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Control Biológico De Insectos: Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada Un Enfoque Agroecológico

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Control Biológico De Insectos: Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada Un Enfoque Agroecológico Control biológico de insectos: Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada un enfoque agroecológico Control biológico de insectos: un enfoque agroecológico Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada Ciencia y Tecnología Editorial Universidad de Antioquia Ciencia y Tecnología © Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada © Editorial Universidad de Antioquia ISBN: 978-958-714-186-3 Primera edición: septiembre de 2008 Diseño de cubierta: Verónica Moreno Cardona Corrección de texto e indización: Miriam Velásquez Velásquez Elaboración de material gráfico: Ana Cecilia Galvis Martínez y Alejandro Henao Salazar Diagramación: Luz Elena Ochoa Vélez Coordinación editorial: Larissa Molano Osorio Impresión y terminación: Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia Impreso y hecho en Colombia / Printed and made in Colombia Prohibida la reproducción total o parcial, por cualquier medio o con cualquier propósito, sin autorización escrita de la Editorial Universidad de Antioquia. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia Teléfono: (574) 219 50 10. Telefax: (574) 219 50 12 E-mail: [email protected] Sitio web: http://www.editorialudea.com Apartado 1226. Medellín. Colombia Imprenta Universidad de Antioquia Teléfono: (574) 219 53 30. Telefax: (574) 219 53 31 El contenido de la obra corresponde al derecho de expresión del autor y no compromete el pensamiento institucional de la Universidad de Antioquia ni desata su responsabilidad frente a terceros. El autor asume la responsabilidad por los derechos de autor y conexos contenidos en la obra, así como por la eventual información sensible publicada en ella. Nicholls Estrada, Clara Inés Control biológico de insectos : un enfoque agroecológico / Clara Inés Nicholls Estrada. -- Medellín : Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, 2008. 282 p. ; 24 cm. -- (Colección ciencia y tecnología) Incluye glosario. Incluye bibliografía e índices. ISBN 978-958-714-186-3 1. Control biológico de insectos 2. Control biológico de plagas agrícolas 3. Insectos útiles y perjudiciales 4. Ecología agrícola I. Tít. II. Serie. 632.7 cd 21 ed. A1176332 CEP-Banco de la República-Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango Contenido Agradecimientos ............................................................................................ xiii Prólogo ........................................................................................................... xv Introducción .................................................................................................. xvii 1 Generalidades ............................................................................................ 1 Origen del control biológico ..................................................................... 1 ¿Qué es control biológico? ......................................................................... 1 ¿Qué es control natural? ............................................................................ 3 El uso de enemigos naturales ..................................................................... 5 Ventajas y limitaciones del control biológico ............................................. 6 Costos del control biológico ....................................................................... 7 Plagas exóticas ............................................................................................ 8 Resurgencia, plagas secundarias y resistencia ............................................ 9 Resurgencia ........................................................................................ 9 Plagas secundarias ............................................................................. 9 Resistencia ......................................................................................... 9 2 Ecología de poblaciones como base teórica para el control biológico ... 11 Bases teóricas del control biológico ........................................................... 11 Modelos para el estudio de poblaciones .................................................... 15 3 Plagas y otros agentes nocivos ................................................................. 20 Conceptos bioeconómicos .......................................................................... 20 ¿Cómo se determinan los umbrales? ................................................ 22 Tipos de plagas ........................................................................................... 22 Causas de aparición de una plaga ..................................................... 22 Tipo de organismos a controlar por medios biológicos ................... 24 Consideraciones en la aplicación del control biológico .................... 27 viii 4 Enemigos naturales ................................................................................... 28 Características deseables de los enemigos naturales ................................. 28 Tipos de agentes de control biológico ....................................................... 28 Rol e impacto de los depredadores ............................................................ 29 Principales características de los depredadores ......................................... 30 Coleoptera ......................................................................................... 31 Neuroptera ........................................................................................ 43 Hemiptera (chinches) ........................................................................ 45 Diptera .............................................................................................. 51 Hymenoptera ................................................................................... 54 Lepidoptera ...................................................................................... 55 Orthoptera ........................................................................................ 56 Dermaptera ...................................................................................... 56 Thysanoptera ..................................................................................... 56 Arácnidos depredadores de artrópodos ............................................ 56 Particularidades de los depredadores ........................................................ 62 Hábitos alimenticios de los depredadores ........................................ 63 Métodos para determinar el rango de presas ................................... 64 Elementos de la especificidad en las presas ...................................... 65 Enemigos naturales asociados con la presa ...................................... 67 Evolución y predictibilidad de la especificidad en la presa .............. 68 Parasitoides: características biológicas, rol e impacto ................................ 69 Comportamiento de los parasitoides ............................................... 71 Parasitoides del orden Diptera ......................................................... 77 Parasitoides del orden Lepidoptera .................................................. 81 Parasitoides del orden Coleoptera ................................................... 81 Parasitoides del orden Strepsiptera .................................................. 82 Parasitoides del orden Hymenoptera .............................................. 82 Diversidad de especies de parasitoides y sus hospederos ................. 108 Patógenos .................................................................................................... 109 Clasificación ....................................................................................... 110 Daños producidos por los agentes patógenos .................................. 110 Bacterias ..................................................................................................... 112 Propiedades biológicas relacionadas con el control biológico .......... 114 Bacterias que atacan a los insectos ................................................... 115 Hongos ....................................................................................................... 122 Subdivisión Deuteromycotina ........................................................... 125 Subdivisión Zygomycotina ................................................................. 128 Subdivisión Mastigomycotina ............................................................ 131 Virus ............................................................................................................ 132 Baculoviridae ..................................................................................... 133 Reoviridae .......................................................................................... 139 Poxviridae .......................................................................................... 140 Polydnaviridae ................................................................................... 141 ix Nematodos ................................................................................................. 141 Biología y ciclos de vida de algunos nematodos ............................... 143 Características de algunas especies de nematodos entomopatógenos ........................................................................ 147 Producción masiva de nematodos ..................................................... 150 Pruebas de campo con nematodos entomopatógenos ..................... 151 Protozoos ................................................................................................... 153 Phylum Sarcomastigophora .............................................................. 153 Phylum Apicomplexa ......................................................................
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