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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Formaldehyde Exposure

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Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Formaldehyde Exposure DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2012184.255 Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) 2012, vol. 18, book 4 ALLERGIC CONTACT DERMATITIS FROM FORMALDEHYDE EXPOSURE Maya Lyapina1, Angelina Kisselova-Yaneva 2, Assya Krasteva2, Mariana Tzekova -Yaneva2, Maria Dencheva-Garova2 1) Department of Hygiene, Medical Ecology and Nutrition, Medical Faculty, 2) Department of Oral and Image Diagnostic, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, Sofia,Bulgaria ABSTRACT atmospheric air, tobacco smoke, use of cosmetic products Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous chemical agent, a part and detergents, and in less extend – water and food of our outdoor and indoor working and residential consumption (11, 81). It is released into the atmosphere environment. Healthcare workers in difficult occupations are through fumes from automobile exhausts without catalytic among the most affected by formaldehyde exposure. convertors and by manufacturing facilities that burn fossil Formaldehyde is an ingredient of some dental materials. fuels in usual concentration about 1-10 ppb. Uncontrolled Formaldehyde is well-known mucous membrane irritant and forest fires and the open burning of waste also give off a primary skin sensitizing agent associated with both contact formaldehyde. It is believed that the daily exposure from dermatitis (Type IV allergy), and immediate, anaphylactic atmospheric air is up to 0.1 mg (35, 43, 44). reactions (Type I allergy). Inhalation exposure to According to the WHO industrial emissions could formaldehyde was identified as a potential cause of asthma. appear at each step of production, use, transportation, or Quite a few investigations are available concerning health deposition of formaldehyde-containing products. issues for dental students following formaldehyde exposure. Formaldehyde emissions are detected from various Such studies would be beneficial for early diagnosis of industries – energy industry, wood and paper product hypersensitivity, adequate prophylactic, risk assessment and industries, textile production and finishing, chemical management of their work. industry, incinerators etc. (83). Use and occupational exposure Key words: formaldehyde, allergic contact One of the most important applications of dermatitis, occupational exposure, dental materials, formaldehyde is in production of formaldehyde-containing healthcare workers resins – melamine formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, carbamide formaldehyde etc. Over 60 percent Formaldehyde CAS No. 50-00-0 of urea- formaldehyde resin is used as a binder in plywood Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous chemical agent, a part and particleboard production (79). The textile industry uses of our general outdoor environment, as well as in our indoor formaldehyde-containing resins for fire retardation, working and residential environment. It is believed that increased water repellency, stiffness, and wrinkle-resistance exposed to formaldehyde is the whole civilized population. in fabric finishing. Paper products treated with formaldehyde Properties include paper bags, waxed paper, paper towels, and Formaldehyde is the simplest aldehyde. It exists at disposable sanitary products and are widely used in our room temperature as a nearly colorless gas with a pungent, living and working environment. It is also used in foundries, suffocating odor (43). Commercially, formaldehyde is most dye and ink producing industries and many other chemical- often available as 30% to 50% (by weight) aqueous solutions based industries. When formaldehyde is present in of the hydrated form, which is commonly referred to as disinfectants, preservatives, and embalming fluid, worker formalin. In the absence of stabilizers, formaldehyde in exposure can occur. Laboratories hospitals, dental facilities, solution oxidizes slowly to form formic acid and and veterinary settings may make use of formaldehyde. polymerizes to form oligomers, including paraformaldehyde, Hospitals use it as a disinfectant and deodorizer. a polymer with 8 to 100 units of formaldehyde (44). Formaldehyde is an ingredient of dental materials - root- Environmental exposure canal-filling materials, formocresol, sealers and cements, Because of its high water solubility formaldehyde is polymers etc. In dental practice common is the concomitant contained in rain water, surface and ground waters, and exposure with glutaraldehyde. Highest incidence of consequently, in soil and foods (63). The main sources being occupational exposure is documented in the listed above / J of IMAB. 2012, vol. 18, book 4/ 255 industries (15, 21, 22, 32, 37, 39, 52, 71). through cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, interactions Adsorption, distribution, and metabolism with endothelial adhesion molecules, etc. The mediators listed Exogenous formaldehyde enters the body through above regulate the traffic and recruitment of innate, inhalation, ingestion and skin absorption. Because “nonspecific” and the highly “specific”, adaptive immune formaldehyde is so soluble it is being quickly absorbed by cells. Due to the migration of these cells through the the respiratory and the gastrointestinal tracts. Near 100% bloodstream to lymph nodes, spleen, liver and other immune absorption of formaldehyde vapour from the nasal mucosa, structures, a systematic manifestation of adverse health effects trachea and bronchi is likely in humans. Dermal contact is one in exposure to toxic agents is possible (20 a.). of the major routes of exposure to formaldehyde, but it is The most important adverse health effects resulting poorly absorbed following dermal application. Nevertheless, from formaldehyde exposure include respiratory tract a number of factors affect skin absorption of formaldehyde - irritation and increased incidence of infectious diseases, existing dermatitis or acne and/or if the skin is broken or sensitization, mutagenic and carcinogenic action (10). irritated, absorption is increased. High humidity of the air and Well documented is the irritant action of formaldehyde the area of skin exposed also affect skin absorption of on eyes (watery, itchy eyes), upper respiratory tract (itchy, formaldehyde (63). Absorption appears to be limited to cell runny, or stuffy nose, sinus fullness, dry or sore throat) and layers immediately adjacent to the point of contact. Evidence skin (irritation and dermatitis) (1, 27, 56, 58, 77, 78, 84). Its for toxic effects at distant sites is less consistent. toxic effects on the respiratory tract include inflammation, Formaldehyde is rapidly metabolized at the initial site alteration of mucociliary clearance (6, 41), hyperplastic and of contact to formate by the enzyme formaldehyde methaplastic <5B0?;0AB8G=8 alterations (7, 12, 68). dehydrogenase. Due to rapid metabolism, very little On the basis of the listed morphological and functional formaldehyde enters the blood stream of humans or animals alterations of nasal and upper respiratory tract mucosa and exposed to formaldehyde as an intact molecule. The increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections distribution of the intact formaldehyde molecule to other more a suppression of neutrophil respiratory burst activity (NRBA) distant organs is not likely, except from exposure to high was suggested. This is discussed as one of the possible concentrations. immunotoxic effects of formaldehyde. Inhalation of formaldehyde leads to the formation of Krzyzanowski et al. (1990) established a correlation DNA–protein cross-links, DNA single-strand breaks, between indoor formaldehyde exposure (in concentration chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchange and gene above 60 ppb) and increased incidence of chronic bronchitis mutation in human cells in vitro. This is probably the among children as well as among elderly inhabitants (55). mechanism of the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing In a previous study we observed a statistically action of formaldehyde (31, 40, 63). significant predominance of subjective symptoms and Importantly, each tissue has an endogenous rate of objective clinical findings of chronic upper respiratory tract formaldehyde production due to various pathways involved inflammation, as well as decreased resistance to infections in single carbon metabolism. Formaldehyde is an essential by- within the group of workers occupationally exposed to product in the synthesis of purines, thymidine and some amino formaldehyde if compared with unexposed control group, as acids. Also, it is a metabolite product of some amino acids, well as significantly lower spontaneous NRBA in the group drugs, food additives, chemical agents etc. (44). The of exposed workers with history and clinical findings for concentration of endogenous formaldehyde in human blood frequent and long lasting relapses of upper respiratory tract is about 2-3 mg/L; similar concentrations are found in the chronic inflammation if compared with the healthy controls blood of monkeys and rats (16, 40). as well as if compared with the group of exposed workers with Toxic and immunotoxic effects rare and short acute inflammations of the upper respiratory Studies indicate that tissue damage and immunotoxic tract or without any inflammations. effects following formaldehyde exposure occurs primarily at The observed decrease of spontaneous NRBA could the portals-of-entry – mainly upper respiratory tract. be due to formaldehyde exposure and individual susceptibility. Consequently, the most likely proximal targets of The obtained results suggest that functional changes in formaldehyde immunotoxic action are the immune
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