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1 De Gaulle in London and the Formation of Free France, 1940-42

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1 De Gaulle in London and the Formation of Free France, 1940-42 Notes 1 De Gaulle in London and the Formation of Free France, 1940-42 1. Edward Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe, I (London, 1954 ), 254. 2. On 18 June 1940 Petain authorised the transfer of part of the government to North Africa. In the end this was not done. Only 26 deputies and one senator left on 21 June with official authorisation from the government. Included in that number were most major opponents to the Armistice. Upon arrival in Casablanca, once again by order of the government, they were placed under virtual house arrest. In one stroke Petain had neutralised most of his opposition. 3. For more on the de Gaulle/Petain relationship see Marc Ferro, Petain (Paris, 1987) and Rene Remond, 'Two Destinies: Petain and De Gaulle' in Hugh Gough and John Horne (eds) De Gaulle and Twentieth Century France (London, 1994). 4. Generally called by the French 'Mers-el-Kebir'. 5. Rene Cassin, Des hommes partis de rien (Paris, 1974) 77. 6. Cassin to Rene Pleven, 25 Sept 1940, 382AP/31, Cassin Papers, Archives Nationaies, Paris (henceforth cited as AN). 7. This quotation is from de Gaulle, War Memoirs, I: The Call to Honour, 1940-42 (Paris, 1954, Eng. trans. London, 1955). 8. Speech given at the White City, London, 27 July 1940, in Philippe de Gaulle (ed.), Lettres, notes et carnets, juin 1940-juillet 1941 (Paris, 1981) 60 (henceforth cited as Lettres ... ). 9. Cassin Diary, entry for 26 June 1940, 382AP/27, Cassin Papers, AN. 10. Henceforth, persons who assumed aliases will be listed under both their assumed name and their real name. The alias will be placed in italics (for example, Capt. Passy-Dewavrin). The main exception to this rule will be for Philippe Leclerc-de Hautecloque, who was - and still is - universally known simply as Leclerc. II. This will be considered in more detail in Chapter 8, where Indochina is discussed. 12. Report on Free French forces in Great Britain, F0892/7, Public Record Office, Kew (henceforth cited as PRO). 13. The standard history is A. 1. Marder, Operation Menace (Oxford, 1976). 14. See, for example, de Gaulle to Churchill, 7 Aug 1940, Lettres . .. ,juin 1940- juillet 1941,73-4. In fact, part of de Gaulle's agreement with the British Government in August 1940 was that Parliament would enact a law that would allow members of the Free French to acquire British nationality. See Halifax to Sir John Anderson, 30 Sept 1940, Prem 4/14/5, PRO. 15. For more on this see Rene Cassin to Adrien Tixier, 16 Feb 1942, 382AP/ 59, Cassin Papers, AN. 16. Cassin to Pleven, 25 Sept 1940, 382AP/31, Cassin Papers, AN. 17. Meeting, 17 June 1940, War Cabinet conclusions, Cab 65n, PRO. 170 Notes 171 18. Entry, 18 June 1940, in John Colville, The Fringes ofPower: Downing Street Diaries 1939-1955 (London, 1985) 164. 19. Entry, 18 February 1941, David Dilks (ed.), The Cadogan Diaries 1938- 1945 (London, 1971) 355. 20. Parr to Eden, 26 July 1941, FO 892/78, PRO. 21. Cabinet conclusions, 28 June 1940; Cab 65/7, PRO. 22. The debate on this question is in the conclusions of the War Cabinet meet­ ings of 13 July 1940 and 15 July 1940, Cab 65/8. 23. Memorandum by the Foreign Office on relations with General de Gaulle, dated 7 Aug 1943, in WP (44) 288, 1 June 1944, Cab 66/50, PRO. 24. Entry, 3 Jan 1941, Dilks, 346. Cadogan went so far as to ring up a friend at the Home Office to ask him to make Muselier as comfortable as possible. 25. Record of conversation between the Prime Minister and General de Gaulle, 9 Jan 1941, FO 954/8, Eden Papers, PRO. 26. All of this correspondence is contained in Prem 3/120/4, PRO. 27. Entry for 26 Sept 1941, Dilks (ed.) 407. Although his name is not given in the published text, Cadogan was obviously referring to Bessborough. 28. Eden to Churchill, 26 Sept 1941, Prem 3/120/4, PRO. 29. Desmond Morton to Prime Minister, 10 July 1940, Prem 7/2, PRO. 2 Free France and the United States, 1940-42 1. Leahy to Roosevelt, 22 Nov 1941, printed in Leahy, 1 Was There (New York, 1950) 470. 2. Leahy to Roosevelt, 26 Aug 1941, Leahy, 463. 3. The 'shield' theory of Vichy was for a long time the generally accepted one amongst French historians. This concept was exploded by the American Robert Paxton in his book Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order (New York, 1972). 4. Roosevelt to Edwin Wilson, American representative to the French Com­ mittee, 5 Jan 1944, President's Secretary's File, France 1944-45, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York (henceforth cited as FDRL). 5. Leahy, 27. 6. Unofficial conversation between Baudet and Matthews, 8 June 1942, Guerre 1939-45, Londres, CNF, file no. 209, Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris (henceforth cited as MAE). 7. N.a.,4 Nov 1942,851.01/748, State Dept Papers, National Archives, Wash­ ington, D.C. (henceforth cited as NA). 8. See, for example, Tixier's reports to the National Commissary of Foreign Affairs, 10 June 1942, vol. 11 and 21 Nov 1942, vol. 210, MAE. 9. See reports from early 1941 in FO 371/28319, PRO. 10. Interrogatoire N° 3975, 31 July 1941, 382/AP/63, Cassin Papers, AN. 11. This correspondence is in FO 371/28319, PRO. 12. De Gaulle to Sieyes, N" 3722, 15 May 1941, FO 371/28320, PRO. 13. De Gaulle to Jacques de Sieyes, N" 3958, 24 May 1941, FO 371/28321, PRO. 14. Somerville Smith to Mack, 7 June 1941, FO 371/28321, PRO. 15. Ibid. 172 Notes 16. See memorandum by Somerville Smith to Desmond Morton, 16 May 1941, and attached minutes by Foreign Office officials, FO 371/28320. 17. De Gaulle to de Sieyes, 2 June 1941, Lettres .. ,juin 1940-juillet 1941, 346. 18. De Gaulle to Pleven, 20 May 1941, W 150, Guerre 1939-45, Londres/ Alger, CNF, vol. 211, MAE. 19. This correspondence is contained in FO 371/28323, PRO. 20. See Pleven to de Gaulle, 2 Aug 1941, 382/AP/51, Cassin Papers, AN. 21. Report by Harold Mack on a conversation with Anthony Biddle, 28 May 1941, FO 371/28321; for Biddle's reports to the State Department, see, among others, 740.0011 EWI939/13148, 15460, 15921. and 23039. State Department Papers. NA; For the Burman/Biddle correspondence and Brit­ ish commentaries on it. see FO 371/28320. PRO. 22. Mallon to Hull, 20 Oct 1941. W 251. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1941,11, Europe (Washington. 1959) 580-1 (henceforth all volumes of this series will be cited as FRUS). 23. Cunningham to de Gaulle, 25 Nov 1941. 382/AP/60/1. AN. 24. De Gaulle to Halifax for Free French delegation. 22 Jan 1942. Londres/ Alger, vol. 109. MAE. 25. De Gaulle to Muselier and Colonel Fontaine, 18 Sept 1940. Spears Papers 2/6. Churchill College Cambridge (henceforth cited as CCAC); Morton to Prime Minister, 29 Nov 1940. Prem 7/3, PRO. The standard study is Doug­ las Anglin. The St Pierre and Miquelon Affaire (Toronto, 1966). 26. Hull. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York. 1948) 1135-6. 27. Hopkins in a private memorandum, Robert Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York. 1948) 484. 28. The best analysis of the events in New Caledonia is Kim Mulholland. 'The Trials of the Free French in New Caledonia, 1940-1942'. in French His­ torical Studies (Fall, 1986). 29. Minutes of7th Meeting of Combined Chiefs of Staff, 21 Feb 1942, RG 165. ABC 336 New Caledonia. Box 246. National Archives. Washington. D.C. 30. Patch to Marshall. 21 April 1942, N° NR-9, Ibid. 31. De Gaulle to d' Argenlieu. 8 April 1942. Lettres ... ,juillet 1941-juin 1943. 243. 32. Patch to Marshall. 6 and 7 May 1942 in RG 165, ABC 336 New Caledonia. Box 246. NA. 33. De Gaulle to Contre-Amiral Cabanier. 9 May 1942. Lettres . .. ,juillet 1941- juin 1943. 260-61 and British Air Ministry to Joint Staff Mission. Wash­ ington. 9 May 1942. WO 193/129. PRO. 34. De Gaulle to d'Argenlieu, 11 May 1942, Lettres ... ,juillet 1941-juin 1943. 261. 35. Memorandum of a conversation with Tixier by Berle. 30 April 1942, 851.00/ 3039. State Department Papers. NA. 36. See Hoover's reports in the State Department files: 851.00 and 851.01 at the National Archives in Washington. 37. No author, 29 May 1942. 851.01/558. State Department Papers, NA. See also Raoul Aglion. Roosevelt and de Gaulle: Allies in Conflict (NY. 1988). 38. Sumner Welles hated Tixier so much that he actually asked Roosevelt to request the Free French to transfer him. Fortunately. he was dissuaded from Notes 173 this idea and instead asked Halifax to ask Eden to talk to Massigli. This correspondence is contained in the Hopkins Papers, Sherwood Collection, }lox 330, Book 7, Post-Casablanca Files. 39. Berle to Dunn, 30 April 1942, 851.00/3040, State Department Papers, NA. 40. Report by Division of Near Eastern Affairs, State Department, 5 Sept 1942, RG 218, US Joint Chiefs of Staff Geographical File 1942-45,000.1 Free French (9 May ~942), NA. 41. De Gaulle to Cassin, 8 July 1941. Lettres . .. ,juin 1940-juillet 1941,384-5. 42. Memorandum by the French National Committee, 15 June 1942 and memo­ randum of a conversation with Adrien Tixier by Adolf Berle, both in 851.01/ 850112, State Department Papers, NA. When de Gaulle, at the Hotel de Ville on 26 August 1944, gave his famous reply to Georges Bidault's re­ quest that he proclaim the Fourth Republic (,No, the Republic has never ceased to exist'), he meant exactly what he said.
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