Collecting Parasitic Aculeata (Hymenoptera) from Rice Ecosystems of Tamil Nadu, India

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Collecting parasitic Aculeata (Hymenoptera) from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu, India

J. Alfred Daniel & K. Ramaraju

26 May 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 8 | Pages: 15828–15834 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4724.12.8.15828-15834

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15828–15834 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4724.12.8.15828-15834

#4724 | Received 24 November 2018 | Final received 14 May 2020 | Finally accepted 16 May 2020

C o m m இ"தியCollectng 'ைண* க,ட.தி/ parasitc உ1ள ஆ/கா Aculeata ைஹ6ரா8டாகிய (Hymenoptera) ைதேராசிப< ரேமாச< from, மிக?@ rice எளBதி/ ecosystems அைடயாள@ காண*DEய of u சைதFபGH1ள காலனB.'வ ைஹ6ரா8L ஆM@. இைவ கடலிO அEFபரFபPQ1ள உயPரனRகளBைடேய மிக S*கிய பRM வகி*கிற'. n i இைவ இ"தியாவP/ ஏராளமாக இV"தேபாதிQ@Tamil, கட"த Nadu,ெதா,XH India ஆ,LகY*M ேமலாக இ"த உயPரன.ைத பGறி c அறியFபடாமேலேய இV"த'. தGேபாைதய ஆ8? ைதேராசிப< ரேமாசஸிO உVவவPய/, [ழலிய/ மGH@ ]வPயPய/ இடRக1 ேபாOற வP^வான அறி*ைகைய வழRMகிற'. உVவவPய/ ப,]களான அதிகப6ச உயர@, இனFெபV*க@ மGH@ உட/த,EO a 1 2 t திVFப திைசக1 வP^வாக ஆ8? ெச8யFப6டனJ. Alfred. பா/* Daniel வP^MடாவP/ & அதிகK. Ramaraju அளவP/ உ1ள இைவ உயP_ `ல*DH வைகFபா6E/ i `லமாக, ைதேராசிப< ரேமாச<தாO எOH ேமQ@ உHதிெச8யFபLகிற'. ைதேராசிப< ரேமாசஸி/ சிGறின.ைத க,டறிய*DEய 1,2 o 18S, 16SDepartment ^ேபாேசா@ of Agricultural ஆ_எOஏ Entomology,`ல*DH Tamilவ^ைசக1 Nadu AgriculturalபMFபா8? University, ெச8யFப6L P.N. Pudur,, NCBI Coimbatore,இ/ இேத Tamil ேபாOற Nadu 641003,உயP^னRகYடO India. n 1 2 ஒFபPLைகயP/. 18 எ< ஆ_எOஏ[email protected] SE?க1 E. ரேமாச< (corresponding எOபைத நிkபP*M@பEயாக author), [email protected] அைம"த'. ேமQ@ lவார<யமாக, E..ரேமாச< 16 எ< ஆ_ஆ_எOஏ அேத இன.திO (E. ஃFk6Eேகாச< மGH@ E. ெபேடா6E) பPற சிGறினRகYடO ஒ.தைவயாக உ1ள'. ேமQ@ mtCOI வைகFபா6E/ மGற வைக ேவHப6ட ைஹ6ரா8L சிGறினRகYடO ஒ.தைவயாக உ1ள'.. இ"த தர? ேமாேனாபPெலE* அ/லாத நிைலயP/ இன@க,டறிதலி/ SOேனGற.ைத ேம@பL.த*DL@.

Abstract:இ"திய 'ைண* Surveys க,ட.தி/ were conducted உ1ள ஆ/கா to explore ைஹ6ரா8டாகிய the parasitc aculeateைதேராசிப< fauna ரேமாச< in rice ecosystems, மிக?@ எளBதி/ of Tamil அைடயாள@ Nadu in 2015–2016 காண*DEய in threeசைதFபGH1ள diferent riceகாலனB.'வ growing ைஹ6ரா8Lzones, viz., the ஆM@ western. இைவ zone, கடலிO the CauveryஅEFபரFபPQ1ள delta zone உயPரனRகளBைடேய and the high rainfall மிக S*கியzone. The பRM study வகி*கிற' recorded. இைவ a total இ"தியாவP/ of 32 aculeates ஏராளமாக that representஇV"தேபாதிQ@ 12 species, கட"த under ெதா, sevenXH familiesஆ,LகY*M belonging ேமலாக to threeஇ"த superஉயPரன.ைத families, பGறி viz., அறியFபடாமேலேய Apoidea (Apidae), இV"த' Chrysidoidea. தGேபாைதய (Bethylidae, ஆ8? Chrysididae,ைதேராசிப< ரேமாசஸிO உVவவPய/, [ழலிய/ மGH@ ]வPயPய/ இடRக1 ேபாOற வP^வான அறி*ைகைய வழRMகிற'. உVவவPய/ ப,]களான அதிகப6ச &உயர@ Dryinidae),, இனFெபV*க@ and Vespoidea மGH@ உட/த,EO(Mutllidae, Scoliidae,திVFப திைசக1 & Thiphiidae). வP^வாக ஆ8? Alpha ெச8யFப6டன and beta diversity. பா/* wereவP^MடாவP/ computed அதிக for அளவP/ the three உ1ள zones இைவ and உயP_ the diversity`ல*DH indices வைகFபா6E/ (Simpson’s `லமாக index,, Shannon-Wienerைதேராசிப< ரேமாச<தாO index, Pielou’s எOH index) ேமQ@ revealed உHதிெச8யFபLகிற' the high rainfall. ைதேராசிபTiphiidae.

Ma;t[r;RUf;fk;: jkpH; ehl;oy; 2015 Mk; Mz;L Mf!;l; khjk; Kjy; 2016 Mk; Mz;L $dthp khjk; tiu xl;Lz;zp mf;fpa[nyl;lhf;fSf;fhd fzf;bfLg;g[ \d;W kz;ly';fspy; elj;jg;gl;lJ/ mitahtd nkw;F kz;lyk;/ fhnthp bly;lh kz;lyk; kw;Wk; kiHkpF kz;lyk;. ,e;j fzf;bfLg;gpd; \yk; bkhj;jk; 32 mf;fpa[nyl;lh xl;Lz;zpfs; mfg;gl;ld. ,tw;Ws; 12 ,d';fs; ml';Fk;. ,e;j 12 ,d';fs; \d;W bgU';FLk;g';fspd; (Vg;gha;oah/ fpiu!plha;oah kw;Wk; bt!;gha;oah) fPH; cs;s 7 FLk;g';fspd; fPH; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ mitahtd Vg;gpnl/ bgj;jpypnl/ fpiu!ponl/ oiudpnl/ kpa{l;oypnl/ !;nfhypnl kw;Wk; jpg;gpnl. b$f;fh;L Fwpapilf; bfhz;L kz;ly';fSf; fpilapyhd xg;g[ikj; jd;ikia fzf;fpl;lnghJ 42 rjtPj xg;g[ik nkw;F kw;Wk; fhnthp bly;lh kz;ly';fSf;fpilapy; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. kiHkpF kz;lyk; kw;Wk; fhnthp bly;lh kz;ly';fSf;fpilapy;11 rjtPj xg;g[ika[k; 16 rjtPj xg;g[ik kiHkpF kw;Wk; nkw;F kz;ly';fSf; fpilapYk; ,Ug;gJ fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. gd;Kfj;jd;ik FwpaPLfshd rpk;g;!d;!;/ b#zhd; kw;Wk; khh;fbyg; FwpaPLfs; fzf;fplg;gl;L kiHkpF kz;lyj;jpnyna mjpf gy;Yaph; bgUf;fk; ,Ug;gjhf fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. kpf Fiwe;j gy;Yaph; bgUf;fk; fhnthp bly;lh kz;lyj;jpy; ,Ug;gjhf bjhpag;gl;lJ.

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Daniel, J.A. & K. Ramaraju (2020). Collectng parasitc Aculeata (Hymenoptera) from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(8): 15828–15834. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4724.12.8.15828-15834

Copyright: © Daniel & Ramaraju 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Maulana Azad Natonal Fellowship from Ministry of Minority Afairs through University Grants Commission.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: J. Alfred Daniel did his PhD on the diversity of parasitc hymenopterans and currently working as a senior research fellow in the Insect Museum of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. K. Ramaraju is a mite taxonomist and now working as a professor of Entomology in Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Author contributon: JAD involved in the collecton of insects, segregaton of collected insects up to family level, performed statstcal analysis, and wrote the manuscript. KR involved in correcton of the manuscript and he is the advisor of the whole study.

Acknowledgements: Thanks are due to Ministry of Minority Afairs, Government of India for the fnancial grants through Maulana Azad Natonal Fellowship.

15828 J TT Parasitc Aculeata from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Daniel & Ramaraju

INTRODUCTION representaton: Thiruvarur at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Needamangalam, 26m, 10.774N, 79.412E), and high Rice felds have unique characteristcs that make rainfall zone (District representaton: Kanyakumari them ideal grounds for diverse biological organisms. at Agricultural Research Staton, Thirupathisaram, In additon, the diferent growth stages of the rice 17m, 8.207N, 77.445E). Collectons were made for 20 plant from seedling to harvest create micro-climatc consecutve days in each zone to give equal weightage conditons, ofering a variety of habitats and niches and to minimize chances of variatons in the collecton. conducive to a variety of life forms (Edirisinghe & The tme of sampling in each zone was decided based Bambaradeniya 2010). Thus, it is an ecosystem which on the rice growing season of the zone and the stage of sustains not only the people whose staple diet is rice the crop, i.e., 20 days from August–September 2015 in but also a diverse assemblage of plants and animals that the western zone, October– November 2015 in the high have made rice felds their niche. But indiscriminate use rainfall zone, and December 2015–January 2016, in the of insectcides in rice felds has resulted in the loss of Cauvery delta zone. biodiversity of benefcial organisms like hymenopteran insects (Dudley et al. 2005). Methods of collecton Reducing the mortality of hymenopterans caused A total of three diferent gadgets, viz., sweep net, by insectcides is essental for greater sustainability in yellow pan trap kept at ground level, and yellow pan trap rice pest management (Heong & Hardy 2009; Gurr et al. erected at canopy levels were employed. All the three 2011). They show greater stability to the ecosystem than gadgets were employed contnuously for 20 days. any group of natural enemies of insect pests because they are capable of living and interactng at a lower Preservaton and identfcaton of the specimens host populaton level. A typical phytophagous insect The parasitoids, thus, collected were preserved in is host to about fve species of Hymenoptera (Hawkins 70% ethyl alcohol. The dried specimens were mounted 1993). Destroying one parasitoid species, therefore, on pointed triangular cards and studied under a Stemi may have unpredictable and immeasurable efects on (Zeiss) 2000-C and photographed under Leica M205A the abundance of a number of phytophagous insects stereozoom microscopes and identfed through (LaSalle 2003). These studies suggest how important conventonal taxonomic techniques by following standard hymenopterans are in their natural habitats. keys. For future references all the identfed specimens Although the species compositon of terrestrial were submited at Insect Biosystematcs Laboratory, insects in rice felds throughout the world is relatvely Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Species well documented, only a few studies have examined the identty was made by following standard keys and also by biodiversity of hymenopterans in rice felds (Heckman confrming them with concerned experts from various 1974, 1979). The studies regarding the ability of aculeate insttutes like, Lynn S. Kimsey, professor of entomology, Hymenoptera to utlize wetlands is far from satsfying UC Davis Department of Entomology and Nematology for (Stapenkova et al. 2017). Aculeata is one of the largest Chrysididae and Tiphiidae, Arkady S. Lelej, entomology groups of insects and a few of them are parasitoids professor, Russian Entomological Society for Mutllidae, atacking a wide range of insects in their various stages and Manickavasagam of Annamalai University for of development, thereby playing a pivotal role in Dryinidae. ecological balance. The diversity of parasitc aculeates associated with rice ecosystem is poorly studied in Tamil Measurement of diversity Nadu, hence the present study was undertaken. Relatve density (calculated by the formula, Relatve Density (%) = (Number of individuals of one species / Number of individuals of all species) X 100, alpha MATERIALS AND METHODS diversity, viz., Simpson’s index (Simpson 1949), (SDI is calculated using the formula D = Σn (n-1)/ N(N-1) where Sites of collecton n=total number of organisms of a partcular species and The survey was carried out in the rice felds in N=total number of organisms of all species. Subtractng 2015–2016 in three diferent agroclimatc zones of Tamil the value of Simpson’s index from 1, gives Simpson’s Nadu State, viz.: western zone (District representaton: Index of Diversity (SID). The value of the index ranges Coimbatore at Paddy Breeding Staton, Coimbatore, from 0 to 1, the greater the value the greater the sample 427m, 11.007N, 76.937E), Cauvery delta zone (District diversity). Shannon-index (Shannon, 1948), Margalef

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15828–15834 15829 J TT Parasitc Aculeata from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Daniel & Ramaraju

richness index (Margalef 1958), Pielou’s evenness index among elevatonal zones can indicate how community (Pielou 1966; Magurran 1988), and beta diversity using structure changes with biotc and abiotc environmental Jaccard index (Jaccard 1912) were calculated using the pressures (Shmida & Wilson 1985; Condit et al. 2002). online sofware Biodiversity Calculator (htps://www. Studies on the efect of elevaton on species diversity alyoung.com/labs/biodiversity_calculator.html). of taxa such as spiders (Sebastan et al. 2005), moths (Axmacher & Fiedler 2008), paper wasps (Kumar et Statstcal analysis al. 2008), and ants (Smith et al. 2014) reported that The statstcal test ANOVA was also used to check species diversity decreased with an increase in alttude, whether there was any signifcant diference in the however, according to Janzen (1976), diversity of collectons from three zones. The data on populaton parasitc Hymenoptera is not as proportonately reduced number were transformed into X+0.5 square root by elevaton as in other insect groups, a fact that is in before statstcal analysis. The mean individuals caught support of our results. from three diferent zones were analyzed by adoptng A similar study conducted by Shweta & Rajmohana randomized block design (RBD) to fnd least signifcant (2016) to assess the diversity of members belonging diference (LSD). Critcal diference (CD) values were to the subfamily Scelioninae also declared that the calculated at fve per cent probability level. All these elevaton did not have any major efect on the overall statstcal analyses were done using Microsof Excel diversity paterns. Daniel et al. (2017) obtained similar 2016 version and Agres sofware version 3.01. results by conductng experiments to assess the diversity of pteromalids of rice ecosystems in Tamil Nadu. The elevaton dealt with in that work ranged from 17–427 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION m which was not very high. So taking into account the scale and extent of elevatonal gradients, it can be said Parasitc Aculeata that species diversity and richness have not showed any In the present study, a total of 32 aculeates were correlaton, i.e., species diversity and richness were not collected from rice ecosystems that represent 12 proportonal with that of elevaton. species under seven families (Images 1–12), viz., Apidae, On comparing the species similarites using the Bethylidae, Chrysididae, Dryinidae, Mutllidae, Scoliidae, Jaccard’s index in between the three sites taken in pairs, and Tiphiidae. it is found that 42 percent similarity between western Parasitc aculeate faunal surveys of rice ecosystems zone and Cauvery delta zone and 11 per cent similarity in western Cauvery delta and high rainfall zones of Tamil between high rainfall zone and Cauvery delta zone. The Nadu revealed that the species richness was maximum similarity between western zone and high rainfall zone (7) in both western and high rainfall zones. Abundance is 16 per cent. All the parasitc aculeates that were wise, the high rainfall zone stood frst with a total collected along with their host details were presented collecton of 14 individuals. The western zone ranks in Table 3. second with a total collecton of nine individuals and Cauvery delta region represented the least abundant Apidae with a total collecton of seven individuals. Under the family Apidae, only one species, Thyreus The Simpson’s index of diversity is highest for high ceylonicus (Friese) was collected only from the western rainfall zone (0.91) and lowest for western zone (0.87) zone. Since, only one species was caught, diversity (Table 2), revealing more diversity in high rainfall zone indices cannot be calculated. than the western zone. A similar trend was observed The bee genus Thyreus Panzer is cleptoparasitc for the Shannon index also. From the values of Margalef on species of Amegilla Friese possibly on Anthophora richness index for the three zones, it was found that the Latreille and Eucera Scopoli (Stoeckhert 1954). high rainfall zone was very rich in species with a richness Matsumura et al. (2004) have collected a few value of 3.03 followed by western zone (2.08), while kleptoparasitc cuckoo bees from the rice felds of Japan. for Cauvery delta zone the value is 2.05. The Pielou’s evenness value for the sites clearly indicated that the Bethylidae evenness paterns of all the three zones were almost Two species of bethylids, viz., Goniozus indicus the same with evenness index value 0.41 for Cauvery (Ashmead) and Holepyris hawaiiensis were collected delta zone, followed by western zone (0.40) and high in the present study. Though G. indicus was found to rainfall zone (0.40) (Table 2). The species compositon be common to all the three zones, H. hawaiiensis was

15830 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15828–15834

J TT Parasitc Aculeata from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Thyreus ceylonicus Daniel(Friese) & Ramaraju Goniozus indicus (Ashmead)

Thyreus ceylonicus Thyreus ceylonicus (Friese) (Friese) Goniozus indicus Goniozus indicus (Ashmead) (Ashmead)

1 2 3 Thyreus ceylonicus (Friese) Goniozus indicus (Ashmead) Holepyris hawaiiensis Holepyris hawaiiensis (Ashmead) (Ashmead) Stilbum cyanarum Stilbum cyanarum (Forster) (Forster)

Thyreus ceylonicus Thyreus ceylonicus (Friese) (Friese) Goniozus indicus Goniozus indicus (Ashmead) (Ashmead) Holepyris hawaiiensis (Ashmead) Stilbum cyanarum (Forster)

Haplogonatopus Storozhenkotilla Haplogonatopus sp. sp. Storozhenkotilla sp. sp.

4 5 6 Haplogonatopus sp. Storozhenkotilla sp. Holepyris hawaiiensis (Ashmead) Stilbum cyanarum (Forster) Dryinus Dryinus sp. sp. Gonatopus Gonatopus sp. sp.

Holepyris hawaiiensis Holepyris hawaiiensis (Ashmead) (Ashmead) Stilbum cyanarum Stilbum cyanarum (Forster) (Forster)

Dryinus sp. Gonatopus sp.

Haplogonatopus sp. 7 Storozhenkotilla sp. Zavatilla 8 sp. 9 Campsomeriella collaris Betrem Zavatilla sp. Campsomeriella collaris Betrem

Haplogonatopus Haplogonatopus sp. sp. Storozhenkotilla Storozhenkotilla sp. sp. Dryinus sp. Gonatopus sp. Zavatilla sp. Campsomeriella collaris Betrem

Dryinus sp. Dryinus sp. Gonatopus sp. Gonatopus sp.

10 Zavatilla sp. 11 Campsomeriella collaris Betrem 12 Scolia affinis Guerin Mesa sp.

Zavatilla sp. Campsomeriella collaris Betrem Images 1–12. Twelve species of parasitc Aculeata collected from three rice growing zones of Tamil Nadu. 1—Thyreus ceylonicus (Friese) | Zavatilla sp. Campsomeriella collaris Betrem Scolia affinis Guerin Scolia affinis Guerin Mesa sp. Mesa sp. 2—Goniozus indicus (Ashmead) | 3—Holepyris hawaiiensis (Ashmead) | 4—Stlbum cyanarum (Forster) | 6—Dryinus sp. | 6—Gonatopus sp. | 7—Haplogonatopus sp. | 8—Storozhenkotlla sp. | 9—Zavatlla sp. | 10—Campsomeriella collaris Betrem | 11—Scolia afnis Guerin | 12 — Mesa sp. © Alfred Daniel, J.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15828–15834 15831

Scolia affinis Guerin Mesa sp.

J TT Parasitc Aculeata from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Daniel & Ramaraju

Table 1. Comparison of parasitc Aculeata collected from three rice growing zones of Tamil Nadu.

Zones

Western Cauvery Delta High Rainfall Total

Species No. % No. % No. % No. % F P Apidae 1 100 0 0.0 0 0.00 1 100 1.00 0.37 Thyreus ceylonicus Bethylidae 3 75 2 100 7 100 12 92.3 1.33 0.27 Goniozus indicus Holepyris hawaiiensis 1 25 0 0 0 0 01 7.7 1.00 0.37 Chrysididae 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 100 1 100 1.00 0.37 Stlbum cyanarum Dryinidae 1 50 2 40.0 0 0 3 37.5 1.03 0.36 Dryinus sp. Gonatopus sp. 1 50 3 60.0 0 0 4 50.0 1.20 0.30

Haplogonatopus sp. 0 0 0 0 1 100 1 12.5 1.00 0.37 Mutllidae 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 33.3 1 33.3 1.00 0.37 Storozhenkotlla sp. Zavatlla sp. 0 0 0 0 2 66.7 2 66.7 1.00 0.37 Scoliidae 1 100 0 0 1 50 2 66.7 0.5 0.60 Campsomeriella collaris Scolia afnis 0 0 0 0 1 50 1 33.3 1.00 0.37 Tiphiidae 3 100 0 0.0 0 100 3 100 1.00 0.37 Mesa sp. Total collected 11 - 07 - 14 - 32 - - Number of species 07 - 03 - 07 - 12 -

%- Relatve Density, No.- Total number of individuals collected, F-Value, P-Value

found only in the western zone. Among the three zones, zone was the most dryinid abundant zone with a total high rainfall zone (7) was found to have more number collecton of fve numbers followed by western zone (2) of bethylids followed by western zone (4) and Cauvery and high rainfall zone represented by only one individual delta zone (2) (Table 1). A total of 13 numbers of bethylid individuals were collected from all the three zones. Mutllidae A mean of 0.20 ± 0.12 bethylids were collected per Two species, Storozhenkotlla sp. and Zavatlla sp., day from western zone. Cauvery delta zone and high were collected under the family Mutllidae. Both the rainfall zone yielded 0.10 ± 0.07 and 0.35 ± 0.15 bethylids species were collected from the high rainfall zone alone. per day, respectvely. A total of three mutllid individuals were collected in the present study (Table 1). Chrysididae High rainfall zone recorded a mean of 0.15 ± 0.11 Under the family Chrysididae, only one species, individuals per day. Since, mutllids were collected only Stlbum cyanarum (Forster) was collected in the present from high rainfall zone no comparison between zones study. Stlbum cyanarum was collected from high rainfall were made. Heong et al. (1991), Bambaradeniya et al. zone alone. Since only one species was caught, diversity (2004), and Samin et al. (2011) have recorded mutllids indices could not be calculated. from the rice felds of Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Iran, respectvely. Dryinidae In the present study, a total of eight dryinid Scoliidae individuals comprising three diferent species, viz., Two species, Campsomeriella collaris Betrem and Dryinus sp., Gonatopus sp. and Haplogonatopus sp. Scolia afnis Guerin, were collected in the current study. were collected. Dryinus sp. and Gonatopus sp. were Though C. collaris was obtained both from the western common to both western zone and Cauvery delta zone, and high rainfall zones, S. afnis was obtained only from but Haplogonatopus sp. was obtained only from the high rainfall zone. No scoliids was caught from Cauvery high rainfall zone. It was found that the Cauvery delta delta zone.

15832 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2020 | 12(8): 15828–15834 J TT Parasitc Aculeata from rice ecosystems of Tamil Nadu Daniel & Ramaraju

Table 2. Diversity indices of parasitc Aculeata from three rice growing zones of Tamil Nadu.

Mean number of all Zones aculeates collected/day SE SID H’ a E1 b % Western 0.55 (0.94) ± 0.22 0.87 0.72 2.08 0.40 W and C – 42

Cauvery Delta 0.35 (0.87) ± 0.15 0.90 0.67 2.05 0.41 C and H - 11

High Rainfall 0.70 (1.02) ± 0.23 0.91 0.88 3.03 0.40 H and W - 16

S.ED 0.10 - - - - -

CD (p=0.05) 0.20 - - - - -

Table 3. Parasitc aculeates collected in the study along with their host.

Parasitoid Host Reference

Thyreus ceylonicus Amegilla sp. & Anthophora sp. Liefinck, 1962 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Goniozus indicus Giford, 1965 Scirpophaga sp. Holepyris hawaiiensis Corcyra cephalonica, & Plodia interpunctella Amante et al. 2018

Stlbum cyanarum Eumenidae, Sphecidae, & Megachilidae Tormos et al. 2006

Dryinus sp. Plant hoppers Guglielmino et al. 2013

Gonatopus sp. Plant hoppers Guglielmino et al. 2013

Haplogonatopus sp. Plant hoppers Guglielmino et al. 2013

Storozhenkotlla sp. Coleoptera, Diptera, & Hymenoptera Lelej et al. 2007

Zavatlla sp. Coleoptera, Diptera, & Hymenoptera Lelej et al. 2007

Campsomeriella collaris Scarabaeoidea Vidyasagar & Bhat 1991

Scolia afnis Scarabaeoidea Vidyasagar & Bhat 1991

Mesa sp. Scarabaeoidea Vidyasagar & Bhat 1991

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ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

May 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 8 | Pages: 15767–15966 Date of Publicaton: 26 May 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.8.15767-15966

Communicatons Avifaunal diversity of Tilyar Lake, Rohtak, Haryana, India – Jagjeet Singh, Sandeep Antl, Vivek Goyal & Vinay Malik, Pp. 15909–15915 Mammalian fauna in an urban infuenced zone of Chandaka-Dampara Wildlife Sanctuary in Odisha, India Life-history traits and courtship behaviour of four poorly known endemic – Subrat Debata & Kedar Kumar Swain, Pp. 15767–15775 bush frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Rhachophoridae) from the Western Ghats of India Species in peril: assessing the status of the trade in pangolins in Nepal – A.V. Abhijith & Shomen Mukherjee, Pp. 15916–15921 – Prayash Ghimire, Nirjala Raut, Pragya Khanal, Suman Acharya & Suraj Upadhaya, Pp. 15776–15783 A frst record of Camacinia hartert Karsch, 1890 (Odonata: Libellulidae) from Arunachal Pradesh, India Diversity and synanthropy of fies (Diptera: Calyptratae) from Ecuador, with – Arajush Payra, K.A. Subramanian, Kailash Chandra & Basudev Tripathy, new records for the country Pp. 15922–15926 – Karen Blacio, Jonathan Liria & Ana Soto-Vivas , Pp. 15784–15793 Occurrence of Fulgoraecia (= Epiricania) melanoleuca (Lepidoptera: Buterfy diversity in Gidakom Forest Management Unit, Thimphu, Bhutan Epipyropidae) as a parasitoid of sugarcane lophopid planthopper – Thal Prasad Koirala, Bal Krishna Koirala & Jaganath Koirala, Pp. 15794–15803 Pyrilla perpusilla in Tamil Nadu (India) with brief notes on its life stages – H. Sankararaman, G. Naveenadevi & S. Manickavasagam, Pp. 15927–15931 Buterfy diversity in heterogeneous habitat of Bankura, West Bengal, India – Kalyan Mukherjee & Ayan Mondal, Pp. 15804–15816 A preliminary survey of soil nemafauna of Bhagwan Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary, Goa, India A second report on buterfies (Lepidoptera) from Ladakh Union Territory and – Kiran Gaude & I.K. Pai, Pp. 15932–15935 Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh, India – Sanjay Sondhi, Balakrishnan Valappil & Vidya Venkatesh, Pp. 15817–15827 Thirty-nine newly documented plant species of Great Nicobar, India – Kanakasabapathi Pradheep, Katukkunnel Joseph John, Iyyappan Jaisankar & Collectng parasitc Aculeata (Hymenoptera) from rice ecosystems of Sudhir Pal Ahlawat, Pp. 15936–15944 Tamil Nadu, India – J. Alfred Daniel & K. Ramaraju, Pp. 15828–15834 Notes An annotated checklist of sea slug fauna of Gujarat coast, India – Piyush Vadher, Hitesh Kardani & Imtyaz Beleem, Pp. 15835–15851 An observaton of homosexual fellato in the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius (Temminck, 1825) (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) Additonal descripton of the Algae Hydroid Thyroscyphus ramosus (Hydrozoa: – K.S. Gopi Sundar & Swat Kitur, Pp. 15945–15946 Leptothecata: Thyroscyphidae) from Palk Bay, India with insights into its ecology and genetc structure Diurnal observaton of a Malayan Krait Bungarus candidus (Reptlia: – G. Arun, R. Rajaram & K. Kaleshkumar, Pp. 15852–15863 Elapidae) feeding inside a building in Thailand – Cameron Wesley Hodges, Anji D’souza & Sira Jintapirom, Pp. 15947–15950 Floristc compositon and distributon patern of herbaceous plant diversity in fallow lands of the central districts of Punjab, India An additonal record of the Tamdil Leaf-liter Frog Leptobrachella tamdil – Jashanpreet Kaur, Rajni Sharma & Pushp Sharma, Pp. 15864–15880 (Sengupta et al., 2010) (Amphibia: Megophryidae) from Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India Morphological and molecular phylogenetc studies on Batarrea phalloides – Vanlalsiammawii, Remruatpuii, V.L. Malsawmhriatzuali, Lalmuansanga, (Agaricales): a new report to Indian mycobiota Gospel Zothanmawia Hmar, Saisangpuia Sailo, Ht. Decemson, Lal Biakzuala & – R. Kantharaja & M. Krishnappa, Pp. 15881–15888 H.T. Lalremsanga, Pp. 15951–15954

Diversity of polypores in Kerala Agricultural University main campus, Records of dragonfies and damselfies (Insecta: Odonata) of Dipang Lake, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India with two new records to Nepal – M. Kiran, C.K. Adarsh, K. Vidyasagran & P.N. Ganesh, Pp. 15889–15904 – K.C. Sajan & Juddha Bahadur Gurung, Pp. 15955–15961

Henry’s Ratan Calamus henryanus Becc. (Arecaceae), a new record to India Short Communicatons – Selim Mehmud & Himu Roy, Pp. 15962–15966

On the evidence of the Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris (Owen, 1866) (Mammalia: Cetartodactyla: Delphinidae) in the Hooghly River, West Bengal, India – Gargi Roy Chowdhury, Kanad Roy, Naman Goyal, Ashwin Warudkar, Rashid Hasnain Raza & Qamar Qureshi, Pp. 15905–15908 Publisher & Host

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