A MON 810 Bt-Kukorica Cry1-Toxintartalma És Pollenjének

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A MON 810 Bt-Kukorica Cry1-Toxintartalma És Pollenjének Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Kertészettudományi Kar Rovartani Tanszék DOKTORI (PhD) ÉRTEKEZÉS A MON 810 Bt -kukorica Cry1-toxintartalma és pollenjének hatása a hazai védett lepkékre Lauber Éva Témavezető: Prof. Dr. Darvas Béla, DSc Tanszéki konzulens: Dr. Haltrich Attila, CSc Budapest 2011 A doktori iskola megnevezése : Interdiszciplináris (1. Természettudományok / 1.5. Biológiai tudományok / 4. Agrártudományok / 4.1. Növénytermesztési és Kertészeti tudományok) Doktori Iskola tudományága : Növénytermesztési és Kertészeti Tudományok vezetője : Prof. Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, az MTA doktora (agrártudományok) Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető : Prof. Dr. Darvas Béla c. egyetemi tanár, tudományos tanácsadó, az MTA doktora (biológia) MTA Növényvédelmi Kutatóintézete, Ökotoxikológiai és Környezetanalitikai Osztály Tanszéki konzulens : Dr. Haltrich Attila egyetemi docens, a mezőgazdasági tudományok kandidátusa Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Kertészettudományi Kar, Rovartani Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. ........................................................... ........................................................... A témavezető jóváhagyása A tanszéki konzulens jóváhagyása ........................................................... Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása 2 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanácsának 2011. október 4-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke Bernáth Jenő, DSc Tagjai Heszky László, MHAS Marton L. Csaba, DSc Papp István, PhD Szőcs Gábor, CSc Vétek Gábor, PhD Opponensek Keszthelyi Sándor, PhD Varga Zoltán, DSc Titkár Vétek Gábor, PhD Családomnak és barátaimnak 4 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK SZAKSZAVAK RÖVIDÍTÉSÉNEK JEGYZÉKE ....................................................................... 8 1. BEVEZETÉS ................................................................................................................................ 9 2. CÉLKITŰZÉSEK ...................................................................................................................... 11 3. IRODALMI ÁTTEKINTÉS ...................................................................................................... 12 3.1. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner .............................................................................................. 12 3.1.1. A DIPEL felhasználása a világban és Magyarországon ................................................... 14 3.1.2. A Bt -növények felhasználása a világon és Európában ................................................... 14 3.2. A MON 810 Bt -kukorica és a DIPEL főhatásai és mellékhatásai ........................................... 17 3.2.1. A MON 810 Bt -kukorica főhatásai és alkalmazásának előnyei ...................................... 17 3.2.2. A MON 810 Bt -kukorica mellékhatásai és alkalmazásának hátrányai ........................... 18 3.2.2.1. Ökológiai hatások .................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2.2. Egészségügyi hatások .............................................................................................. 25 3.2.3. A DIPEL fő- és mellékhatásai .......................................................................................... 26 3.3. A MON 810 fajtacsoport Cry1-toxintartalma ........................................................................ 28 3.4. Hazai védett lepkék ............................................................................................................... 30 3.4.1. Nappali pávaszem ........................................................................................................... 30 3.4.2. C-betűs lepke .................................................................................................................. 31 3.4.3. Atalanta lepke ................................................................................................................. 32 4. ANYAG ÉS MÓDSZER ............................................................................................................ 34 4.1. Felhasznált anyagok – Cry1-kukorica és Cry1-tartalmú növényvédő szer ........................... 34 4.2. A kukorica termesztése és mintavételezése ........................................................................... 34 4.3. Cry1-toxin mérése ................................................................................................................. 35 4.3.1. A Cry1Ab-protoxin enzimatikus aktiválása ................................................................... 35 4.3.2. Növényi ~Cry1Ab-toxin mérése .................................................................................... 36 4.4. A kukorica pollentermelése és a kiszóródott pollen eloszlása .............................................. 37 4.5. Gyomfelvételezés és védett lepkék szempontjából való kritikus mintavételezés ................. 38 4.6. A hazai védett lepkék életmódjának elemzése ...................................................................... 38 4.7. A kukorica levélfelületének mérése ...................................................................................... 38 4.8. A kukorica és gyomnövényeinek levélfelület/levéltömeg hányadosa ................................... 39 4.9. Tenyészetek ........................................................................................................................... 39 4.9.1. Nappali pávaszem ........................................................................................................... 39 4.9.2. Atalanta lepke ................................................................................................................. 40 5 4.9.3. C-betűs lepke .................................................................................................................. 40 4.9.4. Kukoricamoly ................................................................................................................. 40 4.9.5. Gyapottok-bagolylepke .................................................................................................. 40 4.10. Kísérletek MON 810 pollennel ............................................................................................ 40 4.11. Kísérletek DIPEL WP készítménnyel ................................................................................... 41 4.12. A levélfogyasztás, a súlygyarapodás és a fejlődési idő stádiumonkénti vizsgálata nappali pávaszemen ...................................................................................................................... 43 4.13. A nappali pávaszem magányos és csoportos fejlődésének vizsgálata ................................. 43 4.14. Fényképek készítése ............................................................................................................ 44 4.15. Statisztikai értékelés ............................................................................................................ 44 5. EREDMÉNYEK ......................................................................................................................... 45 5.1. Cry1-toxin mérése kereskedelmi forgalmú ELISA rendszerekkel ......................................... 45 5.1.1. Cry1Ab-protoxin és aktivált Cry1Ab-toxin mérése ....................................................... 45 5.1.2. A két Cry1Ab-toxint mérő ELISA kit összevetése ......................................................... 46 5.1.3. ~Cry1Ab-toxin eloszlása MON 810 kukoricában .......................................................... 47 5.1.3.1. ~Cry1Ab-toxin szintek alakulása az egyes növényi szervekben a fejlődés során...................................................................................................................................... 47 5.1.3.2. A MON 810 kukorica ~Cry1Ab-toxintartalma a VT-R4 fenológiai fázisokban ..... 49 5.1.3.3. A MON 810 kukorica pollenjének ~Cry1Ab-toxintartalma .................................... 50 5.2. A DK-440 kukorica levélfelülete .......................................................................................... 51 5.3. A kukorica pollentermő képessége ........................................................................................ 51 5.4. A kukoricapollen eloszlása .................................................................................................... 52 5.4.1. A kukoricapollen vertikális eloszlása ............................................................................. 52 5.4.2. A kukoricapollen horizontális eloszlása ......................................................................... 53 5.4.3. A kukoricapollen eloszlása gyomnövények levelein...................................................... 55 5.5. A kukorica és különböző gyomnövények levélvastagsága ................................................... 58 5.6. A hazai kukoricások szegélyén élő gyomok és borítottságuk ............................................... 59 5.7. A hazai védett lepkék lárvakelése és a kukorica pollenszórása ............................................. 60 5.8. A MON 810 kukorica pollenének hatása Nymphalis io lárváin ............................................. 61 5.8.1. A MON 810 pollennek való rövid távú kitettség hatásai
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