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Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) As Biological Control Agents of Pests

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Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) As Biological Control Agents of Pests Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) As Biological Control Agents Of Pests A Bibliography Hassan Ghahari Department of Entomology, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Campus, P. O. Box 14515/775, Tehran – Iran; [email protected] Preface The Ichneumonidae is one of the most species rich families of all organisms with an estimated 60000 species in the world (Townes, 1969). Even so, many authorities regard this figure as an underestimate! (Gauld, 1991). An estimated 12100 species of Ichneumonidae occur in the Afrotropical region (Africa south of the Sahara and including Madagascar) (Townes & Townes, 1973), of which only 1927 have been described (Yu, 1998). This means that roughly 16% of the afrotropical ichneumonids are known to science! These species comprise 338 genera. The family Ichneumonidae is currently split into 37 subfamilies (including, Acaenitinae; Adelognathinae; Agriotypinae; Alomyinae; Anomaloninae; Banchinae; Brachycyrtinae; Campopleginae; Collyrinae; Cremastinae; Cryptinae; Ctenopelmatinae; 1 Diplazontinae; Eucerotinae; Ichneumoninae; Labeninae; Lycorininae; Mesochorinae; Metopiinae; Microleptinae; Neorhacodinae; Ophioninae; Orthopelmatinae; Orthocentrinae; Oxytorinae; Paxylomatinae; Phrudinae; Phygadeuontinae; Pimplinae; Rhyssinae; Stilbopinae; Tersilochinae; Tryphoninae; Xoridinae) (Yu, 1998). The Ichneumonidae, along with other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera, are supposedly no more species rich in the tropics than in the Northern Hemisphere temperate regions (Owen & Owen, 1974; Janzen, 1981; Janzen & Pond, 1975), although a number of hymenopteran families, for example the Chalcididae (Hespenheide, 1979) and Encyrtidae (Noyes 1989b) exhibit an increase in species richness with a decrease in latitude. Other hymenopteran taxa such as sawflies (Symphyta), gall-forming Cynipidae and bees (Apoidea) peak in species richness at mid or high latitudes (Michener 1979; Noyes 1989b; Kouki et al. 1994). Considerable debate has centred on the apparent species richness anomaly exhibited by a number of hymenopteran parasitoid taxa in the tropics (see Morrison et al. 1978; Gauld, 1991; Gauld & Gaston, 1994). Ichneumonids utilise a diverse array of insects and arachnids as their hosts and play an essential role in the normal functioning of most ecosystems, underlining the need to inventory their diversity. Ichneumonids have been used successfully as biocontrol agents and given the largely undocumented fauna there is a huge potential for their utilisation in managed biocontrol programmes (Gupta, 1991). Comprehensive quantitative biodiversity surveys will enable the identification of hotspots of species richness and endemism; essential base line data that will enable informed future conservation management decisions. Identifying characteristics for the family Ichneumonidae include: • Antennae apparently with 16 or more segments. • Hind trochanters 2-segmented. • Two recurrent veins. • Usually larger than braconids; quite variable in color. • Females often with long ovipositors. Additional information: • Species in the family Ichneumonidae are separated from those in Braconidae by having two, rather than one or zero recurrent veins. • Ichneumons are important internal parasitoids of other insects. Common hosts are larvae and pupae of Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Lepidoptera. Bibliography on Ichneumonidae A Abbas, M.S.T. (1988). Biological and ecological studies on Diadegma semiclausum Hellen (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasite of the diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Plutellidae) in Egypt. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 61 (1): 1 - 2. 2 Abbas, M.S.T., Abuo-Zeid, N.A. and Megahed, M.M. (1993). On the natural enemies of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 71 (4): 943 - 950. Abbas, M.S.T. and El Deeb, Y.A.A. (1993). On the natural enemies of the major pests infesting cotton in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, publ. 1996, 71 (1): 131 - 138. Abdinbekova, A.A. and Mustafina, K.M. (1988). Characteristics of the biology and ecology of Hyposoter didymator Thund. (Ichneumonidae) - a parasitoid of the cotton moth Heliothis armigera Hb. (Noctuidae) in Azerbaidzhan. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR. Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk 3: 75 - 83. Adashkevich, B.P. and Rashidov, M.I. (1986). Biological control of the cotton bollworm on vegetable crops. Zashchita Rastenii 6: 51 - 52. Adiyaman, N. and Aktumsek, A. (1996). The effects of low temperature on fecundity of pupae and adults of female Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae).Turkish Journal of Zoology 20: SUPPL, 1 - 5. Aeschlimann, J.P. (1989). Revision of the western Palaearctic species of the genus Hypsicera Latreille (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 25 (1): 33 - 39. Agoze, M.E., Drezen, J.M., Renault, S. and Periquet, G. (1994). Analysis of the reproductive potential of diploid males in the wasp Diadromus pulchellus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 84 (2): 213 - 218. Agoze, M.M.E. (1987). Reproductive activity of two parasitoids: Diadromus pulchellus (Wsm.) and Bruchocida vuilleti [Eulpelmus vuilleti] (Crawford) during a limited time of their host [Acrolepiopsus assectella and Callosobruchus maculatus, resp.] presence. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, publ. 1989, 67: 113 - 121. Ahmed, K., Khalique, F. and Afzal, M. (1989). Effect of agronomic factors on the incidence of Heliothis armigera (Hubn.) and its parasite Campoletis chlorideae (U.) in chickpea field. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 32 (10): 694 - 697. Ahmed, K.N. and Khan, A.R. (1995). Biological note on Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 23 (2): 243 - 244. Ajayi, O., Uvah, I.I., Fussell, L.K. and Weder, J. (1989). Review of research on millet entomology in Nigeria: 1977 - 1987. Proceedings of the Regional Pearl Millet Improvement Workshop, IAR, Samaru, Nigeria, 15-19 August 1988. 21 - 30. Akol, A.M., Sithanantham, S., Njagi, P.G.N., Varela, A. and Mueke, J.M. (2002). Relative safety of sprays of two neem insecticides to Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren), a parasitoid of the diamondback moth: effects on adult longevity and foraging behaviour. Crop Protection 21 (9): 853 - 859. Akre, R.D. and Myhre, E.A. (1994). Nesting biology of Dolichovespula norvegicoides (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Entomological News 105 (1): 39 - 46. 3 Aktumsek, A. (1996). Effect of host and sex on fatty acid composition in the parasitoid Itoplectis maculator F. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology 20: SUPPL, 7 - 10. Al Ayedh, H.Y., Kondratieff, B.C., Blodgett, S.L. and Peairs, F.B. (1996). Evaluation of hymenopterous biological control agents of the alfalfa weevil larvae Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in northcentral Colorado. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 69 (4): 326 - 336. Al Saffar, Z.Y. and Aldrich, J.C. (1997). Factors influencing the survival of Pontania proxima that attack crack willow Salix fragilis. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section B. 97 (3): 219 - 223. Ali, M.I., Islam, A. and Kabir, S.M.H. (1995). Biological control of insect and mite pests in important agricultural crops of Bangladesh: a review. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh Science 21 (2): 149 - 208. Ali, M.I. and Karim, M.A. (1995). Host range, abundance and natural enemies of diamondback moth in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Entomology 5 (1-2): 25 - 32. Aliyev, A.A.O. (1999). Fauna of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Azerbaijan with new records. Turkish Journal of Zoology 23 (1): 1 - 12. Alizadeh, I., Safaralizadeh, M.H. and Shayestef, N. (2000). Biology of alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica Gyll.) and identification of its’ parasitoids and dominant species in Maku and Chalderan regions. Proceedengs of 14th Iranian Plant Protection Congress, p. 27. Allen, G.R. (1990). Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): larval survival and parasitoid biology in the field in South Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 29 (4): 301 - 312. Aluja, M., Guillen, J., Liedo, P., Cabrera, M., Rios, E., De La Rosa, G., Celedonio, H. and Mota, D. (1990). Fruit infesting tephritids (Diptera: Tephritidae) and associated parasitoids in Chiapas, Mexico. Entomophaga 35 (1): 39 - 48. Amend, J. and Basedow, T. (1997). Combining release/establishment of Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae) and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. for control of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) and other lepidopteran pests in the Cordillera Region of Luzon (Philippines). Journal of Applied Entomology 121 (6): 337 - 342. Ananthakrishnan, T.N. (1995). Biological control of social forest and plantation crop insects. Science Publishers, Inc.; New Hampshire, USA; Lebanon, xii + 225 pp. Anciso, J.R. and Quick, T.C. (1990). Parasitoids of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Journal of the Rio Grande Valley Horticultural Society 43: 89 - 90. Andrei-Ruiz, M.C. and Villemant, C. (1999). Biodiversity of the Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) in the green oak forest of Fango (Corsica). Integrated protection of 4 Quercus spp. forests. Proceedings of the meeting held at Rabat-Sale, Morocco, 26 - 29 October, 1998. Bulletin OILB SROP 22 (3): 151 - 156. Anento, J.L., Kolarov, J. and Selfa, J. (2002). First record for Europe (Alicante,
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