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Biological Flora of Central Europe: Dactylorhiza Sambucina (L.)

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Biological Flora of Central Europe: Dactylorhiza Sambucina (L.) Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 17 (2015) 318–329 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ppees Biological flora of Central Europe Biological flora of Central Europe: Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó a,∗ b a c Jana Jersáková , Iva Traxmandlová , Zdenekˇ Ipser , Matthias Kropf , d e f b,g Giuseppe Pellegrino , Bertrand Schatz , Vladan Djordjevic´ , Pavel Kindlmann , h Susanne S. Renner a Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovskᡠ1760, Ceskéˇ Budejoviceˇ 37005, Czech Republic b Department of Biodiversity Research, Global Change Research Centre AS CR, Belidlaˇ 4a, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic c Institute for Integrative Nature Conservation Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria d Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy e Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier (EPHE), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France f Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia g Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague, Czech Republic h Institute of Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany a r a t i b s c t l e i n f o r a c t Article history: Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó is a polycarpic perennial herb occurring in the Central European, East- Received 16 February 2015 ern European, and Balkan floristic provinces. At the European scale, the IUCN considers it a species of Received in revised form 7 April 2015 “least concern”. This paper reviews the taxonomic status, morphology, distribution, habitat requirements, Accepted 27 April 2015 mycorrhizal associations, and life cycle of D. sambucina, with special emphasis on its reproduction. We Available online 16 May 2015 also summarize information on chromosome numbers and genetic variation. Our data from 12 years of monitoring D. sambucina in the Czech Republic show that three to four leaves have to be produced Keywords: prior to flowering; plants with five and more leaves flower regularly. Juvenile plants near adult plants Colour polymorphism Dormancy suggest recruitment from seeds. About 20% of our 450 monitored plants underwent dormancy (failure of mature plants to produce above-ground parts in one or more growing seasons), the maximum duration Ecological niche Life cycle being eight years. After reappearance, these individuals were usually sterile for the next year. Mortality Reproductive biology was highest (24%) at the seedling stage. Regarding the purple/yellow flower colour polymorphism that Seed germination characterizes D. sambucina, we found no correlation between morph frequency and soil properties (pH, calcium content), population density, or altitude above sea level. © 2015 Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Ruebel. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. Contents Morphology and taxonomy . 319 Distribution and habitat requirements . 319 Geographical and altitudinal distribution . 319 Substratum. .320 Habitats and plant communities . 320 Life cycle, phenology and growth . 322 Phenology . 322 Life cycle and dormancy . 322 Seed production and dispersal . 323 Seed germination in situ and seedling morphology . 324 Seed germination in vitro . 324 Mycorrhiza . 324 Spatial distribution of plants within populations . 324 ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +420 387 775 357. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Jersáková). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2015.04.002 1433-8319/© 2015 Geobotanisches Institut ETH, Stiftung Ruebel. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. J. Jersáková et al. / Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 17 (2015) 318–329 319 Responses to abiotic and biotic factors . 324 Response to climate factors. .324 Response to competition and management . 324 Herbivores and pathogens . 324 Floral biology . 325 Pollination . 325 Colour polymorphism . 325 Patterns in colour polymorphism across Europe . 325 Maintenance of colour polymorphism by pollinator morph discrimination . 325 Factors affecting fruit set . 326 Physiological and biochemical information. .326 Physiological data . 326 Biochemical data . ..
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