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Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan with Cladistic Analysis

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Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan with Cladistic Analysis BIODIVERSITY AND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS SHAHEEN NAZ RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT THE FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E- IQBAL, KARACHI DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KARACHI-75300 PAKISTAN 2011 i BIODIVERSITYAND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS BY SHAHEEN NAZ M.Sc.(Kar.), B. Ed. FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E-IQBAL, KARACHI. KARACHI-75300, PAKISTAN 2011 ii BIODIVERSITYAND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS By SHAHEEN NAZ M.Sc.(Kar.), B. Ed. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT THE FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E- IQBAL, KARACHI DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KARACHI-75300 PAKISTAN 2011 iii This thesis entitled“BIODIVERSITY AND FAUNASTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS” by Shaheen Naz is accepted its present form by the Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, as satisfying the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Supervisor: Co-Supervisor: Dr. Riffat Ameer Prof. Dr. Syed Kamaluddin Government Degree Girls Department of Zoology College, 11-B North Karachi. Federal Urdu University Karachi. of Arts, Sciences and Technology,Gulshan-e- Iqbal, Karachi. iv CERTIFICATE It is to certify that the results, diagrams, all the data and description, used in this thesis, entitled “Biodiversity and Faunistic studies of the Sub-family Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan with cladistic analysis” submitted by Shaheen Naz, are not copied and the whole manuscript and diagrams are made by himself. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been plagiarized from anywhere and the work is present with proper and relative references. Dr. Riffat Ameer Prof. Dr. Syed Kamaluddin Research Supervisor, Co-Supervisor Government Degree Girls College, Federal Urdu University of 11-B, North Karachi. Arts, Sciences and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal. Karachi. v The Dissertation is respectfully dedicated to my Parents who always prays for my success at every step of life. vi vii TABLE OF CONTENTS No. PARTICULARS Page 1. ABSTRACT……………………………………….. 01 2. ABSTRACT (Urdu Version)………………………. 03 3. ILLUSTRATION OF FIGURES…………………… 04 4. KEY TO THE LETTERINGS……………………… 15 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………. 17 6. INTRODUCTION………………………………….. 20 7. MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………… 28 8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………. 31 9. TAXONOMIC, FAUNISTIC AND REVISIONAL… 53 STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY: NOCTUINAE KEY TO THE TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES… 56 OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE, FAMILY NOCTUIDAE Tribe: Agrotini Genus Agrotis Ochsenheiner…………………….. 67 Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel) ………………………. 69 Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus)………………. 75 Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)……………………… 81 Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)………………………. 89 Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway………………… 95 Agrotis malefida Guenee………………………... 101 viii Agrotis obliqua (Smith)…………………………. 107 Agrotis segetum (Schiffermuller)……………….. 113 Agrotis venerabilis Walker……………………… 119 Genus Euxoa Hubner……………………………… 125 Euxoa detersa (Walker)………………………… 128 Euxoa lidia (Stoll)………………………………. 134 Euxoa messoria (Harris)………………………... 140 Euxoa munis (Grote)…………………………… 146 Euxoa pleuritica (Grote)……………………….. 152 Tribe: Noctuini Genus: Abagrotis Smith…………………………… 158 Abagrotis nanalis (Grote)……………………… 160 Abagrotis nefascia (Smith)…………………….. 166 Abagrotis trigona (Smith)……………………… 172 Genus: Diarsia Hubner……………………………. 178 Diarsia serrata Holloway……………………… 180 Diarsia spinosus Sp.n………………………….. 186 Genus: Xestia Hubner…………………………….. 193 Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus)……………………. 196 Xestia dolosa Franclemont…………………….. 203 ix Xestia isolata (Holloway)……………………… 210 Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel)………………….. 217 Xestia xanthographa (Schiffermuller) ………….. 223 10. BIODIVERSITY………………………………... 229 11. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS A. CHARACTERS……………………………… 235 B. CHARACTERSTATES……………………… 252 C. DISCUSSIONS ON CLADOGRAM………… 275 12. CLADOGRAM………………………………….. 283 13. SUMMARY……………………………………… 284 14. REFERENCES…………………………………… 286 15. AUTHORS PUBLICATIONS…………………… 337 x 1 ABSTRACT The taxonomic studies of the sub-family Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae with five genera and twenty four species is carried out with special reference to their head appendages including proboscis and palpi, ventaions of fore and hind wings and male and female genital components where available from Pakistan. A key to the tribes, genera and species is also formulated from most reliable characters for easy indentification. A new specie and twenty three already described species are described first time in detailed and compared with their closest allies from Pakistan. A cladogram is constructed showing the relationships of the included taxa based on the cladistic analysis of all the genera and species of sub-family Noctuinae. Characters are scanned and coded from entire body and male and female genitalia and the apomorphies including autapomorphies and synapomorphies of the taxa are also briefly discussed. 2 4 Illusstration of figures: Figs. Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel) 01. Entire Dorsal view 02. Head Lateral view 03. Fore wing Dorsal view 04. Hind wing Dorsal view 05. Female Lateral view Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus) 06. Entire Dorsal view 07. Head Lateral view 08. Fore wing Dorsal view 09. Hind wing Dorsal view 10. Female Lateral view Agrotis infusa (Boisduval) 11. Entire Dorsal view 12. Head Lateral view 13. Fore wing Dorsal view 14. Hind wing Dorsal view 15. Tegumen Ventral view 5 16. Tegumen Lateral view 17. Aedeagus Lateral view 18. Female Lateral view Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) 19. Entire Dorsal view 20. Head Lateral view 21. Fore wing Dorsal view 22. Hind wing Dorsal view 23. Female Lateral view Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway 24. Entire Dorsal view 25. Head Lateral view 26. Fore wing Dorsal view 27. Hind wing Dorsal view 28. Tegumen Ventral view 29. Tegumen Lateral view 30. Aedeagus Lateral view 6 Agrotis malefida Guenee 31. Entire Dorsal view 32. Head Lateral view 33. Fore wing Dorsal view 34. Hind wing Dorsal view 35. Tegumen Ventral view 36. Tegumen Lateral view 37. Aedeagus Lateral view Agrotis obliqua (Smith) 38. Entire Dorsal view 39. Head Lateral view 40. Fore wing Dorsal view 41. Hind wing Dorsal view 42. Tegumen Ventral view 43. Tegumen Lateral view 44. Aedeagus Lateral view Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) 45. Entire Dorsal view 46. Head Lateral view 7 47. Fore wing Dorsal view 48. Hind wing Dorsal view 49. Female Lateral view Agrotis venerabilis Walker 50. Entire Dorsal view 51. Head Lateral view 52. Fore wing Dorsal view 53. Hind wing Dorsal view 54. Female Lateral view Euxoa detersa (Walker) 55. Entire Dorsal view 56. Head Lateral view 57. Fore wing Dorsal view 58. Hind wing Dorsal view 59. Tegumen Ventral view 60. Tegumen Lateral view 61. Aedeagus Lateral view 8 Euxoa lidia (Stoll) 62. Entire Dorsal view 63. Head Lateral view 64. Fore wing Dorsal view 65. Hind wing Dorsal view 66. Tegumen Ventral view 67. Tegumen Lateral view 68. Aedeagus Lateral view Euxoa messoria (Harris) 69. Entire Dorsal view 70. Head Lateral view 71. Fore wing Dorsal view 72. Hind wing Dorsal view 73. Tegumen Ventral view 74. Tegumen Lateral view 75. Aedeagus Lateral view Euxoa munis (Grote) 76. Entire Dorsal view 77. Head Lateral view 9 78. Fore wing Dorsal view 79. Hind wing Dorsal view 80. Tegumen Ventral view 81. Tegumen Lateral view 82. Aedeagus Lateral view Euxoa pleuritica (Grote) 83. Entire Dorsal view 84. Head Lateral view 85. Fore wing Dorsal view 86. Hind wing Dorsal view 87. Female Lateral view Abagrotis nanalis (Grote) 88. Entire Dorsal view 89. Head Lateral view 90. Fore wing Dorsal view 91. Hind wing Dorsal view 92. Female Lateral view 10 Abagrotis nefascia (Smith) 93. Entire Dorsal view 94. Head Lateral view 95. Fore wing Dorsal view 96. Hind wing Dorsal view 97. Female Lateral view Abagrotis trigona (Smith) 98. Entire Dorsal view 99. Head Lateral view 100. Fore wing Dorsal view 101. Hind wing Dorsal view 102. Female Lateral view Diarsia serrata Holloway 103. Entire Dorsal view 104. Head Lateral view 105. Fore wing Dorsal view 106. Hind wing Dorsal view 107. Female Lateral view 11 Diarsia spinosus (Sp.n.) 108. Entire Dorsal view 109. Head Lateral view 110. Fore wing Dorsal view 111. Hind wing Dorsal view 112. Tegumen Ventral view 113. Tegumen Lateral view 114. Aedeagus Lateral view Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus) 115. Entire Dorsal view 116. Head Lateral view 117. Fore wing Dorsal view 118. Hind wing Dorsal view 119. Tegumen Ventral view 120. Tegumen Lateral view 121. Aedeagus Lateral view 122. Female Lateral view 12 Xestia dolosa Franclement 123. Entire Dorsal view 124. Head Lateral view 125. Fore wing Dorsal view 126. Hind wing Dorsal view 127. Tegumen Ventral view 128. Tegumen Lateral view 129. Aedeagus Lateral view Xestia isolata (Holloway) 130. Entire Dorsal view 131. Head Lateral view 132. Fore wing Dorsal view 133. Hind wing Dorsal view 134. Tegumen Ventral view 135. Tegumen Lateral view 136. Aedeagus Lateral view Xestia triangulam (Hufnagel) 137. Entire Dorsal view 138. Head Lateral view 13 139. Fore wing Dorsal view 140. Hind wing Dorsal view 141. Tegumen Ventral view 142. Tegumen Lateral view 143. Aedeagus
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