Města Brna – Historie a Současnost

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Města Brna – Historie a Současnost 2020 Motýli (Lepidoptera) města Brna – historie a současnost Zdeněk Laštůvka, Aleš Laštůvka af.mendelu.cz 2020 Zdeněk Laštůvka, Aleš Laštůvka Motýli (Lepidoptera) města Brna – historie a současnost Vědečtí recenzenti: Ing. Jan Liška, Výzkumný ústav lesního hospodářství a myslivosti, v.v.i., Jíloviště-Strnady Ing. Jan Šumpich, Národní muzeum, Praha Možná citace: Laštůvka Z. & Laštůvka A., 2020: Motýli (Lepidoptera) města Brna – historie a současnost. Mendelova univerzita v Brně, Brno, 120 s. © Zdeněk Laštůvka & Aleš Laštůvka, 2020 © Mendelova Univerzita v Brně, Zemědělská 1, 613 00 Brno ISBN 978-80-7509-750-7 (Print) ISBN 978-80-7509-769-9 (On-line) Motýli (lepidoptera) Města Brna – historie a současnost OBSAH Abstrakt . 4 Abstract ...................................................................4 1 Úvod ....................................................................5 2 Historie studia motýlů na Brněnsku ........................................6 2.1 Nejstarší badatelé . 6 2.2 První polovina 20. století ................................................... 6 2.3 Poválečné období.......................................................... 7 2.4 Současnost ................................................................ 7 3 Přírodní poměry, proměny města a biotopy .................................8 4 Metodika ...............................................................13 5 Celkové výsledky . 17 6 Přehled zjištěných druhů.................................................20 7 Změny v průběhu času ...................................................53 8 Nejvýznamnější druhy města Brna ........................................54 8.1 Druhy na severním okraji areálu........................................... 54 8.2 Další zajímavé druhy . 58 8.3 Pozoruhodné druhy minulosti ............................................. 61 9 Denní motýli – modelová skupina pro podrobnější analýzu ..................66 10 Významné druhy zvláště chráněných území . 72 11 Druhy, které mohou vadit ................................................78 12 Biotopová vazba.........................................................80 13 Zoogeografické složení brněnské motýlí fauny..............................83 14 Druhy zvláště chráněné nebo zařazené v Červeném seznamu ................85 14.1 Druhy zvláště chráněné . 85 14.2 Druhy zařazené v Červeném seznamu bezobratlých . 91 15 Summary ...............................................................94 16 Zdroje faunistických údajů ...............................................95 16.1 Literární údaje ........................................................... 95 16.2 Sbírkové údaje ..........................................................100 17 Další použitá literatura .................................................101 18 Rejstřík vědeckých jmen motýlů .........................................102 19 Rejstřík českých jmen motýlů............................................116 20 Rejstřík obrázků a fotografií motýlů ......................................117 3 Zdeněk laštůvka, aleš laštůvka ABSTRAKT Motýli (Lepidoptera) města Brna — historie a současnost V publikaci jsou shrnuty poznatky o motýlech města Brna od počátků jejich studia, tj. za uplynulých 200 let. Za toto období bylo zaregistrováno 2508 druhů, přičemž zhruba 2250 z nich se v území vyskytuje do současnosti. Od počátku 20. století z území vymizelo asi 18 % druhů denních a 2–10 % druhů v různých skupinách ostatních velkých motý- lů. Úbytek druhů převyšuje vlivem rozrůstajícího se města u denních motýlů asi 2× a u ostaních 2–5× situaci v celém Česku. Trend úbytku se výrazně zrychluje a ještě více než na druhové úrovni se projevuje výrazným poklesem počtů jedinců, mnohé druhy přeží- vají na hranici existenčního minima. V úvodních kapitolách je rekapitulována historie výzkumu motýlů na Brněnsku a jsou stručně charakterizovány přírodní poměry. Syste- matický přehled všech zjištěných druhů je doplněn odkazy na první, případně poslední nález (u vymizelých druhů), u významnějších druhů jsou uvedena známá naleziště nebo jejich příklady. Samostatné kapitoly jsou věnovány nejpozoruhodnějším druhům, denním motýlům, významným druhům jednotlivých zvláště chráněných území, stanovištní vazbě a zoogeografickému složení motýlí fauny, zvláště chráněným druhům a druhům zařaze- ným do aktuálního Červeného seznamu bezobratlých. K nejvýznamnějším druhům patří některé druhy teplých lesostepí, stepí a skalnatých biotopů, suťových lesů a xerotermofil- ních doubrav. Zhruba 45 druhů dosahuje v území nejsevernějšího bodu v rámci svého celkového známého areálu. Více než 120 významných druhů je vyobrazeno. Klíčová slova: Lepidoptera, město Brno, soupis druhů, významné nálezy, komentáře, změny ABSTRACT Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) of the city of Brno — history and present The publication summarizes the knowledge about butterflies and moths of the city of Brno from the beginning of their study, i.e. over the past 200 years. During this period, 2508 species were registered, about 2250 of them occur in the area to date. Since the beginning of the 20th century, about 18 % of butterflies and 2–10 % species in individual groups of large moths have disappeared from the area. Due to the growing city, the loss of species exceeds the situation in the whole Czechia by about 2 times in butterflies and by 2–5 times in moths. The declining trend is still accelerating and even more than at the species level is reflected in the significant decrease in the number of individuals, many species survive at the critical abundaces. The history of butterfly and moth research in the region of Brno is recapitulated and the natural conditions are briefly characterized in the introductory chapters. A systematic list of all registered species is supplemented by references to the first and last record (in extinct species), occurrence sites or examples of them are given for more important species. Separate chapters are devoted to the most remarkable species, to butterflies, important species of the individual specially protected areas, to the zoogeogra- phical and habitat composition of butterfly and moth fauna, legally protected species, and to species included in the current Red List of Invertebrates in Czechia. The most important species include some species of warm forest-steppes, steppes and rocky habitats, of ravine forests and xerothermophilous oak forests. In the area, about 45 species are reaching the northernmost point of their total known distribution. More than 120 important species are shown in photos or in pictures. Key words: Lepidoptera, city of Brno, list of species, important records, comments, changes 4 MOTÝLI (lepidoptera) MĚSTA Brna – HISTORIE a současnost 1 ÚVOD Fauna bezprostředního okolí velkých měst je dlouhodobě ovlivňována rozvojem zástavby i dalšími antropickými zásahy a lze ji považovat za vůbec nejohroženější. Na druhé straně díky extenzivnímu působení a lokálnímu narušování se na relativně malé ploše na okrajích měst dlouhodobě vytváří (vytvářela) pestrá mozaika rozma- nitých biotopů, se kterými se ve vzdálenějším okolí nemusíme setkat. Současně bylo okolí větších měst i v minulosti snadno dostupné badatelům a jejich fauna bývá dobře prostudovaná, často lépe než mnohá nesrovnatelně bohatší území. Na jedné straně tak můžeme očekávat vysoký počet nalezených druhů, na druhé straně jejich výrazný úbytek a změny v průběhu času. Brněnská fauna motýlů je s různou intenzitou stu- dována zhruba 200 let a obsáhlejší historické údaje umožňují provést alespoň orien- tační analýzu změn druhového spektra i početnosti. V předložené publikaci jsme se pokusili shrnout dostupná (publikovaná i sbírková) data o výskytu motýlů na území města Brna od samotných počátků jejich studia, zpracovat co nejúplnější soupis zjiš- těných druhů, provést analýzu jejich zoogeografického složení a stanovištních ná- roků, vyhodnotit dlouhodobé změny a podchytit výskyt druhů zvláště chráněných, ohrožených a jakkoli jinak významných. Území města Brna hodnotíme jako celek, nikoli po jednotlivých maloplošných chráněných územích (nebo obecně zbytcích za- chovalejších biotopů). To by vyžadovalo dlouhodobější soustavný výzkum každého z nich. Přesto jsme v průběhu roku 2020 všechna tato území (většinou opakovaně) navštívili, posoudili jejich aktuální stav se zřetelem na výskyt motýlů, alespoň krátce je komentujeme a uvádíme druhy, které jsou pro jednotlivá z nich aktuálně charakte- ristické a významné. Poděkování Za poskytnutí faunistických údajů a informace o některých lokalitách města Brna děkuje- me řadě přátel a kolegů, zejména A. Floriánovi, F. Gregorovi, D. Hauckovi, M. Hluchému, V. Hotárkovi, J. Hrnčířovi, E. Hrudové, V. Hulovi, O. Jakešovi, J. Markovi (zde zvláště za po- skytnutí rozsáhlých sbírkových údajů a podrobnou databázi výsledků ze světelného lapa- če za 30 let jeho provozu), Z. Navrátilovi, J. Němému (zvláště za soupis zajímavých nálezů z okolí Nového Lískovce a Kamenného vrchu a četné komentáře), P. Potockému, J. Sitkovi, J. Uřičářovi, i řadě entomologů, kteří již mezi námi nejsou a informace nám poskytli v dří- vější době, např. R. Hrabákovi (zde zvláště za dávné svolení použít kdykoli v budoucnosti jeho fotografie), F. Montagovi, Z. Novákovi, D. Povolnému a V. Štěrbovi. Za determinaci dru- hů některých čeledí (Tineidae, Elachistidae apod.) nebo její revizi jsme zavázáni J. Liškovi a za fotografii vztyčnořitky vzácné Z. Valchářovi. Za spolupráci při výzkumu a poznám- ky k rukopisu děkujeme H. Šefrové. Děkujeme rovněž J. Kolibáčovi, I. Malenovskému, P. Baňařovi a dalším pracovníkům entomologického oddělení
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