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Journal of Threatened Taxa PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online OPEN ACCESS every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in three rice-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu, India Johnson Alfred Daniel & Kunchithapatham Ramaraju 26 October 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 13 | Pages: 14681–14690 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4529.11.13.14681-14690 For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact <[email protected]> The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors. Partner Member Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 October 2019 | 11(13): 14681–14690 Diversity of parasitic Hymenoptera in three rice-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu, India Communication Johnson Alfred Daniel 1 & Kunchithapatham Ramaraju 2 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) 1Department of Agricultural Entomology, 2Director of Research, PLATINUM Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Lawley Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641003, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Abstract: Parasitc hymenoptera play a vital role in rice ecosystems as biocontrol agents of pests. Surveys were conducted from August 2015 to January 2016 in three rice growing zones in Tamil Nadu: western zone, Cauvery Delta zone, and high rainfall zone. A total of 3,151 parasitc hymenoptera were collected, of which 1,349 were collected from high rainfall zone, 1,082 from western zone, and 720 from Cauvery Delta zone. Platygastridae, Ichneumonidae, and Braconidae were the most abundant families in all the three zones. The species diversity, richness, evenness as well as beta diversity were computed for all three zones via Simpson’s, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef indices. The results showed the high rainfall zone to be the most diverse and the Cauvery Delta zone the least diverse, but with more evenness. Pairwise comparison of zones using Jaccard’s index showed 75–79% species similarity. Keywords: Cauvery Delta, diversity indices, high rainfall, parasitoids. 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DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4529.11.13.14681-14690 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:09B50F07-F28F-4643-928A-D689CC3331C8 Editor: P.M. Sureshan, Zoological Survey of India, Calicut, India. Date of publicaton: 26 October 2019 (online & print) Manuscript details: #4529 | Received 29 August 2018 | Final received 02 October 2019 | Finally accepted 09 October 2019 Citaton: Daniel, J.A. & K. Ramaraju (2019). Diversity of parasitc Hymenoptera in three rice-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu, India­­. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(13): 14681–14690. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4529.11.13.14681-14690 Copyright: © Daniel & Ramaraju 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton. Funding: Maulana Azad Natonal Fellowship from Ministry of Minority Afairs through University Grants Commission. Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests. Author details: Dr. J. Alfred Daniel did his PhD on the diversity of parasitc hymenopterans and currently working as a Senior Research Fellow in the Insect Museum of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Dr. K. Ramaraju is a mite taxonomist and now working as a professor of Entomology in Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Author contributon: JAD involved in the collecton of insects, segregaton of collected insects up to family level, performed statstcal analysis, and wrote the manuscript. KR involved in correcton of the manuscript and he is the advisor of the whole study. Acknowledgements: Thanks are due to Ministry of Minority Afairs and University Grants Commission, Government of India for the fnancial grants through Maulana Azad Natonal Fellowship. 14681 Hymenoptera in three rice-growing tracts of Tamil Nadu Daniel & Ramaraju INTRODUCTION November 2015 in high rainfall zone, and December 2015–January 2016 in Cauvery Delta zone. Rice felds harbor a rich and varied fauna compared to other agricultural areas (Heckman 1979; Fritz et al. Methods of collecton 2011), which is dominated by arthropods. Communites Sweep nets, yellow pan traps at ground level, and of terrestrial arthropods in rice felds include pests and yellow pan traps erected at canopy level were deployed their predators and parasitoids (Heong et al. 1991). contnuously for 20 days. Fify-thousand species of parasitc Hymenoptera have been described, and it is likely that this is a small Sweep Net percent of the total number of species (La-Salle & Gauld The net employed for collectng was similar to an 1991). Parasitc Hymenoptera are more susceptble to ordinary insect net with 673mm mouth diameter and extncton than phytophagous arthropods, and their loss a 1,076mm long aluminum handle (Narendran 2001). can have devastatng efects on ecological stability and The frame can be fted to one end of a long handle that community balance. Recently, biodiversity in agricultural makes sweeping easy and efectve. The net bag was land has received growing atenton because it plays a made up of thin coton cloth, 600mm in length with a signifcant role in agro-ecosystem functon by keeping rounded botom. The top of the bag which fts around the pest populatons under check (Jervis et al. 2007). the frame was made of canvas folded over the frame Most parasitc hymenoptera are keystone species, and sewed in positon. Sweeping of vegetaton was as and their removal can result in a cascade efect (La-Salle random as possible from ground level to the height of & Gauld 1993). Utlizaton of parasitc Hymenoptera the crop. Sweeping was done in early morning and late in insect pest management programs can bring high evening hours for about half an hour per day, which economic returns and support sustainable pest involved 30 sweeps in total each day. One to-and-fro management. Wagge (1991) has pointed out that it is moton of the net was considered as one sweep. fundamentally important to conserve a large reservoir of parasitc Hymenoptera diversity. Given limited resources, Yellow pan traps kept at ground level it is necessary to identfy groups of high priority for This trap was based on the principle that many study, and parasitc Hymenoptera are one such group insects are atracted to bright yellow colour. Yellow pan (La Salle & Gauld 1991). This study was conducted to traps are shallow bright yellow trays 133 × 195 mm and evaluate the diversity of parasitc Hymenoptera in three 48mm deep (Noyes 1982). Twenty yellow pan traps were diferent rice ecosystem zones. installed at ground level in each site on the bunds, half- flled with water containing a few drops of commercially available detergent to break the surface tension and MATERIALS AND METHODS a pinch of salt to reduce the rate of evaporaton and prevent rotng of trapped insects. The spacing between Sites of collecton traps was standardized at 1.5m. The traps were set for a The survey was carried out in rice felds during period of 24h (Example: traps set at 10.00h on one day 2015–16 in three diferent agro-climatc zones of Tamil were serviced at 10.00h on the following day). Nadu: western zone (District representaton: Coimbatore at Paddy Breeding Staton, Coimbatore, 427m, 11.007N, Yellow pan traps erected canopy level 76.937E), Cauvery Delta zone (District representaton: Yellow pan traps were installed at the crop canopy Thiruvarur at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Needamangalam, by means of polyvinyl chloride pipes fted below, with 26m, 10.774N, 79.412E), and high rainfall zone (District a screw atachment and were installed in 10 traps per representaton: Kanyakumari at Agricultural Research zone in the same fashion as yellow pan traps kept at Staton, Thirupathisaram, 17m, 8.207N, 77.445E) (Figure ground level.
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