DOCSLIB.ORG

Conseil De L'atlantique Nord North Atlantic Council

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conseil De L'atlantique Nord North Atlantic Council CONSEIL DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD NORTH ATLANTIC COUNCIL EXEMPLAIRE N' COPJ ORIGINAL; FRENCH nato UNCLASSIFIEDy Ist March. 1957 umei:t FOURTH CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF NATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICES PRO-NATO ACTIVITIES IN 1955 AND/L956 Note "by the Luxembourg Delegation Activities in 1955 (a) In 1955 several events helped the Infor/ftation service to exercise an action i/favour of NAM, particularly a military ceremony atAntwerp on 29t)l April, to mark the arrival of the 50C/th ship bringi/g the Belgian and Luxembourg armed forces a cargo of Military equipment from the United States, ynder the Mutua/ Air Programme, The text of the saéeches delivered on thi3 occasion by the LuxembourgrMinister of Darence and by the United States AmCassador to Luxembourg were communicated to the Press. Jthe Informatioyservice devoted an article to the event ijft its Informati/n Bulletin. (b) The text of fhe speech made/by Mr. Joseph Bech, Prime Minister andf Minister of F/reign Affairs, on 5th April at the timar of the approval by Parliament of the Paris Agreements^ was given wide distribution and was re- produced Information Bulletin. In this speech, the Prime^Iinister dwelt at length on WEU any NATO with particular reference to the political aspects of the Paris Agreements and to associated quest/onß of intern^ional policy. (c) Dur/ng a visit to Luxembourg, from 25th to 28th April, of/a group of NA1WJ journalists, the Information service p/t the latter i/ touch with the Luxembourg Press, which iblished severjfl articles on NATO. Great publicity was given by the Press to the speocfc, made by the Brime Minister at the public meeting of the Atlantic Council in Paris on the occasion of the German DECLASSIFIED - PUBLIC DISCLOSURE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ - MISE EN LECTURE PUBLIQUE LECTURE EN - MISE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ DISCLOSURE - PUBLIC DECLASSIFIED Federal Renciblic's entry into the North Atlantic Organization. An article on this event appeared in the Infor/atlon Bulletin. (e) Adéquat/ space was devoted by the Press to the visit to Luxemb/urg, on li+th and 15th July, of a group of 70 stude/ts frwm the NATO Defence Collegcand to General Carpyntier1 s visit to Luxembourg on IOth November to addrass the Officers Corps on "Current military problems". ATP UNCLASSIFIED -2- c/i^-D/ys (f) The Luxembourg journalists who took part in the visits organized by NATO, to Canada, from 31st May to 17th June, and to Greece and Turkey, from 13th to 29th Juno, published a number of articles on their impressions- and on NATO.« .- (g) Every year Luxembourg journalists are invited to attend the autumn manoeuvres of the Luxembourg army. The J955 manoeuvres were held partly in Luxembourg and partly at Bitche (Lorraine) as well as in the Arlon area. The Luxembourg Press commented at length on the manoeuvres. ctivities in 195o (a) The speech made by the Prime Minister during the debate en the Budget, in the Chamber of Deputies, in which he dealt with Luxembourg's foreign policy, was fully reported. It was also reproduced in extenso in the Information Bulletin. In this speech, a special section was devoted to NATO. (b) The text of the speech broadcast on 4th April by the Minister for the armed forces from Radio-Luxembourg, on the anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, was published and commented on in..the.,Press. (c) Official visits to Luxembourg during 1956 included that of General Johnson, United States Representative on the Military Committee, en 22nd and 23rd February, of General Gruenther on 26th and 27th March, Marshal Juin, *n 16th April and of General Valluy on Ibth and 17th November. A Press Conference was arranged for each of them by the Information Service, to enable Press and radio representatives to talk to the NATO military leaders. The Press and radio gave fairly wide publicity to these,visits and editorials were devoted to NATO on these occasions. The audress given by General Gruenther in Luxembourg on "The North Atlantic Treaty, the strongest bulwark against war", was widely reproduced and -commented on in the Press, (d) The Luxembourg Press representatives who took part in the visits, organized by NATO, to Iceland and the United Kingdom from 25th June to Ilth July, to Canada from 2+th to 25th September and to Italy from 3rd to 18th September, wrote long series of articles in the Press on these visits. One of them even published an illustrated brochure on the visit to Italy, This brochure was on sale in bookshops, DECLASSIFIED - PUBLIC DISCLOSURE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ - MISE EN LECTURE PUBLIQUE LECTURE EN - MISE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ DISCLOSURE - PUBLIC DECLASSIFIED (e) The Information Service co-operated actively in the preparation of the "European-Atlantic Revue" published in the summer of 1956 in collaboration with the "United Kingdom Council of the European Movement and the European Atlantic Group". This Revue had a supplement on Luxembourg which, among various articles, including one on "Luxembourg's Faith in the Atlantic Community". It contained thu replies given by the Prime Minister to various questions which had been put to him. The autumn manoeuvres of the Luxembourg army in the Keims area, which were covered "by Luxembourg journalists, were commented upon at length in the Press, It should also be pointed out that all documentation on NATO held by the Information Service can be freely consulted by the Press at all times. DECLASSIFIED - PUBLIC DISCLOSURE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ - MISE EN LECTURE PUBLIQUE LECTURE EN - MISE / DÉCLASSIFIÉ DISCLOSURE - PUBLIC DECLASSIFIED .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Formation of Nato and Turkish Bids for Membership
    AKADEMİK YAKLAŞIMLAR DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF ACADEMIC APPROACHES KIŞ 2010 CİLT:1 SAYI:1 WINTER 2010 VOLUME:1 ISSUE:1 FROM NEUTRALITY TO ALIGNMENT: THE FORMATION OF NATO AND TURKISH BIDS FOR MEMBERSHIP Abdulkadir BAHARÇİÇEK* Abstract The formation of NATO was a responce by the United States to the security questions of the Western Europe and North Atlantic region. Turkey also faced with a serious threat from the Soviet Union. Turkey‟s attempts of entering NATO shaped Turkish security polices as well as her relations with the rest of the world. Turkish membership to NATO can be regarded a solution to her security problems, but it may well be argued that the main cause behind that policy was the continuation of the polices of westernization and modernization. The obvious short term factor behind Turkish desire was the Soviet threat. But at the same time the ideolojical aspirations in becoming an integral part- at least in term of military alliance- of Western world without any doubt played a decisive role in Turkey‟s decision. Özet İkinci Dünya Savaşı‟ndan sonra Avrupa‟da ortaya çıkan yeni güvenlik sorunları ve özellikle Batı Avrupa‟ya da yönelen Sovyet tehdidine karşı ABD‟nin öncülüğünde NATO ittifakı kuruldu. Aynı dönemde Türkiye‟de kendisini Sovyet tehdidi altında görüyordu. Türkiye‟nin NATO‟ya girme çabaları Türkiye‟nin güvenlik politikalarını ve Batı ile olan ilişkilerini de şekillendirdi. NATO üyeliği, Türkiye açısından, güvenlik sorunlarına bir çözüm olarak görülebilir, fakat bu üye olma arzusunun arkasında modernleşme ve batılılaşma ideolojisinin bulunduğunu söylemek de yanlış olmayacaktır. Kısa dönemde Sovyet tehdidine karşı koymanın hesapları yapılırken, uzun vadede Batı sisteminin ayrılmaz bir parçası olma arzusunun Türk karar alıcılarının temel düşüncesi olduğu söylenebilir.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks at the Opening of the North Atlantic Council Meeting on Kosovo April 23, 1999
    Administration of William J. Clinton, 1999 / Apr. 23 that is doing so much to reduce crime on our By taking actions to prevent future acts of streets to our schools. Today I’m pleased to violence in our schools, we can best honor the announce the first of the grants funding these memories of those who lost their lives. community police will be awarded to 336 Thank you very much. schools and communities to help hire more than 600 police officers. Like their counterparts on Legislative Initiatives/Kosovo the streets, these school officers will work close- Q. Mr. President, you didn’t mention gun ly with the citizens they serve, with students, control. Are you going to do more on gun con- teachers, and parents, to improve campus secu- trol? rity, to counsel troubled youth, to mediate con- Q. To be clear, sir, do all hostilities in Kosovo flicts before they escalate into violence. have to end before there can be consideration I want to thank Senator Chuck Robb for his of ground troops, sir? strong leadership on this issue. By the end of The President. First of all, I know you under- the year we hope to have 2,000 new officers stand I’ve got to run over there and meet all in our schools, and I encourage all communities the people who are coming. We will have more to apply for these grants. legislative initiatives to announce in the days I also want to take this opportunity to remind ahead. As I said a couple of days ago, we will communities that they have until June 1st to have some legislative responses and efforts we apply for the Federal Safe Schools-Healthy Stu- have been working on for some time, actually.
    [Show full text]
  • NATO 20/2020: Twenty Bold Ideas to Reimagine the Alliance After The
    NATO 2O / 2O2O TWENTY BOLD IDEAS TO REIMAGINE THE ALLIANCE AFTER THE 2020 US ELECTION NATO 2O/2O2O The Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security works to develop sustainable, nonpartisan strategies to address the most important security challenges facing the United States and the world. The Center honors General Brent Scowcroft’s legacy of service and embodies his ethos of nonpartisan commitment to the cause of security, support for US leadership in cooperation with allies and partners, and dedication to the mentorship of the next generation of leaders. The Scowcroft Center’s Transatlantic Security Initiative brings together top policymakers, government and military officials, business leaders, and experts from Europe and North America to share insights, strengthen cooperation, and develop innovative approaches to the key challenges facing NATO and the transatlantic community. This publication was produced in partnership with NATO’s Public Diplomacy Division under the auspices of a project focused on revitalizing public support for the Alliance. NATO 2O / 2O2O TWENTY BOLD IDEAS TO REIMAGINE THE ALLIANCE AFTER THE 2020 US ELECTION Editor-in-Chief Christopher Skaluba Project and Editorial Director Conor Rodihan Research and Editorial Support Gabriela R. A. Doyle NATO 2O/2O2O Table of Contents 02 Foreword 56 Design a Digital Marshall Plan by Christopher Skaluba by The Hon. Ruben Gallego and The Hon. Vicky Hartzler 03 Modernize the Kit and the Message by H.E. Dame Karen Pierce DCMG 60 Build Resilience for an Era of Shocks 08 Build an Atlantic Pacific by Jim Townsend and Anca Agachi Partnership by James Hildebrand, Harry W.S. Lee, 66 Ramp Up on Russia Fumika Mizuno, Miyeon Oh, and by Amb.
    [Show full text]
  • Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty: Past, Present, and Uncertain Future
    NOTES ARTICLE 5 OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY: PAST, PRESENT, AND UNCERTAIN FUTURE Broderick C. Grady* TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 169 II. THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY: ITS ORIGINS AND PRECEDENTS... 171 A. The Atlantic Charter .................................. 171 B. The Brussels Treaty .................................. 173 C. The Rio Pact ........................................ 174 D. The Formationof the North Atlantic Treaty ................ 175 MI. ARTICLE 5: CONTEXT AND MEANING ........................ 177 IV. THE LIMITATIONS ON ARTICLE 5: ARTICLE 6 AND THE UN CHARTER .......................... 180 V. ARTICLE 5: THE PRESENT: SEPTEMBER 11 AND THE INVOCATION OF ARTICLE 5 ............................................. 185 A. Problems with the Invocation After 9/11 .................. 185 B. Difficulties in Invoking Article 5 Against TerroristGroups ..................................... 187 C. Did Article 5 Need to Be Invoked at All? .................. 188 * J.D. 2003, University of Georgia School of Law; B.A. 1999, Washington & Lee University. 168 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. [Vol. 31:167 VI. THE UNCERTAIN FUTURE OF ARTICLE 5: CONCLUSIONS ......... 193 A. Does the Invocation of Article 5 Have any Value as Legal Precedent? ............................. 193 B. Invoking Article 5 in the Future ......................... 197 20021 ARTICLE 5 OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY I. INTRODUCTION In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government acted to combat terrorism and bring those who supported the perpetrators of the attacks to justice.' President George W. Bush created the position of Director of Homeland Security, naming former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge to the post;' Congress passed the USA PATRIOT Act, containing several anti-terrorism provisions;3 and throughout the country, officials took steps to tighten security at likely targets, including airports, sporting events, and government buildings." The United States was not alone, however, in responding to the tragedy of September 11.
    [Show full text]
  • Civilian Personnel Regulations AMENDMENTS
    NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION Civilian Personnel Regulations AMENDMENTS Record of amendments Strike out corresponding number as each amendment is inserted 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Design and lay-out : NATO Graphics Studio APRIL 2005 CONTENTS 1 Amdt 25 / June 2016 Contents Preamble PART ONE Article RULES GOVERNING MEMBERS OF THE STAFF Chapter I - Recruitment and employment 1 - 3 Chapter II - Appointments, assignments and contracts 4 - 6 Chapter III - Separation 7 - 11 Chapter IV - Obligations and responsibilities 12 - 14 Chapter V - Work 15 - 17 Chapter VI - Security 18 - 21 Chapter VII - Salaries, allowances, supplements, advances and loans 22 - 36 Chapter VIII - Travel and removal 37 - 41 Chapter IX - Leave 42 - 46 Chapter X - Social securities and insurances 47 - 51 Chapter XI - Provident Fund 52 - 54 Chapter XII - Reports, performance assessment, 55 - 58 grades, advancement, changes of post or grade Chapter XIII - Discipline 59 - 60 Chapter XIV - Administrative review, complaints and appeals 61 - 62 Chapter XV - Pension Schemes 63 - 67 2 CONTENTS APRIL 2005 Amdt 25 / June 2016 PART TWO RULES APPLICABLE TO CONSULTANTS AND TEMPORARY PERSONNEL Chapter XVI - Consultants 68 - 76 Chapter XVII - Temporary personnel 77 - 87 PART THREE STAFF REPRESENTATION Chapter XVIII - Staff Associations and Staff Committees 88 - 90 PART FOUR ANNEXES 1.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Prospects for the 2021 NATO Leaders' Meeting
    AT A GLANCE Prospects for the 2021 NATO leaders' meeting An in-person NATO summit of heads of state or government is scheduled to take place in Brussels on 14 June 2021. Highly anticipated, as part of United States President Joe Biden's first overseas visit, the summit is expected to outline NATO's strategic direction in the decade ahead. The NATO 2030 agenda will be debated, and forward- looking discussions about long-term threats and challenges to Euro-Atlantic security and defence are expected. A summit to future-proof the transatlantic alliance The June 2021 NATO summit will be the culmination of Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg's 'NATO 2030' process (see below). With the previous summit having taken place in December 2019 in London, United Kingdom, this summit is scheduled at a time of reflection about the future adaptation of the Alliance, challenges to the rules-based international order, geopolitical competition, and against the backdrop of the withdrawal from Afghanistan, where NATO Allies have been deployed since 2001. Secretary General Stoltenberg has formulated eight proposals to 'form the core of the Summit agenda', which are under negotiation in the North Atlantic Council, NATO's principal political decision-making body. These intend to reinforce the 'unity between Europe and North America', to broaden 'NATO's approach to security', and to safeguard rules-based multilateralism. Solutions include providing for closer political consultations, renewing commitments to collective defence and envisioning concrete measures to strengthen resilience − including safe infrastructure and supply chains. To this end, on 31 May 2021, Romania inaugurated the Euro-Atlantic Centre for Resilience intended as a hub to promote the EU and NATO's resilience objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization the Origins of NATO the NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
    The Origins of N A TO THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION European Economic Recovery power production), and dollar reserves to pay for necessary and European Integration imports. The war had rent the social fabric of many nations, setting social class against social class and ethnic group n the aftermath of the total defeat of Nazi Germany in against ethnic group. Political tensions were exacerbated by 1945, Europe struggled to recover from the ravages of the participation of many Europeans in collaborationist occupation and war. The wartime Grand Alliance be- regimes and others in armed resistance. Masses of Europe- tweenI the Western democracies and the Soviet Union ans, radicalized by the experience of war and German collapsed, and postwar negotiations for a peace settlement occupation, demanded major social and economic change foundered in the Council of Foreign Ministers. By 1947 and appeared ready to enforce these demands with violence. peace treaties with Italy and the defeated Axis satellites were The national Communist Parties of Western Europe stood finally concluded after protracted and acrimonious negotia- ready to exploit this discontent in order to advance the aims tions between the former allies, but the problem of a divided of the Soviet Union.2 and occupied Germany remained unsettled. U.S. leaders were acutely aware of both the dangers of In April 1947 Secretary of State George Marshall re- renewed conflict in Europe and of their ability to influence turned from a frustrating round of negotiations in the the shape of a postwar European political and social order. Council of Foreign Ministers in Moscow to report that the Fresh from the wartime experience of providing major United States and the Soviet Union were at loggerheads over Lend-Lease aid to allied nations and assistance to millions of a prescription for the future of central Europe and that the refugees through the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Soviets appeared ready to drag out talks.
    [Show full text]
  • No. 541 BELGIUM, CANADA, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND
    No. 541 BELGIUM, CANADA, DENMARK, FRANCE, ICELAND, ITALY, LUXEMBOURG, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY, PORTUGAL, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA North Atlantic Treaty. Signed at Washington, on 4 April 1949 English and French official texts communicated by the Permanent Representa tive of the United States of America at the seat of the United Nations. The registration took place on 7 September 1949. BELGIQUE, CANADA, DANEMARK, FRANCE, ISLANDE, ITALIE, LUXEMBOURG, PAYS-BAS, NORVEGE, PORTUGAL, ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D©IRLANDE DU NORD et ETATS-UNIS D©AMERIQUE Trait de l©Atlantique Nord. Sign Washington, le 4 avril 1949 Textes officiels anglais et français communiqués par le représentant permanent des Etats-Unis d'Amérique au siège de l'Organisation des Nations Unies. L'enregistrement a eu lieu le 7 septembre 1949. 244 United Nations — Treaty Series_________1949 No. 541. NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY1. SIGNED AT WASH INGTON, ON 4 APRIL 1949 The Parties to this Treaty reaffirm their faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and their desire to live in peace with all peoples and all governments. They are determined to safeguard the freedom, common heritage and civilization of their peoples, founded on the principles of democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. They seek to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic area. They are resolved to unite their efforts for collective defense and for the preservation of peace and security. They therefore agree to this North Atlantic Treaty: Article 1 The Parties undertake, as set forth in the Charter of the United Nations, to settle any international disputes in which they may be involved by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered, and to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Denmark Last Updated: July 2021
    Denmark Last Updated: July 2021 CYBERSECURITY POLICY Strategy Documents Danish Cyber and Information Security Strategy 2018-2021 Ministry of Finance Introduces 25 initiatives organized in 3 benchmarks: 1. Everyday Safety for Citizens and Businesses: Central government together with critical sectors is enhancing its technological preparedness as the threat scenario evolves in order to be able to protect essential societal functions against cyberattacks or other major information security incidents; 2. Better Competencies: Citizens, businesses and authorities have access to the requisite knowledge and are qualified to address the increasing level of cyber and information security challenges; and 3. Joint Efforts: Risk-based security management is an integral part of central government management and management of critical sectors. there must be a clear division of roles and responsibilities in the area of cyber and information security for authorities and businesses providing key societal functions. Source Source 2 2018-2021 Digital Strategy 2016-2020 Agency for Digitalisation (Digitaliseringsstyrelsen) Three main goals with three focus areas each: 1. Digital solutions must be easy-to-use, quick and ensure high quality 2. Digitalisation must provide good conditions for growth 3. Security and confidence must be in focus at all times Source May 2016 A Strong Defence of Denmark: Proposal for New Defence Agreement 2018 – 2023 Ministry of Defence Calls for capability for military operations in cyberspace, including the ability to protect own network infrastructure, and also to affect opponents’ use of cyberspace. To establish a Centre for Cyber Security under the Ministry of Defence To further develop a Computer Network Operations (CNO) capability in order to provide a capacity that can execute defensive and offensive military operations in cyberspace.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Future EU-UK Relationship in Foreign Policy and Defense
    Atlantic Council EUROPE CENTER Toward a Future EU-UK Relationship in Foreign Policy and Defense Co-chairs: General (Ret.) Stéphane Abrial, Sir Peter Westmacott Rapporteur: Olivier-Rémy Bel Atlantic Council EUROPE CENTER The Atlantic Council’s Europe Center conducts research and uses real-time commentary and analysis to guide the actions and strategy of key transatlantic decision-makers on the issues that will shape the future of the transatlantic relationship and convenes US and European leaders through public events and workshops to promote dialogue and to bolster the transatlantic partnership. Toward a Future EU-UK Relationship in Foreign Policy and Defense Co-chairs: General (Ret.) Stéphane Abrial, Sir Peter Westmacott Rapporteur: Olivier-Rémy Bel Task Force Members: Lisa Aronsson, Sophia Besch, Clementine Starling, Anna Wieslander ISBN-13: 978-1-61977-157-4 Cover: Britain’s Prime Minister Boris Johnson meets European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen in London, Britain January 8, 2020. REUTERS/Toby Melville This report is written and published in accordance with the Atlantic Council Policy on Intellectual Independence. The au- thors are solely responsible for its analysis and recommendations. The Atlantic Council and its donors do not determine, nor do they necessarily endorse or advocate for, any of this report’s conclusions. February 2021 Toward a Future EU-UK Relationship in Foreign Policy and Defense Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 1. Retracing the negotiations to better understand the political space 4 2. Putting foreign policy and defense back on the table 6 2.1. Foreign policy and defense will not return to the forefront by itself 6 2.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Scope and Historical Developments of Article 6
    Emory International Law Review Volume 34 Issue 0 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Seventieth Anniversary 2019 Scope and Historical Developments of Article 6 Antoaneta Boeva Ivan Novotny Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Antoaneta Boeva & Ivan Novotny, Scope and Historical Developments of Article 6, 34 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 121 (2019). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol34/iss0/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOVOTNYBOEVAPROOFS2_10.24.19 11/19/2019 10:02 AM SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF ARTICLE 6† Antoaneta Boeva* Ivan Novotny** Article 61 For the purpose of Article 5, an armed attack on one or more of the Parties is deemed to include an armed attack: 1. on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North America, on the Algerian Departments of France,2 on the territory of Turkey or on the Islands under the jurisdiction of any of the Parties in the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer; 2. on the forces, vessels, or aircraft of any of the Parties, when in or over these territories or any other area in Europe in which occupation forces of any of the Parties were stationed on the date when the Treaty entered into force or the Mediterranean Sea or the North Atlantic area north of the Tropic of Cancer.3 INTRODUCTION As stressed many times in this special series of articles and commentaries, the North Atlantic Treaty (“Treaty”), which celebrates its 70th anniversary this year, is in many ways unique.
    [Show full text]
  • Norway and Nato at 50*
    PERCEPTIONS JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS March - May 1999 Volume IV - Number 1 NORWAY AND NATO AT 50* SVERRE LODGAARD Sverre Lodgaard is Director of the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. THE HERITAGE Norway has been a member of the Atlantic Alliance since its inception. It has been a loyal member, often named ‘best in the class.’ There is no rule without exceptions, however, during President Reagan’s rearmament drive in the 1980s, Norway entered the list of so-called footnote countries on the Strategic Defence Initiative (popularly referred to as ‘Star Wars’) issue, and the social democratic party joined its European sister parties in opposing the deployment of new intermediate-range missiles on European soil. To forge a broad national consensus on the membership issue and soften Soviet reactions, the government won acceptance for one restraint from the very beginning: it did not allow the stationing of foreign troops on Norwegian soil. Neither did it allow the stationing of nuclear weapons when, some years later, the United States began to deploy such weapons in Europe. Since the restrictions were self-imposed—not in any way subject to international agreement—the government was free to lift them in times of crises and war. Other restrictions, on the pattern of military exercises, were instituted as well. None of them caused severe tension in relation to Alliance partners as the Allies had no specific plans for doing what the government prohibited. Also, the Allies judged the special Norwegian combination of deterrence and reassurance as reasonable and, over the years, ways were found to circumvent the restraints, eg.
    [Show full text]