gurrala, R., Routh, A., Banks, M., Steinbach, F. & Bouts, T. (2011) Detection Jones, K.E. & Safi, K. (2011) Ecology and evolution of Durant, S.M., Pettorelli, N., Bashir, S., Woodroffe, R., of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus type 1 in mammalian biodiversity. Philosophical Transactions of Wacher, T., De Ornellas, P., Ransom, C., Abaiger, T., asymptomatic elephants using TaqMan real-time the Royal Society of London Series B 366: 2451–2461. Abdelgadir, M., El Alqamy, H., Beddiaf, M., PCR. Veterinary Record 170: 205. Belbachir, F., Belbachir-Bazi, A., Berbash, A.A., Jones, K.E. & Safi, K. (Eds) (2011)Global biodiversity of Beudels-Jamar, R., Boitani, L., Breitenmoser, C., Hayman, D.T.S., Banyard, A.C., Wakeley, P.R., mammals (theme issue). Philosophical Transactions of Cano, M., Chardonnet, P., Collen, B., Cornforth, W.A., Harkess, G., Marston, D., Wood, J.L.N., Cunningham, the Royal Society of London Series B 366: 2449–2587. Cuzin, F., Gerngross, P., Haddane, B., Hadjeloum, M., A.A. & Fooks, A.R. (2011) A universal real-time assay Jacobson, A., Jebali, A., Lamarque, F., Mallon, D., for the detection of Lyssaviruses. Journal of Jones, O.R. & Wang, J. (2012) A comparison of four Minkowski, K., Monfort, S., Ndoassal, B., Newby, J., Virological Methods 177: 87–93. methods for detecting weak genetic structure from Ngakoutou, B.E., Niagate, B., Purchase, G., Samaila, marker data. Ecology and Evolution 2: 1048–1055. S., Samna, A.K., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Soultan, A.E., Hayman, D.T.S., Wang, L.F., Barr, J., Baker, K.S., Stanley-Price, M.R. & Baillie, J.E.M. (2012) Forgotten Suu-Ire, R., Broder, C.C., Cunningham, A.A. & Wood, biodiversity in desert ecosystems. Science J.L.N. (2011) Antibodies to henipavirus or henipa-like Kamins, A.O., Restif, O., Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y., Suu-Ire, 336: 1379–1380. viruses in domestic pigs in Ghana, West Africa. PLoS R., Hayman, D.T.S., Cunningham, A.A., Wood, J.L.N. One 6: e25256. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025256 & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2011) Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of Eamer, J., Russell, D.E., McRae, L., Böhm, M., Hidalgo-Vila, J., Díaz-Paniagua, C., Marchand, M.A. & fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa. Biological Deinet., S., Collen, B. & Gill, M.J. (2012) The Arctic Cunningham, A.A. (2012) Batrachochytrium Conservation 144: 3000–3008. Species Trend Index 2011. Update of the ASTI, an dendrobatidis infection of amphibians in the Doñana in-depth look at marine species and development of National Park, Spain. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms King, A.J., Sueur, C., Huchard, E. & Cowlishaw, G. spatial analysis techniques. CAFF Assessment 98: 113–119. (2011) A rule-of-thumb based on social affiliation Series No. 9. Akureyri, Iceland: Conservation of explains collective movements in desert baboons. Arctic Flora and Fauna. Hill, N.A.O., Rowcliffe, J.M., Koldeway, H.J. & Animal Behaviour 82: 1337–1345. Milner-Gulland, E.J. (2011) The interaction between Eastwood, G., Kramer, L.D., Goodman, S.J. & seaweed farming as an alternative occupation and Kosoy, M., Hayman, D.T.S. & Chan, K.-S. (2012) Cunningham, A.A. (2011) West Nile virus vector fisher numbers in the Central Philippines. Bartonella bacteria in nature: where does population competency of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes Conservation Biology 26: 324–334. variability end and a species start? Infection, in the Galápagos Islands. American Journal of Genetics and Evolution 12: 894–904. Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 85: 426–433. Holt, W.V. (2011) Mechanisms of sperm storage in the female reproductive tract: an interspecies Kühn, I., Kowarik, I., Kollmann, J., Starfinger, U., Evans, D.M., Barnard, P., Koh, L.P., Chapman, C.A., comparison. Reproduction in Domestic Animals Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Bustamante, R.O., Altwegg, R., Garner, T.W.J., Gompper, M.E., Gordon, 46 (suppl. 2): 68–74. Celesti-Grapow, L., Chytrý, M., Colautti, R.I., Essl, F., I.J., Katzner, T.E. & Pettorelli, N. (2012) Funding Foxcroft, L.C., García-Berthou, E., Gollasch, S., Hierro, nature conservation: who pays? Animal Holt, W.V. (2012) Fundamental aspects of cryobiology: J., Hufbauer, R.A., Hulme, P.E., Jarosík, V., Jeschke, Conservation 15: 215–216. sample, individual, and species differences. J.M., Karrer, G., Mack, R.N., Molofsky, J., Murray, Biopreservation and Biobanking 10: 63–64. B.R., Nentwig, W., Osborne, B., Pysek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ewen, J.G., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K., Alley, M., Rejmánek, M., Roques, A., Shaw, R., Sol, D., Vilà, M., Carraro, C., Sainsbury, A.W., Swinnerton, K. & Hooker, S.K., Fahlman, A., Moore, M.J., Aguilar de van Kleunen, M., von der Lippe, M., Wolfe, L.M. & Woodroffe, R. (2012) Empirical consideration of Soto, N., Bernaldo de Quirós, Y., Brubakk, A.O., Penev, L. (2011) Open minded and open access: parasites and health in reintroduction. In Costa, D.P., Costidis, A.M., Dennison, S., Falke, K.J., introducing NeoBiota, a new peer-reviewed journal Reintroduction Biology: Integrating Science and Fernandez, A., Ferrigno, M., Fitz-Clarke, J.R., Garner, of biological invasions. NeoBiota 9: 1–12. Management: 290–335. Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., M.M., Houser, D.S., Jepson, P.D., Ketten, D.R., Parker, K.A. & Seddon, P.J. (Eds). Oxford: Wiley– Kvadsheim, P.H., Madsen, P.T., Pollock, N.W., Blackwell. Rotstein, D.S., Rowles, T.K., Simmons, S.E., Van La Falci, V.S.N., Yrjö-Koskinen, A.E., Fazeli, A., Holt, W.V. Bonn, W., Weathersby, P.K., Weise, M.J., Williams, T.M. & Watson, P.F. (2011) Antioxidant combinations are Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., Empson, E., Jack, S., & Tyack, P.L. (2011) Deadly diving? Physiological and no more beneficial than individual components in Makan, T., McInnes, K., Parker, K.A., Richardson, K. behavioural management of decompression stress combating ram sperm oxidative stress during storage & Alley, M. (2012) Parasite management in in diving mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society at 5°C. Animal Reproduction Science 129: 180–187. translocations: lessons from a threatened New of London B: Biological Sciences 279: 1041–1050. Zealand bird. Oryx 46: 446–456. Lambert, E., MacLeod, C.D., Hall, K., Brereton, T., Huang, S.-L., Hao, Y., Mei, Z., Turvey, S.T. & Wang, D. Dunn, T.E., Wall, D., Jepson, P.D., Deaville, R. & Pierce, Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., Parker, K.A. & Seddon, (2012) Common pattern of population decline for G.J. (2011) Quantifying likely cetacean range shifts in P.J. (Eds) (2012) Reintroduction Biology: Integrating freshwater cetacean species in deteriorating response to global climatic change: implications for Science and Management. Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell. habitats. Freshwater Biology 57: 1266–1276. conservation strategies in a changing world. Endangered Species Research 15: 205–222. Ewen, J.G., Parker, K.A., Richardson, K., Armstrong, Huchard, E. & Cowlishaw, G. (2011) Female–female D. & Smuts-Kennedy, C. (2011) Translocation of hihi aggression around mating: an extra cost of sociality Lawson, B., Cunningham, A.A., Chantrey, J., Hughes, Notiomystis cincta to Maungatautari, a mainland in a multimale primate society. 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(2011) 77: 998–1007. subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium strains in the Multiple emergences of genetically diverse British garden bird population. Applied and amphibian-infecting chytrids include a globalized Isaac, N.J.B., Cruickshanks, K.L., Weddle, A.M., Environmental Microbiology 77: 8139–8144. hypervirulent recombinant lineage. Proceedings of Rowcliffe, J.M., Brereton, T.M., Dennis, R.L.H., the National Academy of Sciences of the United Shuker, D.M. & Thomas, C.D. (2011) Distance sampling Lawson, B., Robinson, R.A., Neimanis, A., Handeland, States of America 108: 18732–18736. and the challenge of monitoring butterfly populations. K., Isomursu, M., Agren, E.O., Hamnes, I.S., Tyler, K.M., Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2: 585–594. Chantrey, J., Hughes, L.A., Pennycott, T.W., Simpson, Fazey, I., Pettorelli, N., Kenter, J., Wagatora, D. & V.R., John, S.K., Peck, K.M., Toms, M.P., Bennett, M., Schuett, D. (2011) Maladaptive trajectories of change Isaac, N.J.B., Storch, D. & Carbone, C. (2011) Kirkwood, J.K. & Cunningham, A.A. (2011) Evidence of in Makira, Solomon Islands. Global Environmental Taxonomic variation in size-density relationships spread of the emerging infectious disease, finch Change 21: 1275–1289. challenges the notion of energy equivalence. Biology trichomonosis, by migrating birds. EcoHealth 8: 143–153. Letters 7: 615–618. Lima, N., Rogers, T., Acevedo-Whitehouse, K. & Garner, T.W.J., Briggs, C.J., Bielby, J. & Fisher, M.C. Brown, M.V. (2012) Temporal stability and species (2012) Determining when parasites of amphibians Jenner, N., Groombridge, J. & Funk, S.M. (2011) specificity in bacteria associated with the bottlenose are conservation threats to their hosts: methods Commuting, territoriality and variation in group and dolphins respiratory system. Environmental and perspectives. 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42 Luquet, E., Garner, T.W.J., Lena, J.-P., Bruel, C., Joly, Nielsen, A., Yoccoz, N.G., Steinheim, G., Storvik, Raihani, N.J. & Bshary, R. (2011) Resolving the P., Lengagne, T., Grolet, O. & Plenet, S. (2012) Genetic G.O., Rekdal, Y., Angeloff, M., Pettorelli, N., Holand, iterated prisoner’s dilemma: theory and reality. erosion in wild populations makes resistance to a Ø. & Mysterud, A. (2012) Are responses of Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24: 1628–1639. pathogen more costly. Evolution 66: 1942–1952. herbivores to environmental variability spatially consistent in alpine ecosystems? Global Change Raihani, N.J., Grutter, A.S. & Bshary, R. (2012) Biology 18: 3050–3062. Female cleaner fish cooperate more with unfamiliar Madden, J.R., Nielsen, J.F. & Clutton-Brock, T.H. males. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (2012) Do networks of social interactions reflect Nielsen, J.F., English, S., Goodall-Copestake, W.P., B: Biological Sciences 279: 2479–2486. patterns of kinship? Current Zoology 58: 319–328. Wang, J., Walling, C.A., Bateman, A.W., Flower, T.P., Sutcliffe, R.L., Samson, J., Thavarajah, N.K., Kruuk, Raihani, N.J., Pinto, A.I., Grutter, A.S., Wismer, S. & Manzo, E., Bartolommei, P., Rowcliffe, J.M. & L.E.B., Clutton-Brock, T.H. & Pemberton, J.M. (2012) Bshary, R. (2011) Male cleaner wrasses adjust Cozzolino, R. (2012) Estimation of population density Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of early life punishment of female partners according to the of European pine marten in central Italy using traits in a cooperative mammal. Molecular Ecology stakes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London camera trapping. Acta Theriologica 57: 165–172. 21: 2788–2804. B: Biological Sciences 279: 365–370.

Marsden, C.D., Woodroffe, R., Mills, M.G.L., Weldon Nyina-wamwiza, L., Milla, S., Pierrard, M.A., Raihani, N.J., Thornton, A. & Bshary, R. (2012) McNutt, J., Creel, S., Groom, R., Emmanuel, M., Rurangwa, E., Mandiki, S.N.M., Van Look, K.J.W. & Punishment and cooperation in nature. Trends in Cleaveland, S., Kat, P., Rasmussen, G.S.A., Ginsberg, Kestemont, P. (2012) Partial and total fish meal Ecology and Evolution 27: 288–295. J., Lines, R., Andre, J.-M., Begg, C., Wayne, R.K. & replacement by agricultural products in the diets Mable, B.K. (2012) Spatial and temporal patterns of improve sperm quality in African catfish (Clarias Rands, S.A., Pettifor, R.A., Rowcliffe, J.M. & neutral and adaptive genetic variation in the gariepinus). Theriogenology 77: 184–194. Cowlishaw, G. (2012) State-dependent foraging rules endangered African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). for social animals in selfish herds. In Modelling Molecular Ecology 21: 1379–1393. Natural Action Selection: 523–537. Seth, A., Prescott, T. Patalano, S., Hore, T.A., Reik, W. & Sumner, S. (2012) & Bryson, J. (Eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Marzal, A., Ricklefs, R.E., Valkiunas, G., Albayrak, T., Shifting behaviour: epigenetic reprogramming in Press. Arriero, E., Bonneaud, C., Czirják, G.A., Ewen, J.G., eusocial insects. Current Opinion in Cell Biology Hellgren, O., Horakova, D., Iezhova, T.A., Jensen, H., 24: 367–373. Rawson, D.M., McGregor Reid, G. & Lloyd, R.E. Krianauskiene, A., Lima, M.R., de Lope, F., (2011) Conservation rationale, research applications Magnussen, E., Martin, L.B., Møller, A.P., Palinauskas, Peel, A.J., Baker, K.S., Crameri, G., Barr, J.A., and techniques in the cryopreservation of lower V., Pap, P.L., Pérez-Tris, J., Sehgal, R.N.M., Soler, M., Hayman, D.T.S., Wright, E., Broder, C.C., Fernandez- vertebrate biodiversity from marine and freshwater Szöllosi, E., Westerdahl, H., Zetindjiev, P. & Bensch, S. Loras, A., Fooks, A.R., Wang, L.-F., Cunningham, A.A. environments. International Zoo Yearbook (2011) Diversity, loss, and gain of malaria parasites in & Wood, J.L.N. (2012) Henipavirus neutralising 45: 108–123. a globally invasive bird. PLoS One 6: e21905. antibodies in an isolated island population of DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021905 African fruit bats. PLoS One 7: e30346. Rodrigues, A.S.L., Grenyer, R., Baillie, J.E.M., DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030346 Bininda-Emonds, O.R.P., Gittlemann, J.L., Hoffmann, Maya-Soriano, M.J., Holt, W.V. & Lloyd, R.E. (2012) M., Safi, K., Schipper, J., Stuart, S.N. & Brooks, T. Biobanked amphibian samples confirmed to species Peel, A.J., Hartley, M. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012) (2011) Complete, accurate, mammalian phylogenies level using 16S rRNA DNA barcodes. Qualitative risk analysis of introducing aid conservation planning, but not much. Biopreservation and Biobanking 10: 22–28. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis to the UK through Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of the importation of live amphibians. Diseases of London Series B 366: 2652–2660. McCarthy, A.J., Shaw, M.A., Jepson, P.D., Brasseur, Aquatic Organisms 98: 95–112. S.M.J.M., Reijnders, P.J.H. & Goodman, S.J. (2011) Rodriguez-Ramilo, S. & Wang, J. (2012) The effect of Variation in European harbour seal immune Peniche, G., Vaughan-Higgins, R.J., Carter, I., close relatives on unsupervised Bayesian clustering response genes and susceptibility to phocine Pocknell, A., Simpson, D. & Sainsbury, A.W. (2011) algorithms in population genetic structure analysis. distemper virus (PDV). Infection, Genetics and Long-term health effects of harness-mounted Molecular Ecology Resources 12: 873–884. Evolution 11: 1616–1623. radio-transmitters in red kites (Milvus milvus) in England. Veterinary Record 169: 311. Romañach, S.S., Lindsey, P.A. & Woodroffe, R. (2011) McComb, K., Shannon, G., Durant, S.M., Sayialel, K., Attitudes toward predators and options for their Slotow, R., Poole, J. & Moss, C. (2011) Leadership in Pettorelli, N. (Ed.) (2012) Climate change – from conservation in the Ewaso ecosystem. Smithsonian elephants: the adaptive value of age. Proceedings of problem detection to solution design and Contributions to Zoology 632: 85–93. the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences implementation (Virtual Issue). Journal of Applied 278: 3270–3276. Ecology. Rowcliffe, J.M., Carbone, C., Jansen, P.A., Kays, R. & Kranstauber, B. (2011) Quantifying the sensitivity of McInnes, L., Baker, W.J., Barraclough, T.G., Pettorelli, N. (2012) Climate change as a main driver camera traps: an adapted distance sampling Dasmahapatra, K.K., Goswami, A., Harmon, L.J., of ecological research. Journal of Applied Ecology approach. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2: Morlon, H., Purvis, A., Rosindell, J., Thomas, G.H., 49: 542–545. 464–476. Turvey, S.T. & Phillimore, A.B. (2011) Integrating ecology into macroevolutionary research. 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(2012) mRNA for the clarification of taxonomic problems Analyzing disease risks associated with within the family Sertulariidae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Pickles, R.S.A., Groombridge, J.J., Zambrana Rojas, translocations. Conservation Biology 26: 442–452. Zoologica Scripta 40: 520–537. V.D., Van Damme, P., Gottelli, D., Ariani, C. & Jordan, W.C. (2012) Genetic diversity and population Seddon, P.J., Armstrong, D.P., Parker, K.A. & Ewen, Moura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M. & Rogers, structure in the endangered giant otter, Pteronura J.G. (2012) Summary. In Reintroduction Biology: A.D. (2012) Polyphyly and cryptic diversity in the brasiliensis. Conservation Genetics 13: 235–245. Integrating Science and Management: 476–481. hydrozoan families Lafoeidae and Hebellidae Ewen, J.G., Armstrong, D.P., Parker, K.A. & Seddon, (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Invertebrate Systematics Pickles, R.S.A., McCann, N.P. & Holland, A.P. (2011) P.J. (Eds). Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell. 25: 454–470. Mammalian and avian diversity of the Rewa Head, Rupununi, Southern Guyana. Biota Neotropica Sheppard, C.R.C., Ateweberhan, M., Bowen, B.W., Moura, C.J., Cunha, M.R., Porteiro, F.M. & Rogers, 11: 237–251. Carr, P., Chen, C.A., Clubbe, C., Craig, M.T., A.D. (2012) A molecular phylogenetic appraisal of Ebinghaus, R., Eble, J., Fitzsimmons, N., Gaither, the systematics of the Aglaopheniidae (Cnidaria: Prager, K.C., Mazet, J.A.K., Munson, L., Cleaveland, M.R., Gan, C.-H., Gollock, M., Guzman, N., Graham, Hydrozoa, Leptothecata) from the north-east Atlantic S., Donnelly, C.A., Dubovi, E.J., Szykman Gunther, N.A.J., Harris, A., Jones, R., Keshavmurthy, S., and west Mediterranean. Zoological Journal of the M., Lines, R., Mills, G., Davies-Mostert, H.T., Weldon Koldewey, H., Lundin, C.G., Mortimer, J.A., Obura, Linnean Society 164: 717–727. McNutt, J., Rasmussen, G., Terio, K. & Woodroffe, R. 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Publications 43 Spitzen-van der Sluijs, A., Martel, A., Wombwell, E., Van Rooij, P., Zollinger, R., Woeltjes, T., Rendle, M., Haesebrouck, F. & Pasmans, F. (2011) Clinically healthy amphibians in captive collections and at pet fairs: a reservoir of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Amphibia–Reptilia 32: 419–423.

St John, F.A.V., Keane, A.M., Edwards-Jones, G., Jones, L., Yarnell, R.W. & Jones, J.P.G. (2012) Identifying indicators of illegal behaviour – carnivore killing in human-managed landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 279: 804–812.

Sumner, S. & King, A.J. (2011) Actions speak louder than words in socially foraging human groups. Communicative and Integrative Biology 4: 1–3.

Sumner, S. & Patalano, S. (2012) Is the natural world one big soap? New Scientist 214(2866): 28–29.

Svoboda, M., Gill, M., Barry, T., Crane, K., Collen, B., Culp, J., Friedman, A., Gantner, N., Goedkoop, W., Gofman, V., Hindrum, R., Irons, D., Loh, J., McRae, L., Petersen, A., Reist, J., Russell, D., Simpkins, M., Smith, R., Vongraven, D., Wrona, F. & Zockler, C. (2011) The Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program. In Understanding Earth’s Polar Challenges: International Polar Year 2007–2008: 423–434. Krupnik. I., Allison, I., Bell, R. Cutler, P., Hik, D., López-Martínez, J., Rachold, V., Sarukhanian, E. & Summerhayes, C. (Eds). Edmonton, AB: CCI Press, in collaboration with University of the Arctic, Rovaniemi, Finland, and ICSU/WMO Joint Committee for International Polar Year 2007–2008.

Turvey, S.T. & Blackburn, T.M. (2011) Determinants of species abundance in the Quaternary vertebrate fossil record. Paleobiology 37: 537–546.

Turvey, S.T. & Fritz, S.A. (2011) The ghosts of mammals past: biological and geographical patterns of global mammalian extinction across the Holocene. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 366: 2564–2576.

Turvey, S.T., Risley, C.L., Barrett, L.A., Yujiang, H. & Ding, W. (2012) River dolphins can act as population trend indicators in degraded freshwater systems. PLoS One 7: e37902. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037902

Walsh, J.C., Venter, O., Watson, J.E.M., Fuller, R.A., Blackburn, T.M. & Possingham, H.P. (2012) Exotic species richness and native species endemism increase the impact of exotic species on islands. Global Ecology and Biogeography 21: 841–850.

Wang, J. (2011) A new likelihood estimator and its comparison with moment estimators of individual genome-wide diversity. Heredity 107: 433–443.

Wang, J.L., El-Kassaby, Y.A. & Ritland, K. (2012) Estimating selfing rates from reconstructed pedigrees using multilocus genotype data. Molecular Ecology 21: 100–116.

Wearn, O.R., Reuman, D.C. & Ewers, R.M. (2012) Extinction debt and windows of conservation opportunity in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 337: 228–232.

Woodroffe, R. & Donnelly, C.A. (2011) Risk of contact between endangered African wild dogs Lycaon pictus and domestic dogs: opportunities for pathogen transmission. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 1345–1354.

Woodroffe, R., Prager, K.C., Munson, L., Conrad, P.A., Dubovi, E.J. & Mazet, J.A.K. (2012) Contact with domestic dogs increases pathogen exposure in endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). PLoS One 7: e30099. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030099

Yesson, C., Barcenas, R.T., Hernandez, H.M., © 2012 The Zoological Society of London. Bay-headed parrot Psittacus Badiceps Ruiz-Maqueda, M.D., Prado, A., Rodriguez, V.M. & Registered charity no. 208728 by Edward Lear Hawkins, J.A. (2011) DNA barcodes for Mexican Cactaceae, plants under pressure from wild Edited by Linda DaVolls Edward Lear began his career as a collecting. Molecular Ecology Resources Design by newlevel.co.uk zoological illustrator, illustrating the 11: 775–783. parrots in the Parrot House at ZSL London Zoo. This resulted in the publication of Yesson, C., Taylor, M.L., Tittensor, D.P., Davies, A.J., All rights are reserved, no part of this Illustrations of the family of Psittacidae, or Guinotte, J., Baco, A., Black, J., Hall-Spencer, J.M. & publication may be reproduced, stored in a parrots, the greater part of them species Rogers, A.D. (2012) Global habitat suitability of retrieval system or transmitted, in any form hitherto unfigured in 1832. The first plates cold-water octocorals. Journal of Biogeography or by any means, electronic, photocopying, were issued in 1830 when Lear was 39: 1278–1292. recording or otherwise, without prior still only 18. permission of the publisher.

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44 Publications Student Publications

PhD Theses Hopkins, C. (2011) External actors, high value Levesque, S. (2011) Examining pathological and resources and threatened species: shark fin morphological trends among bycaught, mass and Cairns, R. (2011) A critical analysis of the discourses commodity chains of northern Madagascar, single stranded short-beaked common dolphins of conservation and science on the Galapagos Islands. interception for conservation. (Delphinus delphis) from NE United States waters, University of Leeds, UK. 2005 to 2012. Hudson, M. (2011) Estimating population trends in Curtis, R. (2012) The importance of resources in elusive species using dynamic occupancy modelling; Morrison, B. (2011) The effect of disturbance on aspects determining butterfly population abundance at the Critically Endangered Alaotran gentle lemur. of the ecology of three small cat species and tigers multiple scales. University College London, UK. (Panthera tigris) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Knott, E. (2011) Changes in hunting policy: who Eastwood, G. (2012) The potential ecology of West bears the cost? Parsons, H. (2011) The effect of rehabilitation on the Nile virus on the Galapagos Islands. University of health and welfare of hedgehogs (Erinaceus Leeds, UK. Larrosa, C. (2011) The effectiveness of a range of europaeus) across southern England, measured by protected area governance and management faecal pathogen burden and body weight. Hill, N. (2011) Livelihood diversification for regimes in reducing deforestation: the Eastern Arc conservation: interactions between seaweed Mountains of Tanzania. Pinion, V. (2011) Is pasture structure and plant farming and fishing in Danajon Bank, central composition the key to explaining the mass die-off Philippines. Imperial College London, UK. Lockwood, C. (2011) Analysis of rhino poaching in of the Saiga antelope, Saiga tatarica tatarica, in the KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Borsy region of Kazakhstan? Maltby, A. (2012) The evolution of echolocation in bats: a comparative approach. University College Matwani, D. (2011) People and plants: the story of Reinhart, N. (2011) An assessment of killer whale London, UK. Juniperus woodlands in Hayl Al Juwari. Orcinus orca rake mark occurrence in the Eastern Canada–West Greenland bowhead whale Balaena Minting, P. (2012) An investigation into the effects of Offord, S. (2011) An evaluation of potential mysticetus population. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) on natterjack monitoring strategies for saiga antelopes on the toad (Bufo calamita) populations in the UK. Ustyurt Plateau. Sharratt, H. (2011) Examining the welfare of using University of Sussex, UK. restraint on European badgers Meles meles for Pavitt, A. (2011) The future of British odonata: sett-side sampling. Peel, A. (2012) The epidemiology of Lagos bat virus determining temporal range dynamics from and henipaviruses in straw-coloured fruit bats distribution patterns and dispersal. Van Braeckel, I. (2011) Play behaviour in juvenile (Eidolon helvum), using population genetics to infer wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). population connectivity. University of Cambridge, UK Pozo Rodríguez, R. (2011) Habitat-species association in the Hispaniolan solenodon (Solenodon Vanlerberghe, S. (2011) Developing a standardised Smith, O. (2012) The population genetics and structure paradoxus); a quantitative study of an endangered system for the objective measurement of of the Sumatran tiger. Imperial College London, UK Caribbean mammal pathological lesions of feet in captive elephants in the UK and Ireland. Probert, J. (2011) The Tsavo hirola: current status and MSc Theses – Conservation Science future management. Williams, D. (2011) Investigating the effects of an Awarded by Imperial College London, UK invasive tree on the mammal community of an Samuel, C. (2011) Evaluating the success of a public ephemeral river in the Namib Desert: a species Abrahams, M. (2011) The prospect of win wins from engagement project for the conservation of the richness and occupancy analysis. REDD+: a case study in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve. Ural Saiga population in Kazakhstan. Youl, L. (2011) Optimising the qPCR assay for the Alexander, J. (2011) An exploration of the role of Saunders, P. (2011) The problem with parrots: detection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: a bushmeat in Ghana’s rural communities. investigating effective sampling techniques for comparison between BSA and a commercial DNA Amazona barbadensis on Bonaire. clean-up step. Ashayeri, D. (2011) Potential approaches to improve biodiversity projects success and evaluation: a case Shaw, A. (2011) Public perception of conservation study on wildlife projects of Global Environmental work by UK zoos. MSc Theses – Wild Animal Health Facility, Small Grants Programme – Iran. Awarded by the University of London, UK Short, R. (2011) Interdit D’Interdire – Identification of Bramwell, R. (2011) Do salinity and pH help protect pitfalls in development of community management Castanos, A. (2011) Prevalence of tick infestation in natterjack toads from chytridiomycosis, a disease for shark fisheries of northern Madagascar. exotic reptiles imported into the UK through caused by the amphibian fungus Batrachochytrium Heathrow Airport. dendrobatidis (Bd)? Simm, C. (2011) Investigating the effect of climatic variables on the migration of newts in the United Dalziel, A. (2011) Relocation, relocation – DRAs to Carrier, L. (2011) The effects of plantations and Kingdom. DRATs: disease risk analysis for selected parasites in logged forests on small mammal populations. hihi (Notiomystis cincta) translocations. Swan, G. (2011) Spatial variation in the breeding Chilton, H. (2011) The where and why of saiga success of the common buzzard Buteo buteo in Jaffe, J. (2011) Anaesthesia with medetomidine- antelope distribution in west Kazakhstan. relation to habitat type and diet. ketamine and dexmedetomidine-ketamine in mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei). Cusack, J. (2011) Characterising small mammal Thompson, B. (2011) Investigating the economic responses to tropical forest loss and degradation in viability and practicability of a blue carbon pilot Kukielka, E. (2011) Spatial and temporal interactions northern Borneo using capture-mark-recapture project: a case study from Panay Island, the between livestock and wildlife in south central Spain methods. Philippines. assessed by camera trap.

Davey, A. (2011) Mapping the distribution and Mus, E. (2011) Pilot study into the occurrence of prioritising the control of Casuarina equisetifolia in MSc Theses – Wild Animal Biology Extended lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia the Turks and Caicos Islands. Awarded by the University of London, UK coli (E. coli) in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Elliot, G. (2011) Mapping the spring and winter Bramhall, H. (2011) Biological and ecological distribution of Kalmykia’s saiga population. correlates of extinction risk in new world Reid, C. (2011) The impact of snaring on the physical squamates. and physiological parameters of wild Amur tigers Evans, B. (2011) Hirola (Beatragus hunteri) (Panthera tigris altacia) from the Sikhote-Alin population status and depredation impacts in Tsavo Costantini, N. (2011) Sociality in the Cape ground Biosphere Zapovednik. East National Park, Kenya. squirrel (Xerus inauris): the effects of environmental, demographic and risk factors. Sharma, D. (2011) Screening and identification of Gaitan, A. (2011) The social networks of wild edible intestinal parasitic fauna in wild-caught mountain fungi (WEF) collectors and their implications for Franks, V. (2011) Range size determinants in chickens from Montserrat and qualitative and conservation. introduced passerine birds. quantitative comparison of intestinal parasitic fauna in captive bred mountain chickens (Leptodactylus Goh, M. (2011) Developing an automated acoustic Gliddon, R. (2011) Personality development and fallax) at Durrell/Jersey Zoo. monitoring system to estimate abundance of Cory’s sociability in Eurasian cranes Grus grus for shearwaters in the Azores. reintroduction. Werthan, S. (2011) Songbird chlamydiosis – an emerging infectious disease or missed endemic Green, S. (2011) The Caribbean pine (Pinus caribaea Hehmeyer, A. (2011) Threat assessment for Amur infection? var. bahamensis): management and ecology in the tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) within Lazovsky State Turks and Caicos Islands. Nature Zapovednik, Zov Tigra National Park, and the Medved hunting lease in the Russian Far East. Student publications 45 For further information about the Institute of Zoology please contact: Tim Blackburn Director of the Institute of Zoology

Institute of Zoology The Zoological Society of London Regent’s Park London NW1 4RY

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