Eesti Akadeemilise Ajakirjanduse Seltsi Aastaraamat 2017

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Eesti Akadeemilise Ajakirjanduse Seltsi Aastaraamat 2017 Eesti Akadeemilise Ajakirjanduse Seltsi aastaraamat 2017 Tartu 2018 Toimetajad: Indrek Ude, Peeter Vihalemm Koostajad: Maarja Lõhmus, Indrek Ude, Sulev Uus, Peeter Vihalemm Keeletoimetaja: Katrin Kern Makett ja küljendus: Artur Kuus Kaanekujundus: Andrus Peegel EAAS-i aastaraamatu väljaandmist toetavad Äripäev AS, Eesti Meedia ja Ekspress Grupp © Eesti Akadeemiline Ajakirjanduse Selts 2018 ISSN 2228-0316 Trükk: AS Pakett Trükiarv: 150 Sisukord Peeter Vihalemm, Maarja Lõhmus. Saateks ................................................................................................. 9 Ajakirjanduse muutumise üldtendentsid Kas tõde ei ole ajakirjanduses enam väärtus? Ülevaade EAAS-i koosolekust 29. septembril 2017 ................................................................................. 12 Annika Kuusik. Uudis ja võltsuudis: uudise usaldusväärsuse hindamine internetikeskkonnas......... 20 Jan Richard Bærug. Lagunev müür. Hübridiseeruv ajakirjandus: kaheksas Euroopa riigis ilmuvate ajalehtede ja ajakirjade võrdlev uurimus ......................................................... 25 Ajakirjandus ja poliitika Ajakirjanikud poliitikas: ülevaade EAAS-i koosolekust 17. veebruaril 2017 ....................................... 30 Helle Tiikmaa. Tants ajakirjanduse sihtkapitali ümber ............................................................................ 34 Ajakirjandus ja kultuur Ajakirjandus on kultuuritegur: ülevaade EAAS-i koosolekust 19. mail 2017 ...................................... 46 Kohalik ajakirjandus Kohaliku ajakirjanduse olukord ja tulevik: ülevaade EAAS-i koosolekust 17. novembril 2017 ........ 54 Ringhääling Anna Põld, Maarja Lõhmus. Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu eesmärgid ja areng: ajakirjanike ja poliitikute arvamused ....................................................................................................... 66 Kristi Raidla. Muudatused Eesti Rahvusringhäälingu raadiouudiste tekstides ................................... 73 Andrus Tins. Noorte eelistused ja ootused seoses Eesti avaõigusliku ringhäälinguga ..........................81 Greta Külvet. Eesti Televisiooni kultuurisaade „OP“ enne ja pärast formaadimuutust ..................... 90 Sotsiaalmeedia Maria Murumaa-Mengel. Kujutletavate auditooriumide tajumine sotsiaalmeediapädevuste osana .................................................................................................. 98 Britta Sepp. Meedia ja suhtlusvõrgustike roll rändel ja kohanemisel: Soome rännanud ja tagasirännanud eestlaste näitel .................................................................................................................104 Ajakirjanikutöö Otto Oliver Olgo. Miks on Eesti ajakirjanikud vahetanud ametit? .......................................................114 Greete Palmiste. Teadmised, oskused ja pädevused Eesti veebiajakirjanduses ning nende tegelik rakendamisvõimalus .................................................................................................120 Kairi Janson. Maakonnalehtede ajakirjanike tunnetatavad tööülesanded .......................................... 127 Heleri All. Kommunikatsioonivahendite mõju erineva kogemustasemega ajakirjanike ajakasutusele .......................................................................................................................... 133 Ajalugu Juhan Peegel. Hakatus enne päris algust ..................................................................................................140 Varia Andres Põld. Mis iganes torgib … .............................................................................................................148 Peeter Vihalemm. Lõpetajad ja lõputööd ajakirjanduse ja kommunikatsiooni erialal Tartu Ülikoolis 2017. aastal ........................................................................ 152 Barbi Pilvre. Tallinna Ülikoolis 2017. aastal kaitstud ajakirjandusalased magistritööd ................... 155 Sulev Uus. Preemiad, aunimetused, stipendiumid 2017–2018 ............................................................. 157 9 Saateks Käesolev Eesti Akadeemilise Ajakirjanduse Seltsi kirjandusse. Kuivõrd uutes suurtes omavalitsustes aastaraamat on järjekorras kaheksas. asutatavad väljaanded on üksnes infolehed, kui pal- Lisaks juba traditsioonilistele ülevaadetele 2017. ju on neis ajakirjandust? Kas kõik praegused väi- aasta jooksul kaitstud üliõpilastöödest nii bakalau- keste valdade lehed kaovad? Arutelu ajal oli selles reuse-, magistri- kui ka doktoriõppe tasemel aval- alles palju selgusetut, aastaraamatu ilmumise ajaks dame aastaraamatus ülevaateid meie seltsis toimu- on arvatavasti mõndagi selgemaks saanud. nud arutluskoosolekutest. Väga oluline on ülevaade ajakirjanduse sihtkapi- 17. veebruaril 2017 oli arutlusteemaks ajakirja- tali asutamisest ja tähendusest sõjaeelses Eestis Kul- nikud poliitikas: kuidas meie vilistlased, Riigiko- tuurkapitali osana ning võitlustest selle taastamise gu liikmed, läksid poliitikasse, kuidas nad näevad ümber viimastel aastakümnetel. Vastuseis omaette ajakirjandust oma uues rollis, mida nad arvavad sihtkapitalile on olnud tugev ja on praegugi. Helle ajakirjanduse ja poliitika vahekorrast tänases Eestis. Tiikmaa kirjeldab põhjalikult poolt- ja vastuargu- Juhan Peegli sünnipäeval 19. mail ehk Juhani- mente. Siiski pole asi riikliku toetuse sisseseadmisel päeval oli vaatluse all ajakirjandus kui kultuuri- kvaliteetse ajakirjanduse arendamiseks lootusetu. tegur. Kuivõrd on ta seda tänaselgi päeval, milliseid Põlvkondade vahetus puudutab üha enam ka ajakirjanduse kultuurifunktsioone oleme kaotamas ajakirjanikke, sealhulgas meie vilistlasi. Varalah- või mis on teisenemas? kunud Andres Põllu intervjuu avaldamisega mee- 29. septembril oli arutlusteemaks „Kas tõde ei nutame ka teisi hiljuti meie hulgast lahkunud aja- ole ajakirjanduses enam väärtus?“. Millised pais- kirjanduseriala vilistlasi. tavad ajakirjanduse kui tõeotsingu perspektiivid Suur tänu Eesti Meediale, Ekspress Grupile ja teoreetiliselt ja ajakirjanduse igapäevapraktika vaa- Äripäevale, kelle toetus aastaraamatu väljaandmise tepunktist? võimalikuks tegi. 17. novembril oli vaatluse all kohaliku ajakirjan- duse olukord ja tulevik. Haldusreform on toonud Peeter Vihalemm, Maarja Lõhmus ja toob veel edaspidi suuri muutusi kohalikku aja- 12. aprill 2018 AJAKIRJANDUSE MUUTUMISE ÜLDTENDENTSID 12 Kas tõde ei ole ajakirjanduses enam väärtus? Ülevaade EAAS-i koosolekust 29. septembril 2017 Ettekannetega esinesid Ülo Vooglaid, Mihkel Kärmas ja Ivan Makarov. Ülo Vooglaid: Tõde on olemas. Aga praegu räägi- gi tekkinud just praegu. Valetamine ja petmine takse, et igaühel on oma tõde, iga asja kohta on oma ja susserdamine, mis kuulub nende asjade juurde, tõde, ilu on vaataja silmades. Mida ta siis tõeks peab toimub läbi aegade. Küsimus on pigem selles, kas ja mida ta ei pea. Selline arusaam on väga kahetsus- sellega lepitakse, kas seda kannatatakse, kas selle väärne, vaja on lausa rõhutada, et ajakirjandus peab üle naerdakse ja lastakse edasi minna, või võetakse olema tõepõhine. Kui on kõne all arvamused, tuleb meetmeid, mis tegelikult toimivad. sõnaselgelt lisada, et see on arvamus, ja argumen- Venelastel on tore ütlemine kass Vaskast, kes on did, miks me nii arvame, on järgmised. Kui see on sahvris ülemisel riiulil ja lakub koort. Perenaine fakt, ka siis tuleks lisada, kes selle fakti tuvastas, kus tuleb, vaatab ja ütleb, et Vaska, mis sa seal teed, lõ- ja kuidas. Kas see on empiiriline fakt, statistiline peta kohe ära ja tule alla. Sellepeale on ütlemine: No fakt või teaduslik fakt. Teaduslikuks faktiks muu- Vaska slušaet da jest. Ja ongi kõik. Me räägime, et tub mingi statistiline fakt või ka empiiriline fakt siis, valetamine ei sobi ajakirjandusse. Ei sobi. Ei sobi — kui seda interpreteeritakse vastava teooria raames. ja mis siis? Kuulatakse ja valetatakse edasi. Nii tekib konkreetteaduslik fakt ja üldteaduslik fakt Valmistudes tänaseks arutluseks vaatasin aja- — viimane juba konkreetteaduslike faktide üldistu- lehti ja veendusin, et seda, kus ajakirjanik täiesti sena, mis omakorda eeldab metateoreetilise tasandi tõemeeli ja teadlikult lausa valetab, seda esineb siis- kasutamist. ki suhteliselt vähe. Mul ei õnnestunud leida kuigi Miks on nii palju eksitavat teksti? Seda, et seda palju ka siis, kui vaatasin pikemat perioodi. Neid on, teame kõik. Seda ei saa muuta. Igasugu kahet- juhtumeid, kus ajakirjanik üritab vahendada, aga susväärseid protsesse ei saa hoobilt muuta. Võima- mingid asjaolud, mis temast sõltuvad üsna vähe, on lik on vähendada, mõnel juhul ka kõrvaldada seda kallutanud mõtte kõveraks ja tekitanud tegelikult kujundavaid tegureid — kausaalsete ja funktsio- eksitava teate, on tunduvalt rohkem. Seda, kui aja- naalsete seoste süsteemi. Need tegurid, mis soodus- kirjanik teab väga hästi ja püüab vahendada õigesti, tavad nii- või naasugust käitumist või takistavad aga mingitel asjaoludel pole see võimalik, on üsna seda, tuleb avastada, süsteemiks põimida, sõnasta- palju. Neid juhtumeid, kus ajakirjanik tegelikult ei da lühidalt, selgelt ja täpselt ning avalikustada. Kui saagi pihta, mis toimub, on veelgi rohkem. üks nendest kolmest sammust tundub liiga raske ja Arusaadavatel põhjustel ei olnud mul teadusliku jääb tegelikult tegemata, siis tegelikult ei juhtunud uuringu tegemiseks praegu ei aega ega muid eeldusi. midagi. Lihtsalt räägitakse natuke, et siin on natuke Kui kellelegi näib, et ma selgelt liialdan, on võimalik kehvasti — ja on ka! — ja ongi kõik. jääda oma arvamuse juurde. See teema on väga-väga raske. Pole see mida- Järgnevalt püüame vaadata veel tegureid, miks
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