BIODIVERSITY AND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
SHAHEEN NAZ
RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT THE FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E- IQBAL, KARACHI DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KARACHI-75300 PAKISTAN 2011
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BIODIVERSITYAND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
BY SHAHEEN NAZ M.Sc.(Kar.), B. Ed.
FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E-IQBAL, KARACHI. KARACHI-75300, PAKISTAN 2011
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BIODIVERSITYAND FAUNISTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS
By SHAHEEN NAZ M.Sc.(Kar.), B. Ed.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, Karachi
RESEARCH CARRIED OUT AT THE FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY, GULSHAN-E- IQBAL, KARACHI DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY KARACHI-75300 PAKISTAN 2011
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This thesis entitled“BIODIVERSITY AND FAUNASTIC STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PAKISTAN WITH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS” by Shaheen Naz is accepted its present form by the Department of Zoology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology, as satisfying the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Supervisor: Co-Supervisor: Dr. Riffat Ameer Prof. Dr. Syed Kamaluddin Government Degree Girls Department of Zoology College, 11-B North Karachi. Federal Urdu University Karachi. of Arts, Sciences and Technology,Gulshan-e- Iqbal, Karachi.
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CERTIFICATE
It is to certify that the results, diagrams, all the data and description, used in this thesis, entitled “Biodiversity and Faunistic studies of the Sub-family Noctuinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from
Pakistan with cladistic analysis” submitted by Shaheen Naz, are not copied and the whole manuscript and diagrams are made by himself. I also declare that no part of the thesis has been plagiarized from anywhere and the work is present with proper and relative references.
Dr. Riffat Ameer Prof. Dr. Syed Kamaluddin Research Supervisor, Co-Supervisor Government Degree Girls College, Federal Urdu University of 11-B, North Karachi. Arts, Sciences and Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal. Karachi.
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The Dissertation is respectfully dedicated to my Parents who always prays for my success at every step of life.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. PARTICULARS Page
1. ABSTRACT……………………………………….. 01 2. ABSTRACT (Urdu Version)………………………. 03 3. ILLUSTRATION OF FIGURES…………………… 04 4. KEY TO THE LETTERINGS……………………… 15 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………. 17 6. INTRODUCTION………………………………….. 20 7. MATERIALS AND METHODS…………………… 28 8. REVIEW OF LITERATURE………………………. 31 9. TAXONOMIC, FAUNISTIC AND REVISIONAL… 53 STUDIES OF THE SUB-FAMILY: NOCTUINAE KEY TO THE TRIBES, GENERA AND SPECIES… 56 OF THE SUB-FAMILY NOCTUINAE, FAMILY NOCTUIDAE Tribe: Agrotini
Genus Agrotis Ochsenheiner…………………….. 67
Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel) ………………………. 69
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus)………………. 75
Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)……………………… 81
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)………………………. 89
Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway………………… 95
Agrotis malefida Guenee………………………... 101
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Agrotis obliqua (Smith)…………………………. 107
Agrotis segetum (Schiffermuller)……………….. 113
Agrotis venerabilis Walker……………………… 119
Genus Euxoa Hubner……………………………… 125
Euxoa detersa (Walker)………………………… 128
Euxoa lidia (Stoll)………………………………. 134
Euxoa messoria (Harris)………………………... 140
Euxoa munis (Grote)…………………………… 146
Euxoa pleuritica (Grote)……………………….. 152
Tribe: Noctuini
Genus: Abagrotis Smith…………………………… 158
Abagrotis nanalis (Grote)……………………… 160
Abagrotis nefascia (Smith)…………………….. 166
Abagrotis trigona (Smith)……………………… 172
Genus: Diarsia Hubner……………………………. 178
Diarsia serrata Holloway……………………… 180
Diarsia spinosus Sp.n………………………….. 186
Genus: Xestia Hubner…………………………….. 193
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus)……………………. 196
Xestia dolosa Franclemont…………………….. 203
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Xestia isolata (Holloway)……………………… 210
Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel)………………….. 217
Xestia xanthographa (Schiffermuller) ………….. 223
10. BIODIVERSITY………………………………... 229 11. CLADISTIC ANALYSIS A. CHARACTERS……………………………… 235 B. CHARACTERSTATES……………………… 252 C. DISCUSSIONS ON CLADOGRAM………… 275
12. CLADOGRAM………………………………….. 283
13. SUMMARY……………………………………… 284
14. REFERENCES…………………………………… 286
15. AUTHORS PUBLICATIONS…………………… 337
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ABSTRACT
The taxonomic studies of the sub-family Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae with five genera and twenty four species is carried out with special reference to their head appendages including proboscis and palpi, ventaions of fore and hind wings and male and female genital components where available from Pakistan. A key to the tribes, genera and species is also formulated from most reliable characters for easy indentification. A new specie and twenty three already described species are described first time in detailed and compared with their closest allies from Pakistan.
A cladogram is constructed showing the relationships of the included taxa based on the cladistic analysis of all the genera and species of sub-family
Noctuinae. Characters are scanned and coded from entire body and male and female genitalia and the apomorphies including autapomorphies and synapomorphies of the taxa are also briefly discussed.
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Illusstration of figures:
Figs. Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel)
01. Entire Dorsal view
02. Head Lateral view
03. Fore wing Dorsal view
04. Hind wing Dorsal view
05. Female Lateral view
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus)
06. Entire Dorsal view
07. Head Lateral view
08. Fore wing Dorsal view
09. Hind wing Dorsal view
10. Female Lateral view
Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)
11. Entire Dorsal view
12. Head Lateral view
13. Fore wing Dorsal view
14. Hind wing Dorsal view
15. Tegumen Ventral view
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16. Tegumen Lateral view
17. Aedeagus Lateral view
18. Female Lateral view
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) 19. Entire Dorsal view 20. Head Lateral view
21. Fore wing Dorsal view
22. Hind wing Dorsal view
23. Female Lateral view
Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway 24. Entire Dorsal view 25. Head Lateral view
26. Fore wing Dorsal view
27. Hind wing Dorsal view
28. Tegumen Ventral view
29. Tegumen Lateral view
30. Aedeagus Lateral view
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Agrotis malefida Guenee 31. Entire Dorsal view 32. Head Lateral view
33. Fore wing Dorsal view
34. Hind wing Dorsal view
35. Tegumen Ventral view
36. Tegumen Lateral view
37. Aedeagus Lateral view
Agrotis obliqua (Smith)
38. Entire Dorsal view
39. Head Lateral view
40. Fore wing Dorsal view
41. Hind wing Dorsal view
42. Tegumen Ventral view
43. Tegumen Lateral view
44. Aedeagus Lateral view
Agrotis segetum (Schiff.)
45. Entire Dorsal view
46. Head Lateral view
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47. Fore wing Dorsal view
48. Hind wing Dorsal view
49. Female Lateral view
Agrotis venerabilis Walker
50. Entire Dorsal view
51. Head Lateral view
52. Fore wing Dorsal view
53. Hind wing Dorsal view
54. Female Lateral view
Euxoa detersa (Walker)
55. Entire Dorsal view
56. Head Lateral view
57. Fore wing Dorsal view
58. Hind wing Dorsal view
59. Tegumen Ventral view
60. Tegumen Lateral view
61. Aedeagus Lateral view
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Euxoa lidia (Stoll)
62. Entire Dorsal view
63. Head Lateral view
64. Fore wing Dorsal view
65. Hind wing Dorsal view
66. Tegumen Ventral view
67. Tegumen Lateral view
68. Aedeagus Lateral view
Euxoa messoria (Harris)
69. Entire Dorsal view
70. Head Lateral view
71. Fore wing Dorsal view
72. Hind wing Dorsal view
73. Tegumen Ventral view
74. Tegumen Lateral view
75. Aedeagus Lateral view
Euxoa munis (Grote)
76. Entire Dorsal view
77. Head Lateral view
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78. Fore wing Dorsal view
79. Hind wing Dorsal view
80. Tegumen Ventral view
81. Tegumen Lateral view
82. Aedeagus Lateral view
Euxoa pleuritica (Grote)
83. Entire Dorsal view
84. Head Lateral view
85. Fore wing Dorsal view
86. Hind wing Dorsal view
87. Female Lateral view
Abagrotis nanalis (Grote)
88. Entire Dorsal view
89. Head Lateral view
90. Fore wing Dorsal view
91. Hind wing Dorsal view
92. Female Lateral view
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Abagrotis nefascia (Smith)
93. Entire Dorsal view
94. Head Lateral view
95. Fore wing Dorsal view
96. Hind wing Dorsal view
97. Female Lateral view
Abagrotis trigona (Smith)
98. Entire Dorsal view
99. Head Lateral view
100. Fore wing Dorsal view
101. Hind wing Dorsal view
102. Female Lateral view
Diarsia serrata Holloway
103. Entire Dorsal view
104. Head Lateral view
105. Fore wing Dorsal view
106. Hind wing Dorsal view
107. Female Lateral view
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Diarsia spinosus (Sp.n.)
108. Entire Dorsal view
109. Head Lateral view
110. Fore wing Dorsal view
111. Hind wing Dorsal view
112. Tegumen Ventral view
113. Tegumen Lateral view
114. Aedeagus Lateral view
Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
115. Entire Dorsal view
116. Head Lateral view
117. Fore wing Dorsal view
118. Hind wing Dorsal view
119. Tegumen Ventral view
120. Tegumen Lateral view
121. Aedeagus Lateral view
122. Female Lateral view
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Xestia dolosa Franclement
123. Entire Dorsal view
124. Head Lateral view
125. Fore wing Dorsal view
126. Hind wing Dorsal view
127. Tegumen Ventral view
128. Tegumen Lateral view
129. Aedeagus Lateral view
Xestia isolata (Holloway)
130. Entire Dorsal view
131. Head Lateral view
132. Fore wing Dorsal view
133. Hind wing Dorsal view
134. Tegumen Ventral view
135. Tegumen Lateral view
136. Aedeagus Lateral view
Xestia triangulam (Hufnagel)
137. Entire Dorsal view
138. Head Lateral view
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139. Fore wing Dorsal view
140. Hind wing Dorsal view
141. Tegumen Ventral view
142. Tegumen Lateral view
143. Aedeagus Lateral view
Xestia xanthographa (Schiff.)
144. Entire Dorsal view
145. Head Lateral view
146. Fore wing Dorsal view
147. Hind wing Dorsal view
148. Tegumen Ventral view
149. Tegumen Lateral view
150. Aedeagus Lateral view
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KEY TO THE LETTERINGES aed. --- aedeagus ap.ant. --- apophyses anteriors c.brs. --- corpus bursae d.brs --- ductus bursae e. --- eye fr. --- frons gn. --- gnathos int.seg.m. --- inter-segmental membrane max. p. --- maxillary palp pap. an. --- papillae anales prm. --- paramere sac. --- saccus teg. --- tegumen unc --- uncus
A1-A3. --- first to third anal veins Cu1-Cu2. --- cubitus veins first to third M1-M3. --- median veins first to third R1-R5. --- radius veins first to fifth Rs. --- radio-suctorial vein Sc. --- sub-costal vein 7th seg. --- seventh segment
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to express her heart felt gratitude to her supervisor
Assistant Professor Dr. Rifat Ameer, head of the Department of Zoology,
Government Degree College, Sector 11-B, Karachi who provided guidance
necessary facilities and interest throughout the progress of the present research.
The author also express to heartfelt, beloved co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Syed
Kamaluddin, Professor of Zoology, Dean Faculty of Homeopathy, Ex. Dean
Faculty of Science and acting Ex-Vice Chancelor, Federal Urdu University of
Arts, Sciences &Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal Karachi, who provides guidance
and knowledge and took keen interest throughout the progress of the present
research. He also helped a great deal in the providing valuable collection of the representatives of the subfamily Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae.
The author would also like to acknowledge Dr. Zubair Ahmed who provides valuable collection of the representative family from Pakistan during research.
The author is also thankful to our teachers of Federal Urdu University, Dr.
Abdul Saleem Siddiqui, Naeem-Ullah Qureshi, Dr. Naeemuddin Arain, Dr. Zubair
Ahmed, Dr. Muhammad Zahid, Prof. Dr. Tanveer Fatima, Prof. Dr. Imrana, Mrs.
Isma, and Mrs. Talat Saleem.
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The author is also thankful to principal and colleagues of APWA Govt. Girls
Higher Secondary School Liaquatabad for encouragement during the research.
The author is also thankful to our colleagues Mrs. Shakira subject specialist zoology of APWA Govt. Girls Higher Secondary School Liaquatabad Karachi,
Mr. Faheem Younus lecturer PECHS Foundation College, Mr. Adil Akber, Miss
Hareem Siddiqui and Mrs. Syeda Ghazala Rizvi.
The author also thankful to laboratory staff of the Zoology department
Federal Urdu University, Karachi particularly Mr. Abdul Hameed, Mr. Saifullah for their help during work. The author is thankful to Mr. Moin Akber, Mr.
Muhammad Faraz, Mr. Abdul Talal Khan and my student Sumaira Saleem for typing the thesis and manuscript.
Last but not the least the author wishes to express her sincere thanks to her life partner, sisters and brothers and all family members for their patience and encouragement at every stage of the present work and finally the author is heardly thankful to her late parents, who always prays my success in life.
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INTRODUCTION
The family Noctuidae includes large number of described species which are
world wide distributed approximately more than 35,000 species recorded under
4,000 genera and at least 29 subfamilies. They are eminently nocturnal insect
attracted to light and they collect sugar (nector) from different types of colourful
flowers. The noctuid adults are known as “Owlet” moth in reference to owl-like
appearance of the head (Metcalf and Flint 1932, Sharp 1936, Ross 1948, Lutz
1948, Hyde 1949 and Little 1957). They are great differences in size, and mostly they are dull in color. Noctuid moth hiding by the day in convenient shelter among shurb tree and low plants and resting with closed wings on the trunk or on the rock (Doane et al. 1936 and Sandars 1946).
Noctuid moths are pest of different crops, vegetables, fruits and cereals. They feed on foliage of plants. Morphologically head of moth indumentums, rough or smooth, haired or scaled, surface of eyes hairy or glabrolus and ciliated, the form of antennae simple, bipectinate, ciliate. Proboscis is shortly and poorly developed and the size of the labial palp are short medium and long. Middle and posterior tibia with or without spine in posterior side tibia have rough or smooth scales.
Thorax region filled with densely hairy or thinly hairy beneath. Venations of the fore wing is quadrified (cubital stem appearing to have four veins originating along it), and in some cases trified (cubital stem appearing to have three veins
21 originating along it), wing spain range 30-50 mm. Tympanum (a pair of hairing organ) is present one of the each side of the thorax. Metathoracic tympanum present and oriented anteriad. The tympana allow them to detach the high pitched sound made by echo location bats which are major predators. Hind wings with
Sc+R and Rs forming a small basal areole. Abdomen never contrasting bright red
or orange.
The larvae of noctuid moths are generally called cutworms or loopers, they
destroy the leaf, stem, vegetables, and fruits of different crops. Larvae of this large
family feeds on foliage attacking of leaves of many kinds of crops, fruits, shade
and woodland trees, wild plants and shurbs. Some larvae of noctuid species live on
buds, flowers, fruits, stem, leaves, and crown portion of cultivated wild plants and
shurbs. Few species breed in decaying vegetation and some are aquatic they feed
on submerged portion of aquatic plant. They are found of concealing themselves
during the day and come out at night to feed. Some clamber over plants eating the
leaves and many cutworms hibernate in snug under cells and they are ready to
attack vigorously over seedlings in the spring. (Fernald and Shepard 1942, Borror
and Delong 1954 and Davidson and Lyon 1986).
The larvae of this large family are medium sized. The structure of the vast
majority of species resemble that of cutworms .The cutworm type of larvae
possesses primary setae only. The shape of larvae posteriorly humped rounded and
22 tapered and mostly larvae conspicuously hairy. The majority of larvae have usual number of legs viz, three pair of thoracic legs, four pair of abdominal feet and the terminal claspers. In resting condition cutworms curl up head to tail, (Robinson
2004, Imms 1948 and Metcalf and Flint 1962).
Representative of the subfamily Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae contains nearly 400 species they divided in two tribes Agrotini and noctuini, (pogue 2006).
They distributed through out the world mostly they are found in tropical rain forest. The member of this subfamily are characterized by having stoutly built body covered with long dense scale, eyes almost rounded smooth or hairy and without lashes, fore and hind-tibia usually and mid-tibia always with spine or setae their ends are pointed or blunt. The venations of the hind wings are trified or quadrified.
The larvae of subfamily are highly polyphagous and feed on foliage and fruits of many trees, vegetables and crops including cash crops. Damages is done by the larvae, they feed on the under side of the leaf. The young larvae destroy the upper leaf of cuticle and make holes. The tomato larvae chew into green fruits and adult feeds on flower nector. The representatives of the subfamily are serious pest of cash crops like rice (Oryza sativa), cotton (Gossypium), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and vegetables like ladyfinger (Abelmosches asculentus), cabbage
(Brassica oleracea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), chickpea (Cicer arietinum),
23 soybean (Glycine max), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), beans (Phaseolus
vulgaris), cucurbits (Cucurbita pepo, Cucumis sativus), peas (Pisum sativum),
tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), sugarcane (Saccharum officenarum), beet
(Beta vulgaris), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), spinach (Spinacea oleracea).
The taxonomic, faunastic and their biodiversity with reference to the family
Noctuidae were attempted by various authors viz. Hampson (1892), Seitz
(1914),George and Hampson (1926), William (1930), Hyde (1952), Jacobson and
Blakeley (1958), Jacobson (1960), Kendall (1965), Buckett and William (1966),
Chauthani and Calahan (1966), Comstock (1967), Esko and Mikkola (1967),
Kovacs (1967), Starks et al. (1967), Pruess (1967), Gerling (1971), Khan and
Bhatti (1973), Campion et al.(1974 and 1980), Chi et al.(1975), Brown (1975),
Room (1975) Powell and Hogue (1979), Brimacombe (1980), Wardhaugh and
Room (1980), Franclemont (1980 and 1981), Emilio (1983), Angulo and Jana-
Senz (1984), Piper and Mulford (1984), Kononenko (1984a and 1984b), Loebel
(1984), Banziger and Martin (1984), Ronkay and Varga (1984a and 1984b),
Ronkay (1984a, 1984b and 1985), Kobes (1984), Chen (1984 and 1985), Todd et
al. (1984), Diaz (1984), Johnson (1984), Ohnesorge (1984), Hacker (1985a and
1985b), Byers et al. (1985), Heinicke and Weidlich (1985), Lempke (1986a and
1986b), Khuro et al. (1986) El-Ghareeb et al. (1987), Resurreccion et al. (1988),
Strand et al. (1988), Greenstone and Morgan (1989), Soli and Andersen (1990),
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Patrick and Green (1991), Weidlich (1992), Hashmi and Tashfeen (1992),
Kamaluddin and Fatima (1995), Holloway and Scott (1995), Gillo et al. (1996),
Folkerts and George (1996), Passoa and Craig (1996), Loedl (1996a, 1996b, 1996c
and 1996d), Loedl and Sabine (1996), Costen (1996), Sajap et al. (1997), Ronkay
et al. (1998), Tougaard(1998), Gyulai and Ronkay (1998), Varga (1998),
Zanuncio et al. (1998), Yamamoto et al. (1998), Gunning et al.(1998 and 1999),
Jen (1998), Moyal (1998), Sparks et al. (1998), Taun and Kao (1998), Antonious
et al. (1999), Barreto et al.(1999) , Ivinskis and Miatleuski (1999), Kye-Poku and
Kunimi (1999), Molina-Ochoa et al. (1999), Park et al. (1999), Suessenbach and
Fiedler (1999), Tang et al. (1999), Valverde et al. (1999), Bakthavatasalam et al.
(1999), Chaudhari and Nikam (1999), Barreto et al. (1999), Begmann and
Schoeman (1999), Wiseman et al. (1999), Jyoti et al. (1999), Maelzer and Zalucki
(1999),White and Wilson (1999), Jones and Sands (1999), Zeddam et al. (1999),
Fernandes et al. (1999), Giebink et al. (1999), Lara et al. (1999), Foerster et al.
(1999), Carder et al. (2000), Francke et al. (2000),Takada et al. (2000), Ignoffo et
al. (2000), Fang et al. (2000), Chocorosqui and Pasini (2000),Valicente et al.
(1999 and 2000), Lebedeva et al. (2000), Ebenebe et al. (1999, 2000a, 2000b and
2000c), Kfir (2000), Proshold and Carpenter (2000), Marti and Rogers (2000),
Parker et al. (2000), Yela (2002), Dodok (2003) Angulo and Olivares (2005) and
Hamed et al. (2006), Shakira et al. (2006).
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With reference to the subfamily Noctuinae the taxonomic and faunistic
studies were attempted by Moore (1884), Lefroy (1909), Common (1964), Berger
(1966), Schreier (1966), Shorey and Gaston (1967), Den Boer (1978), Ahmad
(1985), Dierl (1984), Landolt and Heath (1989), Heinicke (1992), Singh et al.
(1995), Rakosy et al. (1996), Kononenko et al. (1997), Brown and David (1997),
Fibiger (1997),Varga and Gyulai (1999), Loedl (1999a and 1999b), Fantinou and
Tsitsipis (1999), Casimero et al. (1999), Angulo and Olivares (1999), Andersen and Contreras-Ramos (1999), Rodriguez et al. (2000),Varga and Ronkay (2002),
Stojanovi and Milka (2005), Naz et al. (2007), Rodriguez and Angulo (2008),
Kravchenko et al. (2008) and Lafontaine et al. (2010).
The taxonomic, revisional and pheromone studies were attempted by Ahmad and Kamaluddin (1980, 1982, 1987 and 1988) and Kamaluddin and Ahmad (1982) from Pakistan and also attempted by Priesner (1985) and Struble and Byers
(1985).
Biology of the family Noctuidae were attempted by various researchers in the world viz. Suomalainen and Mikkola (1967), Godfrey (1973), Grosser et al.
(1982), Peregovits and Varga (1984), Slivov (1984), Johnson and Walter (1984),
Garcia-Barros (1984), Laasonen and Skvortsov (1984), Kumar and Goel (1985),
McCabe (1985), Beutelspacher (1986), Blanchard and Knudson (1986), Nithiuthai
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(1986), Huber and Proell (1996), Anderson and Yeargan (1998), Bailey et al.
(1998), Hassani et al. (1998), Reinert et al. (1998), Mols et al. (1998), Hegazi et
al. (1998), Deshmukh and Tembhare (1998), Salama and Salem (1999), Carpenter
and Wiseman (1999), Conner (1999), Aslam et al. (1999), Atwood et al.(1999),
Siggaard and Ersboll (1999), Romeis et al. (1999),Velasco et al. (1999), Guo et al.
(1999), Wu et al. (1999), Avila and Melhoranca (1999), Mascarenhas et al.
(1999), Lynch et al. (1999), Orui et al. (2000), Fajardo and Cardona (2006),
Kravchenko et al. (2006) and Bella and Fibiger (2009).
In the above fact, the taxonomic, faunastic and biodiversity of the subfamily
Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae were not attempted from the areas now
included in Pakistan. So to fill this gap the present faunastic studies, biodiversity
and cladistic analysis is carried out in detail.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
The representative of the family Noctuidae of the subfamily Noctuinae are
collected from various localities of Pakistan on light on light trap from various
localities of Pakistan viz. Murree, Banjoosa, Naran, Sujawal, Karachi, Shangla
gali, Chitral and Angoori Bagh and supplemented collection at hand and all the
collected specimens are mounted as scientific standard and would be identified with the help of literature at hand by the supervisor and co-supervisor and by internet.
The preparation of fore and hind wing slides of each species of subfamily
Noctuinae were made and venations of fore and hind wings were studied under the
Leitz binocular microscope and drawn diagrams on plain paper with the help of graticule slide and finalized this diagram with routring pen and palikan ink.
For the study of male and female genital the abdomen including genitalia
complex were removed in 10% KOH solution and warmed on burner for 2-5
minutes (for males) and (2-3) minutes (for females) then it will be washed with
tape water and inflated under Leitz binocular microscope in the same medium.
The examination of various structures will be made and their diagram will be
drawn by placing them on cotton thread immersed in glycerin with the help of eye
29 piece graticule and later preserved in microvials with the drops of glycerin, pinned with the specimens. The measurements are given in millimeters.
For biodiversity a map of Pakistan is given to show the distribution of included taxa. For cladistic analysis the apomorphies of the taxa are discussed using autapomorphic and synapomorphic characters and also presenting a cladogram, which shows the relationships of the included taxa.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Hampson (1892) has described general characters of the forty species of the genus Agrotis of the sub-family Noctuinae of family Noctuid.
Buckett (1964a) gave the distributory notes of genitalia of both sexes and ecology of Septis maxima of the family Noctuidae. In (1964b) redescribed Euxoa marinensis Mc Dunnoughand in (1964c) he also discussed the status of Euxoa wilsoni (Grote) and also two sub species specialis and aequalis which are
synonyms. After studying the genital component .He placed both sub species
under the synonym of E. wilsoni.
Common (1964) has described the distribution of two army worms
Pseudaletia convecta. He has also synonymized the P. australis (Franclemont) and
determined the P. separate and discussed the distinguishing characters of the
genitalia of both sexes
Kushwaha et al. (1964) have described a note on mango shoot borer
Chlumetia transversa Walker and also described the life cycle takes about one and
half months. Todd (1964) has discussed a new species of the genus Iodopepla
Franclemont and key out its two species with description of I.alayoi and
synonymy and also distributional notes on I. a-album.
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Downey (1965) has discussed about the resemblance between adults of
noctuid moths Caenurgina carulea (Grote) and the lycaenid butterfly Plebjus
(Icarica) icarioides (Bdv.) and he also discussed both above spp. with reference to
structural (color) and behavioural (flight) traits and also described distribution,
food plants and seasonal flight period. Sachan and Srivastava (1965) have
described the biology of the lily moth Polytela gloriosae and also described the
emergence copulation and oviposition which takes place during night .They have
recorded incubation, larval and pupal period of the same species.
Kendall (1965) has recorded the known collection of Schinia olivacea and
gave its immature life span, diapauses, estimated number of broods and adult
response to ultra violet light and he also mention the larval food plants. Schreier
(1966) has collected Agrotis gamma by light traps and observed the infestation and he also discussed the fling activity of the same species from the Pannonic zone of
Australia in warm and dry season.
Buckett (1966a) has described larvae and eggs of Annaphila liothosina collected from monkey flower, Mimuius guttatus DC and observed the oviposition habits of the female and also discussed in detail adult behavior and oviposition activity.In (1966b) has described and illustrated Euxoa violaris of the subfamily
Noctuinae. Buckett et al. (1966) has described new species Polia ocheimer from
33 the northern Sierra Nevada, where it flies in mid and summer. They also illustrated the photographs of adults and male and female genitalia.
Opler (1966) has presented the colored photograph of Lycaena gergon of the family Noctuidae from Mt Diablo, California and also illustrated the male left wing and female right wing of this unusual moths.
Alvas (1967) has described a new record Porphyrina purpurina (Hb) from
Finland. Suomaliannen and Mikkola (1967) have described Nycteola asiatica Krul
as migrant species in Northern Europe. They also discussed weather maps and
dates of occurrence of the species indicates that the moths were probably carried
to Northern Europe by air current arose at the boarder of central and southern
Europe.
Kovacs (1968) has described a new subspecies of the family Noctuidae of the
species Callogonia virgo Tr. Distributional range with reference to and their genital orgns. Rothschild (1968) has observed the armyworm Spodoptera mauritia acronyctoides of the family Noctuidae in Sarawak as a well known pest of Graminae. He also described the biology of immature stages, duration of instars, feeding rates, reproductive biology, mortality and adult longevity.
Boursin (1969) has newly recorded two species Eugrople subrosea STephens and Amphipyra berbera Rungs, of the family Noctuidae and also discussed the
34 distribution and identification of the sub species of each two taxa. He also separated the European Amphipyra berbera svenssoni from the typical form of the
Africa.
Agee (1969a) has recorded the response of Bollworm Moths to ultrasound.
When resting, feeding, courting, mating or ovipositing. He observed that when
they confined in large cages, 63% did not read to electronically. However about
50% of those in the midst of the courtship display. After several trains of pulsed
ultrasound they become habituated. Similar observations were obtained when the
moths were confined in large cages with flying bats emitting echo- locating cries.
In 1969b he also observed the mating behaviour of Bollworm Moths during
courtship. They recorded that the receptive females extend the terminal abdominal
segment and vibrate their wings then she is approached behind the male who taps
the ovipositors of female with his antennae and snaps his claspers around female
genitalia to complete the copulatory connection.
Srivastava et al. (1969) have described the immature stages of Othreis
maternal, a fruit-sucking moth of the family Noctuidae notes on its bionomics.
They also observed damage in citrus and guava orchards, life span, sexual activity,
mating behavior. They also described immature stages and illustrated and
distinguishing features from O.fullonia.
35
Hafez et al. (1970) have discussed about the specific and generic names of cotton leaf worm occurring in United Arab Republic and they gave geographical distribution in Africa, and on morphological characters of this species specially of the male gene-genitalia, the insect is identified as Spodoptera litoralis (Boisd)and this name species is authentic and it is concluded that it should be used instead of previously commonly used name Prodenia litura another distinct species , S. litura occurs in Asia, Australia and the pacific Island, and does extend west of
India.
De Lajonquiere (1970) has recorded fourteen genera viz. in Scotia,
Standfussiana, Hadena, Cuculia, Oxycesta, Phlogophora, Pseudohadena,
Hydraecia, Gorlyna, Archanara, Sedina , Skibia, Periphanes and Parascotia of the family Noctuidae from various localities of France.
Haque (1970) described Spodoptera mauritia Boisd and Agrotis ipsilon Rolt as paddy pest and vegetables respectively. He also gave a brief morphological description of both adults and larvae, their life history nature of damage, control and distribution of the above pest.
Wilkison (1971) has described method of collecting the genus Catocola
seldom used and also described the current productivity of daylight collecting by
rapping tree trunks in various areas of U.S.A. Bjorn (1971) has captured
36
Arenostola brevilinea twice in Mellemskoven on island of Falster and both specimens was taken at mercury vapor light. Gerling (1971) have described
Spodoptera lituralis (Boisduval) is a severe summer pest of numerous crop plants in Israel.
Hill (1974) in this book Agricultural pest of the tropics and their control described Heliothis armigera (Hb) Agrotis ypsilon (Rolt.) Mythimna species
Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) Spodoptera mauritia (Boisd), Spodoptera littoralis
(Boisd), Spodoptera litura (F) with reference to their nature to damage pest stauts life history, distribution and control strategies.
William et al. (1975) have observed the comparative morphology and histology of the larval digestive system of two species Heliotji virescen,
Spodoptera frugeperda and reported that the digestive system of species in the same genus were similar but different in morphology and cytology.
Aihara and Shibuya (1977) has recorded the response of single olfactory receptor cells to sex pheromones in the male tobacco cutworm moth. They proved that the synergistic effect involve mechanism at the level of the olfactory receptor cells. Roberts (1979) has described the distributional life history, food plants and parasites of Chrysodeixis eriosoma in New Zealand and also described in detailed and laboratory rearing method.
37
Elis et al. (1980) has described the courtship behaviour of Spodoptera
littoralis (Boisd.) in closed cages containing an excess of the female sex
pheromones resulting that excess pheromones reduced mating. Franclemont
(1980) has described the Noctua c-nigrum in eastern North America as two species
Xestia adela and a large specie Xestia dolosa. The Xestia adela is more like the
Eurasian N. c-nigrum. He further noted that these species have different distributions, but occur together over a large area of Southeastern Canada and northeastern USA.
Hudson and Lefkovitch (1980) have described the difference between the two species of cutworms of Franclemont Xestia dolosa and Xestia adela on the basis of two different single banded phenotypes of the enzyme adenylate kinase and compared the measurements of five morphological characters.
Heinnicke and Carl (1980) have described the insect fauna of East Germany included 52-species of the family Noctuidae with taxonomy, history and their localities. Poltavskii and Rybin (1980) have described the 256-species of Owlet moths of the family Noctuidae from Northern Ossetia, over half of the species
(142) are confined to the middle altitudes.
Ahmad and Kamaluddin (1980) work on male pheromones producing brush organs of Mythemna loreye (Dup.) and Kamaluddin and Ahmad (1982) attempted
38 the male pheromones producing the brush organs of Mythimna separata species appearing most closely related to those of Phlogophora meticulosa (L.) and
Trichoplusiani respectively. Brich (1970) and Grant (1970) also worked on the
above species and discussed the structure of abdominal scent brush organ.
Klyuchko (1980) has discussed diagnostic characters of 4- sibling species
and also shows distribution and phenology of 4- species of family Noctuidae were
studied Noctua interposita Hbn., Heliothis maritime Grast, Amphipyra berbera
Suenssioni FletcH and Hydraecia ultima Holst., in ukraimian SSR for the two later
species observed for the first time.
Todd and Poole (1980) have described the recognition characters of the 14-
western Hemisphere species of army worms with economically important genus
Spodoptera guener and they also formulated a key to the species. They also
discussed the geographic distribution and synonmical bibliography of each
species. In 1981 he has identified Mamestra passa as synonym of Graphania
mutans from Newzealand, where as synonym of Mamestra peracuta is made
positive by the designation of a lectotype for M. peracuta. Underhill et al. (1981)
studied that the three closely related species of the genus Euxoa cutworm’s moth
namely E. declarata, E. compestris and E. rockburnei comprising a sex attractants
39 group which is alkenyl derivatives. (z)-5 decenyl acetate, (z0-7dodecenyl alcohol and (z)-7dodecenyl acetate.
Hudson (1982) has proved the reproductive isolation between genus Xestia
adela and Xestia dolosa and also discussed between the males of sibling species
Xestia adela and Xestia dolosa Franclemont respond to vergin females n. number that indicates specific difference in sex pheromones. Dierl and Spixiana (1984) have described six new species of the genera Anithes and Diarsia from Nepal on the basis of external structure and genitalia.
Khuhro et al.(1986) have studied the population of Spodoptera litura (F) were made on the susceptible plants like green gram, cow pea, kidney pea and
ground nut in relation of their periods of growth and he also described the seasonal
variation. Solis (1986) has described a new species Epidromia fergusoni and
redescribed the type species Epidromia pannosa Guenee.
Von Mentzer and Arne (1987) have described and compared a new species
Agrotis luechri with the species of the group Agrotis fatidiea (Hubner) from
Norway and also discussed its geographic contact with species isolation from the
Agrotis fatidiea. Varga and Ronkay (1987) have redescribed the known
Eugnorisma s. l. with the description of following new taxa Sinognorisma genn for
(Eugnorisma) gothica Borsin Metagnorisma subgen n, Eugnorisma puegeleri sp.
40 n. heurstica sp. n. Spodia ssp. Psammockred ssp. Caeruiea ssp. Isobellina ssp. n.
delcosma ssp., hissarica ssp., variago ssp., xanthiago ssp. n., pantica ssp., anis n.
O. ssp. zaghros ssp.n, P. ssp. pleserta ssp. n.
Butler (1987) has described new species Bomolocha appalachiensis from
west Verginia, Kentucky and North South Carolipia and concluded that this
species can easly be distinguished by their fore wing colour pattern and male
genitalia from known species Bomolocha and the type series consist of four males
and seven females. Yosida (1987) has described the faunal characters of macrolepidopterous moths and investigated from urban area of Tomakomai and recorded as the geometridae is predominant in the forest and the open land and the urban area was predominance by Noctuidae, especially sub-family Noctuinae and also discussed adaptive significance of life history characters of open land species.
Ahmad and Kamaluddin (1987) described four species of the rice swarming caterpillar or rice army worms of the genus Spodoptera from various localities of
Pakistan with reference of their nature of damage, life cycle and morphology including their genitalia in detail and they also formulated a key for identification and their control strategies. In (1988) they have described the morphology of rice army worms and ear-cutting caterpillars of the genus Mythimna from Pakistan.
41
They redescribed the genitalia, morphology and life cycle of M. loreyi and M. separata and gave a brief note on their systemic position, distribution and nature of damage in Pakistan.
Kononenko (1989) has discovered a new species of Perigrapha from the primorye Territory, USSR and closely related to P .hoenei Puneler. He also illustrated the genitalia of the males of both species and comparing in having
biserrate vs .bipectinated antennae of the males.
Patrick and Green (1991) have described the endemic noctuid moth Agrotis
innominata, recorded from several new southern costal localities and larvae are
recorded as feeding on the exotic marram grass in sand dune and they gave a
description of the larvae and comments are made on its native host. They also
discussed southern populations of the species, the brachy-pterous female in
contrast to northern population and they compared with coastal noctuid species in
the northern hemisphere and the flight period of the species is also discussed.
Hashmi and Tashfeen (1992) gave a check list of Lepidoptera of Pakistan
including 3- genera and 17 - species of the sub family Noctuinae of the family
Noctuidae.
Awan et al. (1994) have observed the biology of Spodoptera littura Fab, of
the family Noctuidae on Soya bean varities.i.e Columbus, Loppa, Improved
42 pelican, T-15 Brogg Bossier, Davis, Franklen, AVRDC-9 and EF 177 and
observed the rate of larval development, resulting fastest on T-15 and slowest on
Franklen, the number of larval stages was highest on Franklen and fewer on T-15
and the ratio of females was relatively higher on Franklen.
Kamaluddin and Fatima (1995) have redescribed the male and female
genitalia of Cuculia albeseens Moore of the family Noctuidae with special
reference to its head, wing venations and also gave a brief note on its systematic
position.
Carbo and Hammond (1995) revised the genus Mesogona Boisduval found in
Western North America. They also described two new species M .subcuprea and
M .rubra from Washington, Oregon and California with special reference to their genitalia and also keyed out for easy identification.
Rakosy et al. (1996) have described a new species Panemeria tenebrata
Scop. From Greece and also described the diagnostic characters of Panemeria
tenebromorpha and Panemeria tenebrata with reference to wings ,structure of
male and female genitalia.
Speidel et al. (1996) have described a new phylogenetic system of the
Noctuidae, based on only two characters the male genitalia and the tympanum
which are preabdominal brush-organs and the length of tibial spure in the adult
43 male and a ventral cervical gland and the lack of the sv2 setae on the first abdominal segment of the larvae. Passoa and Craig (1996) have discussed the
diagnostic features of the genitalia of both sex of Noctua pronuba and also
recorded the rate of spread approximately averaged 80 miles per year from 1985-
1994 in the Eastern United States.
Loedl (1996a) has described the new species Hypena binae with reference to its male and female genitalia and lateral view of the head from Tanzania and he also discussed this species is closely related to Hypena polycyma (Hampson) and also presented a check list of the subgenus Hypea schrank from African and
Madagasean region. Loedl and Sabine (1996) have described new species Hypena
vanschuybroeeke and also illustrated the lateral view of head and genitalia of the
holotype of male from Zaire.
Kononenko and Kauri (1997) have described a new species Apamena
yunnana from yunnan and province of South China the mouth is superficially
similar to Apamea farrago (Evermann) and recently described A. nekrasovi
Mikkola, Varga and Guylai with reference to its fore wings and genitalia of the
new species.
Ronkay et al. (1998) have described twenty-two new species and six new
sub-species of the sub-family Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae. Varga (1998)
44 has described sibling species and species-group in the genus Chersotis Boisduval
and biogeographic and lysis with descriptions of two new species Chersotis
petermarci sp. n which is the sibling species of Chersotis vicina Corti and
Chersotis shandur sp. n is belong to the Chersotis javenis species-group and also
discussed the species-groups significant morphological characters and phylogenic
relationships with 66- figures.
Gyulai and Ronkay (1998) have recorded seven new noctuid species
Discestra rosea sp. n. from China Tibet Hada fraterna sp. n., from China, Tibet
Laeanobia w-eatinoides sp. n. from Uzbekistan l-Kirghisa sp. n. from Kirghisia, L.
altyntaghi from China, Attyn-Tagh. Estagrotis roseasericea sp. n. from China,
Kuku-Noor and Amphipoea cuneata sp. n. from Kirghisia. Gyulai and Varga
(1998) have recorded four new species of famiy Noctuidae Hadala nekrasovi sp.
n., Kdjikistan Cardiestra halolimna sp. n., Kazakhistan, Conisania oxyptera sp. n.
Kyrgyzastan and Bryopolia bryoxenoides sp. n., Kyrgyzstan.
Ronkay et al. (1998) have recorded Twenty-two new and six new sub-species
of the family Noctuidae, Euxoa sayvana, Eeomorpha firyuza, Cucullia petrophila,
Cucullia xeraphila, C. apo, Omphalophana turcomana, Allophyes sericina,
Episema minutoides, Dasypolia nebulosa, D, ipaykala, Polymixis pericaspicus, P.
schistochlora, P .fabiani, P. achrysa, P. csorbagabori, Agrochola turcomanica,
45
Cryphia basivitta, C. duskeimima, Gortyna roseaga, Chilodes repeteki,
Haemerosin albicomma, H. ionochlora spp. n., and new sub-species Periphanes
delphinii lekke, Conisania vidua eupepla, Dasypolia temple dushaki, Bornolis crinomima dilula, Agrochola oropotamica archar and Autophila luxuriosa arnyellolta spp. n., these new species and new sub-species recorded from
Turkmenistan and adjacent region and also described the taxonomic status of some species and also discussed new synonymies.
Gyulai and Ronkay (1998) has described the seven new species of the sub- family Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae. Ivinskis and Miatleuski (1999) have short surveyed of Notuidae moths and presented a check list of 176-species in which 15-are new for Turkmenistan and 2-are presumed to be new for science.
Prezoto and Vera (1999) observed that pests attacked on the corn mainly by the caterpillar of Spodoptera frugiperda that produce unproductivity verifying the predation of Polistes simillimus and gave a data which gave an estimation of reduction in the occurrence of S. frugiperda due mainly to the wasp action.
Ebenebe et al. (1999) observed the time of planting of maize on the incidence of infestation and yield loss caused by Busseola fusca. Increased yield loss was observed at later planting dates. They concluded that the second generation of B. fusca moths was responsible for infestation in all plantings. They suggested that
46 early planting of maize is more preferable in order to minimize yield loss due to second generation infestation.
Zilli (2000) has described two new distinguish species Mocis frugulis and
Mocis proveral as a widespread pest of graminaceous crops in the Eastern hemisphere and the pacific and also described the main characters which distinguished the African and Arabian species M. proverai from Asian species M
.fruginsula with reference to male and female genital complex.
Rodriguez et al. (2000) has revised the taxonomy of Albirenia Angulo and
Olivers erected new genus Ternera Rodriguez and Angulo with two species. They also redefined the characters of Albirenia and keyed out the genera. Zolotarenko and Dubatolov (2000) have given a check list of 281- noctuid species from the
Russian part of the westrian plain with distributional data.
Hacker et al. (2001) have recorded first time the seven species viz. Catocala
orientalis, Clytie gracilis, Cryphia distincta, Pseudohadena armata, Hadula
halolimna, Cardepia additamenda and Eugnorisma eminens from the European
part of Kazhikistan.Teston et al. (2001) have described the biology of Anicla
infecta under laboratory conditions such as temperature, humidity and
photoperiod. The larvae fed on ryegrass Lolium multiflorum Lam. The results
express the mean and standard error for the length of every stage in days. They
47 resulted the mean number of egg-laying cycles per female, egg per cycle and total eggs per female.
Varga and Ronkay (2002) have revised the Palaeartic species of the wide sense Eugraphe. They described a new genus, Goniographa and five new species viz G. discussa, G. shchetkini, G. naumanni, G. metafunkei and G. gyulaipeteri.
They also redescribed the genus Eugraphe s. str. and tranfer Eugraphe ornata
species complex to Xestia (s.l.) and described Xestia (s.l.) hypographa new species
with 49-genital figures and 24- colour pictures. Srivastava (2002) has described
taxonomic characters of the five genera and nine species of the sub-family
Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae.
McCabe (2003) has revised the taxonomy and gave distributional range of
Hadena ligata Moschler of the family Noctuidae.The adult habitus and the male
and female genitalia are illustrated and a lectotype is also designated. Dodok
(2003) has discussed Serbia fauna of the family Noctuidae included 524-species
and also shows faunastic enamination of Noctuidae in the region of Uzic (Western
Serbia) from 1995-2005 and established 18-subfamilies and 223-species in which
29-species are registered for the first time for Western Serbia and 4 for Central
Serbia and one species Zanclognatha zelleralis Wockeas new in the Serbia fauna.
48
Angulo and Olivares (2005) have provided distribution synonymies,
diagnostic period of flight, habitat, geographic distribution of 14-genera and 69-
species of subfamily Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae from Chile. Stojanovic and Milka (2005) have recorded the three species of the subfamily Hadeninae of the family Noctuidae of the genus Mythimna which was new for the fauna of
Serbia and Montenegra. These species were found in the Bay of Kotor or Boka
Kotorska. Mythimna languida was recorded as the northernmost species in
Europe.
Pogue (2006) has recorded 48-species of the sub-family Noctuinae from great smoky mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina U.S.A. and also listed 17-species in tribe Agrotini and 31-species in tribe Noctuini and also discussed these species with reference to the adult description, flight period,
localities, elevational range, general distribution and larval host plants. Fajardo
and Cardona (2006) have described the biology of Peridroma sacucia as a harmful pest of flowers from Colombia and also described the duration of the different
development stages as well as the behavioral activities of larvae.
Karavachenko et al. (2006) have studied the Israel Lepidopterous fauna and
recorded almost fifty percent of present known species, including nine species viz
Euxoa conspicua, Euxoa hering, Agrotis pasummocharis, Agroyis powellinia,
49
Pachyagrotis tischendorfi, Dichagyris melamuroides, Dichagyris amoena, Noctua
tertia, Noctua interjecta published first time and discussed the diversity and
distribution.
Shakira et al. (2006) have described the appendages of head, venation of fore
and hind wings and genetaia of Grammodes geometrica (F.) of the family
Noctuidae and also discussed the systemic position of the above species within the
genus. Troubridge (2006a) has revised three Neartic species of the genus Euros
including Euros osticollis as new and he also illustrated male and female genitalia.
In (2006b) also has described three new species of the genus lithophane Hubner
viz Lithophane lanei and L. scottae from eastern Ontario Canada and L. boogeri
from the high desert of Oregon U.S.A. and he also illustrated the diagrams of
adults and their genitalia.
Plociennik et al. (2007) have recorded first time a species and genus of
Lepidoptera Trisateles emartualis Noctuidae from Bosnia and Hetzegovina and
also added 24-other species of Lepidoptera from the same site including two rarely
species. Naz et al. (2007) have described first time Trigonodes disjuncta (Moore)
in detail with special reference to its appendages of head, venation of fore and
hind wings and also described male and female genitalia. They also discussed
briefly the cladistic relationship and its apomorphic characters.
50
Kravachenko et al. (2008) have described and distinguished the upper Galilee of Catocala amnonfreidbergi from the closely related Catocala nupta and also
characterized the habitat of the species. Skule and Nilsson (2008) have recorded two specimen of the North American Noctuid species Actebia (Parexarnis)
photophila (Gn.) from southern Spain and Cydia blackmoreana from mainland of
Spain and first time provided the male and female genitalia of the above species.
Choi (2009) has newly recorded the Melapia japonica (Ogata) first time from
Korea and five males of this species were collected from three islands on the
southern sea in Dadohae National Park and also described the adult and its male
genital complex. Bella and Fibiger (2009) have recorded first time the presence of
Noctuidae Euxoa decora Demis et al. Schiffermuller and Agrotis enogaea
Boisduval from Etna, Nebrodi Mts., Iblean region and on a humid zone of Catania
plain (Sicily).
Schmidt (2010) has revised the taxonomy, group and nomenclature of the
neartic species of Enargia Hubner giving illustration and formulated a key for the
identification. Lafontain et al. (2010) have reviewed three known species of
Bryolymnia Hampson of North America and also described three additional
species as new and transfered two additional species Elaphria ensina (Barnes) and
Cryphia viridata (Harvey) to Bryolymnia as new combination and also compared
51 with related species of North American species and illustrated male and female
genitalia.
52
53
FAUNISTIC AND REVISIONAL STUDIES OF THE SUB- FAMILY NOCTUINAE
Diagonostic features:
Generally body stoutly build covered with long dense scale, size generally 20-50mm, colour brown except dark brown patch with light brown two lobe at costal median margin, abdomen stout, cylindraical, fore and hind tibiae usually and mid tibiae always with spine-like setae, head prominent, eyes almost without hairs, with eye lashes, vertex raised, mostly frons, convex or sub-convex, palpi well developed usually upturned and passing head apex, or straight, basal segment mostly un equal some time equal, 2nd segment longer than 3rd segment, proboscis present, straight, large coiled, highly coiled, fore wings with Sc paralled to R1, R3 and R4 stalked, two
cubital veins and one anal vein (1A) present, hind wings trified rather than
quadrified on the both dorsal and ventral hind wings a discal spot in present,
veins Sc+R1 paralled to Rs and sometime confluent to Rs at the base, one
cubital vein is present and two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Genitalia:
Males with tegumen large having curved uncus, paramere large beset
with thick large or short hairs, aedaegus with prominent conjunctival lobe,
54 females with prominent papillae anales beset with thick and large hairs, both apophysesses ductus bursae and corpus bursae prominent.
Comparative note:
This sub-family is most closely related to the sub-family Haliothinae in having fore and hind tibiae with spine-like setae, ventrally fore wings with the ordinary spot are dark, post median area appears as a dark fuscia but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi well developed, vertex raised, frons convex or sub-convex and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
55
56
Key to the tribe, genera and species of the sub-family noctuinae from Pakistan
1. Body usually robust., palpi usually short or modrate ……………….…..
………………………………………………………………..…. Agrotini 11
… Body usually cylindrical., palpi usually long………………………….
…………………………………………………………...……..….Noctuini 2
2. Palpi with 2nd segment short less then 1/3rd the length of 2nd segment;
usually anterio-literally directed ...... Genus Diarsia Hubner 3
… Palpi with 3rd segment modrate more then 1/3rd the length of 2nd segment;
usually upwardly directed ...... 4
3. Palpi with 2nd segment about 5 X the length of 3rd segment,hind wings with
veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell,
papillae anales very large, kidney shaped corpus bursae large irregularlly
bilobed ………………….……...... Diarsia serrata Holloway
… Palpi with 2nd segment about 4X the length of 3rd segments hind wings with
vein Rs originates just above upper angle of cell, M1 originates from upper
angle of cell, papillae anales not as above, corpus bursae not as above, uncus
57
shorter than gnathos, paramere very large apically broad, a large curved
thoran-like process at inner median surface, aedeagus with membranous
conjunctival lobe basets with clusters of large and cornuti…………….
…………………………………………………….. Diarsia spinosus (sp.n.)
4. For wings with apical angle upwardly directed, ductus bursae short, corpus
bursae irregular lobed ...... 5
… Fore wings with apical angle laterally directed, ductus bursae very long,
corpus bursae smoothly bilobed……………………Genus-Xestia Hubner 7
5. Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked and originating from cell, hind
wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle
of cell, apophyses posteriors equal to apophyses anteriors, distal lobe of
corpus bursae large, balloon-shaped...... Abagrotis trigona (Smith)
… Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and
originating from cell, hind wings with veins M2 and M3 not anastomosing
only M2 originates from lower angle of cell, apophyses posteriors much
longer than apophyses anteriors, distal lobe of corpus bursae small, oval-
shaped ……………………………………………………………………….6
58
6. Palpi with 2nd segment 3X the length of 3rd segment, apical angle of fore
wing sub-acute, papillae anales posteriorly deeply notchd, apophyses
anteriors twisted with apex pointed, corpus bursae with apex of one lobe
beak-shaped…………………………………… Abagrotis nefascia (Smith)
… Palpi with 2nd segment 2.5X the length of 3rd segment, apical angle of fore
wing sub-rounded, papillae anales posteriorly concave, apophyses anteriors
straight with apex blunt, corpus bursae with apex of one lobe ballon-shaped
…………………………………………………..…Abagrotis nanalis (Grote)
7. Palpi with 2nd segment 2.5X the length of 3rdsegment apex of paramere
bilobed, sub-apical outer margin convex ...... 8
… palpi with 2nd segment less than 2.25X the length of 3rd segment apex of
paramere unilobed, sub-apical outer margin with a process .……………….9
8. Vertex convex, hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and
originating from lower angle of cell, saccus distally narrowed apex of
gnathos truncated, theca with truncated thecal appendage, membranous
conjunctival lobe distally recmose ...... Xestia isolata (Holloway)
59
… Vertex bulging out, hind wings with vein M2 originates from lower angle of
cell, saccus distally broadly rounded, apex of gnathos club-shaped, theca
with pointed thecal appendage, membranous conjunctival lobe distally
pointed...... Xestia dolosa Franclemont
9. Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further stalked with R5 and
originating from upper angle of cell, paramere with outer process short,
inner process tooth-like, gnathos well developed………………………….
…………….………………………… Xestia xanthographa (Schiffermuller)
… Fore wings with R3 and R4 stalked further anastomosing with R5 and
originating from upper angle of cell, paramere with outer process long, inner
process Axe-shaped, gnathos reduced ...... 10
10. Palpi with 2nd segment distally narrowed, frons sub-roundly produced, hind
wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing, in males uncus with apex
pointed, laterally directed, membranous conjunctival lobe distally with 5-
leaf-like cornuti …………………..…………. Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel)
… Palpi with 2nd segment distally broad, from rounded, hind wings with veins
M2 and M3 wideapart in males, uncus with apex pointed, inwardly directed,
60
membranous conjunctival lobe distally bilobed medially with spine-like
cornuti, papillae anales bean-shaped, corpus bursae irregular bag-like with
wrinkled cornuti...... Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus)
11. Fore wings with tranverse dark wrinkled linings, tibiae normally
spined………………………………………….…. Genus Euxoa Hubner 12
… Fore wings with costal margin light colour lobes, tibiae very strongly
spined...... Genus Agrotis 16
12. Palpi with basal segment 1.5X the length of 3rd segment, hind wings with
veins Rs and M1 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell, apophyses
posteriors more than 2X the length, apophyses anteriors, ductus bursae very
large ………...…………………………………….. Euxoa pleuritica (Grote)
… palpi with basal segment more than 2.5X the length of 3rd segment hind
wings with veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle
of cell, apophysesses not as above, ductus bursae not as above ...... 13
13. Vertex highly raised, palpi with 2nd segment more than 4X the length of
3rdsegment, gnathos entirely absent, theca with thorn-like thecal appendages,
saccus anteriorly sharply produced…………...…….Euxoa detersa (Walker)
61
… Vertex slightly raised or smooth, palpi with 2nd segment less than 4X the
length of 3rd segment, gnathos present, theca without thorn-like thecal
appendage, saccus anteriorly blunt ...... 14
14. Palpi with basal segment longer than 2nd segment palpi long passing vertex
of head, hind wings with only one anal vein in males, uncus very large
curved inwardly, gnathos reduced, apex of paramere with a large tooth,
membranous conjunctival lobe multilobed ...... Euxoa munis (Grote)
… Palpi with basal segment shorter than 2nd , palpi moderate not reaching
vertex of head, hind wings with two anal veins in males, uncus moderate
laterally curved, gnathos well developed, apex of paramere with small
outgrowth, membranous conjunctival lobe not as above ...... 15
15. Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 stalked, hind wings with veins M2 and M3
wideapart and M2 originates from lower angle of cell, gnathos membranous,
apex of paramere truncated, saccus V-shaped, apex of membranous
conjunctival lobe with thorn-like appendage ...... Euxoa lidia (Stoll)
… Fore wing with veins R2 and R3 wideapart, hind wings with veins M2 and M3
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, gnathos sclerotized,
62
apex of paramere acute, saccus U-shaped, apex of membranous conjunctival
lobe with spinous appendage ……………………...Euxoa messoria (Harris)
16. Palpi with basal segment, longer or equal to 2nd segment, paramere with
pointed process at inner median margin, papillae anales rectangular shaped
...... 17
… Palpi with basal segment much shorter than 2nd segment, paramere with
blunt process at inner median margine, papillae anales not as above ………
…………………………………………………………………………….. 21
17. Palpi with basal segment more than 6X the length of 3rd segment, hind wings
with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing, inner margin of parameres with a large
pointed process …………………………………………………………… 20
… Palpi with basal segment less than 3X the length of 3rd segment, hind wings
with veins M1 and M3 wide apart M2 originating from lower angle of cell,
inner margin of parameres with a short thorn-like process ………………. 18
18. Palpi with 3rd segment apically truncated, anterior margin of hind wings
sinuated, saccus broad, apex of paramere toothed, apex of the membranous
63
conjunctival lobe with a thorn-like apandage, corpus bursae bilobed, both
lobe large balloon-like ………………………….. Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)
… Palpi with 3rd segment apically narrowed, anterior margin of hind wings
convex, saccus narrowed, apex of paramere sub-rounded, apex of
membranous conjunctival lobe not as above …………………...………..19
19. Palpi with 2nd segment 3X the 3rd segment, apical angle of fore wings
narrowed, hind wings with veins Sc+R1 fused with Rs near base, Rs and M1
anastomosing, gnathos absent, a small blunt process at inner margin of
paramere, membranous conjunctival lobe with a row of small spin-like
cornuti ………………………………...…... Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway
… Palpi with 2nd segment 2X the 3rd segment, apical angle of fore wings broad,
hind wings with veins Sc+R1 wideapart, Rs and M1 stalked, gnathos well
developed, sickle-shaped process at inner margin of paramere, membranous
conjunctival lobe with a series of leaf-like structure at apex
.…………………………………………….……….Agrotis malefida Guenee
20. Vertex raised, frons straight, palpi with basal segment about equal to 2nd,
anterior margin of fore wings sinuated, papillae anales rectangular shaped,
64
apophyses posteriors dilated at base longer than apophyses anteriors, ductus
bursae short, corpus bursae very large, balloon-shaped ……..…………..
………………………………...... Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus)
… Vertex smooth, frons sub-roundly produced, palpi with basal segment longer
than 2nd segment, anterior margin of fore wings convex, apex of the uncus
incurved, thorn-like, gnathos absent, theca with distal margin irregular,
membranous conjunctival lobe with a small sickle-shaped spine, a group of
small spines, at its base and at a small circular plate at inner median surface
……………..……………………………….....…… Agrotis obliqua (Smith)
21. Frons sub-roundly produced anteriad, palpi anteriorly directed, fore wings
with viens R3 and R4 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell, hind
wings with veins M2 and M3 stalked, apophyses anteriors triangular-shaped,
corpus bursae simple, unilobed………………..... Agrotis venerabilis Walker
… Frons smooth not produced, palpi upwardly or laterally directed, fore wings
with veins R3 and R4 not stalked or stalked and anastomosing with R5, hind
wings with veins M2 and M3 wideapart, apophyses anteriors not as
above, corpus bursae bilobed……………………………………………....22
65
nd rd 22. Palpi with 2 segment 5X the 3 segment, fore wings with veins R3 and R4
anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell, hind wings with only
one anal vein, apophyses posteriors very large about 3X the apophyses
anteriors, apex of both pointed, corpus bursae bilobed, distal lobe much
shorter than ventral lobe………………….. Agrotis segetum (Schiffermuller)
… Palpi with 2nd segment not more than 3X the 3rd segment, fore wings with
veins R3 and R4 not as above, hind wings with two anal veins, apophyses
posteriors about 2X the apophyses anteriors, later with truncated apex,
corpus bursae bilobed, both of about equal length …………….……….….23
23. Palpi with second segment thick, fore wings with veins R2 and R3 stalked
further stalked with R4 and originating from cell, hind wings with veins Rs
and M1 anastomosing, papillae anales kidney-shaped, corpus bursae bilobed
dorsal lobe large pear-shaped ………………….....Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)
… Palpi with second segment cylindrical, fore wings with veins R3 and R4
stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell, hind wings
with veins Rs and M1 shortly stalked, papillae anales rectangular-shaped,
corpus bursae bilobed dorsal lobe small oval-shaped ……………..
………………..………………………………..…. Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel)
66
Genus: Agrotis Ochs. 1816
Agrotis Ochs., 1816, Eur. Schmett. 4: 66; Hampson, 1894, Faun, Birt. Ind. 2:
180; Hashmi and Tashfeen, 1992, Proc. Pakistan Congz. Zool. 12: 187.
Graphiproma Ochs., 1816, ibd. 4:68.
Peridroma Hubner 1818, Verz. 227.
Axylia Hubner 1818, Verz. 211.
Amathes Hubner 1818, Verz. 222.
Triphaena Hubner 1818, Verz. 221.
Spaelotis Boisd 1840, Ind. Moth. 106.
Diagnostic features:
Body generally brown in colour, vertex raised, frons sub-convex, palpi well developed basal segment shorter or about equal to 2ndsegment 3rd segment
shortest, proboscis highly coiled, tibiae very strongly spined, fore wings with
anterior margin slightly sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated
with apical angle narrowed or sub-acute, R3 and R4 stalked only one anal vein
(1A) present, hind wings with anterior margin slightly sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated, apical angle sub-rounded, veins Rs and M1
67 anastomosing or stalked and originating from upper angle of cell, two anal veins
(1A and 2A) present.
Genitalia:
In males tegumen oblongated or elongated, uncus large, curved with apex pointed, gnathos usually developed, paramere plate-like.In female ductus bursae tubular,corpus bursae elongated, bilobed, balloon -shaped, papillae anales small, apophysiesses well developed.
Comparative note:
This genus is most closely related to the genus Euxoa in having body usually robust and palpi usually short or moderate but it can easilybe separated from the same in having fore wings with costal margin in having light colour lobes and tibiae very strongly spined and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
Type species:
Noctua segetum Denis & Schiffermuller,
Distribution:
World wide.
68
Agrotis clavis (Hufnagel) (Figs. 1-5)
Agrotis clavis Hufnagel, 1766; Magazin, 2(4): 426.
phalaena clavis Hufnagel, 1766; Magazin, 2(4): 426.
Colouration:
Body generally light brown in colour, except dark brown tinged and a light
brown costal median patch, hind wings pale at the base and other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 2):
Vertex raised, frons convex, palpi well developed antero-laterally produced,
basal segment much shorter than 2nd segment later about 3X the 3rd, proboscis
large coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 3):
Fore wings about 1.25X the hind wing, anterior and posterior margin slightly
concave, apical margin cranulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely
separated and paralled to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3,and
R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell,
M1, M2, M3 wideapart somewhat parallel, M2 originates from lower angle of cell,
69
Cu1,and Cu2, widely separated and parallel to each other, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind Wings (Fig. 4):
Anterior margin of hind wings convex, posterior margin sinuated apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub -rounded veins Sc+R1 unite with Rs at base
and M1 originates from upper angle of cell, M2 originates from lower angle of cell.
Two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Female genitalia (Fig. 5):
Papillae anales small rectangular-shape, besets with thick hairs, apophses
posteriors dilated at base thorn-like much longer than straight with blunt apex
apophyses anterior ductus bursae short tubular, corpus bursae bilobed large
distally narrowed with dilated apex proximally with balloon-like with cornuti all
over.
Wing expension (Fig. 1):
Body size 36-40 mm wing expension.
70
Material examined:
One female, Pakisatn: Naran, 10.05.2009. leg. Zubair Ahmed, on light, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in having hind wings with two anal veins, apophyses posteriors about 2X the apophyses anteriors later with truncated, corpus bursae bilobed but it can easily be separted from the same in having palpi with 2nd segment cylindrical, fore wings with veins
R3 and R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell, papillae
anales rectangular-shaped and by the other characters as noted in the key and
description.
71
Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus) (Figs. 6-10) Agrotis exclamationis Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn. 10) 1: 515.
Phalaena exclamationis Linnaeus, 1758; Syst. Nat. (Edn. 10) 1: 515.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour, except dark brown tinged, dark brown lobe present in costal base, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 7):
Head with frons produced, vertex raised, palpi well developed, laterally directed basal segment equal to 2nd segment, later about 6X the 3rd segment
,proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 8):
Fore wings about 1.25X the hind wings anterior and posterior margin
sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle, sub-rounded vein Sc widely
separated and paralled to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and
R4 stalked and anastomoising with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell M1
originates from below lower angle of cell, M2, M3 wideapart, M3 originates from
lower angle of cell, only one analvein (1A) present.
74
Hind Wings (Fig. 9):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex apical margin
cranulated with apical angle rounded, veins Sc+R1 unite with Rs near base, Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, two anal veins (1A and
2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 6):
Body size 28-32mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 10):
Papillae anales moderate rectangular shape, besets with small scattered and
large hairs, apophyses posterior thorn-like dilated at base, longer than curved with
pointed apex apophyses anterior ductus bursae short tubular, corpus bursae very
large balloon- shaped enclosed the twisted duct, later dilated at apex.
Material examined:
One female,Pakistan: Punjab, Murree, on light, 07.07.2007. leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodge at Kamaluddin’s collection.
75
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis obliqua (Smith) in having inner margin of paramere with a large pointed process, hind wings with veins M2
and M3 anastomosing but it can easily be separated by the same in having vertex raised, frons straight, palpi with basal segment about equal to 2nd, ductus bursae
short and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
76
Agrotis infusa (Boisduval) (Figs. 11-18)
Agrotis infusa Boisduval, et.al., 1832. Collect. Leon. Et. Hist. des. Chen.
Agrotis spina Guenee, 1852. Hist. Natu. des. Insects. Lepid. Noct. (3):
Agrotis cordata Walker, 1857. Cat. Lepid. Het. 1& 2.
Mamestra nitida Walker, 1865. Cat. Lepid. Het. 35:
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except dark brown tinged and a light brown costal median patch, hind wings pale at the base, other areas fuscus.
Head (Fig. 12):
Frons sub-convex, vertex raised, palpi well developed upturned, basal segment equal to 2nd segment, later about 2.5X the 3rd segment, proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 13):
Fore wings about 1.25X the hind wings, anterior margin sinuated posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, vein Sc widely, separated and parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell,
R3, R4 stalked and anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell,
79
M1, M2 and M3 wideapart somewhat parallel, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, only Cu1 present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 14):
Anterior margin of hind wings sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical
margin crenulated with apical angle rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs, Rs
anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 originates
from lower angle of cell, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 11):
Body size 52-53mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 15-17):
Tegumen oblongated (figs.15 and16) saccus V-shaped, proximally narrowed, uncus highly curved with pointed apex, gnathos large, broad plate-like, paramere large, beset with thick hairs an apical outers margins, a large pointed process at inner median margin, adjescent with a triangular process, aedeagus (Fig.17) tubular with finger- like thecal appendage membranus conjunctival lobe large with
proximally and medially large dot like cornuti, distally small thoran-like
appendage.
80
Female genitalia (Fig. 18):
Papillae anales moderate rectangular shape besets with scattered small large hairs, apophyses posteriors thorn-like dilated at base much longer than curved with pointed apex of apophyses anteriors, ductus bursae short tubular, slightly shorter than distal, later corpus bursae large bilobed with basal wrinkled cornuti all over and a ring shaped cornuti at base.
Material examination:
One male, one female, Pakistan: Sindh, Sujawal, 10.07.2004 and 08.08.2008 on light, leg. Zubair Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative Note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway in
having palpi with basal segment less than 3X the length of 3rd segment, hind wings
with veins M2 and M3 wideapart, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, but it can easily be separated by the same in having palpi with 3rd segment apically truncated, outer margin of hind wings sinuated, corpus bursae bilobed, both lobe large balloon -like, and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
81
Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel)
(Figs. 19-23)
Agrotis ipsilon, Rott, Noturf. 11: 141.
Noctua sutfusa, Fabr, Maut. Ins. 157; Moore, Lep. Ceyl. 3PL. 147. tig. 6; C & S.
Mo. 2001.
Phalaena idonea., Cram., Pap. Exot. 3. pl. 275 H.
Bombyx spinula, Esp, Silmett. 3pl. 63. figs. 6,7.
Colouration:
Body generally brown, tinged fore wings, dark brown patch in costal median area hind wings pale at the base, other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 20):
Head with frons sub-convexly produced, palpi well developed upturned basal segment about 2/3rd segment of the second later, about 2X the 3rd,segment proboscis large coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 21):
For wings with vein Sc widely separated and paralled to R1, R2 originates
from above angle of cell, R2 and R3 largely stalked and further stalked with R4 and
87 originating from upper angle of cell R5 originates below upper angle of cell, M1,
M2, M3 paralled to each other and M3 originates from lower angle of cell, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 22):
Hind wings with veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs, later anasomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 originates from lower angle of cell two
anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expention (Fig. 19):
Body size 50-52 with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 23):
PaPillae anales large moderate bean shape, besets with thick and large hair, apophyses posteriors very large proximally dilated thorn -like length about 2x of the curved with blunt apex of apophyses anteriors, ductus bursae short narrow tubular, corpus bursae bilobed, one short medially dilated with cornuti distally finger- like projection second distally dilated with oval shaped cornuti.
88
Material examined:
One female, Azad Kashmir: Angoori Bagh, on light. 15.07.2010, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis segetum (Schiffermuller) in having palpi upwardly or latterly directed, corpus bursae bilobed but it can easily be separated by the same, in having palpi with 2nd segment thick, corpus bursae
bilobed dorsal lobed large pear-shaped and by the other characters as noted in the
key and description.
89
Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway (Figs. 24-30)
Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway, 1976; Moths of Borneo with special reference to
Mt. Kinabalu: 6.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except dark brown lobes on costal area, hind wings pale at the base other sub-apical area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 25):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convex, palpi well developed slightly upturned, basal segment equal to 2nd segment later about 3X the 3rd segment, proboscis large
and highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 26):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin
crenulated with apical angle sub-roundly produced, vein Sc widely separated and
parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and
anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from
below upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 wideapart M3 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
93
Hind wings (Fig. 27):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-convex, veins Sc+R1 confluent near base of Rs, Rs
anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, two anal veins (1A and
2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 24):
Body size 22-25 mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 28-30):
Tegumen (Figs. 28 and 29) elongated, narrowed, saccus V-shaped, uncus
curved, inwardly with apex sharply jointed thorn-like, gnathos wanting, paramere
large, narrowed at apex a large knob-like process at inner sub-apical margin
aedeagus (Fig. 30) tubular with narrowed pointed thecal appandages, membranous
conjunctival lobe moderate apically curved, a series of small thorn-like cornuti on
middle of the lobe.
Material examined:
Two males, Azad Kashmir: Angoori Bagh, 07-05-2010, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
94
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis malefida Guenee, in having
anterior margin of hind wings convex and apex of paramere sub-rounded but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with 2nd segment about 3X the
length of 3rd segment, a small blunt process at inner margin of paramere and by the
other characters as noted in the key and description.
95
Agrotis malefida Guenee (Figs. 31-37) Agrotis malefida Guenee, 1852, in Boisduval & Guenee, Hist. nat. Ins. Spec.
gen. Lepid. 5. (Noct. 1): 267.
Agrotis inspinosa Guenee, 1852 in Boisduval & Guenee, Hist, nat, Ins. Spec.
gen. Lepid. 5 (Noct.1): 269.
Agrotis consueta Walker, 1857; List. Spec. Lepid. Insects. Colln. Br. Mus. 10:
334.
Colouration:
Body generally dark brown except blackish brown patch all over, hind wings
pale at the base apical margin fuscus.
Head (Fig. 32):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convex, palpi developed slightly upturned basal
segment about equal to 2nd segment later about 2X the 3rd segment, proboscis large
and coiled.
Fore wings (Fig.33):
Fore wings with anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin slightly sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated
98 to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from
below upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 wideapart M3 originates from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 parallel to each other only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 34):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin
crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded veins Sc+R1 separated from Rs, Rs shortly stalked with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 originates
from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A)
present.
Wing expension (Fig. 31):
Body size 42-45mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 35-37):
Tegumen (Figs. 35 and 36) elongated, narrowed, saccus V-shaped proximally
narrowed, uncus highly curved with sharply pointed horn-like apex, distal margin
beset with thick and large hairs, gnathos flap-like, paramere large beset with small
setae and hairs, on apical inner margin, a thorn-like pointed process at inner
median margin, aedeagus (Fig. 37) tubular with distal margin of theca sinuated,
99 membranous conjunctival lobe large with membranous leaf-like process on distal margin and a cornuti at base.
Material examined:
Two males, Pakistan: Naran, 7-05-2007, on light, leg. Zubair Ahmed, loged, at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
The species most closely related to Agrotis kinabaluensis Holloway in having palpi with 3rd segment apically narrowed, anterior margin of hind wings convex,
saccus narrowed but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with
2nd segment 2X the 3rd, gnathos well developed, flap-like membranous
conjunctival lobe with the series of leaf-like structure at apex and by the other
characters as noted in the key and description.
100
Agrotis obliqua (Smith)
(Figs. 38-44)
Agrotis obliqua Smith 1903; Can, Ent. 35 (5): 129.
Feltia obliqua Smith 1903; Can, Ent. 35 (5): 129.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except dark brown lobe at costal median margin, hind wings pale other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 39):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convexly produced palpi well developed, basal segment slightly longer the 2nd, segment later 4X the 3rd segment, proboscis
highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 40):
Fore wings with anterior margin slightly sinuated and posterior margin
convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc wide apart
and parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely
stalked and anastomoising with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1
103 originates from below upper angle of cell, M3 originates from lower angle of cell,
two cubital veins present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 41):
Hind wings with anterior margin almost straight, posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc+R1 confluent to Rs at base, Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and
M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 38):
Body size 24-25mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 42-44):
Tegumen (Figs. 42 and 43) elongated, saccus V- shaped, uncus large thickly elongated, apically incurved thorn-like dorsally besets with large thick hairs, paramere are large apical and outer margin beset with thick hairs, distally a thorn like process present aedeagus (Fig. 44) tubular with thorn-like thical appendage, membranous conjunctival lobe large, proximally with a large spine like and a group of small spines at base and inner median margin with small ring-like cornuti.
104
Matrial examined:
Two males, Pakistan: Naran, 17-04-2010, on light, leg. Zubair Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis exclamationis (L.,innaeus) in
having palpi with basal segment more than 6X the length of 3rd segment, hind
wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing but it can be easily be separated from
the same in having vertex smooth, frons sub-roundly produced, uncus in curved
and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
105
Agrotis segetum (Schiffermuller)
(Figs. 45-49)
Agrotis segetum Schiffermuller, 1775, Ankundung eines systematischen
Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend: 81.
Noctua segetum Schiffermuller, 1775, Ankundung eines systematischen
Werkes von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend: 81.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except dark brown tinged, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 46):
Frons sub-convex, vertex raised, palpi well developed upturned basal segment slightly shorter than 2nd segment later about 4X of the 3rd segment.
Proboscis large and highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 47):
Fore wings about 1.25X the hind wings, anterior and posterior margine slightly sinuated apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute vein Sc widely separated and paralled to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell,
108
R3, R4 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of celll, M1, M2 and M3
wideapart somewhat parallel to each other, M2 originates from lower angle of cell,
Cu1, Cu2 wideapart and parallel to each other, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 48):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 meeting with Rs near base
Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from angle of cell, M3 and Cu1
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, only one anal vein (1A)
present.
Wing expension (Fig. 45):
Body size 48-50mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 49):
Papillae anales large bean-shape besets with large hairs, apophyses
posteriors, thorn-like 3X longer than curved with pointed apex of apophyses
anteriors, ductus bursae short, tubular corpus bursae bilobed, proximal lobe short
tubular, distal lobe large balloon -like with small wrinkled cornuti all over.
109
Material examined:
One female, Pakistan: Punjab, Murree, 10.07-2007, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) in having corpus bursae bilobed both of about equal in length, hind wings with veins two anal veins but it can easily be separated from the same in having with palpi with 2nd segment 5X the 3rd segment corpus bursae bilobed dorsal lobe much
shorter than ventral lobe and by the other characters as noted in the key and
description.
110
Agrotis venerabilis Walker
(Figs. 50-54)
Agrotis venerabilis Walker (1857) List. Spec. Leid. Insects. Colln. Br. Mus. 10:
328.
Feltia venerabilis arida Cockerell, 1913; Entom. News 24(1):30.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except two dark brown lobes near costal margin, and a patch at sub-basal margin, hind wings pale at the base other area light brown.
Head (Fig. 51):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convexly produced, palpi well developed, anteriorly directed, basal segment shorter than 2nd segment, later about 5X the 3rd proboscis coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 52):
Fore wings with anterior margin convex, posterior margin sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc separated and parallel to
R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and originating
113 from upper angle of cell, R5 originates from middle angle of cell, M1, M2 and M3
wideapart, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, only
one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 53):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical
margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc+R1 confluent at the base of Rs, Rs stalked with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3
stalked and originating from lower angle of cell, only one cubital vein present, two
anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 50):
Body size 24-28mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 54):
Papillae anales moderate triangular-shape, beset with thick hairs, apophyses posteriors dilated at base, twisted, apex blunt much longer than apophyses anteriors with truncated apex, ductus bursae very large tubular proximally broad, corpus bursae, oval - shaped with small rounded cornuti.
114
Material examined:
Two females, Pakistan: Karachi, Malir, 24-07-2010, on light, leg. Shaheen
Naz, lodged by Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) in having palpi with basal segment much shorter than 2nd segment and paramere with blunt process at inner median margin but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi anteriorly directed, hind wings with veins M2 and M3 stalked and by
the other characters as noted in the key and description.
115
Genus: Euxoa Hubner 1821
Euxoa Hubner, 1821, Verz. bek. Schmett. (14): 209.
Metaxyja Hubner, 1821, Verz. bek. Schmett. (14): 223.
Pleonectopoda Grote, 1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc, nat. Sci. 1: 136.
Carneades Grote, 1883, Can. Ent. 15(1):4.
Chorizagrotis Smith, 1890, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 38: 98.
Orosagrotis Hampson, 1903, Cat. Lepid. Phalaenae Br. Mus. 4: 135.
Paragrotis Dyar, 1903, Bull. U.S. natn. Mus. 52: 140.
Mesoeuxoa Corti, 1932, in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde, Suppl. 3:38.
Menada Kozhantschikov, 1937, Fauna SSSR, (ns), 13(3): 593.
Diagnostic feature:
Body generally light brown except dark brown lobe at costal median and wrinkled transversely lining.
Head:
Head with frons sub-convex, vertex raised, palpi upturned but not reaching vertex, basal segment shorter than 2nd, 3rd segment shortest, proboscis coiled, fore
118 wings longer than hind wings, anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, hind wings with veins Rs and
M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell, two anal veins present.
Genitalia:
In males tegumen elongated, uncus large, curved with apex pointed, gnathos present, saccus well developed, paramere large, broad, with processes, aedeagus
tubular, conjunctival lobe large with thorn-like appendages. In females papillae
anales moderate, apophysesses well developed, about equal in size, ductus bursae
tubular, corpus bursae large bag-like in shape with cornuti.
Comparative note:
This genus is most closely related to the genus Abagrotis in having palpi with
3rd segment moderate more than 1/3rd the length of 2nd segment, usually upwardly directed but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore wings with apical angle laterally directed, ductus bursae very large and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
Type Species:
Noctua decora Denis and Schiffermuller 1775.
119
Distribution:
Palaeartic and Oriental region.
120
Euxoa detersa (Walker) (Figs. 55-61)
Euxoa detersa Walker, 1856, E. List. Spec. Lepid. Insecta. Colln. 3r. nus. 9:
212.
Charaeas? detersa Walker, 1856, E. List. Spec. Lepid. Insecta. Colln. 3r. nus.
9: 212.
Agrotis pitychrous Grote,1873, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 1: 82.
Agrotis personata Morrison,1876, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 18: 238.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except two white lobes at costal median margin and dark brown wrinkled transvers lining present, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 56):
Vertex highly raised, frons sub-convex, palpi well developed, upturned not reaching vertex, basal segment 2/3rd of 2ndsegment later more than 4X the 3rd
segment, proboscis highly coiled.
121
Fore wings (Fig. 57):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margin sinuated and apical margin crenulated with apx sub-acute, veins Sc parallel to R1, R2 originates just above from upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from below upper angle of cell,
M2 and M3 wideapart, M3 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins
present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 58):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin slightly sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 confluent to R5 at
base, R5 anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and
M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 55):
Body size 26-30mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 59-61):
Tegumen (Figs. 59 and 60) elongated, narrowed saccus V-shaped, anteriorly acute, uncus curved, sickle-shaped, gnathos wanting, paramere large, apicaly sub-
122 acute outer margin sinuated besets with thick hairs, aedeagus (Fig. 61) tubular
with a thorn-like thecal appendage, membranous conjunctival lobe, largl, distally
dilated with a large thorn-like cornuti.
Material examined:
Two males, . Azad Kashmir: Banjoosa, 15-07-2009, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Euxoa munis (Grote) in having palpi with basal segment more than 2.5X the length of 3rdsegment, hind wings with
veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell but it can
easily be separated from the same in having vertex highly raised, gnathos entirely
absent, saccus anteriorly sharply produced and by the other characters as noted in
the key and description
123
Euxoa lidia Stoll
(Figs. 62-68)
Euxoa lidia Stoll, 1782, In Cramer, Uitlolandase Kapell. 4: 222.
Phalaena lidia Stoll, 1782, In Cramer, Uitlolandase Kapell. 4: 222.
Colouration:
Body generally dark brown except two dark brown lobes in costal median margin. Hind wings pale at the base, sub-apical margin fuscus.
Head (Fig. 63):
Vertex raised, frons sub-rounded, palpli slightly upturned, basal segment about 2/3rd segment the length of 2nd segment later about 4.5X the 3rdsegment, proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 64):
Fore wings with anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, vein Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2 and R3 stalked and originating from above upper angle of cell, R4
and R5 shortly stalked and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from
126 below lower angle of cell, M2 and M3 wideapart, M3 originates from lower angle
of cell, two cubital veins present, only one anal vein (1A) is present.
Hind wings (Fig. 65):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical
margin sinuated with apical angle sub-acute. Veins Sc+R1 separated parallel to Rs,
Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 originates from lower angle of cell and M3 originates just below lower angle of cell, one
cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A & 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 62):
Body size 42-45mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 66-68):
Tegumen (Figs.66 and 67) oblongated, uncus curved, pointed dorsally beset
with thick hairs, gnathos membranous, saccus V-shaped, paramere large, apical
margin sub-acute with short thumb-like projection at inner side, outer margin beset
with thick large hairs, a large thorn-like process at inner median margin, aedeagus
(Fig. 68) tubular with distal margin sinuated, membranous conjunctual lobe very large, apex with small thorn-like process, medially a group of minute spine-like cornuti.
127
Material examined:
Two males, Pakistan: Chitral 17-07-2010, on light, leg. Zubair Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Euxoa messoria (Harris) in having palpi moderate not reaching vertex of head, uncus moderate laterally curved, apex of paramere with small out growth but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore wings with veins R2 and R3 stalked, gnathos membranous, saccus V-
shaped and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
128
Euxoa messoria (Harris) (Figs. 69-75)
Exuoa messoria Harris, 1841; Rep. Insects Mass. Injurious to Vegn: 324.
Agrotis spissa Guenee, 1852; in Boisduval & guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins., Spec. gen.
Lepid. 5 (Noct. 1): 261.
Agrotis ordinate Walker, 1865; List Spec. Lepid. Insects Colln Br. Mus. 32:
691.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except dark brown wrinkled and transvers lining all over, hind wing pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 70):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convex palpi well developed, slightly upturened, basal segment slightly shorter than 2ndsegment later more than 3X the 3rdsegment, proboscis highly coiled.
Fore wing (Fig. 71):
Fore wings with anterior margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc widely separated and
131 parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely stalked anastomosing with R5 and originating upper angle of cell, M1 originates
from below upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 wideapart and paralled to each other,
M2 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins presents only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 72):
Hind wings with anterior margin slightly sinuated, posterior margine convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 confluent two
Rs at base, Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2
and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, one cubital vien present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 69):
Body size 44-48mm with wing expension.
Male genitalie (Figs. 73-75):
Tegumen (Figs. 73 and 74) elongated, saccus U-shaped, uncus large curved
with apex pointed, inner and outer margin besets with thick hairs, gnathose short,
paramere large apically narrowed inner margin besets with small hairs at inner
median margin a thorn-like pointed process aedeagus (Fig.75) short tubular
132 membranous conjunctival lobe bilobed basal very small, apical lobe very large with lunar-shape, wrinkled cornuti at apex.
Material examined:
Two males, Pakistan, Naran 4-07-2009. On light, leg. Zubair Ahmed lodged at Kamaluddin’s collections.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Euxoa lidia (Stoll) in having palpi with basal segment shorter than 2ndsegment, hind wings with two anal veins, apex
of paramere with small outgrouth but it can easily be separated from the same in
having hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower
angle of cell, apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with spinous appendage and
by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
133
Euxoa munis (Grote)
(Figs. 76-82)
Euxoa munis Grote, 1879; North. Amer. Ent. 1: 38.
Agrotis sublatis Grote, 1880; North Amer. Ent. 1: 91.
Agrotis rena Smith, 1890; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 17: 53.
Setagrotis dolens Smith, 1906; Can. Entomologist, 38: 226.
Euxoa cervinea Smith, 1910; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 36: 262.
Colouration:
Body generally, brown in colour except light brown two lobes at costal median margin, hind wings with basal area pale other area fuscus.
Head: (Fig.77)
Vertex raised, frons sub-convexly produced palpi ,well developed upturned, reaching vertex of head, basal segment about equal to the 2ndsegment, later more than 2X the 3rdsegment, proboscis coiled.
136
Fore wings: (Fig.78):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margin sinuated apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc parallel to R1, R2 originates from
above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely stalked and anastomosing with R5 originating from upper angle of cell, M1, M2 and M3 wideapart, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 79):
Hind wings with anteriors margin sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs, Rs anastomosing with M1 originating from upper angle of cell, M2, M3 slightly apart and M2 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 76):
Body size 34-40mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 80-82):
Tegumen(Figs.80 and 81), oblongate, large saccus, narrowed, uncus large pointed beak-shaped, curved inwardly, apex and posterior margin with thick hairs, gnathos reduce membranous, paramere large medialy narrowed, apically rounded
137 with apex pointed beset with small thick hairs aedeagus, (Fig. 82) tubular,
membranous conjunctival lobe large without cornuti.
Material examined:
Two males, Pakistan: Karachi, Malir 12-05-2009. On light, leg.
Shakira,lodged at Kamaluddin’s collections.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Euxoa lidia (Stoll) in having vertex
slightly raised or smooth, theca without thorn-like thecal appendage, saccus
anteriorly blunt but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi long
passing vertex of head, uncus very large curved inwardly, paramere with a large
tooth and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
138
Euxoa pleuritica (Grote)
(Figs. 83-87)
Euxoa pleuritica Grote, 1876; Checklist Noctuidae Amer. North Mexico. 11:47.
Agrotis pleuritica Grote, 1876 ;Checklist Noctuidae Amer .North Mexico.11:47.
Cameades messoria var.confracta Smith.1890; Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 38:170.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour except transversely dark brown wrinkled lining, hind wings pales at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 84):
Vertex raised palpi well developed, slightly upturned, basal segment slightly shorter than 2ndsegment later about 2X the 3rd segment, proboscis long highly
coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 85):
Fore wings with anterior margin slightly sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R5 stalked
and anastomising with R5 and originate from upper angle of cell, M1 originates
141 from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 86):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated and posterior margin convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc+R1 united with Rs,
Rs shortly stalked with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell M2 and M3
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, only one cubital vein
present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 83):
Body size 34-38mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia(Fig. 87):
Papillae annales rectangular -shaped beset with thick hairs, apophyses
posteriors triangular- shaped at base twisted pointed at apex, about longer than
apophyses anteriors, ductus bursae narrowed twisted, tubular, corpus bursae larger balloon -shaped dot-like and elongated cornuti all over.
142
Material examined:
Two female, Pakistan. Azad Kashmir: Banjoosa, 15-07-2010, on light leg.
Zubair Ahmed, lodge at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This specie is most closely related to Euxoa detersa Walker in having fore wing with transverse dark wrinkled lining and tibia normally spine but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with basal segment 1.5X the length of 3rd ,apophyses posteriors more than 2X the length of apophysies anterior
by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
143
Genus: Abagrotis Smith 1890
Abagrotis Smith, 1890, Bull. U.S. Natn. Mus. 30:9, 49.
Diagnostic feature:
Body generally light and dark brown in colour.
Head:
Head with frons sub- convex, vertex raised, palpi upturned, basal segment shorter than 2nd, 3rd segment shortest, proboscis coiled, fore wings longer than hind
wings, anterior margin sinuated, apical margin crenulated, apical angle sub-
rounded or sub-acute, veins R3 and R4 stalked, only one anal vein present, hind
wings with anterior margin sinuated, apical angle sub-rounded, veins R5 and M1
anastomosing and originate from upper angle of cell two anal veins present.
Genitalia:
In female papillae anales is moderate, apophyses well developed, ductus
bursae tubular and short, corpus bursae large bilobed, balloon -shaped with
cornuti.
146
Comparative note:
This genus is most closely related to Xestia Hubner in having the 3rd segment
of palpi more than 1/3rd the length of 2nd segment and usually upwardly directed
but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore wings with apical angle
upwardly directed, ductus bursae short, corpus bursae irregularly lobed and by the
other characters as noted in the key and description.
Type Species:
Agrotis erratica Smith, 1890
Distribution:
World wide.
147
Abagrotis nanalis (Grote)
(Figs. 88-92)
Abagrotis nanalis Grote 1881 ALBERTA University of Alberta, E.H.
Strickland Ento . Mus; Browse Entomology collection
Abagrotis nanalis Grote 1881 BAMONA Paul Opler. Harry.Pavulaaan. Ray
Stanford.Michael Pogue;Butter. and Moths of North America; Mountain
Prairie Information Node
Abagrotis nanalis Grote 1881 NOCTS Noctuid Search;An Interactive Key to
Identify the Noctuidae of North America
Colouration:
Body generally brown except dark tinged, hind wings pale at the base, other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 89):
Vertex raised, frons convex, palpi well developed, upturned slightly passing vertex, basal segment about slightly shorter than 2nd later about 2.5X the third,
proboscis large highly coiled.
148
Fore wings (Fig. 90):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margin sinuated, apical margin cranulated, apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc parallel to R1, R2 originates from
above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely stalked and anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell , M1 originates from below above angle of
cell, M3 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital vein present, only one
anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 91):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin
sinuated and apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 confluent to Rs at base, Rs
anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3
anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present
and two anal veins (1A & 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 88):
Body size 42-45mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 92):
Papillae anales moderate -bean shaped, posteriorly medially concave, besets
with thick hairs, apophyses posteriors triangular at base, apex pointed much longer
149 than apophyses anteriors, later blunt at apex, ductus bursae proximally dilated,
corpus bursae bilobed, dorsal lobe broad balloon- shaped with dot- like cornuti all
over, ventral lobe very large tubular with apex dilated.
Material examined:
Two females, Pakistan: Shangla gali, 16-08-2010, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Abagrotis nefascia (Smith), in having fore wings with veins R3 and R4 largely stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell, hind wings with M2 originates from lower angle of cell, but
it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with 2nd segment 2.5 X the length of 3rd segment, papillae anales posteriorly concave, apophyses anteriors
straight with apex blunt and by the other characters as noted in the key and
description.
150
Abagrotis nefascia (Smith) (Figs. 93-97)
Abagrotis nefascia Smith, 1908; ALBERTA University of Alberta, E. H.
Strickland Ento . Mus; Browse Antomology collection; id, NOCTS Noctuid
Search;An Interactive Key to Identify the Noctuidae of North America.
Coloration:
Body generally dark brown except light tinged other area fuscus, hind wings
pale at the base.
Head (Fig. 94):
Vertex raised frons convex, palpi well developed up turned reaching upto
vertex, basal segment slightly shorter than 2ndsegment later about 3X the 3rd
segment , proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 95):
Anterior margins sinuated and posterior margins convex, apical margin
cranulated, apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2
originates from above angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and anastomosing with R5
153 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins present, only one anal vein present.
Hind wings (Fig. 96):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated and posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs,
Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3
slightly apart and M3 originates from lower angle of cell, only one cubital vein present and two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 93):
Body size 44-48mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 97):
Papillae anales moderate irregular apicaly with a thumb -like projection besets with thick and large hairs, apophyses posterior triangular shaped at base and much longer than apophyses anteriors, apophyses later twisted with pointed apex, ductus bursae tubular and short, corpus bursae bilobed tubular, dorsal lobe with balloon -like apex, ventral lobe with beak -shaped apex, both having dot like cornuti.
154
Material examined:
Two females, Pakistan: Chitral, 17-07-2010, on light, leg. Zubair Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Abagrotis nanalis (Grote) in having hind wings with veins M2 and M3 not anastomosing, only M2 originates from
lower angle of cell, distal lobe of corpus bursae small, oval shaped but it can be
easily be separated from the same in having palpi with 2nd segment 3X the length of third segment, fore wings sub- acute, corpus bursae with apex of one lobe beak
-shaped and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
155
Abagrotis trigona (Smith)
(Figs. 98-102)
Abagrotis trigona Smith,1893; ALBERTA University of Alberta, E. H.
Strickland Ento . Mus; Browse Antomology collection; id. BAMONA Paul
Opler. Harry. Pavulaaan. Ray, Stanford. Michael Pogue;Butter,and Moths of
North America;Mountain Prairie Information Node; id, NOCTS Noctuid
Search; An Interactive Key to Identify the Noctuidae of North America.
Colouration:
Body generally yellowish brown except dark brown patch on costal margin, hind wings pale at the base and other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 99):
Vertex raised, frons reduced, palpi well developed, antero-laterally directed, basal segment much shorter than 2nd later about 3X the 3rd, proboscis large and coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 100):
Fore wings with anterior margin shortly sinuated, posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated
158 parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked and
originating upper angle of cell, R5 originates from below upper angle of cell, M2
originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein Cu1 present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 101):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs, Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, two anal veins (1A and
2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 98):
Body size 38-40mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 102):
Papillae anales moderately elongated besets with thick and large hairs, apophyses posteriors dilated at base and twisted apex pointed about equal to
apophyses anteriors with apex blunt, ductus bursae very large bilobed distal lobe
balloon-shaped with dot like cornuti proximal lobe irregularly lined with spine-
like cornuti.
159
Material examined:
Two females, Pakistan: Karachi, Malir, 15-04-2010, on light, leg. Shaheen
Naz, lodge at Kamaluddin’s collections.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely to Abagrotis nefascia (Smith) in having fore wings with apical angle upwardly directed, ductus bursae short but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked
and originating from upper angle of cell, distal lobe of corpus bursae large
balloon-shaped and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
160
Genus: Diarsia Hubner 1821
Diarsia Hubner, 1821; Verz. bek., Schmett, (14): 222.
Oxira Walker, 1865: List. Spec. Lepid. Insects. Colln. Br: Mus. 32:656.
Diagnostic feature:
Body generally light brown with dark brown patches except the white lobes on costal median area head with frons sub-convex vertex raised, palpi well developed basal segment shorter than 2nd, 3rd segment shortest, proboscis highly coiled, fore wings longer than 2nd wings, anterior margin sinuated apical margin
crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded veins R3 and R4 stalked, one anal vein
present, hind wings with anterior margin sinuated or convex, posterior margin
convex, apical angle sinulated veins Rs and M1 anastomosing or slightly apart and originating upper angle of cell, two anal veins present.
Genitalia:
In males tegumen elongated, uncus large and straight with apex pointed, gnathos larger than uncus, saccus well developed, paramere very large, apex of inner margin beset with large thick hairs, membranous conjunctival lobe large with thorn-like cornuti. In female papillae anales very large bean-shaped,
163 apophysesses well developed about equal in size, ductus bursae tubular, large,
corpus bursae irregular in shaped with wrinkled cornuti.
Comparative note:
This genus is most closely related to Aabagrotis ( Smith) in having body
usually cylindrical and palpi usually long but it can easily be separated from the
same in having palpai with 3rd segment short less than 1/3rd the length of 2nd
segment usually anterior laterally directed and by the other characters as noted in
the key and description.
Type species:
Noctua dahlii Hubner, 1813
Distribution:
World wide.
164
Diarsia serrata Holloway (Figs. 103-107)
Diarsia serrata Holloway; 1976 Moths, Borneo. Kinabalu: 7: 56-57.
Colouration:
Body generally brown except dark tinged, hind wings pale at base, other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 104):
Vertex reaised, frons sub-convex palpi well developed basal segment about
2/3rd of the 2nd segment later about 0.5X the 3rd, proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 105):
Anterior and posterior margin sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3,and R4 largely stalked and anastomosing with
R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from below lower angle
of cell, M2, and M3 wideapart, M3 originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital
veins present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
165
Hind wings (Fig. 106):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated and posterior margin convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded veins Sc+R1 confluent to Rs
at base, Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell M2, M3
slightly apart and M3 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 103):
Body size 26-30mm with wing expension.
Female genitalia (Fig. 107):
Papillae anales large bean -shape, besets with thick and large hairs, apophyses posteriors and anterior about equal in size, apophyses posterior twisted with, pointed apexr apophyses anterior straight and blunt apex, ductus bursae, long tubular, corpus bursae, very large irregular in shape, dot -like connuti all over.
Material examine:
Two females, Pakistan: Karachi, Malir, 15-04-2010 on light, leg. Shaheen
Naz, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
166
Comparativ note:
This species is most closely related to Diarsia spinosus ( sp.n. ) in having palpi with 3rd segment short less than 1/3rd the length of 2nd segment and usually antero-laterlly directed but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi
nd rd with 2 segment about 5X the length 3 segment hind wings th veins Rs and M1
anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell, corpus bursae large,
irregularly bilobed and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
167
Diarsia spinosus (Sp.n.) (Figs. 108-114)
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour, dark brown patch all over, hind wings pale at base.
Head: (Fig. 109):
Vertex raised, frons convex, palpi well developed slightly turned, basal segment about 2/3rd of the 2ndsegment later about 4X the 3rdsegment, proboscis coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 110):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margins slightly convex, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute ,veins Sc-widely separated and paralled to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely
stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1,
M2,and M3wideapart somewhat parallel, M3 originates from lower angle of cell,
Cu1 and Cu2 widely separated, only one anal vein (1A) present.
170
Hind wings (Fig. 111):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margins convex, apical margin sinuated, with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs, Rs originates just above upper angle of cell, M1 originates from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3, wideapart and only originates from lower angle of cell, two cubital veins present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 108):
Body size 46-48mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 112-114):
Tegument (Figs.112 and 113) elongated, saccus broad V-shaped uncus broad straight, knif-like, apex pointed, gnathos large longer than uncus, paramere long, broad, apically sub-rounded, besets with long thick hairs on inner margin, a pointed curve process present on median sub-apical margin aedeagus (Fig. 114) tubular at distal margin with one thecal appendage, membranous conjunctival lobe moderate, distally a group of thorn-like appendages and proximally a group of small cornuti.
171
Material examined:
Two males, Pakistan: Karachi, 20-04-2010, on light, leg. Shakira lodged. at
Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Diarsia serrata Holloway in having, palpi with 3rd segment short less than 1/3rd of the length of 2nd segment and usually anterior laterally directed but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with 2nd segment about 4X the length of third hind wing with veins
Rs originates just above upper angle of cell, adeagus with membranous
conjunctival lobe besets with clusters of large and small cornuti and by the other
characters as noted in the key and description.
172
Genus: Xestia Hubner 1818
Xestia Hubner, 1818, Zutrage Samml. Exto. Schmett. 1: 16.
Megasema Hubner, 1821, Verz. Bek. Schmerr. (14): 222.
Achnobia Guenee, 1852, in Boisduval & Guenee, Hist. Nat. Ins., Spec. gen.
Lepid. 5 (Noct. 1): 341.
Agrotiphila Grote, 1876, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. 11: 108.
Schoyenia Aurivillius, 1883, Ent. Tidskr. 4: 191.
Hypoxestia Hampson, 1903, Cat. Lepid. Phalaenae Br. Mus. 4: 600.
Epipsiliamorpha Barnes & Benjamin, 1929, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 24: 173.
Diagnostic feature:
Body generally light and dark brown grayish with large brassy patern.
Head:
Head with frons sub-convex, vertex raised, palpi upturened with basal
segment shorter than 2nd sgment, 3rd segment shorter, proboscis coild; fore wings
much longer than hind wing, anterior margin sinuated, apical margin crenulated
with apical angle sub-rounded or sub-acute veins R3 and R4 stalked only one anal
176 vein present, hind wings with anterior margin convex, apical angle distinctly
sinuated, veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell, one or two anal veins present.
Genitalia:
In males tegumen elongated, uncus large curved, with apex acute, longer then genathos, sacus well marked, paramears large, broad with process, a aedeagus tubular membranous conjunctival lobe large with thorn-like appendags. In female papillae anales large, apophysesses well developed about equal in size, ductus bursae tubular, corpus bursae large bilobed or irregular in shape with cornuti.
Comparative note:
This genus is most closely related to Abagrotis Smith in having palpi with 3rd
segment moderate more than 1/3rd the length of the 2nd segment and palpi usually upwardly directed but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore wings with apical angle laterlly directed, ductus bursae very large, corpus bursae smoothly bilobed and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
Type Species:
Noctua ochreago Hubner, 1809, Samml. Eur. Schmett. 4: pl. 92.
177
Distribution:
Palaeartic, Oriental regions
178
Xestia c-nigram (Linnaeus)
(Figs. 115-122)
Xestia c-nigram Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn10) 1: 516.
Phalaena c-nigram Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn10) 1: 516.
Colouration:
Body generally dark brown except light brown tinged and a white costal median patch, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 116):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convex, palpi well developed upturned, basal segment about 2/3rd of the 2nd segment later about 2X the 3rd segment, proboscis large highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 117):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margins sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated and parallel to
R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 stalked anastomosing
R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1, M2 and M3 wide apart somewhat parallel, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 widely separated and parallel to each other, only one anal vein (1A) present.
179
Hind wings (Fig. 118):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 separated from Rs, Rs anastomosing with M1 originating from upper angle of cell, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 115):
Body size 46-50mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 119-121):
Tegumen (Figs. 119 and 120) elongated saccus U-shaped proximally narrowed, uncus curved inwardly apex pointed, gnathos reduced, paramere large apically narrowed, a small truncated process near apical outer margin, a large truncated process at inner median margin aedeagus, (Fig. 121) tubular without thecal appendage, membranous conjunctival lobe large bilobe, basal lobe short, apical lobe with sclerotized wrinkle cornuti.
Female genitalia (Fig. 122):
Papillae anales large moderate, bean-shaped besets with thick small hairs, apophyses posteriors dilated at base, thorn-like slightly longer than curved with
180 pointed apex, apophyses anteriors, ductus bursae large tubular, corpus bursae large irregular bag-like with wrinkled all over.
Material examined:
One male, one female, Pakistan:Naran,16-06-2010, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely to Xestia triangulum ( hufmagel) in having paramere with outer process long, inner process Axe-shaped but it can easily be separated from the same in having corpus bursae irregular bag-like with wrinkled cornuti, conjunctival lobe distally bilobed, medially with spin-like cornuti and by
the other characters as noted in the key and description.
181
Xestia dolosa Franclemont
(Figs. 123-129)
Xestia dolosa Franclemont, 1980, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 82(4): 579.
Colouration:
Body generally dark brown, a blackish brown costal median patch adjescent with two small dark lobes, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 124):
Vertex raised, frons straight, palpi well developed upturned passing vertex, basal segment much shorter than 2nd segment, later about 2.5X the 3rd segment
proboscis large and coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 125):
Anterior and posterior margins slightly sinuated apical margin crenulated
with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated and paralled to R1, R2
originates from above upper angle of cell, R3 and R4 largely stalked and anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from
below upper angle of cell, M2, M3 wideapart, M3 originates from lower angle of
cell, Cu1 and Cu2 parallel to each other, one anal vein (1A) present.
185
Hind wings (Fig. 126):
Hind wings with anterior and posterior margin slightly sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 paralled to Rs, Rs
anastomosing with M1 and originating with upper angle of cell, M2, originates
from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A)
present.
Wing expension (Fig. 123):
Body size 48-50mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 127-129):
Tegumen (Figs. 127 and 128) elongated, saccus U- shaped proximally broad, uncus curved, inwardally with pointed apex, ganathos moderate semiscrelerotized, paramere large apically bifurcated besets with long and short hairs, on apical outer
margin, a moderate club -shaped process at inner median margin, aedeagus (Fig.
129) tubular, large with narrowed thecal appendages, membranous conjunctival
lobe large apically narrowed with screlerotized wrinkle shaped cornuti.
Material examined:
Two males, Azad Kashmir: Banjoosa, 13-07-2009, on light, Leg by Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
186
Comparative Note:
This species is most closely related to Xestia isolata Holloway in having palpi with 2nd segment 2.5X the length of 3rd segment and apex of paramere bilobed but it can easily be separated from the same in having, vertex bulging out, hind wings with vein M2 originates from lower angle of cell, saccus distally
broadly rounded and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
187
Xestia isolata (Holloway)
(Figs. 130-136)
Xestia isolata Holloway, 1976, Moths, Borneo Kinabalu, 12: 6.
Amathes isolate, Holloway, 1976, Moths, Borneo Kinabalu, 12: 6.
Colouration:
Body generally grayish brown except tinged and a white costal median pach adjescent with two small dark lobes, hind wing pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 131):
Vertex reaised, frons convex, palpi well developed slightly turned, basal segment about equal to 2nd segment latter about 3X the 3rd segment, proboscis highly coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 132):
Fore wings with anterior and posterior margine slightly sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-rounded, vein Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2 originating from above upper angle of cell, R3, R4 stalked
anastomosing with R5 and originates from upper angle of cell, M1, M2, M3
191 wideapart somewhat parallel, M3 originates from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 widly separated and paralled to each other, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 133)
Anterior margin convex and posterior margin straight apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, viens Sc+R1 separated anastomosing with M1 and
originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, only one cubital vein Cu1 present, two anal veins (1A
and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 130):
Body size 46-50mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia( Figs. 134-136)
Tenumen (Figs. 134 and 135) anelongated, saccus shaped, V- proximally
narrowed uncus curved equal to gnathos, paramere long, apically bifurcated, inner
broad, outer spinose, a large truncated process at inner median margin, aedeagus
(Fig. 136) tubular with truncated thecal appendage, membranus conjunctival lobe
large, apically with recemose conjunctival appendage.
192
Material examined:
One male,Pakistan: Punjab, Shangla Gali, 07-07-2009. On light, leg Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at, Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative Note:
The species is most closely related to Xestia dolosa (Franclemont) in having palpi with 2nd segment 2.5X the length of 3rd segment and apex of paramere bilobed but it can easily be separated from the same in having vertex convex, hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing originating from lower angle of cell, membranous conjunctival lobe distally recemose appendage and by the other characters as noted in the key and description.
193
Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel)
(Figs. 137-143)
Xestia triangulum Hufnagel, 1766, Berlin. Magazine, 3(3): 306.
Phalaena triangulum Hufnagel, 1766, Berlin. Magazine, 3(3): 306.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour, dark blackish brown lobe present in costal base, hind wings pale at the base, other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 138):
Vertex raised, frons sub-rounded, palpi well developed upturned reaching vertex of head basal segment slightly shorter than 2nd segment, later about 2X the
3rd segment, proboscis developed and coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 139):
Fore wings anterior and posterior margin slightly sinuated, apical margin crenulated with apical angle sub-acute, veins Sc widely separated and parallel to
R1, R2 originates above upper angle of cell, R3, R4 stalked and anastomosing with
R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1 originates from below upper angle
197 of cell, M2 and M3 wideapart, M3 originates from lower angle of cell, one cubital
vein present, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 140):
Hind wings with anterior margin sinuated and posterior slightly convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 parallel to Rs anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell, one cubital vein present, two anal veins (1A and 2A) present.
Wing expension (Fig. 137):
Body size 34 -40 mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 141-143):
Tegumen (Figs.141 and 142) elongated, saccus V-shaped proximally narrowed, uncus curved, inwardly apex pointed, gnathos short, paramere large apically rounded besets with short hairs on inner margin, a small truncated process present at outer sub-apical margin at median inner margin an “Axe” shaped process, aedeagus (Fig. 143) tubular distal margin sinuated, membranous, conjunctival lobe large proximally with a group of leaf- like projections.
198
Material examined:
Two males, Azad Kashmir: Banjoosa, 13-07-2010, on light, leg. Zubair
Ahmed, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative note:
This species is most closely related to Xestia c-nigrum (Linnaeus ) in having fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further anastomosing with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, paramere with outer process long, ganathos absent, but it can easily be separated from the same in having palpi with 2nd
segment distally narrowed, frons sub-roundly produced, membranous conjunctival
lobe distally with five leaf-like cornuti and by the other characters as noted in the
key and description.
199
Xestia xanthographa (Schiffermuller)
(Figs. 144-150)
Xestia xanthographa Schiffermuller, 1775, Schiff. Wein. Verz. 83.
Agrotis xanthographa var. elutier Alpheroky, 1887, Zeit. Entomol. Ver. Steffin, 48:
161-171.
Colouration:
Body generally brown in colour, and a white costal median patch adjuscent
two small dark lobes, hind wings pale at the base other area fuscus.
Head (Fig. 145):
Vertex raised, frons sub-convex palpi well developed up turned reaching vertex of head, basal segment much shorter than 2nd segment later about 2X the
3rdsegment, proboscis large and coiled.
Fore wings (Fig. 146):
Fore wings anterior margin distinctly sinuated and posterior margin sinuated, apical margin slightly sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc widely separated and parallel to R1, R2 originates from above upper angle of cell, R3, and
R4 stalked later stalked with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell, M1, M2,
202
M3 wideapart somewhat parallel to each other, M2 originates from lower angle of cell, Cu1 and Cu2 widely separated, only one anal vein (1A) present.
Hind wings (Fig. 147):
Anterior and posterior margins slightly convex, apical margin sinuated with apical angle sub-rounded, veins Sc+R1 meeting with Rs near base, Rs
anastomosing with M1 and originating from upper angle of cell, M3 and Cu1
wideapart and M2 originates from lower angle of cell, two anal veins (1A and 2A)
present.
Wing expension (Fig. 144):
Body size 34-40 mm with wing expension.
Male genitalia (Figs. 148-150):
Tegumen (Figs.148 and 149) elongatated saccus V- shaped proximally
narrowed uncus curved inwardly apex sharply pointed, gnathos equal to ancus,
paramere large besets with thick hairs in apical outer inner margin, a small thumb-
shaped process at inner median margin and a truncated process at outer sub-apical
margin, aedeagus (Fig. 150) tubular with distal margin of theca sinuated,
membranous conjunctival lobe large distally two thorn-like appendages.
203
Material examined:
Two males, Azad Kashmir: Angoori Bagh, 15-07-2010, on light leg. Zubair
Ahmd, lodged at Kamaluddin’s collection.
Comparative Note:
This species is most closely related to Xestia triangulum (Hufnagel) in having palpi with 2nd segment less than 2.25X the length of 3rd segment and apex
of paramere unilobed but it can easily be separated from the same in having fore
wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further stalked with R5 and originating from
upper angle of cell, gnathos well developed and by the other characters as noted in
the key and description.
204
207
BIODIVERSITY
The representatives of the sub-family Noctuinae of the family Noctuidae
are distributed throughout the world. In Pakistan they are recorded from the south
(in sindh province) towards northword (in Punjab and northern areas) direction as
well as from west (Khaibar Pukhtoon Kwah) and Baluchistan to Eastword (Punjab
and Azad Kashmir) direction. Most of the population were recorded during March to September.
Presently 24-species of the above sub-family recorded from different localities from Pakistan viz. Agrotis clavis from Naran(K.P.K), Agrotis exclamationis, Murree (Punjab), Agrotis infusa, Sunawal (Sindh), Agrotis ipsilon,
Angori Bagh (Azad Kashmir), Agrotis kinabaluensis, Angori Bagh (Azad
Kashmir), Agrotis malefida, Naran (K.P.K), Agrotis oblique Naran (K.P.K),
Agrotis segetum Murree (Punjab), Agrotis venerabilis Karachi (Sindh), Euxoa detersa Banjoosa (Azad Kashmir), Euxoa lidia Chitral (K.P.K), Euxoa messoria
Naran (K.P.K), Euxoa munis Karachi (Sindh), Euxoa pleuritica Banjoosa (Azad
Kashmir), Abagrotis nanalis, Shangla gali (Punjab), Abagrotis nefascia, Chitral
(K.P.K), Abagrotis trigona, Karachi (Sindh), Diarsia serrata, Karachi (Sindh),
Diarsia spinosus sp.n Karachi (Sindh), Xestia c-nigrum, Naran (K.P.K), Xestia
dolosa Banjoosa (Azad Kashmir), Xestia isolata Shangla Gali (Punjab), Xestia
208 triangulum (Banjoosa Azad Kashmir), Xestia xanthographa Angoori Bagh(Azad
Kashmir).
The range sea level from Karachi to Azadkashmir in b/w the range of 21m to
3590m and the temperature of these localities from South to North in summer
360oC-21oC in winter100C - 2oC April to August above as the annual temperature ranges 12-23 centigrade. Amount of precipitation between 800 to 1500m.m. and some time about 1700m.m. Average relative humidity at 1200 UTC recorded 41% to 61%.
The dominant plants are Oryza sativa (Rice), Gossypium (Cotton), Triticum officunarum (Wheat), Abelmosches osculentum (Ladyfinger), Brassica oleracea
(Cabbage), Solanum tuberosum (Potato), Cicer arietinum (Chickpea), Glycine max
(Soyabean), Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco), Phaseolus vulgaris (Beans), Cucurbita pepo Cucumis sativus (Cucurbits), Pisum sativum (Peas), Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato), Saccharm Officenarum (Sugarcane), Beta sp. (Beet),
Helianthus annuus (Sunflower), Spinacia sp. (Spinach), Brassica comprestis
(Mustered), Cofea sp. (Coffee), Malus sp. (Apple), Vitis sp. (Grapes), Sesamum sp. (Sesame), Pine sp. (Pinus), Fragaria sp. (Strawberry), Mediago sp. (Alfalfa),
Hardeum sp. (Barley), Trifolium sp. (Clover).Aesculus indica, Berberis sp.,
Cassia nodosa, Cedrus deodara, Crataaegus mogifera, Eupatorum odoratum,
209
Ficus religiosa, Hibiscus obelmoschus, Hypericum cernum, Mentha logifolia,
Pinus geraradiana, P. rouburghii, P.wallichiana, Pistacia khinjuk, Prunus padus,
Ricinus communis, Rumen hastatus, Salvadora persica, Sesbania aegyptiaea,
Tomarix sp., Zizyphus juguba.
210
CHART SHOWING SPECIES DIVERSITY
SPECIES LOCALITIES NAME OF SPECIES LOCALITIES CODE CODE Agrotis clavis 1 Naran (K.P.K) N
Agrotis exclamationis 2 Murree (PUNJAB) M
Agrotis infusa 3 Sujawal (SINDH) Sj
Agrotis ipsilon 4 Angori Bagh (AZAD KASHMIR) A
Agrotis kinabaluensis 5 Angori Bagh (AZAD KASHMIR) A
Agrotis malefida 6 Naran (K.P.K) N
Agrotis oblique 7 Naran (K.P.K) N
Agrotis segetum 8 Murree (PUNJAB) M
Agrotis venerabilis 9 Karachi (SINDH) K
Euxoa deters 10 Banjoosa (AZAD KASHMIR) B
Euxoa lidia 11 Chitral (K.P.K.) C
Euxoa messoria 12 Naran (K.P.K) N
Euxoa munis 13 Karachi (SINDH) K
Euxoa pleuritica 14 Banjoosa (AZAD KASHMIR) B
Abagrotis nanalis 15 Shangla Gali (PUNJAB) S
Abagrotis nefascia 16 Chitral (K.P.K.) C
Abgrotis trigona 17 Karachi (SINDH) K
Diarsia serrata 18 Karachi (SINDH) K Diarsia spinosus 19 Karachi (SINDH) K sp.n. Xestia c-nigrum 20 Naran (K.P.K) N
Xestia dolosa 21 Banjoosa (AZAD KASHMIR) B
Xestia isolate 22 Shangla Gali (PUNJAB) S
Xestia triangulum 23 Banjoosa (AZAD KASHMIR) B
Xestia xanthographa 24 Angori Bagh (AZAD KASHMIR) A
211
213
Cladistic Analysis of the sub-family Noctuinae
Charactrs: a0 Body usually slim.
a1 Body usually cylindrical (Diarsia, Abagrotis, Xestia)
a2 Body usually robust (Euxoa to Agrotis)
bo vertex smooth and depressed. b1 Vertex raised (Diarsia to Agrotis)
b2 Vertex comb- like and convex (Heliothinae)
b3 Vertex sligtaly raised or smooth (Euxoa munis to Euxoa messoria) b4 Vertex convex (Xestia isolata) b5 Vertex highly raised (Euxoa detersa) b6 Vertex bulging out (Xestia dolosa)
c0 Frons highly produced. c1 Frons smooth (Agrotis segetum to Agrotis clavis) c2 Frons straight (Agrotis exclemationis) c3 Frons anteriorly sub-rounded (Agrotis venerabilis)
214 c4 Frons roundly produced (Xestia triangulum) d0 Palpi simple reduced. d1 Palpi compresed and short (Heliothinae)
d2 Palpi well developed usually upturned (Diarsia to Agrotis) d3 Palpi usually short or moderate (Euxoa to Agrotis) d4 Palpi upwardly or latterly directed (Agrotis segetum to Agrotis clavis) d5 Palpi usually long Diarsia to XestiacC-nigrum d6 Palpi usually anterio- laterally directed (Diarsia serrata and Diarsia spinosus sp.n.)
d7 Palpi anteriorly directed (Agrotis venerabilis)
e0 palpi with basal segment equal to second segment.
nd e1 Palpi with basal segment longer or equal to 2 segment (Agrotis infusa to Agrotis obliqua)
nd e2 Palpi with basal segment shorter than 2 segment ( Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria)
nd e3 Palpi with basal segment much shorter than 2 segment (Agrotis evnerabilis to Agrotis clavis)
nd e4 Palpi with basal segment about equal to 2 segment (Agrotis exclamationis)
215
nd e5 Palpi with basal segment longer than 2 sgment (Agrotis obliqua)
rd f0 palpi with basal segment equal to 3 segment .
rd f1 Palpi with basal segment less than 3X the length of 3 segment (Agrotis kinabaluensis to Agrotis obliqua)
rd f2 Palpi with basal segment more than 6X the 3 segment (Agrotis excalmationis and Agrotis obliqua)
rd f3 Palpi with basal segment more than 2.5X the 3 segment ( Euxoa detersa to Euxoa messoria)
rd f4 Palpi with basal segment 1.5X the 3 segment (Euxoa pleuritica)
g0 Palpus with second segment normal.
nd g1 Palpi with 2 segment cylindrical (Agrotis clavis)
nd g2 Palpi with 2 segment thick (Agrotis ipsilon)
nd g3 Palpi with 2 segment distally narrowed (Xestia triangulum)
nd g4 Palpi with 2 segment distally broad (Xestia c-nigrum)
nd rd ho Palpi with 2 segment about equal to 3 segment.
nd rd h1 Palpi with 2 segment less than 2.5X the 3 segment (Xestia xanthographa to Xestia c-nigrum)
216
nd rd h2 Palpi with 2 segment 2.5X the 3 segment (Xestia isolata and Xestia dolosa)
nd rd h3 Palpi with 2 segment not more than 3X the 3 segment (Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis)
nd rd h4 Palpi with 2 segment less than 4X the 3 segment (Euxoa munis to Euxoa messoria)
nd rd h5 Palpi with 2 segment 2X the 3 segment (Agrotis malefida)
nd rd h6 Palpi with 2 segment 3X the 3 (Agrotis kinabaluensis)
nd rd h7 Palpi with 2 segment about 4X the 3 segment (Diarsia spinosus sp.n)
nd h8 Palpi with 2 segment more than 4X
the 3rd (Euxoa detersa)
nd rd h9 Palpi with 2 segment 5X the 3 segment (Agrotis Segetum)
rd i0 Palpi with 3 segment large .
rd rd nd i1 Palpi with 3 segment moderate more than 1/3 the length of 2 segment (Abagrotis trigona to Xestia c-nigrum)
rd rd nd i2 Palpi with 3 segment short less than 1/3 the length of 2 segment (Diarsia serrata and Diarsia spinosus sp.n)
rd i3 Palpi with 3 segment apically truncated (Agrotis infusa)
217 j0 Fore wings with unicolourus. j1 Fore wings with costal margin have two small lobes (Diarsia serrata to Agrotis clavis) j2 Fore wings with costal margin light colour lobe (Agrotis infusa to Agrotis clavis) j3 Fore wings with transverse dark wrinkled lining (Exuoa pleuritica to Euxoa messoria)
k0 Anterior margin of fore wing straight . k1 Anterior margin of fore wings convex (Agrotis obliqua) k2 Anterior margin of fore wings sinuated Agrotis exclamationis
l0 Apical angle of fore wing smooth. l1 Fore wings with apical angle upwardly directed (Abagrotis trigona to Abagrotis nanalis)
l2 Apical angle of fore wings broad (Agrotis malefida) l3 Apical angle of fore wings sub-rounded (Abagrotis nanalis) l4 Apical angle of fore wings sub-acute (Abagrotis nefascia ) l5 Apical angle of fore wings narrowed (Agrotis kinabaluensis
218
m0 Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 anastomosing .
m1 Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 wideapart (Exuoa messoria)
m2 Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 stalked (Euxoa lidia)
m3 Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 stalked further stalked with R4 and originating from cell (Agrotis ipsilon)
n0 Fore wings with veins R3, R4 and R5 wideapart .
n1 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 not or stalked and anastomoising
with R5( Agrotis segetum to Agrotis clavis)
n2 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomoising with R5
and originating from cell( Abagrotis nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis)
n3 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further anastomoising with R5 and originating from upper angle of cell (Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum)
n4 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked and originating from cell (Abagrotis trigona) n5 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell (Agrotis venerabilis) n6 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked anastomoising and originating from upper angle of cell (Agrotis segetum)
219 n7 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomoising with R5
and originating from cell (Agrotis clavis) n8 Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further stalked with R5 (Xestia xanthographa)
o0 Hind wings entire, without spot
o1 Hind wings with discal spot (Heliothinae to Noctuinae)
p0 Hind wings with three anal veins.
p1 Hind wings with two anal veins (Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis)
p2 Hind wings with only one anal vein (Exuoa munis)
q0 Anterior margin of hind wings straight.
q1 Anterior margin of hind wings convex (Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis malefida)
q2 Anterior margin of hind wings sinuated (Agrotis infusa)
r0 Hind wings with veins Sc+R1, Rs and M1 separated.
r1 Hind wings with veins Sc+R1 fused with Rs near base Rs and M1 anastomosing (Agrotis kinabaluensis)
220
r2 Hind wings with veins Sc+R1 wideapart Rs and M1 stalked (Agrotis malefida)
s0 Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 wideapart.
s1 Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell (Euxoa detersa to Euxoa messoria)
s2 Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 shortly stalked (Agrotis clavis) s3 Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell (Exuoa pleuritica) s4 Hind wings Rs originating just above upper angle of cell M1 originates from upper angle of cell (Diarsia spinosus sp.n.)
t0 Hind wings with M2 and M3 shortly stalked. t1 Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 wideapart (Agrotis segetum to Agrotis clavis) t2 Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing (Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua) t3 Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 wideapart M2 originates from lower angel of cell (Agrotis kinabaluensis to Agrotis malefida) t4 Hind wings with veins M2 originates from lower angle of cell (Xestia dolosa)
t5 Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 stalked (Agrotis venerabilis)
221 t6 Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell (Abagrotis trigona)
u0 Tibae without spine .
u1 Fore tibae with apical setae (Diarsia to Heliohinae) u2 Fore and hind tibiae usually and mid tibiae spine like-setae(Diarsia serrata to Agrotis clavis)
u3 Tibiae normally spined (Euxoa pleuri tica to Euxoa messoria)
u4 Tibiae very strongly spined (Agrotis infusa to Agrotis clavis)
v0 Uncus simple, straight.
v1 Uncus moderate latterly curved (Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria)
v2 Uncus shorter than gnathos (Diarsia spinosus sp.n.)
v3 Uncus with apex pointed, latterly directed (Xestia triangulum)
v4 Uncus with apex sharply pointed inwardly directed (Xestia c-nigrum)
v5 Apex of uncus incurved thorn-like (Agrotis obliqua)
v6 Uncus very large curved inwardly (Euxoa munis)
w0 Gnathos moderate and simple.
222
w1 Gnathos well developed (Xestia xanthographa)
w2 Gnathos reduced (Exuoa munis)
w3 Gnathos membranous (Euxoa lidia)
w4 Gnathos scleretoized (Euxoa messoria)
w5 Apex of gnathos truncated (Xestia isolata)
w6 Apex of gnathos club-shaped (Xestia dolosa)
x0 Saccus simple large.
x1 Saccus anteriorly blunt (Exuoa munis to Euxoa messoria)
x2 Saccus broad (Agrotis infusa)
x3 Saccus anteriorly broadly rounded (Xestia dolosa)
x4 Saccus anteriorly narrowed (Xestia isolata)
x5 Saccus anteriorly sharply produced (Euxoa detersa)
x6 Saccus U-shaped (Euxoa messoria)
x7 Saccus V-shaped (Euxoa lidia)
y0 Apex of paramere broad. y1 Apex of paramere unilobed with aprocess at sub-apical outer margin (Xestia xanthographa to Xestia c-nigrum)
223
y2 Apex of paramere sub-rounded (Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis maleifida)
y3 Apex of paramere bilobed with convex sub-apical outer margin convex (Xestia isolata and Xestia dolosa)
y4 Apex of paramere with a small outgrowth (Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria)
y5 Apex of paramere acute (Exuoa messoria)
y6 Apex of paramere tooth (Agrotis infusa)
y7 Apex of paramere truncated (Euxoa lidia)
z0 Paramere simple without process. z1 Paramere with pointed process at inner median margin (Agrotis infusa to Agrotis obliqua) z2 Paramere with blunt process at inner median margin (Agrotis venerabilis to Agrotis clavis) z3 Inner margin of paramere with a short thorn-like process (Agrotis infusa to Agrotis malefida)
z4 Inner margin of paramere with a large pointed process (Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua)
z5 Paramere with outer process large inner process Axe-shaped (Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum)
224 z6 A small blunt process at inner margin of paramere (Agrotis kinabaluensis)
z7 A sickle-shaped process at inner margin of paramere (Agrotis malefida)
z8 Outer process of paramere short with inner process tooth-like (Xestia xanthographa)
z9 Paramere very large apically broad with a large curved thorn like process inner median surface (Diarsia spinosus sp.n.)
za0 Theca simple, tubular.
za1 Theca with distal inner margin irregular (Agrotis obliqua)
za2 Theca with pointed thecal appendage (Xestia dolosa)
za3 Theca with thorn-like thecal appendage (Euxoa detersa)
za4 Theca with truncated thecal appendage (Xestia isolata
zb0 Apex of membranous conjunctival lobe simple .
zb1 Membranous conjunctival lobe distally pointed (Xestia dolosa) zb2 Apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with spinous appendage (Euxoa messoria)
zb3 Apex of conjunctival lobe with thorn-like appendage (Agrotis infusa)
225
zb4 Membranous conjunctival lobe distally five leaf-like cornuti (Xestia triangulum)
zb5 Membranous conjunctival lobe with a series of leaf-like structure of apex (Agrotis malefida)
zb6 Membranous conjunctival lobe distally recemose (Xestia isolata)
zc0 Membranous conjunctival lobe entire .
Zc1 Membranous conjunctival lobed multilobe (Euxoa munis)
zc2 Membranous conjunctiva distally bilobed medially with spine-like cornuti (Xestia c-nigrum)
zc3 Membranous conjunctival lobe with row of small spine-like cornuti (Agrotis kinabaluensis)
zc4 Membranous conjunctival lobe besets with cluster of large and small cornuti (Diarsia spinosus ) zc5 Membranous conjunctival lobe with a small sickle-shaped spine ,with a group of small spine at its base and small circular plate at inner media n surface (Agrotis obliqua)
zd0 Papillae anales simple quadrangular-shaped
zd1 Papillae anales bean-shaped (Xestia c-nigrum)
zd2 Papillae anales posteriorly concave (Abagrotis nanalis)
226
zd3 Papillae anales posteriorly deeply notched (Abagrotis nefascia)
zd4 Papillae anales moderate kidny-shaped (Agrotis ipsilon)
zd5 Papillae anales very large kidney-shaped (Diarsia serrata)
ze0 Apophyses anteriors and posteriors simple and moderate.
ze1 Apophyses anteriors straight with apex blunt (Abagrotis nanalis)
ze2 Apophyses anteriors with apex truncated (Agrotis venerabilis)
ze3 Apophysis posteriors dilated at base longer than apophyses anteriors (Agrotis exclamationis)
ze4 Apophyses posteriors twisted with apex pointed (Abagrotis nefascia)
zf0 Apophyses posteriors shorter than anteriors . zf1 Apophyses posterior much longer than anterior (Abagrotis nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis)
zf2 Apophyses posterior 2X the apophyses anterior (Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis)
zf3 Apophyses posterior equal to anterior (Abagrotis trigona) zf4 Apophyses posterior more than 2X the length apophyses anteriors (Euxoa pleuritica)
227
zf5 Apophyses posterior very long about 3X the apophyses anteriors and apex of both pointed (Agrotis segetum)
zg0 Ductus bursae moderate .
zg1 Ductus bursae very long (Xestia isolata to Xestia c-nigrum)
zg2 Ductus bursae short (Abagrotis trigona to Abagrotis nanalis)
zh0 Corpus bursae smooth oval-shaped . zh1 Corpus bursae irregular-shaped (Abagrotis trigona to Abagrotis nanalis) zh2 Corpus bursae very large balloon-shaped (Agrotis exclamationis) zh3 Corpus bursae with distal lobe large balloon-shaped (Abagrotis trigona) zh4 Corpus bursae irregular bag-like with wrinkled cornuti (Xestia c- nigrum)
zi0 Corpus bursae simple unilobed.
zi1 Corpus bursae smoothly bilobed (Xestia isolata to Xestia c-nigrum)
zi2 Corpus bursae with distal lobe small oval-shaped (Abagrotis nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis)
228
zi3 Corpus bursae bilobed dorsal lobe small oval-shaped (Agrotis clavis) zi4 Corpus bursae bilobed dorsal lobe large pear-shaped (Agrotis ipsilon) zi5 Corpus bursae bilobed both lobes large balloon-shaped (Agrotis infusa)
zi6 Corpus bursae large irregularly bilobed (Diarsia serrata) zi7 Corpus bursae with apex of one lobe balloon-shaped (Abagrotis nanalis)
zi8 Corpus bursae with apex of one lobe beak-shaped (Abagrotis nefascia)
229
230
CHARACTERSTATES:
Body shape (a):
The body usually cylindrical in the representatives of the genera
Diarsia, Abagrotis and Xestia shows their synapomorphic condition (a1).
In the representatives of the genera Euxoa, and Agrotis the body is usually
robust shows their derived synapomorphic condition (a2).
Vertex (b):
Vertex raised in all the representatives of the genera Diarsia,
Abagrotis, Xestia, Euxoa and Agrotis shows their synapomorphic condition
(b1). In all the reprentatives of the sub-family Heliothinae the vertex convex and comb-like shows their derived synapomorphic condition (b2).
Vertex slightly raised or smooth in Euxoa munis, Euxao lidia and Euxoa
messoria shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (b3). In
Xestia isolata the vertex is convex shows its autapomorphic condition
(b4). The vertex is highly raised in Euxoa detersa shows its derived autapomorphic condition (b5). In Xestia dolosa the vertex bulging out shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (b6).
231
Frons (c):
Frons smooth in Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis shows their synapomorphic condition (c1). In Agrotis exclamationis the
frons is straight shows its autapomorphic condition (c2). The frons is anteriorly sub-rounded in Agrotis venerabilis shows its derived autapomorphic codition (c3). In Xestia triangulum frons roundly produced
shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (c4).
Palpi (d):
Palpi compressed short in the representatives of the Heliotheinae shows their synapomorphic condition (d1). The palpi well developed usually upturned in the representatives of the genera Diarsia, Abagrotis,
Xestia, Euxoa and Agrotis palpi usually short and modrate shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (d2). In the representatives of the
genera Euxoa and Agrotis palpi usually short and moderate shows
their more derived synapomorphic condition (d3). The palpi upwardly or
laterally directed in Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis
shows their specially synapomorphic condition (d4). In the representatives of the genera Diarsia and Xestia the palpi usually long
232 shows their specially derived synapomorphic condition (d5). The palpi
antero-lateraly directed in Diarsia serrata and Diarsia spinosus shows
their specially more derived synapomorphic condition (d6).In Agrotis venerabilis the palpi anteriorly dierected shows its autapomorphic condition (d7).
Basal and 2nd palpus segment (e):
Palpi with basal segment longer or equal to second segment in Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabaluensis, Agrotis malefida, Agrotis exclamationis and
Agrotis obliqua shows their synapomorphic condition (e1). In Euxoa lidia and Euxoa. messoria the basal segment of palpi shorter than second segment shows their derived synapomorphic condition (e2). The basal segment of palpi much shorter than second segment in Agrotis venerabilis,
A. segetum, A. ipsilon and A. clavis shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (e3). In Agrotis exclamationis the palpi with basal segment about equal to 2nd segment shows its autapomorphic condition (e4). The basal segment of palpi longer than second segment in
Agrotis obliqua shows its derived autapomorphic condition (e5).
233
Basal and third palpus segment (f):
Basal segment of palpi less than 3X the length of third segment in
Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis malefida shows their synapomorphic condition (f1). In Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua the basal segment of palpi more than 6X the length of 3rd segment shows their derived synapomorphic condition (f2). Basal segment of palpi more than 2.5X the length of 3rd segment in Euxoa detera, Euxoa munis,
Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria shows their more derived synapomorphic
condtion (f3). In Euxoa pleuritica the basal segment of palpi 1.5X the
rd length 3 segment shows it autapomorphic condition (f4).
Shape of 2nd palpus segment (g):
Palpus with second segment cylindrical in Agrotis clavis shows its autapomorphic condition (g1). In Agrotis ipsilon the second segment of palpi thick shows its derived autapomorphic condition (g2). The second
segment of palpi distinctly narrowed in Xestia triangulum shows its more
derived autapomorphic condition (g3). In Xestia c-nigrum second segment of palpi distinctly broad shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (g4).
234
Palpi with 2nd and 3rd segment (h):
Second segment of palpi less than 2.5X the length of 3rd segment in
Xestia xanthographa, Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum shows their synapomorphic condition (h1). In Xestia isolata and Xestia dolosa the
second segment of palpi 2.5X the length of 3rd segment shows their derived
synapomorphic condition (h2). The second segment of palpi not more than
3x the 3rd segment in Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis shows their more
derived synapomorphic condition (h3). In Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and
Euxoa messoria the second segment of palpi less than 4X the length of 3rd
shows their specially derived synapomorphic condition (h4).The second segment of palpi 2X the third segment in Agrotis malefida shows its autapomorphic condition (h5). In Agrotis kinabaluensis the second segment
of palpi 3X the length of 3rd segment shows their derived autapomorphic
rd condition (h6). The second segment of palpi about 4x the length of 3
segment in Diarsia spinosus shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (h7). In Euxao detersa the second segment of palpi more than 4X
the length of third segment shows its specially derived autapomorphic
rd condition (h8). The second segment of palpi 5X the length of 3 segment in
235
Agrotis segetum shows its specially more derived autapmorphic condition
(h9).
Third segment of Palpi (i):
Palpi with 3rd segment moderate more than 1/3rd the length of second
segment in Abagrotis trigona and all the species of the genus Xestia shows their synapomorphic condition (i1). In Diarsia serrata and Diarsia spinosus the third segment of palpi short less than 1/3rd the length of second segment shows their derived synapomorphic condition (i2). The third segment of palpi apically truncated in Agrotis infusa shows its
autapomorphic condition (i3).
Fore wings (j):
Fore wings with costal margin with two small lobes in all the representative of the Noctuinae shows its synapomorphic condition(j1). In
all the species of the genus Agrotis fore wings with costal margin light
colour lobe shows their derived synapomorphic condition (j2). Fore wings with transverse dark wrinkled linings in Euxoa pleuritica, Euxoa detersa,
236
Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria shows their more derived
synapomorphic condition (j3).
Anterior margin of fore wings (k):
Anterior margin of fore wings convex in Agrotis obliqua shows its autapomorphic condition (k1). In Agrotis exclamationis the anterior margin
of fore wings sinuated shows its derived autapomorphic condition (k2).
Apical angle of fore wings ( l ):
Fore wings with apical angle upwardly directed in Abagrotis trigona,
Abagrotis nefascia, Abagrotis nanalis shows their synapomorphic
condition (l1). In Agrotis malefida the apical angle of fore wings broad
shows their autapomorphic condition (l2). The apical angle of fore wings
sub-rounded in Abagrotis nanalis shows its derived autapomorphic
condition (l3). In Abagrotis nefascia the apical angle of fore wings sub-
acute shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (l4). The apical angle of fore wing narrowed in Agrotis kinabaluensis shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (h5).
237
Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 (m):
Fore wings with veins R2 and R3 wide apart in Euxoa messoria shows its autpomorphic condition (m1). In Euxoa lidia the fore wings with veins
R2 and R3 stalked shows its derived autapomorphic condition (m2). The
fore wings with R2 and R3 stalked, further stalked with R4 and originating
from cell in Agrotis ipsilon shows its more derived autapomorphic
condition (m3).
Fore wings with veins R3, R4 and R5 (n):
Fore wings with veins R3 and R4 not or stalked and anastomosing with
R5 in Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis shows their synapomorphic condition (n1). In Abagrotis nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis
the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell shows their derived synapomorphic condition (n2).
The fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked further anastomosing with R5
and originating from upper angle of cell in Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-
nigrum shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (n3). In
Abagrotis trigona the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked and originating from cell shows its autapomorphic condition (n4). The fore
238 wings with R3 and R4 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell in
Agrotis venerabilis shows its derived autapomorphic condition (n5). In
Agrotis segetum the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (n6). The fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell in Agrotis clavis shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (n7). In Xestia xanthographa
the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked, further stalked with R5 shows
its specially more derived autapomorphic condition (n8).
Hind wings with spot (O):
Hind wings with discal spot in all the representatives of the sub- family Heliothinae and Noctuinae shows their synapomorphic condition
(O1).
Anal veins on hind wings (p):
Hind wings with two anal veins in Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis shows their synapomorphic condition (p1). In Euxoa munis the hind wings with one anal vein shows its autapomorphic condition (p2).
239
Anterior margin of hind wings (q):
Anterior margin of hind wings convex in Agrotis kinabaluensis and
Agrotis malefida shows their synapomorphic condition (q1). In Agrotis infusa the anterior margin of hind wings sinuated shows its autapomorphic condition (q2).
Hind wings with veins Sc+R1, Rs and M1 (r):
Hind wings with veins Sc+R1 fused with Rs near base, Rs and M1
anastomosing in Agrotis kinabaluensis shows its autapomorphic condition
(r1). In Agrotis malefida the hind wings with veins Sc+R1 wide apart, Rs
and M1 stalked shows its derived autapomorphic condition (r2).
Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 (s):
Hind wings with veins Rs and M1 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell in Euxoa detersa, Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria shows their synapomorphic condition (s1). In Agrotis clavis the hind wings with veins Rs and M1 shortly stalked shows its autapomorphic condition (s2). The hind wings with veins Rs and M1 stalked and
originating from upper angle of cell in Euxoa pleuritica shows its derived
240 autapomorphic condition (s3). In hind wings with vein Rs originates just
above upper angle cell and M1 originates from upper angle of cell shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (s4).
Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 (t):
Hind wings with veins M2 and M3 wide apart in Agrotis segetum,
Agrotus ipsilon and Agrotis clavis shows their synapomorphic condition
(t1). In Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua hind wings with veins
M2 and M3 anastomosing shows their derived synapomorphic condition
(t2). Hind wings with vein M2 originates from lower angle of cell in Agrotis
kinabaluensis and Agrotis malefida shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (t3). In Xestia dolosa the hind wings with veins
M2 originates from lower angle of cell shows its autapomorphic condition
(t4). The hind wings with veins M2 and M3 stalked in Agrotis venerabilus
shows its derived autapomorphic condition (t5). In Abagrotis trigona the hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (t6).
241
Tibiae (u):
Fore tibiae with apical setae in all the representatives of the sub- family Noctuinae and Heliothinae shows their synapomorphic condition
(u1). In the representatives of the genera Diarsia, Abagrotis, Xestia, Euxoa and Agrotis fore and hind tibiae usually and mid tibiae with spin-like shows their derived synapomorphic condition (u2).The tibia are normally
spined In Euxoa pleuritica, Euxoa detersa, Euxao munis, Euxoa lidia and
Euxao messoria shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (u3).In all the species of the genus Agrotis tibiae very strongly spined shows their
specially derived synapomorphic condition (u4).
Uncus (v):
The uncus is modrate laterally curved in Euxoa lidia, Euxoa messoria
shows their synapomorphic condition (v1). In Diarsia spinosus uncus shorter than gnathos shows its autapomorphic condition (v2). The uncus with apex pointed, laterally directed in Xestia triangulum shows its derived autapomorphic condition (v3). In Xestia c-nigrum the uncus with apex
sharply pointed inwardly directed shows its more derived autapomorphic
condition (v4). The apex of uncus incurved thorn-like in Agrotis oblique
242 shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (v5). In Euxoa munis
the uncus very large, inwardly curved shows its specially more derived
autapomorphic condition (v6).
Gnathos (w):
Gnathos well developed in Xestia xanthographa shows its autapomorphic condition (w1). In Euxoa munis the gnathos reduced shows
its derived autapomorphic condition (w2) . The gnathos is membranous in
Euxoa lidia shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (w3). In
Euxoa messoria the gnathos is sclerotized shows its specialized autapomorphic condition (w4). The apex of gnathos truncated in Xestia isolata shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (w5). In Xestia dolodsa apex of gnathos club-shaped shows its specially more derived autapomorphic condition (w6).
Saccus (x):
Saccus anteriorly blunt in Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and Euxoa
messoria shows their synapomorphic condition (x1). In Agrotis infusa the
saccus is broad shows its autapomorphic condition (x2). The saccus is
243 anteriorly broadly rounded in Xestia dolosa shows its derived autapomorphic condition (x3). In Xestia isolata the saccus is anteriorly narrowed shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (x4). Saccus anteriorly sharply produced in Euxoa detersa shows its specialzed autapomorphic condition (x5). In Euxoa messoria the saccus is U-shaped shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (x6). The saccus is V- shaped in Euxoa lidia shows its specially more derived autapomorphic condition (x7).
Apex of Paramere (y):
Apex of paramere unilobed with a process at sub-apical outer margin
in Xestia xanthographa, Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum shows
their synapomorphic condition (y1). In Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis
malefida the apex of paramere sub-rounded shows its derived
synapomorphic condition (y2). The apex of paramere bilobed with sub- apical outer margin convex in Xestia isolata and Xestia dolosa shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (y3). In Euxoa lidia and Euxoa
messoria the apex of paramere with small outgrowth shows their
specialized synapomorphic condition (y4). Apex of paramere acute in
244
Euxoa messoria shows its autapomorphic condition (y5). In Agrotis infusa the apex of paramere toothed shows its derived autapomorphic condition
(y6). The apex of paramere truncated in Euxoa lidia shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (y7).
Process at Paramere (z):
Paramere with a pointed process at inner median margin in Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabalensis, Agrotis malefida, Agrotis exclamationis and
Agrotis obliqua shows their synapomorphic condition (z1). In Agrotis
venerabilis, Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis the
paramere with blunt process at inner median margin shows their derived
synapomorphic condition (z2). Inner margin of paramere with short thorn- like process in Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabaleunsis and Agrotis melifida shows their more derived synapomorphic condition (z3). In Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua the inner margin of paramere with a large pointed process shows their specially derived synapomorphic condition (z4). Paramere with outer process large and inner process Axe- shaped in Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum shows their specially
more derived synapomorphic condition (z5).
245
A small blunt process at inner margin of paramere in Agrotis
kinabaluensis shows its autapomorphic condition (z6). In Agrotis melafida a sickle-shaped process at inner margin of paramere shows its derived autapomorphic condition (z7). The paramere with outer process short and
inner process tooth-like in Xestia xanthographa shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (z8). In Diarsia spinosus the paramere very large
apically broad with a large curved thorn-like process at inner median
surface shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (z9).
Aedeagus (za):
Theca with distal inner margin irregular in Agrotis obliqua shows its
autapomorphic condition (za1). In Xestia dolosa the theca with pointed thecal appendage shows its derived autapomorphic condition (za2). The
theca with thorn-like thecal appendage in Euxoa detersa shows its more
derived autapomorphic condition (za3). In Xestia isolata the theca with truncated thecal appendage shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (za4).
246
Apex of membranous conjunctival lobe (zb):
Membranous conjunctival lobe distally pointed in Xestia dolosa shows its autapomorphic condition (zb1). In Euxoa messoria the apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with spinous appendage shows its derived autapomorphic condition (zb2). The apex of membranous conjunctival lobe
with a thorn-like appendage in Agrotis infusa shows it’s more derived
autapomorphic condition (zb3). In Xestia triangulum the apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with leaf-like cornuti shows its specialized autapomorphic condition (zb4). Apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with a series of leaf-like structure in Agrotis malefida shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (zb5). In Xestia isolata the apex of
membranous conjunctiaval lobe with recomose structure shows its
specialized more derived autapomorphic condition (zb6).
Structure of membranous conjunctival lobe (zc):
Membranous conjunctival lobe multilobated in Euxoa munis shows its autapomorphic condition (zc1). In Xestia c-nigrum the membranous conjunctival lobe distally bilobed and medially with a spine-like cornuti shows its derived autapomorphic condition (zc2).The membranous
247 conjunctival lobe with a row of small spine-like cornuti in Agrotis kinabaleunsis (zc3). In Diarsia spinosus the membranous conjunctival lobe besets with cluster of large and small cornuti shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (zc4). The membranous conjunctival lobe with a small sickle-shaped with a group of small spine at base and a small circular plate at inner median surface in Agrotis obliqua shows its specialized more derived autapomorphic condition (zc5).
Papillae anales (zd):
Papillae anales rectangular shaped in Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabaluensis, Agrotis malefida, Agrotis exclamationiss and Agrotis obliqua shows their synapomorphic condition (zd1). In Xestia c-nigrum the papillae anales bean-shaped shows its autapomorphic condition (zd2). The papillae anales posteriorly concave in Abagrotis nanalis shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (zd3). In Abagrotis nefascia the papillae anales posteriorly deeply notched shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (zd4). The papillae anales moderate kidney-shaped in Agrotis ipsilon shows its specialized autapomorphic condition (zd5). In Diarsia
248 serrata the papillae anales very large kidney-shaped shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (zd6).
Shape and structure of apophysesse (ze):
Apophyses anteriors straight with apex blunt in Abagrotis nanalis shows its autapomorphic condition (ze1). In Agrotis venerabilis the apophyses anteriors with apex truncated shows its derived autapomorphic condition (ze2). Apophysis posteriors dilated at base and longer than apophyses anteriors in Agrotis exclamationis shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (ze3). In Abagrotis nefasia the apophyses posteriors twisted with apex pointed shows its specialized autapomorphic condition (ze4).
Size of apophysesses (zf):
Apophyses posteriors much longer than anteriors in Abagrotis
nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis shows their synapomorphic condition (zf1).
In Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis the apophysis posteriors 2X the length
apophyses anteriors shows their derived synapomorphic condition (zf2).
The apophysis posteriors equal to apophysis anteriors in Abagrotis trigona
249 shows its autapomorphis condition (zf3). In Euxoa pleuritica apophyses posteriors more than 2X the length of apophyses anteriors shows its derived autapomorphic condition (zf4). The apophyses posteriors very
long about 3X the apophyses anteriors and apex of both are pointed in
Agrotis segetum shows its more derived autapomorphic condition (zf5).
Ductus bursae (zg):
The ductus bursae very long in Xestia isolata, Xestia dolosa, Xestia xanthographa, Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum shows their
synapmorphic condition (zg1). In Abagrotis trigona, Abagrotis nefescia
and Abagro nanalis the ductus bursae short shows their derived
synapomorphic condition (zg2).
Shape of corpus bursae (zh):
Corpus bursae irregular shaped in Abagrotis trigona, Abagrotis nefescia and Abagrotis nanalis shows their synapomorphic condition (zh1).
In Agrotis exclamationis the corpus bursae very large-shaped shows its
autapomorphic condition (zh2). The corpus bursae with distal lobe large balloon-shaped in Abagrotis trigona shows its derived autapomorphic
250 condition (zh3). In Xestia c-nigrum the corpus bursae irregular bag-like
with wrinkled cornuti shows its more derived autapomorphic condition
(zh4).
Lobe in corpus bursae (zi):
Corpus bursae smoothly bilobed in Xestia isolate, Xestia dolosa,
Xestia xanthographa, Xestis triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum shows their synapomorphic condition (zi1). In Abagroits nefescia, and Abagrotis nanalis the corpus bursae with distal lobe small oval-shaped shows their derived synapomorphic condition (zi2). Corpus bursae bilobed with dorsal lobe small oval-shaped in Agrotis clavis shows its autapomorphic condition (zi3). In Agrotis ipsilon the corpus bursae bilobed with dorsal lobe large pear-shaped shows its derived autapomorphic condition (zi4).
The corpus bursae bilobed, both lobe large balloon-shaped in Agrotis
infusa shows more derived autapomorphic condition (zi5). In Diarsia
serrata the corpus bursae large irregular bilobed shows its specialized
autapomorphic condition (zi6). The corpus bursae with apex of one lobe balloon-shaped in Abagrotis nanalis shows its specially derived autapomorphic condition (zi7). In Abagrotis nefascia the corpus bursae
251 with apex of one lobe beak-shaped shows its specially more derived autapomorphic condition (zi8).
252
253
DISCUSSION ON CLADOGRAM (Fig. 152) In the present studies the sub-family Noctuinae comprises five genera and 24-species from Pakistan plays sister group relationship to each other by their synapomorphies like vertex raised (b1), the palpi well developed and
usually upturned (d2), fore wings with costal margin having two small lobes
(j1) and fore and hind tibiae usually and mid tibiae with spines (u2) and
outgroup relationship with Heliothinae by their synapomorphies like
vertex convex and comb-like (b2) and palpi compressed and short (d1).
The representatives of the sub-family Noctuinae falls into two groups.
The first group comprises three genera and ten species which plays sister group relationships to each other by their synapomorphies like body usually cylindrical (a1) and palpi usually long (d2) and out group relationship with second group which comprises two genera and 14-species by their synapomorphies like the body is usually robust (a2) and palpi usually short and modrate (d3).
Among first group the representatives of the genera Abagrotis and
Xestia plays sister group relationships to each other by their synapomorphic
254 condition like palpi with 3rd segment modrate, more than 1/3rd the length of
second segment (i1) and outgroup relationship with Diarsia serrata and
Diarsia spinosus by their synapomorhies like the palpi antero-laterally
rd rd directed (d6) and the 3 segment of palpi short less than 1/3 the length of second segment (i2). The representatives of the genera Xestia plays sister group relationships to each other by their synapomorphies like, the ductus bursae very large (zg1) and corpus bursae smoothly bilobed (zi1) and out
group relationship with Abagrotis trigona, Abagrotis nefascia and Abagrotis
nanalis by their synapomorphies like fore wings with apical angle upwardly
directed (l1), ductus bursae short (zg2) and corpus bursae irregular shaped
(zh1). In the representatives of the genus Abagrotis the species Abagrotis
nefascia and Abagrotis nanalis plays sister group relationship with each
other by their synapomorphies like the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked later anastomosing with R5 and originating from cell (n2), apophyses posteriors much longer than apophyses anteriors (zf1) and the corpus bursae with distal lobe small oval-shaped (zi2) and out group relationships with
Abagrotis trigona by its autapomorphies like fore wings with veins R3 and
R4 stalked and originating from cell (n4), hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing and originating from lower angle of cell (t6), apophyses
255 posteriors equal to apophyses anteriors (zf3) and the corpus bursae with distal lobe large balloon-shaped (zh3).
Among the representatives of the genus Xestia three species viz.
xanthographa, triangulum and c-nigrum plays sister group relationships
with each other by their synapomorphies like second segment of palpi less
rd than 2.5X the length of 3 segment (h1) and apex of paramere unilobed with
a process at sub-apical outer margin and outgroup relationships with Xestia
isolata and Xestia dolosa by their synapomorphic like, the second segment
rd of palpi 2.5X the length of 3 segment (h2) and the apex of paramere bilobed
with sub-apical outer margin convex (y3).
In former three species the Xestia triangulum and Xestia c-nigrum plays
sister group relationships to each other by their synapomorphies like the fore
wings with vines R3 and R4 stalked and further anastomosing with R5 and
originating from upper angle of cell (n3) and paramere with outer process large and inner process Axe-shape (z5) and out group relationships with
Xestia xanthographa by its autapomorphies like the fore wings with veins R3 and R4stalked further stalked with R5 (n8), gnathos well developed (w1) and the paramere with outer process short and inner process tooth-like (z8).
256
The second group, which comprises two genera and fourteen species,
are further divided into two sub-groups. The first sub-group contains five
species of the genus Euxoa, in which Euxoa detersa, Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria plays sistergroup to each other by their
synapomorphic characters like basal segment of palpi more than 2.5X the
length of third segment (f3) and and outgroup relationships with Euxoa
pleuritica by its autapomorphies like the basal segment of palpi 1.5X the
rd length of 3 segment (f4), the hind wings with veins Rs and M1 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell (s3) and the apophyses posteriors more than 2X the length of apophyses anteriors (zf4). In rest of the species the
Euxoa munis, Euxoa lidia and Euxoa messoria play sistergroup relationships with each other by their synapomorphies like vertex slightly raised or smooth (b3) the second segment of palpi less than 4X the length of
rd 3 (h4) and saccus anteriorly blunt (x1) and out group relationships with
Euxoa detersa by its autapomorphies like the vertex is lightly raised (b5), the
second segment of palpi more than 4X, the length of third segment (h8), saccus anteriorly sharply produced (x5) and the theca with thorn-like thecal
appendage (za3). Among rest of the three species the Euxoa lidia and Euxoa
messoria plays sistergroup relationships with each other by their
257 synapomorphies like basal segment of palpi shorter than second segment
(e2), uncus is modrate and laterally curved (v1) and the apex of paramere
with small outgrowth (y4) and out group relationships with Euxoa munis by its autapomorphies like the hind wings with only one anal vein (p2), the uncus is very large and inwardly curved (v6), the gnathos reduced (w2) and
membranous conjunctival lobe multilobed (zc1).
The second sub-group contains nine species of the genus Agrotis further
divided into two groups, the first group contains five species viz. Agrotis
infusa, Agrotis kinabaluensis, Agrotis malefida, Agrotis exclamationis and
Agrotis obliqua which plays sister group relationships to each other by their
synapomorphies like palpi with basal segment longer or equal to second
segment (e1), paramere with a pointed process at inner median margin (z1)
and papillae anales rectangular shaped (zd1) and out group relationships with
second group which contains four species Agrotis venerabilis, Agrotis
segetum, Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis which plays out group relationships by their synapomorphies like the basal segment of palpi much shorter than second segment (e3) and the paramere with blunt process at
inner median margin (z2).
258
Among first group the Agrotis infusa, Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis malefida plays sistergroup relationships with each other by their synapomorphies like basal segment of palpi less than 3X the length of 3rd segment (f1) and inner margin of paramere with short thorn-like process (z3)
and outgroup relationships with Agrotis exclamationis and Agrotis obliqua
by their synapomorphies like the basal segment of palpi more than 6X the
rd length of 3 segment (f2), hind wings with veins M2 and M3 anastomosing
(t2) and the inner margin of paramere with a large pointed process (z4). In the former three species the Agrotis kinabaluensis and Agrotis malefida plays sister group relationships to each other by their synapomorphies like anterior margin of hind wings convex (q1), hind wings with veins M2 and M3 wide apart and M2 originates from lower angle of cell (t3) and the apex of
paramere sub-rounded (y2) and outgroup relationships with Agrotis infusa by
its autapomorphies like the third palpus segment apically truncated (i3), the anterior margin of hind wings sinuated (q2), the saccus is broad (x2), the
apex of paramere with a tooth (y6), the apex of membranous conjunctival lobe with a thorn-like appendage (zb3) and the corpus bursae bilobed, both
lobes large balloon-shaped (zi5). In second group the Agrotis segetum,
Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis plays sister group relationships to each
259 other by their synapomorphies like frons smooth (c1), palpi upwardly and
laterally directed (d4), fore wings with veins R3 and R4 not or stalked and
anastomosing with R5 (n1) and hind wings with veins M2 and M3 wide apart
(t1) and outgroup relationships with Agrotis venerabilis by its
autapomorphies like the frons is anteriorly sub-rounded (c3), the palpi
anteriorly directed (d7), the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 stalked and originating from upper angle of cell (n5), the hind wings with veins M2 and
M3 stalked (t5) and the apophyses anteriors with apex truncated (ze2). In former species of this group the Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis clavis plays sister group relationships with each other by their synapomorphies like the second segment of palpi not more than 3X the third segment (h3), hind wings with two anal veins (p1) and the apophyses posteriors 2X the length of the apophyses anteriors (zf2) and outgroup relationships with Agrotis segetum by its autapomorphies like the second segment of palpi 5X the length of 3rd segment (h9), the fore wings with veins R3 and R4 anastomosing and originating from upper angle of cell (n6) and the apophyses posteriors very long about 3X the apophyses anteriors and apex of both are pointed (zf5).
260
262
SUMMARY
The represent taxonomic studies based on more than1000 specimens
from various localities of Pakistan representing twenty four species
belonging to five genera of the sub-family Noctuinae of the family
Noctuidae.
A key to the genera and species is formulated, on the basis of most
reliable characters for easy identification.
All the species are described in detail with special reference to their
head components, wing venations of fore and hind wings and their male
and female genital component.
All the included genera and species are compared with their closest
allies.
The representatives of five genera including 23-already described
species and one new species are included.
A Map of Pakistan is given to show the biodiversity of all the species,
and their biodiversity is discussed.
A cladistic analysis of included genera and species from Pakistan is also give on the basis of the apomorphic characters and a cladogram is constructed showing relationship of the included taxa.
263
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