Overwintering Strategies of Insects in Northern Climates
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Project Goals in This Lab, You Will Learn to Use the Technique of Cellulose
WEEK #4: GALL FLY EVOLUTION I. PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS AND ENZYME STAINING AND DROSOPHILA GENETICS I. CROSSING FRUIT FLIES Project Goals In this lab, you will learn to use the technique of cellulose acetate electrophoresis to separate proteins. You will perform this technique on gall fly larvae from two different sites. You will stain your gel for a particular enzyme, and use the results to determine the genotypes of your gall fly larvae. Data from the entire class will be pooled, and you will analyze the results in a formal scientific report. You will also be crossing fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) to learn about their genetics. You will receive a handout describing this part of the lab. Introduction apparent, it reaches its maximum size (Weis and Abrahamson, 1985). Inside the gall, the gall fly larva Basic Biology of the Goldenrod-Gall Fly System undergoes three larval stages (each larval stage is called an “instar” in insects) (Fig. 1). Between each As you remember from lab last week, the gall flies of these stages, the insect molts (sheds its outer layer we are interested in infect the goldenrod Solidago to allow for growth in size). The larva feeds off of altissima in the Carleton Arboretum and at McKnight the interior surfaces of the plant gall. In the late Prairie. S. altissima is a perennial plant; while the summer or early fall, during the third larval stage above-ground portions of its stem dies back over (third instar), the larva burrows an almost-complete the winter, an underground stem system of exit tunnel through the gall wall; only the very rhizomes is maintained, and it grows new above- outside layer of the gall is left intact (Uhler, 1951) ground stems from the rhizomes in the spring. -
Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii
Chapter Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of Diptera (Flies) Benjamin Kongyeli Badii Abstract The order Diptera includes all true flies. Members of this order are the most ecologically diverse and probably have a greater economic impact on humans than any other group of insects. The application of explicit methods of phylogenetic and morphological analysis has revealed weaknesses in the traditional classification of dipteran insects, but little progress has been made to achieve a robust, stable clas- sification that reflects evolutionary relationships and morphological adaptations for a more precise understanding of their developmental biology and behavioral ecol- ogy. The current status of Diptera phylogenetics is reviewed in this chapter. Also, key aspects of the morphology of the different life stages of the flies, particularly characters useful for taxonomic purposes and for an understanding of the group’s biology have been described with an emphasis on newer contributions and progress in understanding this important group of insects. Keywords: Tephritoidea, Diptera flies, Nematocera, Brachycera metamorphosis, larva 1. Introduction Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group of organisms. Phylogeny is essential in understanding the biodiversity, genetics, evolution, and ecology among groups of organisms [1, 2]. Functional morphology involves the study of the relationships between the structure of an organism and the function of the various parts of an organism. The old adage “form follows function” is a guiding principle of functional morphology. It helps in understanding the ways in which body structures can be used to produce a wide variety of different behaviors, including moving, feeding, fighting, and reproducing. It thus, integrates concepts from physiology, evolution, anatomy and development, and synthesizes the diverse ways that biological and physical factors interact in the lives of organisms [3]. -
Diptera): a Life History, Molecular, Morphological
The evolutionary biotogy of Conopidae (Diptera): A life history, molecular, morphological, systematic, and taxonomic approach Joel Francis Gibson B.ScHon., University of Guelph, 1999 M.Sc, Iowa State University, 2002 B.Ed., Ontario Institute for Studies in Education/University of Toronto, 2003 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2011 Joel Francis Gibson Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de Pedition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your Tile Votre r&ference ISBN: 978-0-494-83217-2 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-83217-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. -
Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis Capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M
EENY-214 Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)1 M. C. Thomas, J. B. Heppner, R. E. Woodruff, H. V. Weems, G. J. Steck, and T. R. Fasulo2 Introduction Because of its wide distribution over the world, its ability to tolerate cooler climates better than most other species of The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiede- tropical fruit flies, and its wide range of hosts, it is ranked mann), is one of the world’s most destructive fruit pests. first among economically important fruit fly species. Its The species originated in sub-Saharan Africa and is not larvae feed and develop on many deciduous, subtropical, known to be established in the continental United States. and tropical fruits and some vegetables. Although it may be When it has been detected in Florida, California, and Texas, a major pest of citrus, often it is a more serious pest of some especially in recent years, each infestation necessitated deciduous fruits, such as peach, pear, and apple. The larvae intensive and massive eradication and detection procedures feed upon the pulp of host fruits, sometimes tunneling so that the pest did not become established. through it and eventually reducing the whole to a juicy, inedible mass. In some of the Mediterranean countries, only the earlier varieties of citrus are grown, because the flies develop so rapidly that late-season fruits are too heav- ily infested to be marketable. Some areas have had almost 100% infestation in stone fruits. Harvesting before complete maturity also is practiced in Mediterranean areas generally infested with this fruit fly. -
Magnetite Nanoparticles As a Promising Non Contaminant Method to Control Populations of Fruit Flies (DIPTERA:Tephritidae )
Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research Article Open Access Magnetite nanoparticles as a promising non contaminant method to control populations of fruit flies (DIPTERA: Tephritidae) Abstract Volume 8 Issue 4 - 2021 “True fruit flies” belong to the family Tephritidae. Among them, the Mediterranean fruit fly Alicia L Basso Abraham,1 Mariana (Medfly) Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is the most economically important agricultural 2 3 pest insect in the world. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is the South American fruit Rockenbach de Ávila, Rocio Torres, Virginia 3 fly and represents a serious problem for countries of America. Both species share hosts Diz 1 fruits. Traditionally the control of fruit flies bases on the use of pesticides with chemical Department of Genetics, Area of Biological Sciences, Faculty components. Due to their massive use to crops, pesticides are associated to environmental of Agronomy, University of Buenos Aires. Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2EMBRAPA Clima pollution and toxicity in mammals. An emerging technology is the use of nanomaterials Temperado, BR 392, Km 78, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. with pesticidal activity or for the delivery of pesticides. The present paper reports: a) the 3Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical and Physical synthesis of iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles and b) the effects of Fe O nanoparticles 3 4 Chemistry. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences. University of during the development of the tephritid flies C. capitata and A. fraterculus. We sampled Buenos Aires, Pabellón II, 1er piso, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires. guava fruits to recover immature stages of fruit flies. Magnetite nanoparticles Fe3O4 were synthesized by co-precipitation of Fe (III) and Fe (II). -
Diversity of Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) in Organic Citrus Orchards in the Vale Do Rio Caí, Rio Grande Do Sul, Southern Brazil
666 September - October 2006 CROP PROTECTION Diversity of Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) in Organic Citrus Orchards in the Vale do Rio Caí, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil FERNANDO F. DA SILVA, RAFAEL N. MEIRELLES, LUIZA R. REDAELLI AND FÁBIO K. DAL SOGLIO Lab. Biologia, Ecologia e Controle Biológico de Insetos (Bioecolab), Faculdade de Agronomia, UFRGS. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 7712, 91540-000, Porto Alegre, RS, [email protected] Neotropical Entomology 35(5):666-670 (2006) Diversidade de Moscas (Diptera: Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae) em Pomares Orgânicos de Citros no Vale do Rio Caí, RS RESUMO - Este estudo foi conduzido nos municípios de Montenegro e Pareci Novo, localizados na região do Vale do Rio Caí, principal área de produção de citros do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com o objetivo de determinar as espécies de Tephritidae e Lonchaeidae que ocorrem em pomares orgânicos de laranjeira doce [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] cultivar Céu e de tangoreiro Murcott (Citrus reticulata Blanco x C. sinensis), durante as respectivas fases de maturação dos frutos em 2003 e 2004. Foram instaladas armadilhas McPhail contendo suco de uva integral diluído a 25% em quatro pomares, duas em cada espécie de citros. As armadilhas foram vistoriadas semanalmente, nesta ocasião efetuou- se a troca do atrativo alimentar e as moscas capturadas foram separadas e preservadas em álcool etílico 70%. Também foram coletados frutos, os quais foram acondicionados em potes telados contendo areia umedecida. Os tefritídeos representaram 86,2% de todas as moscas capturadas nos quatro pomares nos dois anos de coleta. Foram capturadas cinco espécies de Tephritidae nas armadilhas: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha grandis (Macquart), Anastrepha pseudoparallela (Loew), Anastrepha dissimilis Stone e Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). -
Diptera: Platystomatidae)
© Copyright Australian Museum, 2001 Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 113–199. ISSN 0067–1975 Review of the Australasian Genera of Signal Flies (Diptera: Platystomatidae) DAVID K. MCALPINE Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia ABSTRACT. The distribution patterns of platystomatid genera in the 12 recognized provinces of the Australasian Region are recorded. Notes are provided on biology and behaviour, including parasitism by fungi and strepsipterans, and mimicry of other insects and spiders. Means of separation from other acalyptrate families are provided. A key to Australasian genera is given. The subfamily Angitulinae is placed in synonymy of Platystomatinae. The subfamily classification is briefly discussed. The following new genera are described: Aetha, Bama, Eumeka, Hysma, Par, Phlyax, Signa, Tarfa, Terzia, Tomeus. Gonga and Polimen are new subgenera of Naupoda and Bama respectively. The genus Lasioxiria Hendel is a new synonym of Atopognathus Bigot. Chaetostichia Enderlein is a new synonym of Scholastes Loew. Eopiara Frey, described as a subgenus of Piara Loew, is raised to generic status. The genera Angituloides Hendel and Giraffomyia Sharp are reduced to subgenera of Angitula Walker. The following new species are described: Aetha cowanae, Bama (Polimen) shinonagai, Eumeka hendeli, Hysma lacteum, Paryphodes hospes, Signa mouldsi, Tarfa bowleyae, Terzia saigusai, Tomeus wyliei, Zealandortalis gregi. Lule speiseri de Meijere, 1914 is a new synonym of Phasiamya metallica Walker, 1849. New generic -
Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected. -
Exposure of Solidago Altissima Plants to Volatile Emissions of an Insect Antagonist (Eurosta Solidaginis) Deters Subsequent Herbivory
Exposure of Solidago altissima plants to volatile emissions of an insect antagonist (Eurosta solidaginis) deters subsequent herbivory Anjel M. Helms, Consuelo M. De Moraes, John F. Tooker, and Mark C. Mescher1 Center for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 Edited by James H. Tumlinson, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, and approved November 19, 2012 (received for review October 25, 2012) Recent work indicates that plants respond to environmental odors. olfactory cues has been documented after exposure to herbivore- For example, some parasitic plants grow toward volatile cues from induced volatiles emitted either by neighboring plants (9, 10) or by their host plants, and other plants have been shown to exhibit other parts of the same plant (11, 14). The latter finding has given enhanced defense capability after exposure to volatile emissions rise to speculation that such mechanisms might have initially from herbivore-damaged neighbors. Despite such intriguing dis- evolved to overcome constraints on the within-plant transmission coveries, we currently know relatively little about the occurrence of wound signals imposed by the discontinuous architecture of and significance of plant responses to olfactory cues in natural plant vascular systems, with eavesdropping by neighboring plants systems. Here we explore the possibility that some plants may arising secondarily (11). respond to the odors of insect antagonists. We report that tall Defense priming also has been reported in response to (non- goldenrod (Solidago altissima) plants exposed to the putative sex olfactory) cues directly associated with the presence of herbivores, attractant of a closely associated herbivore, the gall-inducing fly including insect footsteps on leaves and broken trichomes (15, 16). -
Diptera) from Transcaucasia Первые Находки Двух Видов Из Семейства Tephritidae И Одного Вида Из Семейства Platystomatidae (Diptera) Для Закавказья
ZOOSYSTEMATICA ROSSICA ISSN 2410-0226 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg ▪ https://www.zin.ru/journals/zsr/ [ onl ine] 0320-9180 Vol. 29(1): 155–161 ▪ Published online 30 June 2020 ▪ DOI 10.31610/zsr/2020.29.1.155 [ print] RESEARCH ARTICLE First records of two species of Tephritidae and one species of Platystomatidae (Diptera) from Transcaucasia Первые находки двух видов из семейства Tephritidae и одного вида из семейства Platystomatidae (Diptera) для Закавказья D.A. Evstigneev & N.V. Glukhova Д.А. Евстигнеев, Н.В. Глухова Dmitry A. Evstigneev, Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation, 8/8 Mozhaysky Str., Ulyanovsk 432071, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Natalia V. Glukhova, I.N. Ulyanov State Pedagogical University of Ulyanovsk, 4 Lenin Sq., Ulyanovsk 432700, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Two species of Tephritidae, Tephritis conyzifoliae Merz, 1992 and Tephritomyia lauta (Loew, 1869), and one species of Platystomatidae, Platystoma dimidiatum Hendel, 1913, are recorded for the first time from Armenia and Transcaucasia at large. The larvae of T. conyzifoliae develop in two species of Crepis, C. pannonica (Jacq.) K. Koch and C. ciliata C. Koch. The latter species is recorded for the first time as a host plant of T. conyzifoliae. Tephritomyia lauta were reared from Echinops sp. The morphologi cal details of all three species of flies are illustrated in colour photos, as well as the host plants of the two species of tephritids. Резюме. Два вида мух из семейства Tephritidae (Tephritis conyzifoliae Merz, 1992 и Tephritomyia lauta (Loew, 1869)) и один вид из семейства Platystomatidae (Platystoma dimidiatum Hendel, 1913) впервые приводятся для Армении и Закавказья в целом. -
There Are Over 7,000 Fly Species in the UK, and the Best Brownfields Can Support at Least One Thousand of These, Including an Exceptional Number of Scarce Species
© Jamie Robins There are over 7,000 fly species in the UK, and the best brownfields can support at least one thousand of these, including an exceptional number of scarce species. Flies are an extremely diverse group with varied life cycles and can use many of the features within a brownfield habitat mosaic. However, flies are often overlooked and understudied, meaning the value of brownfields for flies, and their conservation needs, are often underestimated. The importance of brownfields for flies spp.), ragworts (Senecio spp.), knapweeds (Centaurea spp.) Fly assemblages can develop quickly on re-vegetating and wormwoods (Artemisia spp.). Some picture-winged flies brownfield land and can include an exceptional number of can attain unprecedented population levels on brownfields, scarce species. Surveys of the better sites suggest they are and including several species that were largely coastal a only rivalled by the best ancient woodlands or wetlands (Falk century ago. Other key phytophagous fly groups include 2010). This is related to the variety of both wet and dry, open Cheilosia hoverflies which use thistles, ragworts, hawkweeds and shady conditions that can be present, varied soil chemistry and the unusually large flora that can be associated with brownfields. Many plants on brownfields grow in higher Key groups of fly on brownfields densities than in natural habitats, while bare ground on brownfields heats up more quickly, helping to support unusual Picture-winged flies (Tepritidae, Ulidiidae), Hoverflies thermophilic flies that struggle to colonise cooler sites. (Syrphidae), Snail-killing flies (Sciomyzidae), Flesh flies (Sarcophagidae), Bee flies (Bombyliidae), Soldierflies Phytophagous flies (those that develop in leaves, stems, fruit (Stratiomyidae), Robberflies (Asilidae), Long-legged flies or flowerheads) are very influenced by the flora. -
Biogeography and Speciation in the Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae)
D. Elmo Hardy Memorial Volume. Contributions to the Systematics 165 and Evolution of Diptera. Edited by N.L. Evenhuis & K.Y. Kaneshiro. Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 12: 165–178 (2004). Biogeography and Speciation in the Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) R.A.I. DREW Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan Campus Brisbane, Queensland 4111 Australia; email: [email protected] Abstract The geographic distributions and host associations of the Dacini in the area from the Indian subcon- tinent, through South East Asia to Papua New Guinea and the South Pacific, are discussed. Included in this is the biogeographic significance of Wallacea and more detailed analysis of the Papua New Guinea and Australian fauna in relation to the rainforest flora of the same region. In summary, it is postulated that the Dacini species have cospeciated with rainforest plant species in a process fitting the Recognition Concept of species (Paterson, 1985). Although the tropical and subtropical rainforest flora are Gondwanan in origin, the Dacini fauna appear to have speciated primarily over the Tertiary Period, influenced by a combination of oscillations in topography, localized climate and land bridges during glaciation cycles. Introduction The Dacini, primarily comprised of species of 2 genera (Bactrocera Macquart and Dacus Fabricius), form a major part of the tropical and subtropical Tephritidae. In the Asian, South East Asian to Pacific region in particular, there has been extensive speciation. The occurrence of large numbers of sibling species, the patterns of distribution of fly species and their endemic host plants, and the strong biological relationship of species to their host plants, provide a unique opportunity to study the biogeography and speciation within this important group of flies.