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A Synergistic Approach to Outdoor Lighting Design

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A Synergistic Approach to Outdoor Lighting Design A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO OUTDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN: REVISION OF THE OUTDOOR LIGHTING AT UGA EAST CAMPUS VILLAGE by LIAN Z. LI (Under the Direction of Bruce K. Ferguson) ABSTRACT Outdoor lighting is an integral part of the design in the landscape and the built environment. It is what keeps places alive with people at night. Many outdoor lighting installations we experience at night, however, are uninformative, wasteful, unsafe and monotonous. This thesis takes a synergistic approach to investigate lighting issues that are directly linked to light pollution, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design and wayfinding by reviewing current outdoor lighting design criteria and requirements, to form a set of design guidelines that can be applied in the three revisions to East Campus Village’s lighting design on UGA campus. INDEX WORDS: outdoor lighting design, light pollution, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), wayfinding, light source, luminaire, illuminance, luminance, energy efficient lighting A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO OUTDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN: REVISION OF THE OUTDOOR LIGHTING AT UGA EAST CAMPUS VILLAGE by LIAN Z. LI B.S., Syracuse University, 2000 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2011 © 2011 Lian Z. Li All Rights Reserved A SYNERGISTIC APPROACH TO OUTDOOR LIGHTING DESIGN: REVISION OF THE OUTDOOR LIGHTING AT UGA EAST CAMPUS VILLAGE by LIAN Z. LI Major Professor: Bruce Ferguson Committee: Georgia Harrison Anne Sweaney Jay Wansley Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2011 ACKNOWLEGEMENT First and foremost, I want to thank Professor Bruce Ferguson, my major professor for his invaluable guidance and advice. He has kept me on track and motivated throughout this process. Second, I would like to thank the members of my Reading Committee, Georgia Harrison, Anne Sweaney, and Jay Wansley for taking the time to review this thesis and offer their comments. Third, I want to thank my classmates/friends for their support, encouragement and friendship in the past three years. Finally, I want to thank my family for their unconditional love and support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEGEMENT…... …………………………………………………………… iv LIST OF TABLES… ………………………………………………………………….. vii LIST OF FIGURES. …………………………………………………………………… ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……. …………………………………………………… 1 2 LIGHTING REQUIREMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS…... …… 4 Introduction.. …………………………………………………………… 4 Light Pollution…….. …………………………………………………… 4 Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED)... ….. 18 Wayfinding… ………………………………………………………….. 27 Synthesis of Lighting Requirements and Recommendations.. ….. 39 3 LIGHTING SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGY……. ………………….. 44 A Brief History of Lighting.. ………………………………………….. 44 Energy Efficient Lighting Sources ………………………………….. 45 Light Emitting Diode (LED) ………………………………………….. 59 Solar Lighting……... ………………………………………………….. 61 4 CASE STUDIES…….. ………………………………………………….. 67 Introduction.. ………………………………………………………….. 67 The Citygarden…… ………………………………………………….. 68 v The High Line…….. ………………………………………………….. 73 Queen’s Walk…….. ………………………………………………….. 77 Plaza del Torico………………………………………………………. 80 5 EAST CAMPUS VILLAGE DESIGN APPLICATION……. ………….. 85 Introduction.. ………………………………………………………….. 85 Analysis of Existing Lighting Design…… ………………………….. 87 Design Proposal One……. ………………………………………….. 95 Design Proposal Two……. ………………………………………… 105 Design Proposal Three….. ………………………………………… 114 6 CONCLUSION. ………………………………………………………… 122 Design Critiques….. ………………………………………………… 123 Process in Lighting Design ………………………………………… 126 REFERENCES…… ………………………………………………………………… 129 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 2.1: Determination of illuminance categories*…. ……………………... ….. 10 Table 2.2: Exterior lighting design guide………………………………………. ….. 11 Table 2.3: Environmental zone classification…………………………………. ….. 12 Table 2.4: Upward Light Ratio………………………………………………….. ….. 13 Table 2.5: Light trespass limits…………………………………………………. ….. 14 Table 2.6: Limitations for glare…………………………………………………. ….. 18 Table 2.7: Illumination level for safety…………………………………………. ….. 21 Table 2.8: Minimum illuminance level for security lighting…………………... ….. 24 Table 2.9: Illuminance levels for signs…………………………………………. ….. 30 Table 2.10: Illumiance level for floodlighting………………………………….. ….. 31 Table 2.11: Roadway classification…………………………………………….. ….. 34 Table 2.12: Area classification………………………………………………….. ….. 36 Table 2.13: Road classification…………………………………………………. ….. 37 Table 2.14: Luminance method………………………………………………… ….. 37 Table 2.15: Illuminance method………………………………………………… ….. 38 Table 2.16: Illuminance level for pedestrian ways……………………………. ….. 38 Table 3.1: Comparison of various sources.…………………………………… ….. 51 Table 3.2: Light sources comparison chart …………………………………… ….. 51 Table 3.3: Description of illuminance distribution…………………………….. ….. 53 vii Table 3.4: General characteristics of LED lamps…………………………….. ….. 60 Table 5.1: Advantages and disadvantages of lighting proposal one……….. ….105 Table 5.2: Advantages and disadvantages of lighting proposal two……….. ….114 Table 5.3: Advantages and disadvantages of lighting proposal three ……... ….121 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 2.1: Angles reference by the IESNA cutoff classifications…... ………….. 16 Figure 3.1: The IESNA light distribution classification……………….. ………….. 52 Figure 3.2: IESNA Luminaire Cutoff Classification…………………… ………….. 53 Figure 3.3: The three primary solid angles of the LCS. ………………………….. 54 Figure 3.4: Plan and section views for forward solid angle….. ………………….. 55 Figure 3.5: Plan and section views for back light solid angle.. ………………….. 56 Figure 3.6: Plan view and section views for uplight solid angle…….. ………….. 57 Figure 3.7: Self-contained solar power system.. ………………………………….. 64 Figure 3.8: Bollard lighting with separate solar panel... ………………………….. 64 Figure 3.9: Moonlight solar lantern…….. ………………………………………….. 65 Figure 3.10: Solar yard lights …... ………………………………………………….. 65 Figure 3.11: Solar roadway lights ………………………………………………….. 65 Figure 3.12: Solar parking lot lights……. ………………………………………….. 66 Figure 4.1: Citygarden during the day…. ………………………………………….. 68 Figure 4.2: “2 Arcs x 4, 230.5 Degree Arc x 5” by Bernar Venet……. ………….. 70 Figure 4.3: “Tai-Chi Single Whip” by Ju Ming…. ………………………………….. 70 Figure 4.4: Walking path along the limestone wall…… ………………………….. 71 Figure 4.5: Main walking path along the central axis… ………………………….. 71 Figure 4.6: The spray plaza at night…… ………………………………………….. 72 ix Figure 4.7: The High Line during the day ……... ………………………………….. 74 Figure 4.8: Lights are embedded underneath the benches…. ………………….. 75 Figure 4.9: Lighted pathway and plants.. ………………………………………….. 75 Figure 4.10: The Chelsea Market Tunnel ……... ………………………………….. 76 Figure 4.11: A close up view of the Chelsea Market Tunnel… ………………….. 76 Figure 4.12: The lamps and lighted walkway along the river... ………………….. 78 Figure 4.13: Blue and white LED lights in the adjacent trees.. ………………….. 79 Figure 4.14: Section view of the Queen’s Walk lighting concept…… ………….. 80 Figure 4.15: Lighting on the ground surface and building façades…. ………….. 81 Figure 4.16: Red color lighting scheme at the plaza…. ………………………….. 83 Figure 4.17: Lighting of the false ceiling in the portico.. ………………………….. 84 Figure 5.1: East Campus Village on UGA campus map…….. ………………….. 87 Figure 5.2: Existing pole-mounted light... ………………………………………….. 88 Figure 5.3: Existing bollard light ………………………………………………….. 88 Figure 5.4: Section chosen for review and design……. ………………………….. 89 Figure 5.5: Locations of existing lights… ………………………………………….. 90 Figure 5.6: Plan view of existing lighting design ………………………………….. 91 Figure 5.7: Light trespass from existing bollard light…. ………………………….. 93 Figure 5.8: Light installed in front of Vandiver Hall…… ………………………….. 93 Figure 5.9: Light spills onto adjacent building… ………………………………….. 93 Figure 5.10: Existing planting masses for the site……. ………………………….. 95 Figure 5.11: Selected full-cutoff pole-mounted lamp…. ………………………….. 96 Figure 5.12: Selected full-cutoff bollard light….. ………………………………….. 97 x Figure 5.13: Plan view of lighting proposal one for area I…… ………………….. 98 Figure 5.14: First before view of existing lighting for area I…. ………………….. 99 Figure 5.15: First after view of lighting proposal one for area I……... ………….. 99 Figure 5.16: Second before view of existing lighting for area ………………… 100 Figure 5.17: Second after view of lighting proposal one for area I ………… 100 Figure 5.18: Plan view of lighting proposal one for area II…... ………………… 101 Figure 5.19: Before view of existing lighting for area II ………………………… 102 Figure 5.20: After view of lighting proposal one for area II….. ………………… 102 Figure 5.21: 5.21 Before view of existing lighting for area III... ………………… 103 Figure 5.22: After view of lighting proposal one for area III…. ………………… 104 Figure 5.23: Plan view of lighting proposal one for area III….. ………………… 104 Figure 5.24: Lighted cube benches…….. ………………………………………… 106 Figure 5.25: Plan view of lighting proposal two for area I……. ………………… 107 Figure 5.26: First after view of lighting proposal two for area I ……... ………… 108 Figure 5.27: Second after view of lighting proposal two for area I….. ………… 108 Figure 5.28: LED in-ground lights ………………………………………………… 109 Figure 5.29: Glow-in-the dark paint signage….. ………………………………… 110 Figure 5.30: Plan view of lighting proposal two for area II…… …………………
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