Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Bacteria of Genus

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Bacteria of Genus OSAMA SAMMRA Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of bacteria of genus Arcanobacterium with the emphasis on the characterization of four newly described Arcanobacterium species PHENO- AND GENOTYPING OF ARCANOBACTERIUM édition scientifique Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG Dr. med. vet. VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG STAUFENBERGRING 15 ISBN: 978-3-8359-6709-0 beim Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen D-35396 GIESSEN VVB OSAMA SAMMRA Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: -5599890 [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de 9 7 8 3 8 3 5 9 6 7 0 9 0 Photo cover: © kitharaa @ fotolia.de VVB édition scientifique VERLAG VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG édition scientifique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG VVB Das Werk ist in allen seinen Teilen urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die rechtliche Verantwortung für den gesamten Inhalt dieses Buches liegt ausschließlich bei dem Autor dieses Werkes. Jede Verwertung ist ohne schriftliche Zustimmung des Autors oder des Verlages unzulässig. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung in und Verarbeitung durch elektronische Systeme. 1. Auflage 201 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Author or the Publishers. 1st Edition 201 © 201 by VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG, Giessen Printed in Germany édition linguistique VVB LAUFERSWEILER VERLAG STAUFENBERGRING 15, D-35396 GIESSEN Tel: 0641-5599888 Fax: 0641-5599890 email: [email protected] www.doktorverlag.de Aus dem Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Christoph Lämmler Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of bacteria of genus Arcanobacterium with the emphasis on the characterization of four newly described Arcanobacterium species INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Grades eines Dr. med. vet. beim Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen eingereicht von Osama Sammra Tierarzt aus Tripolis-Libya Gießen 2018 Mit Genehmigung des Fachbereichs Veterinärmedizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Martin Kramer Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Christoph Lämmler Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Bülte Tag der Disputation: 27.06.2018 Keep your dreams alive. Understand to achieve anything requires faith and belief in yourself, vision, hard work, determination, and dedication. Remember all things are possible for those who believe….. Gail Devers This work is dedicated to my beloved parents and family Erklärung ,, Ich erkläre: Ich habe die vorgelegte Dissertation selbständig und ohne unerlaubte fremde Hilfe und nur mit den Hilfen angefertigt, die ich in der Dissertation angegeben habe. Alle Textstellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten oder nicht veröffentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, und alle Angaben, die auf mündlichen Auskünften beruhen, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Bei den von mir durchgeführten und in der Dissertation erwähnten Untersuchungen habe ich die Grundsätze guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis, wie sie in der „Satzung der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen zur Sicherung guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis“ niedergelegt sind, eingehalten. Osama Sammra Abbreviations A. Arcanobacterium A. Actinomyces AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism ANI average nucleotide identity Bp base pair C cytosine CAMP-Test Christie-Atkins-Munch-Peterson-Test CDC cholesterol-dependant cytolysin CFA cellular fatty acid cpn60 heat shock protein (chaperonin) encoding gene - CO2 carbon dioxide Da Dalton, unit of molecular mass DDH DNA-DNA hybridization DNA deoxyribonucleic acid dNTP deoxyribonucleic acid DSMZ Deutsche Sammlung von Microorganismen und Zellkulturen ECM extracellular matrix EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid et al. et alii (and others) fig. figure FT-IR spectroscopy Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy g gram G Guanine gap glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene GC gas chromatography Gen. n. genus novus or new genus h hour ILY Intermedilysin from Streptococcus intermedius ily Streptococcus intermedius intermedilysin encoding gene ISR 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region kb kilobase kDa kilodalton kg kilogram L liter LLO Listeriolysin O from Listeria monocytogenes llo Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin encoding gene LPS lipopolysaccharides mA milliampere MALDI-TOF MS matrix-assisted laser desorption time of flight mass spectrometry MK menaquinones MSCRAMM microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules N Normality NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information mg milligram min minute mm millimeter mmol millimole MLSA Multilocus Sequence Analysis MLST Multilocus Sequence Typing mol amounts of a chemical substance MS mass spectrometry MSP main spectrum (reference spectrum of the peptidic raw spectra) nt nucleotide N.L. new latin, i.e., latinate phrases coined for scientific terms P pico (10-12) PCR polymerase chain reaction PFO perfringolysin O from Clostridium perfringens pfo Clostridium perfringens perfringolysin encoding gene phl Arcanobacterium phocae phocaelysin encoding gene pld Arcanobacterium haemolyticum phospholipase D encoding gene PLO Pyolysin from Arcanobacterium (Trueperella) pyogenes plo A (T.) pyogenes pyolysin encoding gene PLY Pneumolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae ply Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumolysin encoding gene pmol picomole RAPD Random amplified polymorphism DNA RBR relative binding ration Rep-PCR Repetitive sequence-based PCR RFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphism RNA ribonucleic acid rRNA ribosomal RNA rpoB beta subunit of the RNA polymerase encoding gene s second SLO Streptolysin O from Streptococcus pyogenes slo Streptococcus pyogenes streptolysin encoding gene sodA superoxidase dismutase A encoding gene T Thymin T. Trueperella Tab. Table tuf elongation factor tu encoding gene U unit (international unit) UV ultraviolet V volt Vol. volume ºC degree Celsius µg microgram µl microliter µm micrometer Table of Content Chapter 1 - Introduction ......................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2 - Review of literature..........................................................................................................2 2.1 - Polyphasic taxonomy ...............................................................................................................2 2.1.1 - Phenotypic characterization ..................................................................................................2 2.1.1.1 - Colony characterization, biochemical and physiological analysis ....................................2 2.1.1.2 - Numerical taxonomy .........................................................................................................4 2.1.1.3 - Chemotaxonomic analysis .................................................................................................4 2.1.1.3.1 - Peptidoglycan analysis ..................................................................................................4 2.1.1.3.2 - Fatty acid analysis ..........................................................................................................5 2.1.1.3.3 - Isoprenoid quinones ........................................................................................................6 2.1.1.3.4 - Polyamines......................................................................................................................7 2.1.1.4 - Spectroscopy techniques ...................................................................................................7 2.1.1.4.1 - Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS analysis) .........................................................................................7 2.1.1.4.2 - Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) ........................................................9 2.1.2 - Genotypic characterization ...................................................................................................9 2.1.2.1 - Ribonucleic acid (RNA) as a molecular target ..................................................................9 2.1.2.1.1 - 16S rRNA gene .............................................................................................................10 2.1.2.1.2 - 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) ............................................................12 2.1.2.1.3 - 23S rRNA gene .............................................................................................................12 2.1.2.2 - Protein-encoding genes as targets....................................................................................13 2.1.2.2.1 - RNA polymerase encoding gene rpoB .........................................................................13 2.1.2.2.2 - Superoxide dismutase A encoding gene sodA ..............................................................14 2.1.2.2.3 - Genes encoding moonlighting proteins ........................................................................15 2.1.2.2.3.1 - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase encoding gene gap .............................16 2.1.2.2.3..2 - Elongation factor tu encoding gene tuf ....................................................................18 2.1.2.2.3.3 - Heat shock protein or chaperonin CPN60
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