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Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp ______Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto

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Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp ______Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto Phytophagous insects on flower heads of Neotropical Compositae Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp _________________________ Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto. Biologia Animal, Inst. Biologia Unicamp – University of Campinas herbivores+plants: the multicellular majority Terry Erwin, 1982: “... as many as 30 million insects” Terry Erwin who’s who among the herbivorous insects beetles moths, butterflies flies, midges sawflies bugs, aphids grasshoppers thrips walking sticks data sources: taxonomic studies taxonomy based on adults - what do larvae do? no host records unreliable host identification data sources: biocontrol surveys Carduus nutans with Rhynocyllus conicus (Curculionidae) data sources: community diversity studies • Plant samples (plots, individual trees) and • insect mass samples (net sweep, suction samples, fogging, light traps) Murdoch, Evans & Peterson 1972 adult insects on plants: herbivores or tourists? Insects and Compositae as ecological study systems A model system for herbivore evolution Solidago – Eurosta – parasitoids/predators A model system for population dynamics ragwort, Senecio jacobaea - cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae Longitarsus Chromatomyia Melanagromyza metacommunity dynamics a field experiment From biocontrol surveys to ecological insights Biocontrol prospecting in South America Baccharis Daniel Gandolfo Gutierrezia Chromolaena odorata > Campuloclinium macrocephalum basic study design a suitable plant-herbivore system endophagous insects in flower heads flower heads have a rich and diversified associated entomofauna tephritid larvae and pupae in Porophyllum ruderale, Unicamp Study sites: mountains Fortaleza dos Aparados, R.G. Sul Conselheiro Mata, Minas Gerais Study sites: cerrado Martinho Prado, São Paulo sampled populations Erigeron maximus Lychnophora salicifolia procedures surveyed regions and sites Espinhaço Cerrados SP Mantiqueira Rio SP Serras Sul Plant species distribution - localities 200 180 160 139 140 120 100 80 60 number of species of species number 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 localities per plant species sampled plant taxa tribe genus species samples tribe genus species samples Astereae Aster 1 1 Eupatorieae Acritopappus 2 9 Baccharidastrum 3 8 Adenostemma 2 13 Baccharis 37 175 Ageratum 2 141 Conyza 6 32 Austroeupatorium 6 76 Erigeron 1 21 Ayapana 1 11 Haplopappus 1 8 Barrosoa 3 27 Heterothalamus 2 3 Campovassouria 1 23 Noticastrum 3 9 Campuloclinium 6 42 Solidago 1 7 Chromolaena 32 371 Astereae Total 57 266 Disynaphia 2 4 Grazielia 6 76 Barnadesiinae Dasyphyllum 5 12 Gyptis 3 3 Hatschbachiella 1 5 Cardueae Arctium 1 1 Heterocondylus 4 40 Carduus 1 1 Koanophyllon 4 13 Cirsium 1 11 Mikania 41 178 Cardueae Total 3 13 Neocabreria 1 3 Ophryosporus 1 1 Praxelis 3 32 Pseudobrickellia 1 7 Raulinoreitzia 2 4 Stevia 6 8 Stomathantes 1 1 Symphyopappus 9 62 Trichogonia 5 72 Trichogoniopsis 1 2 Vittetia 1 2 Eupatorieae Total 152 1232 sampled plant taxa tribe genus species samples tribe genus species samples Gnaphalieae Achyrocline 2 27 Mutisieae Actinoseris 10 23 Chevreulia 2 2 Chaptalia 6 14 Gnaphalium 7 7 Gochnatia 14 59 Helichrysum 1 1 Holocheilus 1 2 Lucilia 1 1 Jungia 1 8 Stenophalium 2 2 Mutisia 1 1 Gnaphalieae Total 15 40 Pamphalea 1 1 Trichocline 2 10 Helenieae Porophyllum 4 23 Trixis 6 40 Wunderlichia 2 11 Heliantheae Aspilia 23 63 Mutisieae Total 46 173 Bidens 5 27 Calea 16 26 Plucheeae Pluchea 3 8 Dimerostemma 1 1 Pterocaulon 5 12 Isostigma 1 2 Stenachaenium 1 5 Verbesina 4 10 Plucheeae Total 9 25 Viguiera 8 28 Heliantheae Total 59 159 Senecioneae Emilia 2 6 Erechtites 5 21 Lactuceae Hypochaeris 3 5 Hoehnephytum 1 4 Sonchus 1 1 Pentacalia 1 7 Lactuceae Total 4 6 Senecio 21 92 Senecioneae Total 35 139 Moquinieae Moquinia 1 5 sampled plant taxa tribe genus species samples tribe species samples Vernonieae Anteremanthus 1 2 Anthemideae 1 1 Centratherum 1 25 Chresta 2 8 Astereae 57 266 Chrysolaena 6 42 Barnadesiinae 5 12 Cyrtocymura 1 27 Cardueae 3 13 Echinocoryne 2 14 Elephantopus 4 12 Cichorioideae 1 1 Eremanthus 12 56 Eupatorieae 152 1232 Lepidaploa 11 84 Lessingianthus 35 166 Gnaphalieae 15 40 Lychnophora 17 59 Helenieae 4 23 Lychnophoriopsis 1 1 Heliantheae 59 159 Minasia 8 24 Orthopappus 2 15 Lactuceae 4 6 Piptocarpha 1 19 Moquinieae 1 5 Piptolepis 4 9 Mutisieae 46 173 Proteopsis 2 22 Stenocephalum 2 12 Plucheeae 9 25 Stilpnopappus 1 1 Senecioneae 35 139 Vernonanthura 25 165 Vernonia 2 2 Vernonieae 143 768 Vernonieae Total 143 768 Total 535 2863 Grand Total 535 2863 faunistics The main herbivore families on Compositae proportions of reared proportions of specimens species (excl. Cecidomyiidae) Tephritidae Agromyzidae Tortricidae Pterophoridae Pyralidae Cecidomyiidae Curculionidae; &c Diptera: Tephritidae 4700 described species fruit fly pests: medfly - Ceratitis, Anastrepha, Rhagoletis; Dacus, Bactrocera Compositae main host family Diptera: Tephritidae tribe genera Acrotaeniini Caenoriata Tetreuaresta Tomoplagia Dithrycini Cecidochares Eutretini Dictyotrypeta Paracantha Myopitini Neomyopites Tephritini Acinia Dioxyna Dyseuaresta Euarestoides Oxyna Plaumannimyia Trupanea Trypanaresta Xanthaciura Diptera: Tephritidae Tomoplagia Diptera: Agromyzidae 3000+ described species leafminer, stemborer pests Compositae important host family flower head feaders mostly in Melanagromyza; Lyriomyza, other genera minor Diptera: Cecidomyiidae 6000+ described species gall midges (also saprophages, predators etc.) Compositae major host family flowerhead feeders non-gallers or inconspicuous galls most in very large genera: Asphondylia, Neolasioptera, Dasineura, Clinodiplosis Diptera: Cecidomyiidae the Cecidomyiidae seem to be the family [of Diptera] with the least developed taxonomic knowledge in the neotropics (Amorim 2009) Lepidoptera: Tortricidae 9400+ described species flowerhead feeders: tribe Cochylini, > 900 species, mostly associated with Compositae Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae plume moths c. 1200 described species flowerhead, stem and root feedeers; sometimes complex cycles Compositae one of major host families One taxonomist in the world Lepidoptera: Pyralidae 6200+ described species key pest species for stored flour, grain main flowerhead feeders in Phycitinae, two genus groups: • Phycitodes / Homoeosoma / Rotruda Phycitodes mucidella • Unadilla new species, new genera, new host records now what? “metaendemic species” insect-plant interactions: from two perspectives interaction matrices and questions entomocentric vs. phytocentric approaches herbivore specialization Taxonomic host span - different families Adaina (Lep: Pterophoridae) generalists, specialists, both? Adaina bipunctatus Adaina microdactyla South America to Florida Europe, widespread (Central and the Caribbean Asia?) in Brazil, our records span strictly monophagous on 54 host species in 7* different tribes of Eupatorium cannabinum L. Compositae Adaina bipunctatus Eupatorieae 55% of host species 89% of adults Adaina microdactyla Eupatorieae: 1 native species – only host 2 introduced species, not used Host ranges of panamerican tephritids genus Region A C E I H M S V Acinia Neotrop X Nearctic X Dioxyna Neotrop X Nearctic X X Dyseuaresta Neotrop X Nearctic X Paracantha Neotrop X Nearctic X X Tomoplagia Neotrop X X X Nearctic X X X Trupanea Neotrop X X X X X Nearctic X X X X X X Trypanaresta Neotrop X X Nearctic X Xanthaciura Neotrop X X Nearctic X X Urophora Neotrop X X Nearctic X X insect-plant biogeography large-scale contrasts Espinhaço Cerrados SP Mantiqueira Rio SP Serras Sul Plant species per region 240 17 130 4% Southeast South Insect species per region 61 41 18 34% Southeast South Insect species per region Diptera Lepidoptera (2 families, 92 spp) (3 families, 28 spp) 51 30 11 10 11 7 Southeast South Southeast South Similarity of Asteraceae vs. herbivores South Southeast plants South Southeast insects beta-diversity of plants: dissimilarity matrix localities within same region localities in different regions CNESS (m=10) plants: number os samples insects: frequency in samples Do major changes in floras entail equivalent changes in insect faunas? No. • Most differences in regional floras are at the species level, and in the relative diversity of higher taxa. • Most major plant genera are represented in local communities. • Among regions, most insects switch host species within a genus or subtribe. • No important host shift was found among regions. • Generalists are conservative! We found no large host switches even between continents Do endemic plants bear endemic insects? No. ! endemic plant species belonging to widespread genera share phytophages with widely-distributed congeneric plants. Yes. ! endemic genera or subtribes have sets of endemic phytophages. insect-plant interaction structure and dynamics Quantitative plant-herbivore webs Mantiqueira: Campos do Jordão 5 20 23 35 37 2 4 8 11 14 15 16 17 18 19 21 22 24 27 28 29 30 32 33 34 36 1 2 3 5 7 8 9 12 13 14 15 17 21 22 23 25 27 30 32 33 34 36 38 26 31 112 plant samples, 121 host records Effects of degradation on interactive assemblages plants and insect herbivores in a cerrado gradient Mário Almeida Neto, 2006 – PhD plants and insect herbivores in a cerrado gradient … just out tangled trees: can we match phylogenies? matching tephritids and their symbionts matching tephritids with symbiotic bacteria Tephritid phylogenies Han, 2006; see also 2009 Tephritid phylogenies Han, 2006; see also 2009 Thanks first... Benoît and Pirani, supporters, coorganizers Thanks Participants
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