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Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid Universiteit Gent Academiejaar Faculteit Rechtsgeleerdheid Universiteit Gent Academiejaar 2010-11 DE MEDIATISERING VAN JUSTITIE: DE DELICATE VERHOUDING TUSSEN DE MEDIA EN DE MAGISTRATUUR/ADVOCATUUR Masterproef van de opleiding „Master in de rechten‟ Ingediend door Elien Selis Studentennr. 00601970 Major burgerlijk recht en strafrecht Promotor: Prof. Dr. Karen Broeckx Commissaris: Prof. Dr. Piet Taelman Dankwoord Zoals vele medestudenten beschouw ik deze masterproef als de kroon op vijf jaar hard labeur. Graag zou ik dan ook van deze gelegenheid gebruik willen maken om kort enkele mensen te bedanken die me in deze periode hebben bijgestaan. In de eerste plaats gaat mijn dank uit naar mijn promotor, prof. dr. Karen Broeckx, die mij de gelegenheid heeft gegeven dit onderwerp uit te spitten. Haar opmerkingen en advies waren uiterst waardevol. Ook zou ik graag mijn ouders bedanken. Zij hebben me altijd gesteund en aangemoedigd, niet enkel tijdens het schrijven van deze masterproef maar gedurende mijn gehele rechtenopleiding. Zonder hen zou ik niet staan waar ik nu sta. Daar ben ik hen eeuwig dankbaar voor. Tot slot wens ik ook mijn vriendinnen te bedanken voor de vele leuke momenten die we samen hebben beleefd. Veel leesplezier, 14 mei 2011, Elien Selis i Inhoudstafel Dankwoord………………………………………………………………………………………………i Inleiding………………………………………………………………………………………...………1 Deel 1: De (problematische) relatie tussen media en justitie…………………..................................3 Hoofdstuk 1: Is justitie altijd een hot topic geweest in de pers?...............................................................3 Afdeling 1: Negentiende eeuw: weinig tot geen aandacht voor justitie…………………..……3 Afdeling 2: Twintigste en eenentwintigste eeuw: justitie wordt een hot topic……………...….3 Afdeling 3: Verklaring voor deze omwenteling? …………………………………………...….4 Hoofdstuk 2: Een spanningsveld tussen media en justitie………………………………………………4 Afdeling 1: Media en justitie: elkaars toezichthouder …………………………………...…….4 A. De pers als waakhond……………………………………………………….……..5 B. De pers op het matje geroepen door justitie……………………………….………5 Afdeling 2: Oorzaken van het spanningsveld tussen media en justitie en de wederzijdse kritiek die wordt geuit………………………………………………………………………..………...6 Hoofdstuk 3: De moeilijke evenwichtsoefening tussen het recht van het volk om geïnformeerd te worden, het recht op een eerlijk proces, het vermoeden van onschuld en het recht op privacy…………………………………………………………………………………...……………...9 Afdeling 1: Het recht van het volk om geïnformeerd te worden op grond van artikel 10 EVRM………………………………………………………………………….……………...10 A. Specifieke beperkingen bepaald bij artikel 10.2 EVRM……………………...….11 B. EHRM 26 april 1979, Sunday Times v. Verenigd Koninkrijk………...…………11 C. Aanbeveling van de Raad van Europa van 10 juli 2003 betreffende een informatiebeleid in strafzaken……………………………………………...…….11 D. Respect voor magistraten………………………………………………………....16 Afdeling 2: Het recht op een eerlijk proces en het vermoeden van onschuld, artikel 6 EVRM…………………………………………………………………………….…………...19 A. EHRM 29 augustus 1997, Worm v. Oostenrijk………………………...………...19 ii B. Trial by newspaper………………………………………………...……………..20 a) Marc Dutroux…………………………………………………...………....21 b) Hans Van Themsche……………………………………..………………..24 c) Ronald Janssen………………………………………………………...…..25 d) Els Clottemans en de parachutemoord…………………………………….27 C. Het fair trial-principe wordt door het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens niet over het hoofd gezien…………………………………………………….…..30 Afdeling 3: Het recht op privacy, artikel 8 EVRM……………………………….…………...31 A. Wet 8 december 1992 tot bescherming van de persoonlijke levenssfeer ten opzichte van de verwerking van persoonsgegevens – Wet Verwerking Persoonsgegevens………………………………………………………...………31 B. Herkenbaarheidsinformatie……………………………………………………….32 C. Het recht op afbeelding………………………………………………...…………33 D. Recht op vergetelheid…………………………………………………...………..36 E. Conclusie……………………………………………………………...………….36 Deel 2: De delicate verhouding tussen de media en de magistratuur………….………………….39 Hoofdstuk 1: Informatieverstrekking op verschillende tijdstippen van de procedure…………………39 Afdeling 1: Informatieverstrekking door het parket tijdens het vooronderzoek………….…...39 A. Ministeriële omzendbrieven van 24 juli 1953, 9 april 1965 en 15 juni 1984..………………………………………………………………………..........39 B. Wet 12 maart 1998 tot verbetering van de strafrechtspleging in het stadium van het opsporingsonderzoek en het gerechtelijk onderzoek - Wet Franchimont ……….40 a) Ontstaansgeschiedenis……………………………………………...………...40 b) Artikel 28quinquies, § 3 en artikel 57, § 3 Wetboek van Strafvordering…....40 C. De gezamenlijke omzendbrief van de minister van Justitie en het College van procureurs-generaal de dato 30 april 1999 betreffende de informatieverstrekking aan de pers door de gerechtelijke overheden en de politiediensten gedurende de fase van het vooronderzoek…………………………………………………..…..42 Afdeling 2: Informatieverstrekking door de hoven en rechtbanken……………………….….44 A. Het recht van vrijheid van meningsuiting in hoofde van de magistraat………….45 B. Mededelingen betreffende algemene problemen - Nota 1 maart 1993 betreffende de betrekking tussen de rechterlijke macht en de pers…………………………...47 C. Mededelingen betreffende hangende zaken, meerbepaald strafzaken ………...…48 iii a) De persrechter………………………………………………………..………48 b) De schrijvende pers en de audiovisuele media in het gerechtsgebouw en in de zittingszaal……………………………………………………………………49 Hoofdstuk 2: Het sub judice-beginsel……………………………………………………..…………...50 Afdeling 1: De herkomst: Engeland. The contempt of court……………………….…………50 Afdeling 2: De vereiste terughoudendheid van de pers en de rechter gedurende een gerechtelijke procedure…………………………………………………………….………….51 A. Verenigbaar met de vrijheid van meningsuiting?...................................................51 B. Het vermoeden van onschuld als rem………………………………...…………..52 C. Rechtszaken……………………………………………………………...……….52 a) EHRM 26 november 1991, Oberver en Guardian v. Verenigd Koninkrijk……………………………………………………………...…………53 b) Cassatie 18 februari 2003……………………………………………...………53 c) Hof van beroep 5 februari 1990 en 16 februari 2001………………….………..53 Afdeling 3: Jurist versus journalist……………………………………………………………54 Hoofdstuk 3: Rechters en media in Nederland……………………………………………..………….56 Afdeling 1: De perceptie van het probleem door rechters………………………….…………56 Afdeling 2: De openbaarheid van de rechtspraak en persvoorlichting………………….…….57 Deel 3: De delicate verhouding tussen de media en de advocatuur……………………………..…58 Hoofdstuk 1: De advocaat en de media………………………………………………………..………58 Afdeling 1: Begin negentiende eeuw: mediaoptreden was ongehoord…………….………….58 Afdeling 2: Artikel 28quinquies, § 4 en artikel 57, § 4 Wetboek van Strafvordering……...…58 Afdeling 3: De BV-advocaat………………………………………………………………….59 Afdeling 4: Reglement van 4 juni 2003 inzake advocaat en media……………………….…..61 A. Algemene principes (Artikel 1)…………………………………………………..61 a) Recht op vrije meningsuiting binnen de deontologische grenzen van het beroep………………………………………………………………...………61 b) Verantwoordelijkheid voor de mededelingen gedaan in de media……..……62 c) Togaverbod……………………………………………………………...……64 B. Optreden als commentator (Artikel 2)……………………………………...…….65 iv C. Optreden als raadsman (Artikel 3)……………………………………...………...67 a) Belang van de cliënt………………………………………………..………...67 b) Belang van derden………………………………………………...………….67 c) Verrijzing van het sub judice-beginsel?...........................................................67 D. Besluit…………………………………………………………………...………..69 Hoofdstuk 2: Artikel 10 EVRM, de vrijheid van meningsuiting……………………………………..69 Afdeling 1: Het uiten van kritiek op de rechterlijke macht buiten de rechtszaal……….……..70 A. De zaak Schöpfer v. Zwitserland…………………………………...…………….70 B. De zaak Wingerter v. Duitsland…………………………………………………..70 C. De zaak Alfantakis v. Griekenland……………………………………………….71 D. De zaak Vervaart v. Nederland…………………………………………………...71 Afdeling 2: Het uiten van kritiek op de rechterlijke macht in de rechtszaal……………….….72 A. De zaak Nikula v. Finland………………………………………………………..72 B. De zaak Steur v. Nederland……………………………………………...……….73 Afdeling 3: Conclusie…………………………………………………………………………74 Hoofdstuk 3: De advocaat en publiciteit……………………………………………………………...76 Afdeling 1: Een principieel reclameverbod in het nationaal reglement van 1990………….…76 Afdeling 2: Reclame door advocaten valt onder artikel 10 EVRM – Casado Coca v. Spanje……………………………………………………………………………………….…78 Afdeling 3: Het principieel reclameverbod in strijd met het mededingingsrecht?....................79 A. De EPI-gedragscode………………………………………………...……………79 B. Rechtspraak van het Gerecht van Eerste Aanleg van de Europese Gemeenschappen, arrest 28 maart 2001………………………………….………80 C. Cassatiearrest 7 mei 1999…………………………………………...……………80 D. Conclusie………………………………………………………………...……….81 Afdeling 4: Huidige Belgische wetgeving en reglementering……………………….………..82 A. Wet 2 augustus 2002 betreffende de misleidende en vergelijkende reclame, de onrechtmatige bedingen en de op afstand gesloten overeenkomsten inzake de vrije beroepen…………………………………………………………………...……..83 B. Reglement van 4 juni 2003 inzake reclame…………...………………………….84 C. Conclusie………………………………………………………………...……….86 v Conclusie……………………………………………………………………………………..………..87 Bibliografie…………………………………………………………………………………………..91 vi Inleiding 1. In onze informatiemaatschappij vervult de pers een cruciale rol. De media houden als vierde macht toezicht op de drie andere machten in onze democratische staat. Het volk informeren over het reilen en zeilen binnen
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