DOCSLIB.ORG

Resistance to Desiccation in Eurosta Solidaginis 785

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Resistance to Desiccation in Eurosta Solidaginis 785 The Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 783–789 (2000) 783 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2000 JEB2373 EXTREME RESISTANCE TO DESICCATION IN OVERWINTERING LARVAE OF THE GALL FLY EUROSTA SOLIDAGINIS (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) HANS RAMLØV1,2,* AND RICHARD E. LEE JR2 1Roskilde University, Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Building 16.1, PO Box 260, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark and 2Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA *Author for correspondence at address 1 (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 22 November 1999; published on WWW 26 January 2000 Summary During winter, larvae of the goldenrod gall fly Eurosta transition temperature of 40 °C, the thermal dependence of solidaginis are exposed for extended periods to severe low the permeability increased abruptly to 0.0400 µgh−1 ambient temperatures and low humidities within plant cm−2 Pa−1 °C−1. Larvae treated with hexane and acetone galls. The resistance of these larvae to desiccation at remained remarkably resistant to water loss. However, various temperatures and humidities, the transition treatment with chloroform:methanol increased the water (critical) temperature, and the effects of treatment with loss rate approximately 25-fold. organic solvents on the larval rates of water loss and on During desiccation at 4 °C and 4 % relative humidity changes in osmolality during desiccation were examined. for 21 days, E. solidaginis larvae showed a mass loss of The water loss rates of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis 18.5±4.4 % (mean ± S.E.M., N=6). Animals dried under the under desiccating conditions were also measured. same conditions over the same period showed a The water permeability of the cuticle of E. solidaginis haemolymph osmolality of 851±75 mosmol kg−1 (N=4). larvae was very low (0.038 µgh−1 cm−2 Pa−1 at 20 °C and Larvae freshly removed from the galls showed a 4 % relative humidity) compared with that of larvae of haemolymph osmolality of 918±67 mosmol kg−1 (N=3). A other species. The value for E. solidaginis is equivalent to higher osmolality in the dried compared with the fresh that of the very drought-resistant larvae of the tenebrionid larvae would have been expected. The present observation beetle Tenebrio molitor (0.038 µgh−1 cm−2 Pa−1 at 30 °C). In suggests that important ions in the haemolymph may have contrast, the permeability of larvae of the flesh fly been excreted or rendered osmotically inactive during Sarcophaga crassipalpis at 20 °C and 4 % relative humidity desiccation. was 0.331 µgh−1 cm−2 Pa−1. The thermal dependence of the cuticular permeability increased with temperature by approximately 0.0010 µgh−1 Key words: desiccation, cold-hardiness, insect, water balance, cm−2 Pa−1 °C−1 in the interval between 4 and 40 °C. At the winter, Eurosta solidaginis, Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Introduction The emergence of arthropods as the most successful group from Texas into southern Canada (Lee et al., 1995). Third- of land animals required solutions to problems associated with instar larvae of this species overwinter within spherical stem water balance. Their high surface area to body volume ratio galls on several species of goldenrod (Solidago spp.). Although posed particular challenges to life in desiccating habitats. the above-ground portion of their host plant senescences and Comparative physiologists have often turned to arthropods dies in late summer or early autumn each year, the stem and living in deserts to study extreme adaptations for maintaining gall often remain upright and extend above the snowpack water balance. These investigations examined the reduction of throughout the winter. This species has been studied transpiratory losses via cuticular and respiratory pathways as extensively with regard to its freezing tolerance (for references, well as osmoregulatory and excretory mechanisms for water see Storey and Storey, 1988; Baust and Nishino, 1991; Lee et conservation (for reviews, see Edney, 1977; Hadley, 1994). al., 1995). Larval freezing is promoted by the susceptibility of However, alpine and polar arthropods or species overwintering its cuticle to inoculative freezing by external ice and by the ice- in temperate regions have received little attention despite the nucleating activity of calcium phosphate crystals within the fact that they must also sometimes endure severely desiccating Malpighian tubules (Layne et al., 1990; Mugnano et al., 1996). conditions. Survival of freezing to temperatures as low as −55 °C is The goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera, promoted by various responses including the synthesis Tephritidae) is widely distributed in North America, ranging of a multi-component system of low-molecular-mass 784 H. RAMLØV AND R. E. LEE cryoprotectants (glycerol, sorbitol and trehalose), that in glass test tubes fitted with netting over Drierite during collectively may reach levels exceeding 1 mol l−1, and exposure to the various conditions. increases in the unsaturation of membrane fatty acids (Storey The surface area of the larvae was calculated from the initial and Storey, 1992; Bennett et al., 1997). mass of the animals using Meeh’s formula: Previous work on water balance in this species established S=kW0.667 (1) that the body water content remains relatively constant throughout the winter. In a Texas population of this species, (Wigglesworth, 1945; Hadley, 1994), where S is the calculated Rojas et al. (1986) reported that between November and surface area (mm2), k (mm2 mg−1) is a species-specific constant January the larval water content remained constant between 60 and W is the mass (mg) of the animal. A value of and 64 % even though the water content of plant gall tissues 2.56 mm2 mg−1 was calculated for k by measuring the surface decreased from 65 to 20 %. Furthermore, the synthesis and area of E. solidaginis larvae (N=5) of known mass. The surface accumulation of the cryoprotectant glycerol within the larvae area was obtained by cutting open the body of the larva and was strongly correlated with the decrease in the water content expressing the contents before measuring the surface area on of the gall, suggesting that plant senescence triggers glycerol millimetre square graph paper. production. In an Ohio population, two separate studies found The vapour pressure deficit ∆P between the surrounding air that the water content of larvae remained relatively constant and the haemolymph of the animals was calculated using the between 59 and 63 % during the winter (Lee et al., 1995; equation: Bennett and Lee, 1997). Layne and Medwith (1997) reported ∆P = [55.556/(55.556 + O) − RH/100]P * , (2) similar results for a population from Pennsylvania. w Recent work by Layne (1991, 1993) and Layne and where Pw* is the standard vapour pressure of pure water at the Medwith (1997) has demonstrated the extreme variability of given temperature (Lundheim and Zachariassen, 1993) and O temperatures and moisture conditions experienced by larvae is the osmolality of the larvae. All calculations using this during the winter. On a daily basis, gall temperatures often formula were corrected for Pw* (Weast, 1986). The ∆P values vary by 20–30 °C and reach absolute temperatures in excess of were: 4 °C, 4 % RH, 767.8 Pa; 4 °C, 75 % RH, 190.6 Pa; 20 °C, 35 °C during September and October in western New York 4 % RH, 2206 Pa; 20 °C, 75 % RH, 546.5 Pa. The following (Layne, 1991). Furthermore, the water content of gall tissues values were all based upon a relative humidity of 4 %: 30 °C, varied markedly from 10 % to more than 60 % during the 4003 Pa; 37 °C, 5920 Pa; 40 °C, 6960 Pa; 45 °C, 9043 Pa; 50 °C, winter and generally matched precipitation patterns (Layne, 11.64 kPa. 1993). Fluctuations in the water content of the gall tissues Osmolality was determined by drawing haemolymph into a significantly affects the susceptibility of the larvae to capillary from animals freshly removed from the galls and inoculative freezing by external ice that forms in the plant from animals kept at 4 °C at 4 % RH for 21 days. Samples tissues and thus influences the temperature at which the larvae (10 µl) were measured using a Wescor 5500 vapour freeze and the number of freeze–thaw cycles they will pressure osmometer. The osmolality of fresh larvae was − experience seasonally (Layne et al., 1990; Layne, 1993). 918±66 mosmol kg 1 (mean ± S.E.M., N=3). Consequently, overwintering larvae are exposed for months To determine the water loss rate at various times during to variable and low gall water contents and sometimes to exposure, living larvae (N=4–6) were exposed to 4 % and 75 % severe low ambient temperatures within plant galls that offer RH at 4 ° and 20 °C, and the mass loss was measured at little protection against these environmental extremes. Despite intervals during this period. To investigate whether water loss these extreme conditions, larvae maintain a relatively constant rate was under physiological control, larvae (N=6 in each water content. Since surprisingly little is known concerning the treatment) were killed by exposing them to cyanide for 5 h at water relations of this species, we examined the resistance of room temperature. They were then exposed to 20 °C and 4 % larvae to desiccation at different temperatures and humidities, RH. The onset of pupariation was identified by a decrease in the transition (critical) temperature above which transpiration larval activity coupled with an initial smoothing of the cuticle rates increase rapidly and the effects of treatment with various and later by cuticular darkening. solvents on larval rates of water loss. The critical or transition temperature was determined by exposing larvae (N=6) to temperatures of 4, 20, 30, 37, 40 and 45 °C for 24 h and to 50 °C for 7 h over Drierite.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp ______Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto
    Phytophagous insects on flower heads of Neotropical Compositae Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp _________________________ Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto. Biologia Animal, Inst. Biologia Unicamp – University of Campinas herbivores+plants: the multicellular majority Terry Erwin, 1982: “... as many as 30 million insects” Terry Erwin who’s who among the herbivorous insects beetles moths, butterflies flies, midges sawflies bugs, aphids grasshoppers thrips walking sticks data sources: taxonomic studies taxonomy based on adults - what do larvae do? no host records unreliable host identification data sources: biocontrol surveys Carduus nutans with Rhynocyllus conicus (Curculionidae) data sources: community diversity studies • Plant samples (plots, individual trees) and • insect mass samples (net sweep, suction samples, fogging, light traps) Murdoch, Evans & Peterson 1972 adult insects on plants: herbivores or tourists? Insects and Compositae as ecological study systems A model system for herbivore evolution Solidago – Eurosta – parasitoids/predators A model system for population dynamics ragwort, Senecio jacobaea - cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae Longitarsus Chromatomyia Melanagromyza metacommunity dynamics a field experiment From biocontrol surveys to ecological insights Biocontrol prospecting in South America Baccharis Daniel Gandolfo Gutierrezia Chromolaena odorata > Campuloclinium macrocephalum basic study design a suitable plant-herbivore system
    [Show full text]
  • Overwintering Strategies of Insects in Northern Climates
    Overwintering Strategies of Insects in Northern Climates Joe Nelsen Challenges in winter ● Small ectotherms ● Lack of insulation ● Food shortages (for both herbivores and predators) General strategies - energetic benefits/tradeoffs ● Diapause/dormancy ● Spatial avoidance (migration) Diapause ● Pause in development ○ various life stages ● Strategy for handling all kinds of environmental stressors ● Similar to hibernation in other animals ● Very beneficial for insects who employ this strategy - maximizes fitness ○ Conserving during the “off season” more energy for productive season Diapause - Goldenrod Gall Fly ● Egg laid in stalk of Goldenrod plant ○ Larvae hatch and stimulate gall formation ○ Larvae diapause over winter ○ Larvae pupates and adult emerges in spring ● Gall provides food and protection, but little insulation… ● Larvae produce cryoprotectants to depress freezing point, and nucleators to nucleate ice away from cells… ● Larvae can survive down to -35℃ Ice Nucleation in Gall Flies ● Employs two types of ice nucleators: ○ Fat body cells and calcium phosphate spherules - heterogeneous ice nucleation ● Calcium phosphate spherules ○ Small spheres of crystalline compound that line malpighian tubules of larvae, and nucleate ice in extracellular fluid of tubules ● Fat body cells = rare case of intracellular ice nucleation Calcium phosphate spherules (Mugnano, 1996) Supercooling in Gall Flies ● Gall Fly larvae supercool their tissues using - polyols (sugar alcohols) ○ Sorbitol and Glycerol - primary cryoprotectants ● Lower freezing point
    [Show full text]
  • Project Goals in This Lab, You Will Learn to Use the Technique of Cellulose
    WEEK #4: GALL FLY EVOLUTION I. PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND ENZYME STAINING AND DROSOPHILA GENETICS I. CROSSING FRUIT FLIES Project Goals In this lab, you will learn to use the technique of cellulose acetate electrophoresis to separate proteins. You will perform this technique on gall fly larvae from two different sites. You will stain your gel for a particular enzyme, and use the results to determine the genotypes of your gall fly larvae. Data from the entire class will be pooled, and you will analyze the results in a formal scientific report. You will also be crossing fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to learn about their genetics. You will receive a handout describing this part of the lab. Introduction apparent, it reaches its maximum size (Weis and Abrahamson, 1985). Inside the gall, the gall fly larva Basic Biology of the Goldenrod-Gall Fly System undergoes three larval stages (each larval stage is called an “instar” in insects) (Fig. 1). Between each As you remember from lab last week, the gall flies of these stages, the insect molts (sheds its outer layer we are interested in infect the goldenrod Solidago to allow for growth in size). The larva feeds off of altissima in the Carleton Arboretum and at McKnight the interior surfaces of the plant gall. In the late Prairie. S. altissima is a perennial plant; while the summer or early fall, during the third larval stage above-ground portions of its stem dies back over (third instar), the larva burrows an almost-complete the winter, an underground stem system of exit tunnel through the gall wall; only the very rhizomes is maintained, and it grows new above- outside layer of the gall is left intact (Uhler, 1951) ground stems from the rhizomes in the spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Ecological Evolution of Gall-Inducing Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)
    University of Joensuu, PhD Dissertations in Biology No:6 Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) by Tommi Nyman Joensuu 2000 Nyman, Tommi Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredini- dae). – University of Joensuu, 2000, 92 pp. University of Joensuu, PhD Dissertations in Biology, n:o 6. ISSN 1457-2486 ISBN 951-708-962-7 Key words: coevolution, convergent evolution, extended phenotypes, gall morphology, gradualism, insect-plant interactions, Nematinae, phylogeny, Salix, sawfly, speciation The nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.) form one of the most abundant and speciose herbivore groups in the Holarctic region. The purpose of this thesis was to study the evolutionary history of the nematine gallers. The three main questions addressed were: (1) what is the sequence in which different gall types have evolved in the nematines; (2) how has the utilization of host plants evolved in the group; and (3) why has gall induction evolved in the nematines? The first question was studied by reconstructing the phylogeny of representative nema- tine species by using enzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. According to the results, species that induce true closed galls evolved from species that induce leaf folds or rolls. Thereafter, several different gall types evolved gradually, and the evolution of each gall type was followed by a radiation to new host species. The phylogenies show that gall morphology is mainly determined by the insects, i.e., the gall represents an extended phenotype of the galler. The two phylogenies were also used to study the second question.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N
    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard Herbert Foote (1918-2002) Richard H. Foote, a Longtime Member and Former President of the Entomological Society of Washi
    31 March 2003 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 105(2), 2003, pp. 508-516 OBITUARY Richard Herbert Foote (1918-2002) Richard H. Foote, a longtime member old-fashioned way to bring up children in a and former President of the Entomological family. We were raised according to Chris- Society of Washington, died on February 9, tian tradition, and both of us were always 2002. Known fondly as "Dick" to his confident of our parents' love as long as many friends and colleagues, he passed they lived." away suddenly, at the age of 83, of com- Dick's interest in biology had its roots in plications following a broken hip. Among his father's work as a sanitary and civil en- the highlights and accomplishments of his gineer. Herb Foote worked for the State of long career, Dick became a world recog- Montana from 1923, when he assumed the nized specialist on the taxonomy of fruit position of Director of the Water and Sew- flies, served as leader of the Systematic En- age Division of the Montana State Board of tomology Laboratory, ARS, USD A, and Health, until his retirement in the 1950's. was an early advocate for the use of com- He led the successful efforts to rid Montana puters for information storage and retrieval of typhoid fever through his work on the in entomology. drinking water systems of the state and re- Richard Herbert Foote was born on May ceived an honorary doctorate for his work 2, 1918 in Bozeman, Montana, by eight in parasitology from the University of Mon- years the elder of the two children of Her- tana.
    [Show full text]
  • Exposure of Solidago Altissima Plants to Volatile Emissions of an Insect Antagonist (Eurosta Solidaginis) Deters Subsequent Herbivory
    Exposure of Solidago altissima plants to volatile emissions of an insect antagonist (Eurosta solidaginis) deters subsequent herbivory Anjel M. Helms, Consuelo M. De Moraes, John F. Tooker, and Mark C. Mescher1 Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Edited by James H. Tumlinson, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved November 19, 2012 (received for review October 25, 2012) Recent work indicates that plants respond to environmental odors. olfactory cues has been documented after exposure to herbivore- For example, some parasitic plants grow toward volatile cues from induced volatiles emitted either by neighboring plants (9, 10) or by their host plants, and other plants have been shown to exhibit other parts of the same plant (11, 14). The latter finding has given enhanced defense capability after exposure to volatile emissions rise to speculation that such mechanisms might have initially from herbivore-damaged neighbors. Despite such intriguing dis- evolved to overcome constraints on the within-plant transmission coveries, we currently know relatively little about the occurrence of wound signals imposed by the discontinuous architecture of and significance of plant responses to olfactory cues in natural plant vascular systems, with eavesdropping by neighboring plants systems. Here we explore the possibility that some plants may arising secondarily (11). respond to the odors of insect antagonists. We report that tall Defense priming also has been reported in response to (non- goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants exposed to the putative sex olfactory) cues directly associated with the presence of herbivores, attractant of a closely associated herbivore, the gall-inducing fly including insect footsteps on leaves and broken trichomes (15, 16).
    [Show full text]
  • Commentary Plasticity in Arthropod Cryotypes T
    2585 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2585-2592 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.002618 Commentary Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes T. C. Hawes and J. S. Bale* School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 12 March 2007 Summary Low-temperature acclimation and acclimatization history and organism is proposed, descending, respectively, produce phenotypic changes in arthropods at multiple from what we define as ‘cryotype’ (class of cryoprotective levels of biological organization from the molecular to the strategy) to genotype and, ultimately, phenotype. behavioural. The role and function of plasticity – where a Alternative (and sometimes complementary) strategies to constitutive, reversible change occurs in the phenotype in plasticity include specialization, generalization, bet- response to low temperature – may be partitioned hedging, cross-resistance and convergence. The transition hierarchically at evolutionary scales according to of cryotypes from basal to derived states is a continuum of cryoprotective strategy, at macrophysiological scales trait optimization, involving the fixation of plasticity and/or according to climatic variability, and at meso- and micro- its alternatives. scales according to ecological niche and exposure. In correspondence with these scales (which are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive), a Key words: arthropod, cold tolerance, cryotype, cryoprotection, hierarchical typology of interaction between thermal acclimation, acclimatization, phenotype. Introduction elasticity depends on the type of rubber band and the stimulus Animal physiology in the real world is dynamic – it must it is given, so the plasticity of an arthropod’s response varies in respond to variability at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Acclimation Conditions Constrain Plastic Responses for Resistance to Cold and Starvation in Drosophila Immigrans
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Biology Open (2018) 7, bio034447. doi:10.1242/bio.034447 RESEARCH ARTICLE Cold acclimation conditions constrain plastic responses for resistance to cold and starvation in Drosophila immigrans Ankita Pathak1, Ashok Munjal1 and Ravi Parkash2,* ABSTRACT 2007; Colinet et al., 2012). Colder environments are also associated In montane Drosophila species, cold-induced plastic changes in with desiccating conditions. Some studies have suggested a energy metabolites are likely developed to cope with cold and physiological link between plastic responses to cold and drought starvation stress. Adult Drosophila immigrans reared at 15°C were i.e. in freeze-tolerant gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (Irwin and Lee, acclimated at 0°C or 7°C for durations of up to 6 days (fed or unfed 2002; Williams and Lee, 2008; Levis et al., 2012); in Belgica conditions). Such flies were tested for plastic changes in resistance to antarctica (Benoit et al., 2009) and in D. immigrans (Tamang et al., cold or starvation stress as well as for possible accumulation and 2017). In the gall fly E. solidaginis, cold-induced changes include utilization of four energy metabolites (body lipids, proline, trehalose increases in the amount and composition of cuticular lipids to and glycogen). Adults acclimated at 7°C revealed a greater increase decrease water loss; and accumulation of cryoprotectants to reduce in cold tolerance than flies acclimated at 0°C. Different durations of the detrimental effects of cold on cellular membranes and proteins cold acclimation at 7°C led to increased level of body lipids only in fed (Nelson and Lee, 2004; Lee, 2010; Gantz and Lee, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • FRUIT FLY GENERA SOUTH of the UNITED STATES (Diptera: Tephritidae)
    1.0 1/11/2.5 2.2 1.1 1.1 111111.25 11111 1.4 111111.6 11111 1.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A NATIDNAL BUREAU OF STANDAROS-1963-A i 6~~ ~_. - (; ~> I' \, ," '" <> Q -i'. .D « 0" ',' '" p P 'J -:. y~.' /'.',,": :$, ,/ -l,; .C ~ r;;;:. ';. ,~ .., .. , {~ 0 , FRUIT FLY GENERA SOLJTH OF TH E UNITED STATES (Diptera: Tephritidae) by RICHARD H. FOOTE F\ UNITED STATES TECHNICAL PREPARED BY I\U.~), DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND ~ AGRICULTURE NUMBER 1600 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION ABSTRACT Foote, Richard H. 1980. Fruit fly genera south of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1600,79 pp. The 88 genera of fruit flies in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America are discussed. Keys to all genera are pre­ sented, and a synonymy, diagnosis, and discussion of each genus follow. Included for each genus is information about its distribution, its rela­ tionship to other genera, its composition in terms of the species belong­ ingto it, aids to its recognition, and references for identifying its species. Several diagnostic characteristics and the wing of at least one species in almost every genus have been illustrated. Four genera, previously re­ garded as valid, have been synonymized with others, and three addi­ tional genera, long recorded from the region, are shown not to occur in the New World or to belong to other fly families. Fruit flies comprise the most economically important family of plant-inhabiting Diptera, consid­ ering the potential for agricultu"'al damage by species of such genera as Anast-repha, Ceratitis, Dacu.s, andRhagoletis.
    [Show full text]
  • Flies of Illinois
    )OLHVRI,OOLQRLV86$ $QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH,OOLQRLV1DWXUH3UHVHUYHV&RPPLVVLRQ 3KRWRV$QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVH DQJHOODPRRUHKRXVH#LOOLQRLVJRY 3URGXFHG$QJHOOD0RRUHKRXVHDQG$OLFLD'LD])LHOG0XVHXP,GHQWLILFDWLRQDVVLVWDQFHSURYLGHG -RKQ$VFKHU-RKQDQG-DQH%DODEDQ.HOVH\-53%\HUV 5RE&DQQLQJV-RKQ)&DUU&KULV&RKHQ%HQ&RXOWHU(YHQ'DQNRZLF]%LOO'HDQ0DUWLQ+DXVHU5RVV+LOO -RKQ.O\PNR6SHQFHU3RWH+HUVKHO5DQH\$UWXUR6DQWRV.DWMD6FKXO]$DURQ6FKXVWHII/LDP:ROIIand .HQ:ROJHPXWK (bugguide.net; inaturalist.org) Please note: (—) = Unknown species and genus due to photographic limitations, * = Name of subfamily. )LHOG0XVHXP &&%<1&/LFHQVHGZRUNVDUHIUHHWRXVHVKDUHUHPL[ZLWKDWWULEXWLRQEXWGRHVQRWSHUPLWFRPPHUFLDOXVHRIWKHRULJLQDOZRUN 1HPDWRFHUD&UDQH)OLHV0LGJHV0RVTXLWRHVDQG%ODFN)OLHV >ILHOGJXLGHVILHOGPXVHXPRUJ@>@ versiRn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
    [Show full text]