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Análisis Morfológico De Especies De Psidium (MYRTACEAE) Presentes En Venezuela

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Análisis Morfológico De Especies De Psidium (MYRTACEAE) Presentes En Venezuela Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2012, 29: 72-103 Análisis morfológico de especies de Psidium (MYRTACEAE) presentes en Venezuela Morphologic analysis of Psidium species (MYRTACEAE) present in Venezuela G. Rivero-Maldonado1, D. Pacheco1, J. Fuenmayor2, A. Sánchez-Urdaneta1, M. Quirós3, J. Ortega4, B. Bracho4 y J. Taborda2 1Universidad del Zulia. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Bo- tánica. Apartado 15205. Maracaibo, Zulia, 4005, Venezuela. 2Ingenieros Agrónomos, Facultad de Agronomía- LUZ. 3Departamento Fitosanitario, Facultad de Agronomía-LUZ. 4Departamento de Estadística, Facultad de Agronomía-LUZ. Resumen La familia Myrtaceae se encuentra distribuida en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. En Venezuela, se menciona la presencia de 19 géneros y cerca de 246 especies. Para el género Psidium se han registrado 13 especies distribuidas en 23 entidades del país. El propósito de este trabajo fue comparar las caracterís- ticas morfológicas útiles para el reconocimiento de especies de Psidium. El análi- sis se basó principalmente en la revisión de especímenes de los herbarios VEN, MER, MY y HERZU, complementada con material de reciente búsqueda en el campo. Las especies estudiadas fueron: P. acutangulum, P. densicomum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. maribense, P. persoonii, P. salutare, P. sartorianum y Calycolpus moritzianus, provenientes de 20 estados del país. Se elaboró una matriz de datos considerando a las nueve especies y 15 características morfológicas (11 vegetativas y cuatro reproductivas), seleccionadas de una lista de 49 caracte- res estudiados. Se realizó un análisis de conglomerado utilizando el procedimien- to Cluster del programa SAS®. Las especies se reunieron y diferenciaron en dos grupos, donde el grupo I estuvo representado por las especies P. acutangulum, P. persoonii, P. densicomum, P. guajava y P. guineense caracterizadas principal- mente por presentar hojas erectas, relación largo-ancho de la hoja media o baja, curvatura del nervio medio ausente y cuatro o cinco sépalos en la flor. El grupo II Recibido el 15-3-2011 z Aceptado el 24-11-2011 Autor de correspondencia e-mail: [email protected] 72 Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2012, 29: 72-103 estuvo conformado por Calycolpus moritzianus, P. maribense, P. sartorianum y P. salutare, similares morfológicamente por presentar hojas erectas, flores soli- tarias o cimas bíparas y de cuatro o cinco sépalos. En general, los caracteres más útiles para diferenciar a las especies fueron todos vegetativos. Palabras clave: Psidium, morfología, caracterización, agrupamiento, clave taxonómica. Abstract The Myrtaceae family is distributed in the tropics and subtropics. In Vene- zuela, it is mentioned that there are 19 genera and about 246 species. For the genus Psidium there have been 13 species distributed in 23 states of the country. The purpose of this study was to compare the morphological characteristics that are useful for species recognition of Psidium. The analysis is based primarily on the revision of herbarium specimens of VEN, MER, MY and HERZU, supplemented with specimens collected recently from the field. The species studied were: P. acutangulum, P. densicomum, P. guajava, P. guineense, P. maribense, P. persoonii, P. salutare, P. sartorianum and Calycolpus moritzianus from 20 states. A data matrix considering nine species and 15 morphological characteristics (11 vegetative and four reproductive), selected from a list of 49 traits was made. A cluster analysis using the Cluster procedure of SAS® was realized. The species were collected and differentiated into two groups, where the group I was represented by the species P. acutangulum, P. persoonii, P. densicomum, P. guineense and P. guajava characterized principally by the presence of erect leaves, length-width of the medium sheet or low curvature of midrib absent and four or five sepals in the flower. Group II consisted of Calycolpus moritzianus, P. maribense, P. sartorianum and P. salutare, morphologically similar for presenting erect leaves, solitary flowers or biparas tops and four or five sepals. In general, the most useful characters to differentiate species were all vegetative. Key words: Psidium, morphology, characterization, clustering, taxonomic key. Introducción Introduction Las Mirtáceas americanas, ex- American Mirtaceas, except the cepto para el monotípico género chile- monotypical Chilean genre Tepualia, no Tepualia, pertenecen al grupo de belong to the group of fleshy fruits that frutos carnosos que para el tiempo de for the time of De Candolle, was De Candolle fue reconocido dentro de recognized inside the Myrteae tribe. la tribu Myrteae. Dentro de las princi- On the main contributions to the pales contribuciones al conocimiento de knowledge of the species and American las especies y géneros americanos se genres are the ones done by De encuentran las realizadas por De Candolle in 1828 and Berg from 1855- Candolle en 1828 y por Berg entre 1855- 1862, the number of described species 73 Rivero-Maldonado et al. 1862; el número de especies descritas is very long, especially in tropical es muy largo, especialmente en South-America. Possibly, the best Suramérica tropical. Posiblemente, la contribution of Berg to the taxonomy mayor contribución de Berg a la taxo- of the Myrteae tribe was his detailed nomía de la tribu Myrteae fue su deta- and extended description, and the llada y extensa descripción, y el reco- recognition on the importance of the nocimiento de la importancia de la es- unripe ovary structure, his description tructura del ovario inmaduro; sus des- normally include dimensions of leaves cripciones a menudo incluían dimen- and floral parts, details of the siones de las hoja y partes florales, placentation and lobes in the ovary; detalles de la placentación y número while contributions of De Candolle de lóculos en el ovario; mientras que were his reasonable presumptions los aportes de De Candolle fueron sus based on the research of the ripened razonables presunciones basadas sobre embryo, though with relatively few el estudio del embrión maduro, aun- species. The most important que de relativamente pocas especies. contributions for the knowledge of tro- Las contribuciones más importantes pical American genres were done by para el conocimiento de los géneros Mc Vaugh from 1956 and 1968. tropicales americanos fueron hechas Sánches-Vindas (1990) refers as por Mc Vaugh entre 1956 y 1968. important traits to distinguish the Sánchez-Vindas (1990), refiere Myrtaceae family, among others, the como caracteres importantes para dis- number of calyx lobuli, floral buds and tinguir a la familia Myrtaceae, entre some characteristics of inflorescences, otras, el número de lóbulos de cáliz, additionally, he proposes as important las yemas florales, y algunas caracte- characteristic the inclination angle of rísticas de las inflorescencias, the lateral nerves, considering as adicionalmente, propone como rasgo reference, the central nerve (90°), importante el ángulo de inclinación de being of great help for separating the los nervios laterales, tomando como very related species. However, he referencia el nervio central (90º), con- refers that one of the main problems siderándolo de gran ayuda para la se- in the taxonomic identifications, is the paración de especies muy relacionadas. impossibility of finding plants with Sin embargo, refiere que uno de los flowers and fruits at the same time, principales problemas en las identifi- besides, the floral and vegetative caciones taxonómicas, es la imposibi- characteristics are very uniform in all lidad de encontrar las plantas con flo- the family, on the other hand, he res y frutos al mismo tiempo; además considers that even though the embryo que las características florales y characteristics are the most important vegetativas son muy uniformes en toda for the generic determination, they are la familia; por otro lado, considera que not easy to be observed in dry mate- a pesar que las características rial. embrionarias son las más importan- Myrtaceae- s.s., is a family with tes para la determinación genérica, no considerable differences among the son fáciles de observar en material seco. authors regarding the circumscription 74 Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2012, 29: 72-103 Myrtaceae- s.s., es una familia of genres and species, mostly, the most con considerables discordancias entre important research have been done in los autores en cuanto a circunscripción paleo-tropic genres, especially the tanto de géneros como de especies; en Australian, while some of the su mayoría los principales estudios se American groups have been revised han realizados en géneros del through the deficient systematic paleotrópico, sobre todo australianos, analyses (Lucas et al., 2005). Likewise, mientras que sólo algunos de los gru- Gomes et al. (2009), who highlighted pos americanos han sido revisados, a the importance of the anatomical traits través de deficientes análisis sistemá- for taxonomic and evolutional research ticos (Lucas et al., 2005). Así mismo, of Myrtaceae and Myrtales, show that Gomes et al. (2009), quienes destaca- few representative of the tropical flora ron la importancia de los caracteres have been included on these analyses, anatómicos para estudios taxonómicos mainly those of the Myrteae tribe. y evolutivos de Myrtaceae y Myrtales, Landrum and Sharp (1989), resaltan que pocos representantes de established that the definition of the la flora tropical han sido incluidos en Psidium genus has been one of the éstos análisis, principalmente los de la most difficult on the Myrtaceae. These
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