Volume XXIX No. 7 July, 1974 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOCUJm Of XWISH RERKEB HI CREAT OlITAttl

Robert Weltsch In fact, one should have realised that the whole problem cannot be treated in purely military terms, important though they are in the short run, but that the time has come to reconsider the question in its entirety under ISRAEL AT THE CROSSROADS the aspect of the completely changed circum­ stances of the 1970s, and against the inter­ national background of the era of detente. This During the last few months the Jewish just one hundred years ago, in his Unzeit- is not a military but a political problem, and if World watched with anxious tension the gemdsse Betrachtungen, that "a great victory there were omissions and blunders, they have events in Israel, which to the outside observer is also a great danger; human nature endures been committed in the political, the psycho­ must have appeared curious. A government it worse than a defeat". logical and, if you like, in the ideological field, which had been overthrown had to carry on Embedded in a victorious mood, nobody in where on the Zionist side all ideas and con­ under most difficult circumstances, while the Israel seems to have seriously noticed, or at cepts were frozen during the last years or political parties were unable to form a new least cared about, the fundamental changes. actually decades. It has sometimes been stable government. It is almost an irony that These especially comprised the effects of the pointed out that the preconceived ideas which just in this position far-reaching decisions had active pro-Arab policy of the Soviet Union originated in the late Tsarist Russian Empire to be taken, thanks to the unprecedented in­ and gradually also of other powers, as well have been preserved nowhere in the world defatigable efforts of Dr. Kissinger; anyhow, as other far-reaching events on the inter­ except in the Zionist orbit where the same it has to be noted with satisfaction that the national scene including Israel's complete type of people remained dominant for de­ so-called disengagement of forces between isolation as long as it was considered an cades. That the real omissions which led to Israel and Syria was finally agreed upon, an occupying power. Therefore, nobody could the present malaise, not so easily noticeable outstanding achievement of the caretaker accept, or was allowed to accept, that the but in the long run more harmful, were poli­ government, although this is only an overture initial failure of October had deeper causes. tical, was repeatedly stressed by prominent to potential peace and not peace itself. Generally it was assumed that it could have contemporary Zionist thinkers, among them Yet, apart from these—albeit important— happened only through negligence, omissions, Nahum Goldmann and Walter Laqueur*. developments which made the resumption of mechdalim, for which the guilty persons would the Geneva Conference possible, what is have to be called to account. A Committee The Palestinians—Do They Exist? bound to worry Jewish opinion is the hazy of Inquiry under the chairmanship of a judge internal situation. The procrastrinated nego­ of the Supreme Court, Mr. Agranat, has Mostly one regards the time after the 1967 tiations about a coalition government and all already given its partial finding. war as the critical period in which these omis­ the sad manifestations of personal ambitions To the disappointment of those who had sions occurred, and that is correct as far as it and animosities, including the campaign of hoped that this would be the starting point goes. The absence of political instinct, lack of denigration against the Premier designate, of a thorough rethinking of the Israel policy, feeling of reality and pure smugness during "while Rome is buming", were not edifying, this report confined itself to purely military this time are striking. But seen from an his­ to say the least. This was not the turning technical questions. It led to the dismissal torical point of view, the decisive moment for away from the customary petty behaviour nor of a number of high-ranking commanders and re-thinking, albeit under quite different con­ from the old deep-rooted way of thinking military dignitaries, but it left the funda­ ditions, had arrived much earlier, perhaps in which is the inheritance of the Zionist con­ mental question untouched, thus only con­ 1917, more evidently in 1920, when the new gress. Also the outcome was disappointing: firming the delusive view that nothing else shape of the then post-war world and new as the London Times correctly observed, the is at stake than better military leadership. political ideas began to reveal themselves. It official programme of the new government is known to the serious student of Zionist appeared almost as a carbon copy of that of history that at that time a group of Zionists its predecessor. started a campaign for convincing the move­ After the deep shock of October, 1973, a The Association of Jewish Refugees in ment that the main factor in Palestine reality new Hebrew word came into fashion, from Great Britain were the Palestinian Arabs. In the Berlin "Jiidische Rundschau", then the most promi­ then onwards used ad nauseam, the word reminds its members and friends that it "mechdal", which means omission, tantamount will hold its nent Zionist joumal in Europe, the documents to failure or blunder. This word was applied of this endeavour can be found from 1920 to the initial military disaster on October 6th GENERAL MEETING onwards. This group tried to get a say at the (Yom Kippur), when the Bar Lev Line on the first post-war Zionist Congress in 1921, where Suez front and also the first line of defence on on Thursday, July 11, at 7.45 p.m. Martin Buber appeared as its spokesman. But the Golan were overrun, and Israel suffered at Hannah Karminski House, at that Congress, to Dr. Weizmann's distress, colossal casualties. 9 Adamson Road, Swiss Cottage, N.W.S the chaos, the thoughtless chauvinism and How could that happen? The inferiority of illusionism and also the struggle of parties all the Arab armies had been a basic dogma and personalities prevailed, which from that of Israeli thinking after the three victories Report on AJR Activities time on dominated all Zionist congresses and Treasurer's Report established that model which determined the of 1948, 1956 and 1967—all of them achieved inner structure of the organisation and later Under special circumstances and with at least Election of Executive and Board indirect help of mighty allies (1967 the of the State of Israel. Of this process we have (The list of candidates submitted by the Executive just experienced a particularly repulsive French and their Mirages). Israel's invinci­ v/as published in the June issue.) bility and superiority became the absolute example. belief of the Israeli public which was in­ II So it seems at this moment that the chance doctrinated in this direction by its leadership, Mrs. Ruth Winston-Fox, J.P., B.Sc, of starting rethinking has been squandered. from Ben-Gurion onwards through Dayan and will speak on finally Golda Meir, all of them revered idols. * The warning that the overstress of rT\ilitary points is ANGLO-JEWRY AND ITS SOCIAL misleading and that the real mechdalim are not military It created the state of mind which was the but political, is strongly emphasised by Walter Laqueur Source of many pronouncements appearing to PROBLEMS in his latest book Confrontation (Wildwood House, Abacus). Even addilional victories would not extricate Israel from its be hybrid or arrogant, and it inspired the Non-members are not entitled to vote, impasse; the remedy has to be sought in the political field. Practical poUcy. Often one was reminded of but are welcome as guests at the meeting. Nietzsche's provocative paradoxical saying. Continued on page 2, colamn 1 ^ra ^

Page 2 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974

been many dissensions and/or rivalries be­ ISRAEL AT THE CROSSROADS tween Rabin and other party leaders, especi­ ally when he was Ambassador in Washington; Continued from page 1 otherwise it would be difficult to explain the amount of hostility piled up against him in the Establishment. On the other hand, this fact perhaps contributed to his popularity Perhaps—God forbid—one has to wait for avoided. Top Israeli declarations that "there among the younger generation who wanted to still deeper shocks and heavier blows before are no Palestinians" were not only odd but get rid of the old leadership. the consciousness of change will enter the downright harmful, because the existence of In the Premier's statement (whose full text minds of the majority of the Israeli and other Palestinians, not of one kind, but of several arrived in maU-stricken London just when Jewish public. kinds, has always been the central fact of the these lines were written) it is not easy to Yom Kippur 1973 was perhaps the most Middle Eastern conflict, even though Israeli discern, whether the repetition of good inten­ shattering experience which Zionism had to leaders, relying on military power, preferred tions and maximal Utopias were only the go through since its very beginning. For the to ignore it in the expectation that by some ideological shield for the very existence of the first time there emerged in Israel an actual miracle it would disappear one day. Government and a profession of faith to movement both of protest and of spontaneous On the whole, the new Cabinet has been ideological principles, or whether it can be call for new leadership, outside the frame of stigmatised in Israel as too "dovish" (let me practical politics in the absence of a thorough the fossilised parties which had monopolised say that I thoroughly dislike the now gener­ process of re-education of a partly misin­ political life for at least five decades without ally adopted concepts of "doves" and formed and partly over-emotional public. His manifesting the necessary flexibility. Initially, "hawks"). However, to the general surprise, policy will have to be undogmatic and flexible. the public debate seemed profitable, but later the Premier retained some outspoken repre­ In any case, one must wish Mr. Rabin success it frittered away in demonstrations. Apart sentatives of the old guard, among them a man and good luck on the steep road to the implC" from complaints about the mechdalim and the like Israel Galili, the very personification of mentation of his programme of peace. On the discontent with the over-aged party bosses the policy of "creeping annexation". His home front, the widespread despondency held responsible for the many losses, no con­ notorious platform accepted for the expected which he tried to rebuke cannot be overcome structive idea was heard, no insight into the October elections (before war intervened), by new illusions which must lead to new dis­ mishandling of Israel's central problem was calling for settlement by faits accomplis in appointment. Reassurance can come only voiced. Organisational demands, emotional re­ Arab territory occupied in the 1967 war, had from realistic thinking, from facing the facts actions, the feeling of frustration and also the to be quickly abandoned in the subsequent and saying the truth, from confidence in understandable cry for revenge, could not help political crisis. The ideas behind these slogans, Israel's moral strength and a workable concept to clarify things, nor were they politically revived at this of all times by the recently of its future in the region, and from standing productive.** published official programme of establishing up to the challenge of peace with insight, One cannot suppress disappointment about new Jewish villages on the Golan, will cer­ courage and determination. the eventual impotence of the temporarily tainly be raised at Geneva. (See also H. vocal and seemingly successful so-called pro­ Freeden's excellent article in the June issue test movements who, under the shock of the of AJR Information.) "earthquake" of the October war, seemed to FINANCE BILL, 1974 Rabin's Programme plead for a radical change. Later, many re­ Foreign Pensions garded Mr. Rabin as an exponent of such a Yet, bearing in mind the parliamentary new policy, the focus of which must naturally When this issue went to press, several situation and the heavy pressure exerted on amendments aiming at a more favourable be the attitude to the Arabs, and that in the new Premier, it must be said that Rabin's practice must mean the Palestinians. But in taxation treatment of certain payments from maiden speech was statesmanlike, noble and abroad had been tabled in Parliament. The this respect the outcome was not the sounding well formulated. He made no reference to AJR has actively supported these efforts as of a new tune which worried Jews could the poisonous petty attacks directed against far as they concern payments to victims of have sensed as a catharsis. An admission of him personally. He set out a programme of Nazi persecution. We shall inform our readers omissions in this most vital field was missing. outer and inner reforms in a lofty spirit. His on the final position as soon as the Finance Moreover, Mr. Rabin committed himself in a emphasis on peace and moral revival deserves Bill has been passed by Parliament. perhaps unnecessarily emphatic way to the all sympathy. The ouitside observer cannot same stubborn attitude which had been pro­ judge at this juncture how much of this DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN claimed over and over again by Mrs. Meir. comprehensive programme is meant seriously RUSSIA AND ISRAEL? True, he declared willingness to negotiate with and how much had to be fitted in in order to King Hussein, whose advances were ignored magnify the image of the Cabinet. A three-man Soviet delegation which ar­ or even ridiculed when there was still time. rived in Israel to attend the annual celebra­ But in the present constellation other Pales­ The public image of Rabin himself was tions marking the Allied victory over Nazi tinians cannot be excluded. shaped seven years ago, when he was unknown Germany in 1945, hinted at possibilities for a except in military circles, by the speech he resumption of diplomatic relations. These The drift into a situation where mighty made in June 1967 when the honorary doc­ were broken off between the Soviet Union powers are playing-up the terrorists as a com­ torate of philosophy was conferred on him and Israel by Moscow during the 1967 Six- petent factor could perhaps have been by the then president of the Hebrew Univer­ Day War. Mr. Anatoly Smirnov, a member of the sity Eliahu Elath (once Israeli Ambassador to delegation, said during a panel discussion ** When this article went to press, I saw some the Court of St. James's). What he said on promising statements, e.g. by Motti Askenasi, the angry with a number of Israeli professors that the survivor of the Bar Lev line catastrophe, who after the that occasion were not the boasting words of Soviet Government's position had remained October War started a one-man protest demonstration, a general who had just attained a sensational unchanged since 1947 when it recognised the later to be joined by numerous others. In a recent article suggesting a platform of reforms for the future he ex­ brilliant victory. The speech was distinguished historic rights of the people of Israel and the plicitly advocates an active positive policy In the relations by modesty and humility, an expression of historic riehts of the Palestinians. Diplomatic with the Palestinians relying on the conviction that there relations would be restored when obstacles is room for them within the boundaries of historical horror at the inhumanity and cruelty of war, Palestine. There were, of course, similar views expressed full of compassion for all who had suffered, which led to the break were overcome. The by others in Israel during the past years, but mostly by including the enemy. Later there must have Soviet Union was prepared to guarantee Individuals without political power.—R.W. Israel's borders jointly with other powers within the framework of the United Nations. Expressing opposition to terrorist and other extremist Palestinians, Mr. Smimov said that on historical grounds there should be two States in the region, with the Security Coun­ cil's Resolution 242 (the withdrawal of Israel from territories occupied during the 1967 Six- Greyhound Guaranty Limited Day War) as the guideline. Bankers 5 GRAFTON STREET, MAYFAIR. LONDON, WIX 3 LB PRINTERS' DISPUTE We regret that, due to an industrial dis­ Telephone: 01-629 1208 pute in the printing trade, there has been Telex: 24637 Cables: Greyty, London, W.l a delay in the production of this issue. AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 Page 3 HOME NEWS ANGLOJVDAICA NATIONAL FRONT DANGER PRINCE PRAISES CARMEL Stepney Clubs The National Front came third in the Speaking at a dinner held to mark the Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother opened recent Newham parliamentary by-election silver jubilee of Carmel College, Britain's the Stepney Jewish Clubs and Settlement's scoring more than the Conservatives. On a only Jewish public school, the Prince of new £140,000 Beaumont Hall community very low poll the NF candidate obtained Wales praised the college's education "based centre. Praising the work done by the hon­ 1,713 votes, 150 fewer than the Liberal and on the best aspects of the Jewish faith with­ orary officers, she recalled that 18 years ear­ some 60 votes more than the Conservative. out necessarily turning everyone into a lier she had opened the settlement's nursery The Labour candidate held the seat by 9,321 rabbi". and girls' hostel, and 18 years previous to votes. Prince Charles, who was introduced by that Queen Mary had opened the Beaumont Although it is not unusual for small ex­ economist and Old Carmeli, Dr. Robert Perl­ Grove Club. tremist groups to do comparatively well in man, in his reply dissociated himself from The new extension, on two floors, includes elections with a low turn-out, Newham is ob­ the deeds of his ancestor, Edward I, who had a dining room, kitchen and communal rooms. viously a place where the NF has struck been mentioned by Dr. Perlman as having ex­ strong roots. In the Greater London pelled the Jews from England. Recalling his inunicipal elections on May 2, NF candidates schooldays at Gordonstoun, the prince re­ Welfare Co-ordination registered a 20 per cent vote in two Newham minded his audience that his former head­ In an attempt to co-ordinate social welfare Wards where the only other contestants were master and many of the teachers were work, the Jewish Blind Society and the Labour. Jewish. Jewish Welfare Board are to set up a welfare Some time ago Mr. Martin Savitt, chairman unit in North-West London in October. The of the Jewish defence and group relations new unit wUl enable social workers to committee of the Board of Deputies, ex­ NEW LIFE PEERS streamline their operations where families pressed regret "that the main political Alderman Sir Samuel Fisher, president of have problems related to the work of both parties appear to neglect the potential the Board of Deputies, and Mr. Harry Kissin, organisations. dangers of the inherent racialism and anti­ executive chairman of merchant bankers Mr Rosser Chinn, the JBS chairman, who democratic nature of the NF and its cam­ Guinness Peat, were among those recently gave details of the scheme at the annual paign publicity". He also drew attention to created life peers. Mr. Kissin, who is of Rus­ meeting of Jewish Blind Society supporters, the "vicious antisemitic propaganda" dis­ sian-Jewish parentage, was born in Danzig in said that he hoped all Jewish social welfare seminated by the NF through its publication, 1913. The number of Jewish members of the organisations would in future work closely to­ Spearhead. Mr. Savitt stated that if such House of Lords is now 29, of whom eleven gether, perhaps under one umbrella organisa­ Poisonous propaganda were permitted to tion. spread it could do untold harm. It was also are hereditary. jnost disturbing that the NF was able to put torward so many candidates in recent elec­ Women's Rights tions and to score, in some cases, a com­ " THANK YOU, SIR WINSTON " paratively high percentage of the vote. By an overwhelming majority, the League An incident, reminiscent of the "Thank of Jewish Women at its annual meeting in You Britain Fund", was reported in the Daily London carried a demand that women be al­ Express of June 8. It happened at the lowed to serve on the boards of management LABOUR ACCUSED OF ISRAELI BIAS Churchill Centenary Exhibition at Somerset and councils of Orthodox synagogues. In House. order to achieve their aims the League also "A responsible source" (presumably in the The souvenir counter, the report says, was urged women to become full members of Lebanese Foreign Ministry) has been quoted having a quiet period when a middle-aged synagogues in their own right, so that their oy the official Lebanese news agency as ac­ man approached. Rapidly he selected items. voices might be heard. cusing Mr. Harold Wilson and his Labour He then bought the newly published com­ government of showing "a flagrant bias plete works of the great man at £940, and towards Israel". The accusation arises out of concluded by popping £50 in the £1 million Hampstead's Mixed Choir the message which the Prime Minister sent appeal collecting box. to Mrs. Golda Meir after the Maalot massacre "You're being most generous, sir," said an After 82 years' existence, Hampstead Syna­ and subsequent statements issued by the appreciative attendant. The man looked up at gogue is to disband its mixed choir by *^oreign Office. The British attitude was said the huge bust of Churchill dominating the August of next year. This is the condition to be "very surprising", especially since Bri­ area. "I am a German Jew," he said. "Were it laid down by Rabbi Dr. Norman Solomon, of tain had been recognised by the Arab summit nor for him I would not be here at all." And, Leeds, for accepting the position of minister, m Algeria last November as "a friendly arms full, he walked off into the busy Strand, which post he takes up this September. The country". the report concludes. board has already started making arrange­ The Lebanese complaint was given wide ments for an all-male choir. Publicity but no official protest has been Jijade through diplomatic channels. A Foreign SYRIAN JEWRY Yiddish Author Office spokesman rejected the accusation of oias, pointing out that the Foreign Office had Mr. Michael Fidler, MP, tabled a motion in Isaac Bashevis Singer, the American-Yiddish equally condemned the terrorist raid at Parliament expressing shock at the con­ writer, spoke in Oxford on "Folk-lore and the *Iaalot and the Israeli retaliatory action. tinuing repression and ill treatment of Jews Arts" before an audience of over 200 in Syria. The motion called on the Syrian academics, students and visitors. The lecture, Government to release certain people from held in the university was given at the in­ their long-continued detention without trial. vitation of the Oxford Centre for Post­ BBC REPORTING DENOUNCED It also requested Syria to permit its Jewish graduate Hebrew Studies. citizens to emigrate to any free country of Rabbi David Jeremy Zucker, minister of their own choice without let or hindrance. the Birmingham Progressive Synagogue, Meat Prices speaking from his pulpit accused the BBC of Partisanship" in its reporting on Middle East Reporting to a meeting of the London affairs. He considered that, in particular, Board for Shechita the president, Mr. Samuel some of the BBC coverage of the Maalot mas­ Your House for:— Boxer, stated that Jewish housewives were sacre was "highly offensive." showing a "consumer resistance" to the high Urging his congregants to complain to the CURTAINS, CARPETS, cost of kosher meat and were buying less of "Be, the rabbi said that if sufficient people it. Also, it appeared that there was a move raised their voice in protest they would help FLOORCOVERINGS away from kashrut observance and, on the curtail the BBC's double standards". other hand, the "developing strength of an SPECIALITY opposition shechita authority". These factors accounted for the drop in the slaughter of RUSSIAN CHILDREN'S VISIT CONTINENTAL DOWN kosher animals, which the honorary officers found very disturbing. . A group of Russian Jewish children living QUILTS in Israel whose fathers are still banned from leaving the Soviet Union visited Britain, as ALSO RE-MAKES AND RE-COVERS Leeds Centenary the guests of the British All-Party Parliamen- At a dinner celebrating the centenary of «ry Committee for the Release of Soviet ESTIMATES FREE the Beth Hamidrash Hagadol Synagogue, Jewry. The children included the sons and Leeds, the Chief Rabbi referred to the com­ laughters of Professor Alexander Voronel DAWSON-LANE LIMITED munity as one of the most vigorous, vibrant and Professor Mark Azbel of Moscow. (Established 1946) and active in Anglo-Jewry. Dr. Jakobovits The visit coincided with the opening of a 17 BRIDGE ROAD. WEMBLEY PARK compared the freedom existing in this jarge Soviet Jewish exhibition sponsored by Telephone : 904 6671 country with that of the vast Jewish com­ the All-Party Committee in St. Martin-in-the- Personal atlenllon of Mr. W. Shackman. munity in the USSR which had no syna­ fields, opened by the Archbishop of Can­ gogues, no schools, no rabbis and no terbury. freedoms. Page 4 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974

DUTCH WAR CRIMINAL SURRENDERS Jan van Meei, 54, sentenced in absentia in NEWS FROM ABROAD 1947 to 15 years' imprisonment for voluntarily joining the German SS during the Second World War, has surrendered to the Dutcn UNITED STATES ITALY police. He lived for 25 years in a French town Divorce Law and is seeking a pardon because he wants to Yeshiva Law School marry the mother of his three children. Yeshiva University, America's oldest and Before the referendum on divorce in Italy, largest under Jewish sponsorship, has been which resulted in a victory for those wanting granted a charter by New York State to the law to be retained, the Union of Italian AUSTRALIAN ELECTIONS establish a law school. The university cur­ Jewish communities issued a statement rently maintains five undergraduate schools, against abrogation of the law. Italian Jews In the Australian general election, all as well as graduate schools in medicine, campaigned actively in favour of retention of three Jewish candidates retained their seats science, social work and the social sciences the 1970 divorce law since, whereas their in the Federal House of Representatives in and humanities. Roman Catholic fellow citizens could always Canberra. Dr. Moss Cass, Mr. Barry Cohen have recourse to the ecclesiastical courts for and Mr. Joe Berinson, aU members of the The law school, to be named after one of dissolution of their marriages, Jews would Labour Party, were first elected to the Fed­ the great figures in American jurisprudence, have been unable to obtain a divorce. the late Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo of the eral Parliament in 1969, and Dr. Cass was It is believed that Italian Jews voted mas­ Minister for the Environment and Con­ Supreme Court, will be located at the univer- sively for retention of the divorce law, which servation in the Labour Government electea jity's graduate centre in Manhattan. was supported by the Communists and the in December, 1972. Right-of-centre Liberals, while its opponents The Labour Party again won the election, included the neo-fascists as well as the but with a slightly reduced majority in the "Jew Boy" Allegations Christian Democrats. House of Representatives. According to the New York Times, Presi­ dent Nixon made disparaging remarks about Jews during conversations at the White Scientist Honoured JEWRY m THE EAST House with his then legal counsel, Mr. John A special chair is being established in Dean, in 1973. The paper, which said it had Rome University's science faculty for SCIENTISTS' SEMINAR been told of Mr. Nixon's comments by of­ Professor Emilio Segre, the Italian-Jewish The KGB arrested a Jewish physicist in ficials who had heard the original tape re­ scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for cordings of the conversations, quoted the Moscow, releasing him after several hours on physics in 1959. Professor Segre, who emi­ condition that he did not take part in the President as having complained to Mr. Dean grated to the United States after the Mus­ that "those Jew boys (in the Securities and international seminar planned by sacked solini regime passed the fascist racial laws, Jewish scientists to take place in Moscow at Exchange Commission) are all over every­ has been teaching at the Berkeley campus of body. You can't stop them". Mr. Nixon alleg­ the beginning of July. Dr. Alexander Voronel California University, but has expressed a was warned that if he continued his work in edly also spoke of "those Jews down there" wish to resume teaching in Italy. when the subject of the United States Attor­ organising the seminar he could face six ney's Office in Washington came up in his months to three years in prison or five in exile. conversation with Mr. Dean. Centre for Russian Jewish Refugees Jewish leaders are reluctant to discuss the The seminar was organised to keep the matter while it is still in the realm of allega­ A centre for yoimg Russian Jews waiting scientists in touch with scientific develop­ tions. Others point to the fact that President for arrangements to be completed for their ments and to highlight the fact that they Nixon's political, financial and military aid to resettlement in the United States and other have lost their jobs since applying for visas Israel has been tremendous. They also point Western countries has been opened in Rome, to emigrate to Israel. Sponsored by an in­ out that Mr. Nixon has appointed more Jews with financial support from the Central Brit­ ternational group including eight Nobel Prize to important Govemment posts than any pre­ ish Fund for Jewish Relief and Rehabilitation. winners, the seminar is being attended by vious President. It caters mainly for the 18-25 age group many foreign scientists including several among some 600 Russian Jewish refugees from Britain, and 100 papers were submitted. President Nixon was also said to have used now in that city. The Rome Jewish Com­ In a telephone call from Moscow Mrs. anti-Italian and anti-Irish expressions. munity has made the premises of its Kadima Irene Brailovsky, the wife of one of the 18 Youth Centre available for four afternoons a other scientists involved in planning the week. seminar, said that they had all received Anti-Nazi Campaign Army call-up papers ordering them to report to a recruiting office. The scientists refused San Francisco is the headquarters for a FRENCH MINISTER OF HEALTH to answer the summons to the recruiting small but vocal chapter of the American Nazi office since, if they entered the Army, there Party. In an attempt to combat the persistent Simone Weil, the Minister of Health in the would be much less chance of their leaving Nazi propaganda spread by the party, a new Government, is Jewish. She was born in the country as the authorities could claim 1927 in Nice. Trained as a lawyer, she made that they had had access to secret documents. vigorous campaign has been launched by the her career in the Ministry of Justice, but was city's schools and public media, with the keenly interested in social welfare. Her backing of the Jewish Community Relations father, Andre Jacob Steinmetz, was an ar­ Council. chitect. Her mother, Yvonne, is still alive. HARASSMENTS CONTINUE Teachers have been sent an educational kit Her husband, Antoine Weil, is a high official outlining the dangers of Nazism and stressing at the Ministry of Finance. During the Oc­ A week of co-ordinated harassment by the the democratic safeguards of the US Consti­ cupation of France, Simone Weil was Soviet authorities against Jews who have ap­ tution. The city's radio and television stations deported by the Nazis together with her plied to emigrate to Israel included the refusal are complementing the school campaign by parents. She still has on her arm the con­ to allow intemational telephone calls and the regularly broadcasting a series of educational centration camp number tattooed there. stopping of mail from abroad. This cul­ messages. minated in the arrest of ten Moscow Jews, who were later freed. SWISS COMMUNITY Eight Jews were arrested in Moscow after Prejudice against Women demonstrating outside an Intourist hotel for A total of 20.000 Jews are estimated to be foreigners in Gorky Street. Four more Jews A panel discussion on the women's living in Switzerland, while 5,148 are regis­ were briefly detained when they attempted to movement and the Jewish community was tered as members of the 24 communities in stage a similar demonstration. This was the held at the American Jewish Committee's the country. third demonstration within nine days in pro­ 68th annual meeting in New York. At the 69th annual assembly in Basle of test against Soviet emigration policv. Dr. Nancy Wyner, an assistant principal the Swiss Federation of Jewish Communities, tributes were paid to Dr. Georges Brunschvig, Dr. Yevgeny Levich, the Soviet Jewish and a member of the AJC. claimed that the astrophysicist, has retumed to Moscow after Jewish community had made no provision for the president from 1946 until his death last year, for his work since 1934 in mitigating serving for one year in a military camp in including independent women in its religious Siberia. Both he and his father. Academician and communal activities. Ms Karen DeCrow, the worst excesses of Nazi persecution in lawyer, authoress and a leader of the Nat­ Europe. Benjamin Levich. and members of their ional Organisation of Women, urged that families, have applied to emigrate to Israel. roles should be changed to so great an extent Mr. Albert Isaakovich Koltunov, an emnloyee that Jewish women can pray every morning of the Soviet State Lottery in Czemowitz, has by saying "thank God I am a woman". ISLE OF MAN been sentenced to 54 years in a strict-regime labour camp on trumped-up bribery charges. Rabbi A. James Rudin, assistant director of rNTERNMENT 1914/18 & 1939/45 the AJC's inter-religious affairs department, agreed with both women and called for the I buy envelopes and folded letter active recruitment of Jewish women for the forms from these and other camps. rabbinate, the cantorate, and positions of real With acknowledgement to the news Please send to: PETER C. RfCKENBACK, service of the Jewish Chronicle. professional responsibility in the Jewish com­ 14 Rosslyn Hni, London, N.W.3. munity. :-:-^^i^^:^m

AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 Page 5 gether with Franz Kafka and Felix Weltsch, Erich Gottgetreu she participated in these lessons for some time. Jiri Mordehai Langer was a younger brother of the famous Czech-Jewish dramatist Frantisek Langer and no less gifted. In his ISRAELIS WHO KNEW KAFKA interests, his views and his style of life he wavered between intense Hassidism and Jewish orthodoxy on the one hand and, on On the SOth Anniversary of his Death the other, a love of sport and other secular interests. Being a devotee of the Rebbe of Belz, he also wrote Hebrew lyrical poetry and "He was leaning against the window-sill would not have been in line with his mode­ various scholarly essays in which he applied with a friendly smile, almost as if he pitied sty, but Georg Simmel's work on Rembrandt. Freudian theories to certain aspects of me and wanted to say: Why are you wasting Nelken did not see his patient again. Before Jewish religious customs. Only in 1943 did your time and your talents on me, young the month had come to a close, Franz Kafka Langer succeed in escaping from Hitler- man? It is hopeless, I can't be helped any and Dora Diamant left for Prague and from occupied Czechoslovakia and coming to more. . . ." there went on to Vienna and the sanatorium Palestine as an "illegal immigrant" after an This is how Dr. Ludwig Nelken, a well- in Kierling near Klosterneubiu-g, his last Odyssey of seven months. He was completely known Jerusalem physician, still remembers abode, where he suffered almost unbearable exhausted and incurably ill. He died at the his visit to Franz Kafka in Fichtengrund pains from his tuberculosis of the lung and age of fifty, but shortly before his death Max near Berlin in March. 1924. It was in the larynx. On June 3, 1924, his suffering came Brod and Sh. Shalom, who tried to ease his third room Kafka had rented since his ar­ to an end. last few days, surprised him with the first rival in the city in September, 1923—the Owing to the emigration of many Prague copy of a Tel Aviv edition of his best other two were in the Westem suburbs of Jews to Palestine after the Nazi occupation Hebrew poems. Included in the volume was a Steglitz and Grunewald, somewhat closer to of Czechoslovakia, various people here have poem Langer had written in June 1924 to town. been able to contribute essential detafls to mourn the death of his pupil, Franz Kafka. Dora Diamant, Kafka's last companion, had the reconstmotion of Kafka's life—even apart established the connection between Dr. from Max Brod, his closest friend and first Nelken and his patient. Dr. Nelken had met biographer. Further stones to the mosaic have been supplied by the philosopher Felix Dora for the first time a couple of years THE CHRISTIAN CROSS A JEWISH earlier at his home town of Breslau. Dora had Weltsch who at the time edited the Prague come to Breslau from her native Poland some Zionist weekly "Die Selbstwehr" of which SYMBOL? time during the First World War—she then Kafka was a regular reader from 1911 till 1924. In a full-page obituary in his paper Dr. In the beginning of Christianity, the sign spoke Yiddish but learaed Gennan quickly. of the cross had nothing to do with the He remembers her attractive appearance, her Weltsch wrote: "Few writers achieved so per­ fect a mastery of the German language as crucifixion but it was a Jewish sign which intellectual alertness and the influence her later changed its symbolic meaning. This as­ conscious Jewishness exerted on a number of Kafka. But the soul that moved his writings was Jewish throughout. His torment was sertion was made by Cardinal Jean Dani6Wu Jewish youngsters who without it might have who died in May. We find it in his little chosen the easy path of complete assimilation Jewish, as were his problems and his con­ sequences. ... He was deeply interested in book Les symboles Chretiens Primitifs. or been lured into the extreme left-wing But how did this come about? The first camp. everything conceming Palestine and its re­ construction, he studied Hebrew for Christians painted a Greek cross ( + ) on Young Dr. Nelken had begun his medical years—for many months doing nothing their foreheads. It was a proof that they were career at the Jewish Hospital in Berlin as an else—and in his last years he seriously con­ baptised and, at the same time, was meant to assistant to Professor Hermann Strauss when sidered emigration to Palestine..." protect them from evil spirits. How did this in the early 'twenties he saw Dora Diamant sign originate? The Fathers of the Church again. At that time she was a children's Incidentally, this article of the "Selbst­ remembered that the book of Ezechiel said: nurse in the home of Dr Hermann Badt, a wehr" was on view at the Kafka exhibition in the members of the Messianic community are Well known Jewish-Orthodox leader and Minis­ the Jewish National Library in April, 1969. marked on the forehead by the Hebrew letter terial director at the Prussian Ministry of That Kafka was thinking of going to tav. The Essenes continued this custom. Tar Interior—incidentally the first Jew ever ad­ Palestine, has also been confirmed by two is the last letter in the Hebrew alphabet and mitted to the civil service in Prussia. Once, other notable Jerusalemites who knew him means God just like the Greek omega. For t>r. Nelken heard her speak at a left-wing from Prague: Dr. Moshe Spitzer, the dis­ the first Christians it signified God the rally in the former "Preussisches Her­ tinguished typographer and veteran pub­ father. renhaus", the other speaker being the leading lisher, and Professor Hugo Bergmann. Dr. Spitzer met Kafka in 1920 at the Prague con­ Now two problems have to be solved. The socialist author, Angelica Balabanoff... letter tav has not normally the form of the Basically, however, Dora's emotions and vention of "Hapoel Hatzair" and introduced him to A. D. Gordon, its spiritual mentor. He cross. Yet at the time of Jesus it was writ­ thoughts were concentrated on Jewish prob­ ten " + " or "X". We find it in this shape in lems and she accepted a job as a social told me that he remembers Kafka as "a shy, long-limbed man who usually walked with his Palestinian charnel-houses of the first cen­ Worker in the Berlin "Juedisches Volksheim" tury C.E. It meant the name of God. (for Eastem-Jewish immigrant children) of head bowed in order not to look taller than t>r. Siegfried Lehmann, later founder of the those standing next to him—which increased A second difficulty. Why did the first Ben Shemen Youth Village in Palestine. In the impression of shyness". Christians choose the name of God the Father? summer 1923. Dora escorted a group of Professor Bergmann befriended Kafka for In an old Christian text the phrase "to carry Volksheim children on a vacation trip to many years in school and university, till the name (of God)" is used to describe the Mueritz on the Baltic and it was there that their ways parted: Kafka studied law and Berg­ state of having been baptised. To "carry the Kafka met Dora for the first time. He was fas­ mann mathematics and philosophy. As for name" means in several ancient texts to have cinated by her simplicity, originality and in­ Kafka's plans to settle in Palestine, Berg­ been marked by the sign of tav on the fore­ telligence but obviously also by her deeply mann believes: "It seems as if Kafka saw head. ingrained Jewishness, her bnowledge of in Palestine the commencement of a new And yet it remains a strange usage. For Hasidic tradition and of Hebrew. Once, in life—for the Jewish people and for himself the primitive Christian community, however, Mueritz, Dora read to Kafka a chapter from personally—a genuine new beginning in the name Yahweh in the Old Testament de­ fsaiah... purity, in the realisation of the celestial scribes the manifestation of God in the world Jerasalem on earth". in the same way as the "Word". Jesus was It must have been early in March, 1924, that Finally, Irma Singer of Deganiah sheds the word of God incarnated. In the so-called Oora Diamant phoned Dr. Nelken at the Gospel of Truth of the second century we Berlin Jewish Hospital and asked him to light on the strange fate of Kafka's Hebrew teacher in Prague, Jiri Mordehai Langer. To- read: the name of the father is the son. come and examine Kafka. "He was not in For the Greek speaking Christians, as hed, when I entered his furnished room in a against those who spoke Hebrew, the tav small Fichtengrund house". Dr. Nelken now symbol was incomprehensible, they gave it a recalls, "but he was in a wretched state. If different interpretation. For the Greeks the Only Streptomycin had been avaflable then or BELSIZE SQUARE SYNAGOGUE sign -H represented the instrument of Jesus' any of the other medicines which have done 51 Belsize Square, London, N.W.S death and the sign X was taken for the first So much for the cure of TB. ... All I could do SYNAGOGUE SERVICES letter of the word Xristos in Greek writing. at the time was to prescribe something to al­ are held regularly on the Eve of Sabbath Let us not forget that the late Cardinal leviate the cough and other symptoms". Jean Danielou was one of the greatest As Dr. Nelken refused to submit a bill, and Festivals af 6.30 p.m. and on the day authorities on the Jewish origins of Kafka sent him a book with a personal dedi­ at 11 a.m. Christianity. cation—not one of his own books, which ALL ARE CORDIALLY INVITED ALFONS ROSENBERG. ty;-:^^i^'j?'-^ya"j'p^^:-^/f^-,'.^;i

Page 6 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974

D. G. W^illiamson such a sentence? Although we have con­ tinually corrected these misrepresentations, antisemitic newspapers have still got the cheek to repeat them." WALTHER RATHENAU AND THE In the war years Rathenau became an even more controversial figure. His success at the CENTRALVEREIN Raw Materials' Department combined with the publication of yet more philosophical and The life of Walther Rathenau has come to article—namely that German Jews should be socio-economic books and essays made him for symbolise the tragic patriotism of the German ible to occupy the highest positions of state the last 18 months of the war arguably the citizen of Jewish faith in the Wilhelmine and without undergoing the baptism—was in itself most talked about man in the columns of the Weimar eras. He was born in 1867 the son not hostile to the aims of the Centralverein, German press. Thus it is understandable that of Emil Rathenau, the founder of the A.E.G. but his proposal for the creation of a German at this juncture when Rathenau wielded real He grew up to become a great financier and Jewish elite of outstanding intellectual and if intangible influence, an attempt should be industrialist in his own right, but he did not physical stature meant in effect that Rathenau made to enlist his services on behalf of the allow industry and finance to dominate his condemned the vast majority of his fellow Centralverein. According to an article in the life. He dabbled in journalism and wrote a Jews to be second-class citizens. The cruel C. V. Zeitung (which was written by Fuchs formidable number of books in which he cas­ language with which Rathenau criticised most 5/7/23) Geheimrat Fuchs, a founder member tigated both the vulgarity of contemporary of his fellow Jews for being allegedly decadent of the Centralverein, approached Rathenau in German society and the inefficiency of its and culturally alien to the Germans was January 1917 and raised the question of mem­ Governments, yet he made it clear that the naturally condemned by the Centralverein. bership. Fuchs was unsuccessful because potential greatness of the German character When Rathenau reprinted the article in a Rathenau apparently believed that the Central­ and Volksseele was enormous. Rathenau loved collection of his essays in 1902, Maximilian verein advocated only " Schdchten, Be- Germany so deeply that it has been said that Horwitz, the chairman of the Centralverein, schneidung, Kultvs, Seelsorge, usw." In an it was his only true Geliebte. His record of in the pages of Im Deutschen Reich, the organi­ attempt to refute this, Fuchs left Rathenau service to Germany was imposing. It started sation's monthly newspaper, bitterly attacked with a mass of literature about the aims of the with his two unremunerated tours of Ger­ Rathenau's assumption that the majority Centralverein but Rathenau was still not many's African colonies in 1907 and 1908, of Germany's Jews were im-German in outlook. convinced. He wrote back on January 31: which gave rise to a couple of interesting and To emphasise that the German State was made "These papers have not been able to change informative reports. Then in August 1914, as up of diverse but loyal elements, Horwitz my mind. Alas, to my genuine regret it is he was the most influential man to draw the actually anticipated Rathenau's famous defini­ not possible for me to assist you in your great Government's attention to the shortage of tion in 1916 of the Jews as a German tribe. and noble task. . . . We agree on all essentials raw materials caused by the British blockade, He quoted a recent speech by the Kaiser and I am just as desirous as you to see the he was put in charge of the newly created stressing how the Kingdom of Prussia con­ rights and social standing (die Hebung der Raw Materials Department (the K.R.A.) in the tained several tribes, which although proud Rechte und des gesellschaftlichen Standes) Prussian War Ministry. After the war he of their past were nevertheless equally proud of the German or Mosaic faith raised. How­ sdrved willingly as an expert adviser to the of being "brave Preussen." Horwitz then ever, I make use of the lack of rigid dogma Jlovemment on the complexities of the repara­ applied this analysis to the Reich as a whole and the freedom of conscience which the tion problem, and so impressed the future and criticised Rathenau for not grasping that Mosaic faith allows its members and thus Chancellor, Joseph Wirth, that he was ap­ "one can be a good Jew and a real German support a strongly confessional liberalism pointed as first Minister for Reconstmction in and that even if one is proud of the history (stark konfessioneller Liberalismus), which I June 1921, and then Foreign Minister in of the Jews and the uniqueness of the Jewish do not find guaranteed by your organization." January 1922, in which role he met his character, one does not therefore cease to be Rathenau was ready to continue discussions martyrdom at the hands of a small group of kemdeutsch." Horwitz advised him to become with Fuchs once he had dealt with some right-wing assassins on the morning of June a Christian as it was "more honourable to pressing business, but there are no records of i4, 1922. join their ranks and hold one's peace than . . . these discussions taking place. Although Rathenau loved Germany deeply, to show off (imponieren) by remaining in one's he was unwilling to buy unchallenged ad­ faith and insulting one's fellow Jews." Relations between Rathenau and the Central­ mission into the top ranks of its social and Rathenau, of course did not take this advice verein were not prejudiced by the failure to administrative establishment by undergoing as it was fundamentally opposed to his con­ recruit Rathenau as a member, as is shown baptism. Indeed, in spite of his romantic ception of the position of the German Jew by the favourable review in Im Deutschen Schwdrmerei for the old Prussian nobility and in German society. Indeed in the remaining Reich of Rathenau's Streitschrift vom Glauben blond nordic youths, he sharply criticised the twelve years before the First World War in September 1917. Rathenau penned this State in 1911 for not extending de facto full Rathenau showed an increasing interest in his pamphlet in reply to one by Triitzschler v. civil rights to its diligent, loyal and potentially religious and cultural heritage and a growing Falkenstein, which advocated that Jews should conservative Jewish citizens. He formulated his impatience with the State's attitude towards break out of their isolation by adopting the own solution to the Jewish problem in 1916 the Jews. He read Hebrew, studied Buber's Christian faith. Rathenau retorted that al­ when he declared that the Jews were for him Die Geschichten des Rabbi Nachmann and Die though he accepted the Christian state, he a German tribe like the Bavarians or Saxons. Legende des Baalschem and also assisted him nevertheless believed that it should be able It thas might seem paradoxical that Rathenau financially with several scholarly projects to tolerate a plurality of religions. He added who was both a self-confessed Jew and a between 1907 and 1913. that he himself was unwilling to become a German patriot was not a member of the As a result of his eminence in the business Christian because he was too attached to the Centralverein Deutscher Staatsbiirger Jiidi­ and industrial worlds and the ever increasing spiritual freedom which the undogmatic schen Glaubens which, in the words of para­ number of books and articles he was writing Jewish faith afforded him. Im Deutschen Reich graph 9 of its constitution aimed to rally "all on political and other controversial subjects, welcomed Rathenau's pamphlet and compared German citizens of Jewish faith regardless of Rathenau was coming to be regarded as a it favourably to Hore Israel, even though it any differing nuances in religious or political figure unique in Germany—the philosopher jibbed at the superficiality of Rathenau's beliefs in order to strengthen both their deter­ businessman, and hence presented an easy theology. It was described by the reviewer as mination to preserve their social and civil target for antisemitic attacks. The unfortunate a personal spiritual confession by Rathenau, equality with other Germans and their in­ remark he made in an article in the Viennese who was obviously groping towards a solution tention of cultivating steadfastly a German Neue Freie Presse in 1909 to the effect that to his religious problems. The reviewer re­ outlook on life (Gesinnung).'^ garded the confessions as relevant to every three hundred mutually acquainted industrial­ Jew because they showed that even a man Rathenau belonged to a generation ol ists and financiers held Europe's economic of such a high intelligence as Rathenau had German Jews who were critical of their fate in their hands, was heaven-sent ammuni­ doubts and spiritual crises "from which alone parents' materialism and of their often clumsy tion for the antisemites. Thus increasingly a firmly based belief can arise." attempts to imitate the German upper classes. after 1909 one reads in the pages of Im Deut­ Some of Rathenau's contemporaries or near schen Reich of the way in which members of A year later a renewed attempt was made contemporaries like Martin Buber, Theodor various right-wing and antisemitic organi­ to recruit Rathenau to the Centralverein but Herzl and Richard Lichtheim became Zionists, sations like the Bund der Landwirte or con­ Rathenau still persisted in regarding the while others joined the Centralverein. servative or volkisch orientated newspapers Centralverein as identifying itself too closely Rathenau himself, then in the middle of his distorted Rathenau's original remark. In with "orthodox and ritual demands" (Forde­ Siurm und Drang Zeit, chose in the 1890s to September 1912, for example, Im Deutschen rungen). Fuchs replied to Rathenau's objec­ steer clear of the Centralverein and, instead, Reich recorded a typical and deliberate mis­ tions by restating the religious policy of the to dispense hurtful and rather unoriginal quotation by the antisemitic Deutsch-Soziale Centralverein: "We are neutral in religious advice to his fellow Jews in his notorious Blatter and complained despairingly: "When matters, but are nevertheless of the opinion article Hore Israel. The root idea behind the and where has Herr Rathenau ever uttered Continued on page 7, colunm 1 n!i»H?»»tw.y*?^'^r ^'?i«?«r.-j«5W!wi.!i»!»ii»

AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 Page 7 Walther Rathenau and Herbert Freeden (Jerusalem) the Centralverein AN "ARAB UNIVERSITY EV THE HOLY LAND" Continued from page 6 In spring 1973, after a protracted study, The university also wants to redress the the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture weakness in the educational system. 3,244 that in the interests of equality and equal jointly with the Military Administration of school teachers in the West Bank—55-3 per rights for Judaism we should not tolerate the Judea and Samaria, approved in principle the cent of the total—are not qualified and most belittling of our orthodoxy. We will only be establishment of an Arab university in the heads of secondary schools (over 70 per as strong as we are at the weakest point in West Bank, provided its courses contained cent) have no academic qualifications. our line." Rathenau was not convinced by this "no incitement against Israel and the Jewish The majority of students are from Beth­ argument and by return of post politely but people". At that time, the town of Ramallah lehem and surroundings because no re­ firmly still refused to join. He wrote: "I under­ was thought to serve as the most appropriate sidential accommodation is available yet. The stand the position of the Centralverein com­ centre. Its nucleus was to be formed of ex­ tuition takes place in buUdings of Christian pletely and realise that it feels itself called isting colleges, such as the Teachers' Training schools and for the expansion of the prem­ upon to defend ritual and ecclesiastical College for Girls and the Sciences College, ises as weU as for the opening of tech­ (kirchliche) demands. However, as I on my both in Ramallah; the Naja College for nological and agricultural branches, the Uni­ side do not regard these demands as the task Humanities and the Arts in Nablus; the versity authorities are consulting with the of modern Judaism, I would be betraying my Agricultural Institute near Bethlehem; and local Arab communities. position by co-operating with you." the Islamic Law College in Hebron. The unsettled future of the West Bank Although Rathenau thus declined to co­ In the West Bank alone—not counting the makes money raising difficult. Almost all operate with the Centralverein, in the remain­ Gaza strip—over 40,000 boys and girls finish grants from the USA, for example, are not ing years of his life he became something of their secondary schooling every year and the avaUable for "occupied territories". Whatever a hero to this organisation, but then this of need for an institute for higher leaming the political decisions, "the pressing demand course is not surprising, as he was after all seems obvious. Its absence has severely cur­ for educational progress will remain", a Uni­ a self-confessed Jew and a "gliihender tailed the academic education of the high versity statement declares. "The University is deiitscher Patriot." In the depressing period school graduates—only 20 per cent can afford rigorously neutral in politics, as we realise just after the First World War when anti­ to study abroad, at various Arab universities that this is the only way we can maintain the semitism attained a new virulence and when like Amman, Cairo, Beirut, or in Western confidence of all segments of the community. both Jews and antisemites played the Europe and North America. Students are not restricted in maintaining "numbers game" to prove that Jews either did The Yom Kippur war and, even more so, their own opinions, but demonstrations or or did not play their fuU part in the national the political uncertainties following in its overt political acts are not allowed on war effort, Rathenau's name figured from wake have shelved this ambitious though campus". time to time in the columns of Im Deutschen overdue project. Nevertheless, last October, However, in spite of their optimism to re­ Reich and of its successor, the C. V. Zeitung, just before the outbreak of hostilities, a more present all sections of the Arab community, as an example of a Jew who had contributed modest venture was launched at the in­ the University authorities are still meeting greatly to Germany's economic war effort. The itiative of Jerusalem's Apostolic Delegate with reluctance, even opposition, on the part Centralverein foUowed Rathenau's career with Msgr. Pio Laghi, thte University of Bethlehem of the other Arab centres, such as RamaUah, approval when he was appointed Minister of which calls itself the "First Arab University Nablus and Hebron. As much as the Israeli Reconstruction and then later Foreign Minis­ in the Holy Land". Although so far it is Initiatives to start a "West Bank University" ter. His murder came as both a shock and financially dependent on the Pontifical Mis­ were viewed with suspicion, the Bethlehem confirmation of the growing power and lawless­ sion and on the German Catholic hierarchy, project has stUl to convince the badly split ness of the antisemites. The first issue of the it aspires to be a "regional" and not a and factious Arab leadership that this is not C. V. Zeitung after the murder ran three "denominational" college. Nine of its teach­ another attempt by an outside body—^this articles on Rathenau and the significance of ing staff are Christians, six are Moslems. The time the Vatican—to mingle in their affairs. his death. Alfred Wiener in the leading article student body of 90 is 60 per cent Christian firmly attributed the blame for it to the and 40 per cent Moslem. Deutschvolkisch campaigns of virulent anti­ Religious affiliations, no doubt, are a sen­ semitism and also bitterly attacked the German sitive matter in the West Bank yet accep­ TWO EXHIBITIONS IN GERMANY Conservative Party (the D.N.V.P.) for allowing tance is based on the suitability for academic itself to be dragged in the wake of the training and the application forms contain no Vienna Literature and E. M. Lilien Deutsch-Volkisch campaign against Rathenau. questions about religion, the University being In another article the slanderous attacks on "Jugend in Wien", the title of Arthur equally open to Arabs of Moslem, Catholic, Schnitzler's reminiscences, is the name of an Rathenau in the right wing press were Protestant or Orthodox background. The lang­ exhibition arranged by the Deutsche Litera- analysed. Finally there was an article which uage of instruction is Arabic and Bethlehem turachiv in Marbach/Neckar, which will assessed the significance of Rathenau's life and University, in the first place, wants to be an be on view untU October 31. Its subject achievements for the Jewish community in Arab university. While it has the usual pro­ is the literary life in Vienna around 1900. Germany. The author, who signed himself Th., grammes of arts, science and technology, the The timing of the exhibition was prompted practically deified Rathenau. He stressed his by the centenary of the births of Hugo von emphasis is on local Palestinian history and Hofmannsthal and Karl Kraus. In the preface patriotism and his services to Germany and folklore and on the wider Arab culture. Be­ of the beautifully laid out and informative his gallant fight for full civil rights for the cause of the town's international character, it catalogue, the editor. Professor Dr. Bemhard Jews. Rathenau was in fact fulfilling the aim is also stressing multi-language proficiency. Zeller, refers to the outstanding contributions of the Centralverein by proving in the words The Student Council participates with the by Jews to the intellectual and artistic life of the author of the article that "being a fully Administration in decision making and there of Vienna at the tum of the century. Yet, fledged German citizen and at the same time is close contact between the students and the he states, these also resulted in bitter contro- a Jew who is proud of his cultural and faculty. verses among the Jews themselves. The criti­ cism of Herzl's Zionism by other Jews, who religious heritage are not contradictions but were afraid of the possible danger of the can on the contrary be united into a wonder­ movement to emancipation, is a case in point. fully harmonious synthesis." The exhibition includes items loaned by Gorta Radiovision Miriam Beer-Hofman-Lens (New York), Dr. Rathenau's career was thus a justified source Service Max Kreutzberger (Locarno), Professor Hein­ of pride to the Centralverein and his murder rich Schnitzler (Vienna) and Charles Wasser­ a rallying cry against the antisemites. Al­ (Member R.T.R.A.) mann (Toronto and Bad Aussee). though Rathenau remained loyal to his Jewish 13 Frognal Parade, origins out of intellectual honesty, he felt a To mark the centenary of the birth of the Finchley Road, N.W.3 artist, E. M. LUien (1874-1925), an exhibition profound emotional attachment to Germany of his graphics was held in the Muncipal and in particular to Prussia, which prevented SALES REPAIRS Museum of Braunschweig. LUien was born in him from identifying himself too closely with Drohobycz, and after the completion of his Judaism or with any predominantly Jewish Agents for Bush, Pyc, Philips, Ferranti, studies went to Berlin in 1899. From 1920 organisation. Thus, although on paper the Grundig, etc. onwards he lived in Braunschweig where his wife, Helene (nee Magnus), who was also a ideals of the Centralverein were not far re­ Quality, Colour, Rentals painter, was bom. In his preface to the cata­ moved from Rathenau's, he could not bring logue. Pastor Ekkehard Hieronimus (Hanover) himself emotionally to become a full member Mr. Gorl will always be pleased to stresses that one of Lilien's outstanding fea­ of an organisation that was in essence Jewish, advise you tures was the introduction of determined albeit German Jewish, rather than pure (435 8635) Jewish elements into the world of art. Prassian blue. E.G.L.

iiteSftvWteia Page 8 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974

Werner Rosenstock of middle-class famUies was higher among Jews than among non-Jews, yet the traditional urge of Jews to provide their chU­ dren with a good education, even if it in­ volved financial sacrifice, certainly also AT THE DAWN OF EMANCIPATION played a decisive part. Being excluded from the State service and The First Jews in the Academic Professions restricted in the academic sphere to the legal and medical professions, many university trained Jews found their niche in the press In German-Jewish society untU 1933, the relationship between the Jews and their and the publishing and book trade. Christian fellow students. There were bound entry into an academic profession was consid­ The authoress has perused a tremendous ered as the final achievement of a famUy. It to be limitations as long as the Jewish students belonged to a generation which ob­ amount of files of the various German uni­ was the result of a process which took sev­ versities. At the same time she has succeeded eral generations, because in those days, when served the ritual dietary laws. Yet even if and as far as these barriers had fallen, the in describing and interpreting the situation grants were not more or less a matter of of the first Jewish academics against the gen­ course, normaUy only young people who had prevalent antisemitism among wide circles of the students stood in the way. The attitude eral Jewish and non-Jewish background. been careful in the choice of their parents Thus, her work is a most gratifying scholarly could afford an extension of their education of the Burschenschaften differed from uni­ versity to university. Some were liberal and monograph on a subject which so far had beyond school-leaving age. Generally speak­ never been methodically dealt with. ing, the familiar figure of the "Sanitaetsrat" accepted Jews as members, others based their and "Justizrat" emerged from the 1880s outlook on romantic Teutonic ideas and were onwards, with a steady increase from one violently antisemitic. The fact that students Egon Larsen decade to the next. Thus, the type of the often had to borrow money from local Jewish Jewish professional presented itself first in businessmen without being able or wiUing to PROTOCOL OF A POGROM the generation of those who were born in the repay their debts, gave additional ammuni­ On the back of the dustcover of the book 1830s and started their studies at the end of tion to antisemitic sentiments and sometimes entitled Mordverldufe* there is a portrait of the 1840s. Yet this general picture, which also resulted in anti-Jewish outrages in uni­ the elderly, bearded, bespectacled, bald-headed offers itself to the superficial observer, is not versity towns. author, Manfred Franke. Yet his biographical in keeping with reality, and a scholarly work, Parallel to the reception or rejection by data show that he is not, in fact, all that recently published under the auspices of the the Christian students ran the cultural as­ elderly; bom in 1930, he was only eight years Leo Baeck Institute, carries a wealth of similation of the Jewish academics. The com­ old when the Nazis staged their dress rehearsal detaUed material about Jewish students and plications of this process arose, as Adolf for the Holocaust, the Kristallnacht of Novem­ professionals in Germany between 1678 and Leschnitzer puts it in the preface to the ber, 1938. It takes some courage to write a 1848*. 378-page book about a comparatively recent book, from the fact that the Jews had to under­ historical event one has witnessed only as a At the beginning, almost the only subject go the transition from the Middle Ages to child; and even more courage to dress it up of studies to which Jews were admitted was contemporary life within the span of few as a "protocol of fear, of ill-treatment and medicine. Though, generally, the treatment of generations. To solve the conflict between death, of the search for the traces and their the sick was not restricted to persons with the inherited Jewish values and the newly ac­ rediscovery", and wrap it up in the shape of academic qualifications, the larger Jewish quired integration into German culture a novel. As a result, this recent product of communities, e.g., Frankfurt, Hamburg, Mann­ students at some universities tried to blend what the German press has called "Hitler heim and Prague, employed university both formative elements by a modern scholar­ nostalgia" is an odd mixture of document and trained medical personnel. ly approach to Jewish history and religion. fiction, no doubt meant as a serious and sin­ Normally, the Jewish physicians were only The "Culturverein" in Berlin was a case in cere Auseinandersetzung with that shameful permitted to treat members of the Jewish point. Yet it was a shortlived enterprise, and incident in modern German history, but too communities, but as early as 1650 there were most of its members, including Heine and confusing to add much to the known facts. also cases, e.g., in Cologne and Mannheim, Eduard Gans, later got baptised. Another U- where Jews were aUowed to treat non-Jews. lustration of the attempts at getting to terms Still, as a symptom of that deep-seated un­ The admission to the medical faculties did with the situation was the effort of some easiness in many German minds about the not necessarUy include the right to obtain a Jewish students to avoid the contacts with things done in the name of their nation, the doctor degree. The first Jewish student, ad­ other Jews and to be seen mainly or ex­ book deserves attention. All the sources used mitted to a German university was Tobias clusively in the company of non-Jews. This or quoted and all private recollections, he Cohen who was inscribed in the University of was often counter-productive, but there were claims, are authentic. The character he calls Frankfurt/Oder in 1678. However, students of also many cases of genuine Jewish-Christian Andreas Weyland in the book—the names, that generation, who wished to obtain a friendships. To obtain positions as public apart from those of the historical figures, are doctor diploma, had to go to Italian or Dutch servants or ordinary professors, many ulti­ all fictitious, says Franke—has provided him universities like Padua or Leiden. It was only mately paid the price of baptism. The first with police and trial documents, diary notes and in 1721 that the first Jew, Moses Salomon unbaptised Jewish ordinary professor was the interviews. Additionally, the author has used Gumperts, obtained a degree at a German mathematician, Moritz Stern (appointed 1859 much of the available literature, from University (Frankfurt/Oder). in Goettingen). Fraenkel/Manvell's Goebbels to Speer's memoirs. Miss Richarz's book carries lists of Jewish Special chapters of the book are devoted to students inscribed in the various universities. the changes in the training of rabbis and To be sure, the fictionalised account of some They reveal that most Jewish medical Jewish teachers. The old-fashioned type, con­ of the deeds of that night often makes a students of the early days were descendants centrated almost exclusively on the studies of strong emotional impact. For instance the of old doctors' famUies like the WaUichs or Jewish subjects, was replaced by the univer­ examination of one of the murderers, an of wealthy and assimilated Court Jews like sity educated rabbi with the philosophical unnamed SA man: "Jacker pressed his SS the van Geldems (Heine's maternal fore­ doctor's degree, and by teachers who had ob­ dagger into my hand and said: Stab him!"—- bears). Only gradually did the admission tained secular knowledge at universities or "What did you do?"—"I threw the dagger policy extend to other faculties. This is re­ specially established seminars. The Jewish away."—"Who gave you the dagger back?"-^ flected in a list, selected from the Jewish schools were adapted to the standard of the "One of the non-local SS men. He picked it students in Goettingen between 1807 and municipal schools. There were, however, no up, gave it to me, and kicked me in the arse." 1837. It shows several members of Court Jewish high schools but only middle schools —"Did he say anything?"—"Are you now going Jews and bankers' famUies such as the Gans, like the Frankfurt Philanthropin, the Samson to stab him, he said."—"Was that a request?" Jacobson (son of Israel Jacobson) and Heine School in Wolfenbuettel and the Jacobson —"It was a command."—"Go on."—"As (the poet's brother MaximUian and cousin School in Seesen. As they did not lead up to Friedlander was lying on the floor, I stabbed Henry). In many cases, those who studied matriculation standard, Jewish parents in­ him. I believe I stabbed him in the back."—• law did not embark on a legal career, but creasingly sent their children to the "Or perhaps in the chest?"—"Perhaps in the later took over their fathers' commercial en­ municipal gymnasiums and other high chest as well. I don't remember." terprises. The Goettingen list also includes schools. It is significant that already in 1859 Who were the murderers, who the victims? the brothers Lionel and Anthony de Roth­ the percentage of Jewish children, who at­ The author claims to know, and we have a schUd of London. tended secondary schools in Prussia, was five right to know. But he has chosen to stop us The book deals in detail with the social times higher in relation to the total Jewish from enquiring by putting up that barrier of population than that of the Christian popu­ anonymity. It just isn't good enough. Still, * Monica Richarz: Der Eintrltt der Juden in die lation. About 30 years later, in 1886, the per­ some of his young readers might understand Altademlschen Berule. Schriftenreihe Wissenschaftlicher Abhandlungen des Leo Baeck Instituts. J. C. B. Molir centage of students was eight times higher what it was really like. (Paul Siebeok) Tuebingen 1974, 257 pp. DM58.—Copies among Jews than among Christians. This may may be ordered through the L.B.i., 4 Devonshire Street, be partly due to the fact that the proportion • iMordveriaufe 9./10.XI.1938. A novel. Luchterhand, London, W.l. Darmstadt, 1973. 01^28. AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 Page 9 SOVIET IMMIGRATION TO ISRAEL Only 1,225 Soviet Jewish immigrants came IN MEMORIAM to Israel in May, and this is the smallest number to arrive during one month since GERTRUD JASPERS DR. CHAIM TAHEL large-scale emigration from the Soviet started at the end of 1971. During the same period Gertrud Jaspers (nee Mayer), the widow of Dr. Chaim YahU (formerly Heinrich Hoff­ last year, 2,200 immigrants arrived. In AprU the philosopher Professor Karl Jaspers (1883- mann), who died in Jerusalem at the age of this year only 1,600 inunigrants arrived, the 1969), died in Basle at the age of 95. In his 68, took a leading part in the work for the previous lowest figure. memoirs. Professor Jaspers wrote about her: survivors of the Holocaust in the Gennan DP Reports indicate that 220, or about 15 per "Gertrud came of a pious Jewish family, camps as representative of the Jewish cent, of the Soviet Jews who left during May which had been settled in the Mark Branden­ Agency during the first post-war years. Later remained in Vienna with the object of sett­ burg since the 17th century. . . . When we had he became the first Israeli consul in Munich ling elsewhere. married in 1910, a cordial mutual affection and deputy head of the Israeli Mission in Due to the steady decline in the number of between my parents-in-law and myself devel­ Cologne. Afterwards, he was Israeli ambas­ exit visas granted since the beginning of the oped. The father had overcome his misgiv­ sador in Stockholm and Oslo. At the time of year, requests for affidavits from relatives in ings about his daughter's marriage to a non- his death, he was Director-General of the Israel for the purpose of emigration have Jew. . . . When the Nazis were in power, we Israeli Academy of Science. Born in Czecho­ risen in the past six months from 100,000 to experienced the catastrophe at close quar­ slovakia he was married to Leni nee Westphal, almost 150,000. ters." As "juedisch versippt". Professor who was active in the German-Jewish youth Jaspers was, in 1937, pensioned off by the movement. KAHANE LEAVES DEFENCE LEAGUE University of Heidelberg. In 1945, he was re­ instated but he accepted a call to Basle in According to a report from Jerasalem, 1948. SIEGMUND WELTLINGER Rabbi Meir Kahane, chairman of the Jewish Defence League, has announced his re­ Mr Siegmund Weltlinger, who took an tirement from the League, which was ALFRED UCHTENBERG (NEW YORK) active part in municipal and Jewish affairs of founded by him in the United States 10 years Mr. Alfred N. Lichtenberg, who died in West Berlin, died at the age of 88. He sur­ ago. He explained that the League could not, New York almost 93 years old, was formerly vived the persecution under the Nazis by in his view, continue on the path mapped out a lawyer in Hanover and untU the end of the going underground and, after the end of the by him, because it did not have enough of 'thirties also played a leading part in war, immediately put himself at the disposal the right people. "Narrow-minded cowards", Jewish organisations of Germany. From of his feUow Jews. He was spokesman for he said in his parting speech, "could not app­ 1909-1919 he was Deputy Chairman of the Jewish affairs in the Berlin Senate and also reciate it. I am now alone, and I cannot go Federation of Jewish Youth Organisations in was one of the first ones to work for the estab­ on on my own." Germany ("Neutraler Verband"). Afterwards, lishment of a new relationship between Christians and Jews. The city of Berlin hon­ AWARD FOR HERBERT FREEDEN he was for many years chairman of the oured him by bestowing on him the title of Hanover district of the Central-Verein and a "Stadtaeltester". Dr. Herbert Freeden (Jerusalem) was niember of its Central Board. awarded the German Federal Cross of Merit, E.G.L. First Class. In the thirties he held a position HEINRICH FISCHER with the Jewish "Kulturbund" in Berlin, RABBI DR. ERNST JACOB whose history he later recorded in a mono­ Heinrich Fischer, executor of the literary graph "Juedisches Theater in Nazideutsch­ Rabbi Dr. Ernst Jacob and his wife died in estate of Karl Kraus, died in Munich at the land" (published under the auspices of the Pittsburgh as the result of a tragic accident. age of 77. Before he retumed to Germany in Leo Baeck Institute). Herbert Freeden is In Germany, Rabbi Dr. Jacob, who was in his the late fifties, he worked with the BBC. now head of the Publicity Department for 75th year, was rabbi of the Jewish com­ English speaking countries of the Jewish Nat­ munities of Saarbruecken (1924-1929) and ional Fund in Jerusalem. He has been as­ Augsburg (1929-1938). After his emigration MAUD VON OSSIETZKY sociated with "AJR Information" since its in­ he was, for many years, rabbi in Springfield, Maud von Ossietzky, co-editor of the ception in 1946 when, together with Dr. E. G. Missouri. Dr. Jacob was the son of the late "Weltbuehne". which is now published in Lowenthal (now Berlin), he was its first co- Rabbi Dr. Benno Jacob (Dortmund), and his East Berlin, died in her 86th year. She was editor. After his re-emigration to Israel he wife the daughter of the author Jacob the widow of the publicist, the late Carl von became a regular correspondent to our jour­ Loewenberg. Ossietzky, who before 1933 was for many nal. years chief editor of the "Weltbuehne". THE PLIGHT OF SYRIAN JEWS HOUSE OF HALLGARTEN The condition of 4,500 Jews still living in DUNBEE-COMBEX-MARX Syria was described at a press conference held in London under the auspices of the k^T^T^T^^N LTD. Council for Jews in Arab countries. Two es­ capees from Damascus were represented by Specialist Shippers Martin Shaw, chairman of the CouncU. Jews are forced to carry identity cards which des­ ignate them as "Mussawis"—Jews. They cannot eam a living as civil servants, bank Fine Wines Unique Liqueurs clerks, office employees. They are also for­ bidden to run businesses of their own. Whether educated or not, they must work as // you enjoy wines Dunbee House menial workers for Christians and Moslems. write for our latest free list Syrian Jews living in Damascus are forced to dwell in an overcrowded ghetto, which is 117 Great Portland Street, located near a camp for Palestinians. This is which is full of fascinating a further source of danger. When foreign London, W.l journalists ask to see the ghetto, the secret information, maps, vintage reports police are sent ahead of them to intimidate the Jews, so that they are inhibited from tel­ and charts, descriptions, wines ling the truth.—(JTA) for laying down Tel. 01-580 3264/0878 (P.B.X.) BECHSTEIN STEINWAY BLUTHNER Grams: FLEXATEX LONDON, Rnest selection reconditioned PIANOS Always interested in purchasing HOUSE OF HALLGARTEN TELEX. well-preserved instruments. 53/79 Highgate Road, London, NWS 1RR JAQUES SAMUEL PIANOS LTD. INT. TELEX 2-3540 142 Edgware Road, W.2 choose Hallgarten —Choose Fine Wines Tel.: 723 8818/9. Page 10 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974

MARTIN SOBOTKER, 75 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES Martin Sobotker (New York), who will be 75 on July 14, is known to many in our midst SIR LUDWIG GUTTMANN, 75 DR. JULIUS LOEB, 80 by his former Jewish activities in Berlin. He played a leading part in the German Jewish Sir Ludwig Guttmann, the former director Dr. Julius Loeb, who will celebrate his 80th of the National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke birthday on July 2, is well known in our com­ youth movement as leader of the North East MandevUle Hospital, wiU be 75 on July T. His munity as a trasted and highly gifted advi­ groups of the DJJG and as organiser of the ser to victims of Nazi persecution, many of federation of Jewish youth organisations of pioneer work in the field of treatment of whom owe the settlement of their claims to paraplegics has left its lasting mark on him, as an active member of the Leo Baeck the city. Many members of the youth groups medical history. Though he has officiaUy re­ of those days were decisively influenced by tired, his advice is stUl sought at Stoke Man­ Lodge and, last but not least, as a Board deville and in many other quarters in this member of the AJR. Born in Braunschweig, him during their formative years, and they he was a successful lawyer in Hildesheim and have retained their loyalty to him ever since. country and abroad. In his private life, the also a member of the Jewish community's past years were overshadowed by the tragic board. In this country, he first did war work A lawyer by profession, Martin Sobotker accident and subsequent death of his wife. in the North and later settled in London. Dr. later made his vocation a profession by be­ Yet Sir Ludwig himself is still as active and coming principal of the youth department of interested in professional and Jewish affairs Loeb has always been conscious of the for­ as before. He is one of those former refugees mative forces of the part of Germany the Berlin Jewish cornmunity. In this capac­ where he grew up and of the values of our ity, his gifts as a social worker and organiser who by their achievements added lustre to German Jewish past. At the same time, he is our community. At the same time, he has re­ endowed with an open mind for the new proved to be particular assets. After having tained his unreserved loyalty to the values of settled in the United States, he became ex­ his origin and identified himself with the or­ vistas which opened themselves to us after ganisations built up by the Jews from Ger­ our emigration. We extend our sincerest ecutive director of the Congregation Habonim many. As an AJR Board member he has been birthday greetings to him. (New York) which, from small beginnings, associated with the AJR since its inception, developed into one of the strongest con­ and many in our midst are his personal DR. MAX SALZBERGER (URUGUAY) 90 gregations founded by Central European im­ friends. We extend our sincerest birthday Like his brother, our revered friend and migrants. Even after his nominal retirement, wishes to Sir Ludwig Guttmann. Board member, Rabbi Dr. Georg Salzberger, he continued to put his widespread experience the physician Dr. Max Salzberger, is now also at the disposal of the congregation. On behalf MRS. ALICE WOLFF, 90 a nonagenarian. A specialist for internal dis­ eases in Breslau, he was helped by a leading of his numerous friends and former fellow Former refugees have special reason to rheumatologist of Uruguay, whose acquain­ workers in this country, we extend our sin­ express their thanks and birthday wishes to tance he had made at a medical congress, to cerest birthday greetings to Martin Sobotker. Mrs. Alice Wolff who will attain the age of leave Germany after the outbreak of war. He 90 on July 14. For 35 years, she has been again established a wide reputation for him­ DR. BRUNO SCHROTTER, 75 running a boarding house at Hemstal Road in self in his country of resettlement, and he The dental surgeon. Dr. Bruno Schrotter North-West London, where many elderly continues to give talks on subjects of natural (London), recently celebrated his 75th birth­ people of our background found not just ac­ science in the German language programme day. He played a leading role in the creation commodation but a real home. Her work, of the Montevideo radio. Dr. Max Salz­ of the Dental School at the Hebrew Univer­ which she carried out jointly with her daugh­ berger is also an accomplished painter, and a sity in Jerusalem and, in recognition of his ter-in-law, has also resulted in many oc­ recent exhibition of his drawings and oil spadework, was made its honorary member. casions of co-operation with the AJR. We paintings, depicting the scenery of the wUd Dr. Schrotter, who is a member of the AJR. convey our sincerest congratulations to Mrs. forests in South America, was widely acc­ was born in Austrian Silesia and has been Wolff. laimed. an active Zionist throughout his life.

FAMILY EVENTS CLASSIFIED Miscellaneous MISSING PERSONS The charge in these columns is Entries in the column Family GERMAN AND ENGLISH COINS Personal Enquiries 15p for five loords. WANTED. High prices paid. Phone Events are free of charge. Texts 01-455 8578 after 6 p.m. Kibbutz Hagshama, Gruesen (des­ should be sent in by the 15th of Situations Vacant troyed during the November, 1938 the month. COMPETENT BOOKKEEPER, GRAPHIC WORK OF HECKEL, pogroms). Would former members part-time, for West End book im­ Schiele, Feininger, etc., required please contact: George Trenter, Deaths porters. Please ring 01-935 3441 to purchase by collector. Tele­ 19 Holyoake Walk, London, N.2. for appointment. phone : 01-876 9202. Pollak.—Mr. EmU Pollak, of 45 Klein.—The son of Rabbi Siegfried Clouston Street, Glasgow, G20, dear Women EXCLUSIVE FUR REPAIRS Klein (from Duesseldorf), who is husband and father, passed away supposed to be living in the U.K., on Friday, May 31. Deeply mourned CONTINENTAL OR ENGLISH AND RESTYLING. All kinds of LADY wanted as companion for fur work undertaken by first-class sought by his former school­ by his wiJfe, daughter, son, all his friend, Mr. Gert Wallach, Urb. El family and friends. two elderly sisters who live in their renovator and stylist, many years' own house in London. No rough experience and best references. Rosaria-601, Marbella, Malaga, Spain. Rose.—Miss Irma Rose (formerly work, help kept. Well-furnished Phone 01-452 5867, after 5 p.m. Hannover), passed away suddenly room or small flat provided, also for appointment, Mrs F. Philipp, on May 31 in her 86th year. Sadly good wages paid to the right per­ 44 EUesmere Road, DoUis HiU, AJR Enquiries missed by her sister, Edith, rela­ son. Box 401. London, N.W.IO. tives and many friends, including The AJR EMPLOYMENT Gurassa.—Hilde Gurassa, formerly the boys of the Ealing and Acton AGENCY needs par t-time Personal Breslau, Gartenstrasse 24 / 26, Synagogue Refugee hostel, of Home - helps (shopping/ cooking), daughter of the late Mrs. Rose which she was Matron from 1939 companions and attendants for WIDOWER, 58, independent Gurassa. until its closure in 1942.—20 CecU the elderly who require personal m.sans, witliout any relations, tee­ Close, Mount Avenue, Ealing, Lon­ assistance Please telephone: totaller, keen continental touring Zeraik.—Mr. W. H. Zernik, last don, W.5. 01-624 4449 for an appointment. caravanner, wishes to meet lady. known address: 835 Kingsway, Object marriage. Box 398. East Didsbury, Manchester, M20 Walter.—Dr. Max Walter, beloved Situations Wanted OPA. husband of Elsie and father of CONTINENTAL LADY, German- ATTRACTIVE WIDOW, 51, now Anne, passed away suddenly on speaking, seeks non-residential living Paris, seeks active, sympa­ May 26.—8 Totnes Walk, London, position as nursing companion. thetic gentleman, view marriage. N.2. German, French or English speak­ Also night duty and as travelling ing. Box 399. Wolfram.—Mrs. Meta Wolfram companion. Box 397. ADVERTISEMENT RATES (formerly of 32 Leeside Crescent, ATTRACTIVE WIDOW would like EDITORIAL COLUMNS London, N.W.ll) died on May 12. ALTERATIONS OF DRESSES, to meet a retired gentleman aged a width ol page) etc., undertaken by ladies on our £2 per Inch, single column. Deeplv moumed by relatives and register. Phone AJR Employment about 65 years for comoanionship. friends. Agency, 01-624 4449. (London area.) Box 400. ADVERTISEMENT COLUMNS (i width of page) Accommodation Vacant ATTRACTIVE LADY (Beriinerin) £1.50 per Inch, single column. would like to strike up a friend­ CHANGE OF ADDRESS WOULD YOU like to live near ship with a cultured, sympathetic A discount of 20% is granted for your children and grandchildren gentleman. Box 402. orders of six or more insertions. In order to ensure that you and retain your independence? Orders should be received by the receive your copy of "AJR Then come and share my mother's EDUCATED, ELDERLY LADY, 10th of the preceding month. Information" regularly, please flat in the Market Place, Hamp­ youthful, would like to have social "AJR Information," inform us immediately of any stead Garden Suburb. Congenial contacts with lady in similar cir­ 8 Fairfax Mansions, London, N.W.S change of address. person more important than rent. cumstances, German or English. 'Phone: 01-624 9096/7 Box 404. Box 403. AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 Page 11

SCHMIDT'S POLICY STATEMENT West Germany's new ChanceUor, Mr. FROM THE GERMAN SCENE Helmut Schmidt, in his policy statement to the Bonn Parliament made no reference to STATISTICS OF JEWS FUERTH PROUD OF KISSINGER ties with Israel and only a brief statement about the Middle East. Confirming the policy According to statistics released by the In­ At a meeting in the auditorium of the of his predecessor, Mr. WUly Brandt, he said stitute of Jewish Affairs, there are now Perolzheimerianum (an endowment of a that the peace efforts in the Middle East 26,876 Jews in the Federal German Republic, Jewish citizen of Fuerth) Dr. Jercy Haupt- were supported in exactly the same way. The including West Berlin. It is estimated that mann (Kansas City), at present Fulbright Pro­ right of self-determination must be avaUable between five and seven thousand more Jews fessor at the University of Erlangen- for all peoples. live in the German Federal Republic but are Nuernberg, conveyed a portrait of the person­ not registered with the Jewish community. This ality of Henry Kissinger. By Kissinger's entry CSU CHAIRMAN STRAUSS AGAINST may also be concluded from the last ofiScial into the political arena, the speaker said, a "PERMANENT ACCUSATION" census, in 1970, when the total number of new conception of the world had struck root Jews was given as 31,684. A breakdown of the in Washington—the policy of confrontation At a meeting of the Bavarian Kolpingwerk, figures shows that there are 5,280 Jews in had been replaced by a policy of negotiation. held in Berchtesgaden, Franz Josef Strauss, West BerUn, 5,037 in Frankfurt, 3,682 in chaimian of the CSU, said it was time to stop Munich, 1,620 in Duesseldorf, 1,429 in Ham­ In opening the meeting. Senator Jean Mandel (Fuerth) said that he remembered the permanent accusation against the German burg, and 1,225 in Cologne. The rest are people. The main guilt for the outbreak of scattered in a number of smaller towns. The Heinz Alfred Kissinger, as he was then called, from the time when they both spent the Second World War certainly rested with average age among the Jews of Germany is Hitler, Herr Strauss said, but others had 45. (JTA). their youth in Fuerth. Kissinger's parents still felt closely associated with the city of paved the way for him. There would have their former residence. "I think Kissinger's been no war if the "Komplizen" Hitler and EAST BERLIN COMMUNITY political ideas and his rise are not only the Stalin had not concluded their pact. At the outcome of the American way of life. They same meeting. Dr. Hans-Joachim Vogel, Fed­ According to Dr. Peter Kirchner, the chair­ must also be understood as the product of his eral Minister of Justice and chairman of the man, the East Berlin community totals 445 origin and of his education during the first Bavarian SPD, defended the OstpoUtik of the members, of whom 314 are over 60 and years of his life." government. Nothing had been given up eleven are children. which had not already been lost by Hitler's policy of terror, he said. BEATE KLARSFELD CHARGED "RUDOLF-HESS-STRASSE" AWARD FOR GERTRUD LUCKNER Mrs. Beate Klarsfeld has been charged in In several towns of the Land Hesse, Dr. Gertrud Luckner (Freiburg/Baden) Cologne with an attempt in 1971 to kidnap paper strips carrying the inscription "Rudolf- was awarded the Grand Cross of the Federal Dr. Kurt Lischka, the wartime Nazi security Hess-Strasse" were stuck on street plates. The Order of Merit. When the Nazis were in chief in Paris. She was arrested by the West Stauffenbergstrasse in Darmstadt and a street power. Dr. Luckner who is now 73, German authorities during a recent visit to in Kassel, named after the former CDU courageously helped persecuted Jews. the site of the Dachau concentration camp politician, Werner Hilpert, were "renamed" Eventually, she was caught and put into the and was released on bail. in this way. So far, the culprits have not been traced and it appears that their action Ravensbrueck concentration camp. After the Thirty-five-year-old Mrs. Klarsfeld, German- was prompted by the 80th birthday of the war. Dr. Luckner took a leading part in the born but not Jewish, is an untiring champion former deputy of the "Fuehrer", who serves work for Jewish-Christian understanding. She in pursuit of Nazi war criminals, particularly a life sentence in Spandau prison. was one of the first Germans to be invited to those who operated in France and are now Israel, where her constant help has been re­ living in comfort in West Germany. She was peatedly recognised. Dr Luckner was also determined to stage a sit-in at Dachau to re­ THE EARLY YEARS OF ROWOHLT closely associated with the late Dr. Leo inforce her campaign for the Bonn Par­ Baeck since the times of the persecution. liament to ratify the Franco-West German An interesting and detailed essay by Wolf­ Until her retirement, she worked under the convention of Febraary 2, 1971, providing for ram Groebel, published in the April issue of auspices of the Catholic Deutscher Caritas the arrest and trial of Nazi war criminals "Buchhandelsgeschichte", deals with the pro­ Verband. She has, however, continued her concemed in the murder of 100,000 French duction of the Rowohlt publishing firm be­ work as co-editor of the "Freiburger Rund­ Jews, including 30,000 chUdren, in Auschwitz tween 1910 and 1913. It carries, among other briefe", which carries important topical mat­ and Dachau concentration camps during the things, quotations from letters, books and re­ erial related to the religious inter-relation be­ Second World War. miniscences by Franz Kafka, Max Brod, tween Christianity and Judaism. Jakob Wassermann, Felix Weltsch, Paul Mayer Mrs. Klarsfeld began her campaign after and S. Fischer. Particularly frequent refer­ JACQUES OFFENBACH PRIZE marrying Mr. Serge Klarsfeld, a French Jew ences are made to Kurt Pinthus, who now whose father was deported by the Nazis to lives in Marbach/Neckar and once was The Jacques Offenbach Prize, endowed by Auschwitz, where he died. literary adviser to the Rowohlt Verlag. the City of Cologne and distributed at three- yearly intervals, has been awarded to the GERMAN AWARD TO author Wolf Biermann in East Berlin. Bier­ THE BUSINESS OF HEINE'S FATHER mann, who is a member of both the East and PROF CARL LANDAUER West German PEN Clubs, is considered as an Based on material of the Duesseldorf artist who works in the spirit of Jacques The Cultural Prize of the Federation of archives, Assessor Klaus H. Schulte (Essen) Offenbach, because by his critical chansons he Gemian Trade Unions, amounting to DM published an essay in the Heine Year Book aims at changing unpleasant features of con­ 20,000, was awarded to the economist Profes­ 1974 about the business activities of the poet's temporary society. sor Carl Landauer. Born in Munich in 1891, father, Samson Heine (born 1764 in Hanover, Landauer was on the editorial staff of the since 1796 in Duesseldorf, died 1829). Under DRAMA ABOUT TUCHOLSKY'S LAST DAYS Social Democratic "Muenchner Post" from the heading "The last decade of Heinrich 1922-1926 and later became lecturer and extra­ Heine's father in Duesseldorf" the essay The last days of Kurt Tucholsky, who in ordinary professor at the Handelshochschule throws some light on Samson Heine's career 1935 put an end to his life in Sweden, are Berlin. Since 1934, he has been associated which was not favoured by good fortune and the subject of the latest play by Erwin with the University of California in Berkeley. success. The drafts accumulated up to the end Sylvanus, "Sanssouci". The first performance The award by the Trade Unions was bestowed of 1818 were paid by his brother in Hamburg, took place in Munster/Westphalia. In 1958, on him in recognition of his work for the the banker Salomon Heine; in this way the the author was awarded the Leo Baeck Prize "de-dogmatisation of Socialist ideas and their danger of legal proceedings was averted. in recognition of his play "Korczak und seine linking up with reality". E.G.L. Kinder".

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Page 12 AJR INFORMATION July, 1974 LUDWIG TIETZ AND HIS TIME ORGANISATIONAL NEWS Publication Planned The personality of Ludwig Tietz (1897- SELF AID (LONDON) SELF-HELP IN NEW YORK 1933) has left its lasting impact on many The latest Report of Self Aid, covering the who were active in the Jewish youth The widespread services rendered by Self movement in the twenties and early thirties. year ended February 1973, reveals that Help (New York), founded by and for re­ during the period under review almost At the same time, he played a leading role in fugees from Central Europe, are reflected in several Jewish organisations, especially in the £24,000 was distributed in regular al­ their recently published Annual Report 1973. lowances and special grants and that the "Reichsausschuss juedischer Jugendver­ One of their main achievements is the erec­ baende", the Central-Verein, and, in 1933, the social services costs and overhead expenses tion and running of two blocks of modern amounted to £5,000. Self Aid received an al­ Zentralausschuss as well as the Reichs­ self-contained apartments in Flushing, pro­ vertretung in its initial stage. In the location of £22,500 from heirless German viding accommodation for 584 elderly people. Jewish property through the Central British Jewish political sphere, he was one of the The management of the houses also provides protagonists of the participation of non-Zion­ Fund and raised £6,000, mainly as the result facilities, such as Physical Education and ists in the Jewish Agency for Palestine and of its annual concert. . Life and Leisure (sponsored by Queens Col­ initiated the, albeit futile, efforts to get this One of the principal areas in which support lege), and some residents help their less am­ viewpoint represented on the occasion of the is required is support towards the high cost bulatory senior fellow citizens in the Kew elections to the Board of the Berlin Jewish of accommodation. The total number of Gardens Nursing Home with feeding, letter community ("Positiv-Liberale Partei"). In clients, the report states, has remained un­ writing and, above all, personal com­ 1932, he belonged to a small circle of lead­ changed but, due to inflation, their needs in­ panionship. ing young non-Zionists and Zionists to discuss crease. , .. Special problems, the report reveals, arise the measures which would become necessary The close co-operation between Self Aid if the Nazis came to power. This group also and the AJR, which has existed throughout in those districts in whieh many newcomers originally settled and which, in the course of helped to lay the foundations for constructive the years, has been greatly facilitated since common activities, when the emergency Self Aid moved their offices to the premises time, have changed their social structures. For the benefit of those, who stayed in these arose, and he himself was relentlessly of URO, a few steps away from Fairfax Man­ devoted to this work during the last ten sions. districts, e.g. Washington Heights, community centres and neighbourhood services have months of his life. CBF GRANTS been established. A number of friends and followers of The Central British Fund for Jewish Relief Self Help also carries out Home Aid and Ludwig Tietz have joined hands to prepare a and Rehabilitation made recent grants total­ Housekeeping programmes the costs for which publication which is not only to be a lasting ling £38,825. Of this £20,000 was allocated for are reimbursed by those who are able to do record of his personal life and work but also Jews in and coming out of Eastern Europe, so. to mirror the wider issues at stake at that including £10,000 towards providing food period. As the number of persons, who can parcels for 600 bed-ridden people in speak from first-hand experience, is bound to Romania. An amount of £11,825 was allocated OSE HELPS IMMIGRANTS IN FRANCE decrease, the accomplishment of the plan is for helping Jews in and from North Africa, very urgent. The preparatory editorial work including £11,325 towards the Revolving is being carried out by Gustav Horn, Kibbutz Housing Loan Fund for refugees in France Many Jews in France, who are not eligible Hazorea. and £500 to cover the cost of shipping to for social security because they are new im­ North Africa new clothing for aged people. migrants, would be without much needed Any readers, who can contribute re­ medical care but for the support of British miniscences of their personal relationship The Alliance Israelite Universelle received OSE, which concentrated much of their with Ludwig Tietz or of the youth orgainisa- a grant of £5,000 for their schools in various strictly limited funds on the OSE Dispensaire tions with which he was associated, especially parts of the world, and £2,000 was allocated in Paris in the year 1972/73, says their the Deutsch-Juedische Jugend-Gemeinschaft to the Lubavitch movement for educational Annual Report. (DJJG), should get in touch with Werner work in Morocco, Tunisia and Melilla. Rosenstock. c/o AJR, 8 Fairfax Mansions, They helped to provide medicines for London NWS 6JY. Published material (ar­ IN MEMORY OF PERISHED CHILDREN patients requiring long term treatment for ticles and periodicals of youth organisations), Music Scholarship Fund Inaugurated diabetes, heart complaints and serious kidney personal letters and photos would also be disorders, and to support psychiatric work welcome. In memory of her four children, who were and care of the aged and handicapped and deported from Holland to Auschwitz, the the treatment of mentally handicapped chil­ LEO BAECK BIOGRAPHY violinist, Mrs. Ilse Joseph (Heswall, dren. Cheshire), established a Scholarship Fund for Request for Material Music in Israel. The inauguration ceremony Grants totalling some £10,000 also included took place on April 22 at Yemin Orde Win­ the provision of eye tests and spectacles for Sir.—In connection vrith a biography of gate Youth Village near Haifa. The fund was children and old people, cots and baths for Leo Baeck which I am writing, I would very raised by concerts, which Mrs. Joseph gave in babies in Morocco; medical care and app­ much like to hear from anyone who knew this country, the United States and also in liances for housebound old people and those him. I therefore ask your readers to write me Germany, where in introductory talks pre­ attending sheltered workshops in Israel; and with their impressions and anecdotes. I am ceding the recitals she expressed the hope the maintenance of village clinics and the also interested in locating any photographs of that her work would help to create a new training of local boys as assistant dressers to Leo Baeck, particularly of his younger years, relationship between Jews and Germans after care for the Falashas in Ethiopia. and of the sites urith which he was associated. the years of horror. Means for the On the death of Lady Henriques in Decem­ LEONARD BAKER. Scholarship Fund were also raised by the ber, 1972, she was succeeded as Chairman of 606 Fourth Place, S.W. proceeds from Mrs. Joseph's recital of Kol British OSE by Professor J. Yudkin, M.A., Washington, D.C. 20024, Nidre on gramophone records. M.D., PH.D. U.S.A. Zatering with a difference JEWISH BOOKS THE DORICE Food of aft nations for formal or ROSEMOUNT GUEST HOUSE of all kinds, new * moiiil tmt* WlmH Informal occasions—in vour ewn hom» llbrarlc* (624 6301) N.W.6 London. N.W.II. T*l.l 4SS 1SS4. 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Published by the Association of Jewish Refugees in Great Britain, 8 Fairfax Mansions. London, NW3 6JY. "Phone: 01-624 9096/7 (General Office and Administration of Homes): 01-624 4449 (Employment Agency and Social Services Department). Printed at the Sharon Press. 61 Lilford Road, S.E.5.