DOCSLIB.ORG

Phylogeny and Ecological Evolution of Gall-Inducing Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phylogeny and Ecological Evolution of Gall-Inducing Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) University of Joensuu, PhD Dissertations in Biology No:6 Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) by Tommi Nyman Joensuu 2000 Nyman, Tommi Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredini- dae). – University of Joensuu, 2000, 92 pp. University of Joensuu, PhD Dissertations in Biology, n:o 6. ISSN 1457-2486 ISBN 951-708-962-7 Key words: coevolution, convergent evolution, extended phenotypes, gall morphology, gradualism, insect-plant interactions, Nematinae, phylogeny, Salix, sawfly, speciation The nematine sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.) form one of the most abundant and speciose herbivore groups in the Holarctic region. The purpose of this thesis was to study the evolutionary history of the nematine gallers. The three main questions addressed were: (1) what is the sequence in which different gall types have evolved in the nematines; (2) how has the utilization of host plants evolved in the group; and (3) why has gall induction evolved in the nematines? The first question was studied by reconstructing the phylogeny of representative nema- tine species by using enzyme electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. According to the results, species that induce true closed galls evolved from species that induce leaf folds or rolls. Thereafter, several different gall types evolved gradually, and the evolution of each gall type was followed by a radiation to new host species. The phylogenies show that gall morphology is mainly determined by the insects, i.e., the gall represents an extended phenotype of the galler. The two phylogenies were also used to study the second question. The results show that parallel cladogenesis between willows and the gallers is not a sufficient explanation for the current host associations, since many willow species have been colonized multiple times by nematine species representing different gall types. Likewise, it seems that the overall chemi- cal similarity of hosts does not determine the direction of host shifts. Consequently, other explanations, such as host phenology, geographical distribution, or habitat, are probably needed for explaining the patterns of host use in the nematine sawflies. Similar results were obtained on a smaller scale in an enzyme electrophoretic study of the species that induce bud galls. The third question was studied by comparing the chemical properties of sawfly galls to the chemical properties of the ungalled tissues of the willow hosts. The galls were found to contain comparatively low levels of most phenolic defense compounds that are found in other willow tissues. Thus, it appears that the galls are nutritionally beneficial for the sawfly larvae. The changes in chemistry occur in a highly coordinated pattern in all studied galler- host pairs, which suggests that the sawflies are able to manipulate the phenolic biosynthesis in their hosts. The end result is a striking convergence of the chemical properties of the galls both within and between host species. Tommi Nyman, Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 7 1.1. Gall-inducing insects 7 1.2. Purpose of this study 8 2. THE STUDY SYSTEM 8 2.1. Willows 8 2.2. The nematine gallers 9 3. THE EVOLUTION OF DIFFERENT GALL TYPES 11 3.1. Hypotheses 11 3.2. Allozyme results 12 3.3. DNA results 12 3.4. Combined evidence 14 3.5. Discussion 15 4. THE EVOLUTION OF HOST PLANT USE 16 4.1. Hypotheses 16 4.2. Host-plant relationships in the nematines 17 4.3. Euura mucronata: a polyphage or a sibling species complex? 18 4.4. Discussion 19 5. THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF NEMATINE SAWFLIES 22 5.1. The Nutrition Hypothesis and previous studies 22 5.2. The chemical properties of Pontania galls on willows 23 5.3. Discussion 23 6. CONCLUDING REMARKS 26 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 28 REFERENCES 29 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS This thesis is based on the following articles, referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I Nyman, T., Roininen, H. & Vuorinen, J. A. 1998. Evolution of different gall types in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolution 52: 465-474. II Nyman, T., Widmer, A. & Roininen, H. 2000. Evolution of gall morphology and host- plant relationships in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolu- tion 54: 526-533. III Nyman, T. The willow bud galler Euura mucronata Hartig (Hymenoptera: Tenthredini- dae): one polyphage or many monophages? Manuscript. IV Nyman, T. & Julkunen-Tiitto, R. 2000. Manipulation of the phenolic chemistry of wil- lows by gall-inducing sawflies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13184-13187. Some unpublished results are also presented. 7 1. INTRODUCTION nisms include mechanical damage, plant hormone analogs, and genetic manipulation 1.1. Gall-inducing insects (Hori 1992, Price 1992). Genetic manipula- tion is involved in the process of gall induc- Meyer (1987) defines galls as “all manifes- tion by the bacterium Agrobacterium tume- tations of growth, whether positive or nega- faciens. The bacterium inserts a portion of a tive, and of abnormal differentiation induced Ti plasmid into the genome of some of the on a plant by animal and plant parasites”. cells of its host, which eventually leads to Usually galls can be seen as abnormal abnormal growth (Davey et al. 1994). Al- growth caused by an increase in the number though it has been suggested that such ma- (hyperplasia) or size (hypertrophy) of plant nipulation may also occur in the case of in- cells at the site of the gall (Meyer 1987). sect gallers (Cornell 1983), no evidence for Galls can be induced on virtually all parts of such a mechanism has been found (Price plants, and their complexity varies from 1992). It is likely that the mechanism of gall simple pouches to highly structured organs induction varies between galler taxa, but with specifically differentiated tissues (Dre- currently it would seem that the production ger-Jauffret & Shorthouse 1992). of plant hormone analogs represents the The ability to induce galls has evolved most likely explanation (Hori 1992, Roskam convergently in many taxa, ranging from 1992). For example, McCalla et al. (1962) microbes and fungi to nematodes and arthro- found uric acid, glutamic acid, and adenine pods (Meyer 1987). In insects alone, gall derivatives in the female accessory glands of induction has evolved in at least the follow- the sawfly galler Pontania pacifica Marlatt. ing seven orders: Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, These compounds are closely related to cy- Homoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Dip- tokinins, which are natural growth- tera, and Hymenoptera (Meyer 1987, Dre- promoting hormones in plants (Hartley ger-Jauffret & Shorthouse 1992). The num- 1992). High concentrations of cytokinins ber of independent origins of gall induction have been found in galls induced by Pon- in insects is, however, considerably higher, tania proxima Lepeletier, but apparently since within most of these orders there have they are produced by the plant (Leitch 1994). been several separate lineages leading to the Furthermore, studies on other galler/plant galling habit (Dreger-Jauffret & Shorthouse combinations have found that the relative 1992, Roskam 1992). concentrations of cytokinins are not neces- The fossil record of plant galls shows sarily higher in all galls (Mapes & Davies that unknown gall-inducing insects were 1998). Mapes and Davies (1998) found cy- already present during the Late Carbonifer- tokinins and IAA in larvae of the dipteran ous period, over 300 million years ago (La- stem galler Eurosta solidaginis Fitch, but it bandeira & Phillips 1996). Numerous galls is not clear whether the larvae produce these have been found in younger plant fossils, but hormones de novo, or sequester them from in most cases the identity of the gall inducer their diets. remains unknown (Larew 1992, Scott et al. Different galler taxa tend to specialize in 1994). However, it is evident that several different plant taxa, but some groups of gall-inducing insect groups were already in plants are attacked more than others (Ro- existence at the time of the initial radiation skam 1992). For example, relatively few of angiosperms during the mid-Cretaceous; insect species induce galls on ferns and possible taxa include aphids, midges, and gymnosperms (Roskam 1992). In contrast, cynipid wasps (Scott et al. 1994). over 90% of galls occur on dicots, and Although gallers are common, the within dicots the vast majority of galls occur mechanism by which insects induce galls on Fagaceae, Asteraceae, and Rosaceae remains largely unknown. Possible mecha- (Abrahamson & Weis 1987). In Britain, 8 Salix (Salicaceae) and Quercus (Fagaceae) two questions were studied by reconstructing species support the largest numbers of insect the phylogeny of representative nematines gallers (Kennedy & Southwood 1984). using allozyme electrophoresis and DNA A common observation is that gall- sequencing, and the last one was studied by inducing insect species are strictly host- analyzing the chemical properties of sawfly specific (Meyer 1987, Dreger-Jauffret & galls using high-performance liquid chro- Shorthouse 1992). This is probably a result matography. of the tight link between the gallers and their hosts, because gall induction may be possi- ble only during a short period of time during 2. THE STUDY SYSTEM the growing season, and the available plant species (or even individuals or clones within 2.1. Willows species) may differ in their reactions to the gall-inducing stimuli (Smith 1970, Price Willows (Salix spp.) form one of the taxo- 1992, Whitham 1992, Craig et al. 1994, nomically and ecologically most diverse Peries 1994, Csóka 1994, Kokkonen 2000). plant genera in the Northern Hemisphere It is important to note that the degree of host (Argus 1973). The oldest willow fossils have specificity may have been underestimated, been found from North American deposits since galler species are often extremely dif- dating from the early Eocene, ca. 55-65 mil- ficult to identify by morphological methods, lion years ago (Collinson 1992).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp ______Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto
    Phytophagous insects on flower heads of Neotropical Compositae Thomas Lewinsohn with Paulo Inácio Prado USP Mário Almeida Neto UFG Adriana Almeida UFRN Leonardo Ré Jorge Unicamp _________________________ Laboratório Interações Insetos-Plantas Depto. Biologia Animal, Inst. Biologia Unicamp – University of Campinas herbivores+plants: the multicellular majority Terry Erwin, 1982: “... as many as 30 million insects” Terry Erwin who’s who among the herbivorous insects beetles moths, butterflies flies, midges sawflies bugs, aphids grasshoppers thrips walking sticks data sources: taxonomic studies taxonomy based on adults - what do larvae do? no host records unreliable host identification data sources: biocontrol surveys Carduus nutans with Rhynocyllus conicus (Curculionidae) data sources: community diversity studies • Plant samples (plots, individual trees) and • insect mass samples (net sweep, suction samples, fogging, light traps) Murdoch, Evans & Peterson 1972 adult insects on plants: herbivores or tourists? Insects and Compositae as ecological study systems A model system for herbivore evolution Solidago – Eurosta – parasitoids/predators A model system for population dynamics ragwort, Senecio jacobaea - cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae Longitarsus Chromatomyia Melanagromyza metacommunity dynamics a field experiment From biocontrol surveys to ecological insights Biocontrol prospecting in South America Baccharis Daniel Gandolfo Gutierrezia Chromolaena odorata > Campuloclinium macrocephalum basic study design a suitable plant-herbivore system
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Enemies of True Fruit Flies 02/2004-01 PPQ Jeffrey N
    United States Department of Agriculture Natural Enemies of Marketing and Regulatory True Fruit Flies Programs Animal and Plant Health (Tephritidae) Inspection Service Plant Protection Jeffrey N. L. Stibick and Quarantine Psyttalia fletcheri (shown) is the only fruit fly parasitoid introduced into Hawaii capable of parasitizing the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 4700 River Road Riverdale, MD 20737 February, 2004 Telephone: (301) 734-4406 FAX: (301) 734-8192 e-mail: [email protected] Jeffrey N. L. Stibick Introduction Introduction Fruit flies in the family Tephritidae are high profile insects among commercial fruit and vegetable growers, marketing exporters, government regulatory agencies, and the scientific community. Locally, producers face huge losses without some management scheme to control fruit fly populations. At the national and international level, plant protection agencies strictly regulate the movement of potentially infested products. Consumers throughout the world demand high quality, blemish-free produce. Partly to satisfy these demands, the costs to local, state and national governments are quite high and increasing as world trade, and thus risk, increases. Thus, fruit flies impose a considerable resource tax on participants at every level, from producer to shipper to the importing state and, ultimately, to the consumer. (McPheron & Steck, 1996) Indeed, in the United States alone, the running costs per year to APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), (the federal Agency responsible) for maintenance of trapping systems, laboratories, and identification are in excess of US$27 million per year and increasing. This figure only accounts for a fraction of total costs throughout the country, as State, County and local governments put in their share as well as the local industry affected.
    [Show full text]
  • Richard Herbert Foote (1918-2002) Richard H. Foote, a Longtime Member and Former President of the Entomological Society of Washi
    31 March 2003 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 105(2), 2003, pp. 508-516 OBITUARY Richard Herbert Foote (1918-2002) Richard H. Foote, a longtime member old-fashioned way to bring up children in a and former President of the Entomological family. We were raised according to Chris- Society of Washington, died on February 9, tian tradition, and both of us were always 2002. Known fondly as "Dick" to his confident of our parents' love as long as many friends and colleagues, he passed they lived." away suddenly, at the age of 83, of com- Dick's interest in biology had its roots in plications following a broken hip. Among his father's work as a sanitary and civil en- the highlights and accomplishments of his gineer. Herb Foote worked for the State of long career, Dick became a world recog- Montana from 1923, when he assumed the nized specialist on the taxonomy of fruit position of Director of the Water and Sew- flies, served as leader of the Systematic En- age Division of the Montana State Board of tomology Laboratory, ARS, USD A, and Health, until his retirement in the 1950's. was an early advocate for the use of com- He led the successful efforts to rid Montana puters for information storage and retrieval of typhoid fever through his work on the in entomology. drinking water systems of the state and re- Richard Herbert Foote was born on May ceived an honorary doctorate for his work 2, 1918 in Bozeman, Montana, by eight in parasitology from the University of Mon- years the elder of the two children of Her- tana.
    [Show full text]
  • Commentary Plasticity in Arthropod Cryotypes T
    2585 The Journal of Experimental Biology 210, 2585-2592 Published by The Company of Biologists 2007 doi:10.1242/jeb.002618 Commentary Plasticity in arthropod cryotypes T. C. Hawes and J. S. Bale* School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK *Author for correspondence (e-mail: [email protected]) Accepted 12 March 2007 Summary Low-temperature acclimation and acclimatization history and organism is proposed, descending, respectively, produce phenotypic changes in arthropods at multiple from what we define as ‘cryotype’ (class of cryoprotective levels of biological organization from the molecular to the strategy) to genotype and, ultimately, phenotype. behavioural. The role and function of plasticity – where a Alternative (and sometimes complementary) strategies to constitutive, reversible change occurs in the phenotype in plasticity include specialization, generalization, bet- response to low temperature – may be partitioned hedging, cross-resistance and convergence. The transition hierarchically at evolutionary scales according to of cryotypes from basal to derived states is a continuum of cryoprotective strategy, at macrophysiological scales trait optimization, involving the fixation of plasticity and/or according to climatic variability, and at meso- and micro- its alternatives. scales according to ecological niche and exposure. In correspondence with these scales (which are interdependent rather than mutually exclusive), a Key words: arthropod, cold tolerance, cryotype, cryoprotection, hierarchical typology of interaction between thermal acclimation, acclimatization, phenotype. Introduction elasticity depends on the type of rubber band and the stimulus Animal physiology in the real world is dynamic – it must it is given, so the plasticity of an arthropod’s response varies in respond to variability at multiple temporal and spatial scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Cold Acclimation Conditions Constrain Plastic Responses for Resistance to Cold and Starvation in Drosophila Immigrans
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Biology Open (2018) 7, bio034447. doi:10.1242/bio.034447 RESEARCH ARTICLE Cold acclimation conditions constrain plastic responses for resistance to cold and starvation in Drosophila immigrans Ankita Pathak1, Ashok Munjal1 and Ravi Parkash2,* ABSTRACT 2007; Colinet et al., 2012). Colder environments are also associated In montane Drosophila species, cold-induced plastic changes in with desiccating conditions. Some studies have suggested a energy metabolites are likely developed to cope with cold and physiological link between plastic responses to cold and drought starvation stress. Adult Drosophila immigrans reared at 15°C were i.e. in freeze-tolerant gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (Irwin and Lee, acclimated at 0°C or 7°C for durations of up to 6 days (fed or unfed 2002; Williams and Lee, 2008; Levis et al., 2012); in Belgica conditions). Such flies were tested for plastic changes in resistance to antarctica (Benoit et al., 2009) and in D. immigrans (Tamang et al., cold or starvation stress as well as for possible accumulation and 2017). In the gall fly E. solidaginis, cold-induced changes include utilization of four energy metabolites (body lipids, proline, trehalose increases in the amount and composition of cuticular lipids to and glycogen). Adults acclimated at 7°C revealed a greater increase decrease water loss; and accumulation of cryoprotectants to reduce in cold tolerance than flies acclimated at 0°C. Different durations of the detrimental effects of cold on cellular membranes and proteins cold acclimation at 7°C led to increased level of body lipids only in fed (Nelson and Lee, 2004; Lee, 2010; Gantz and Lee, 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • FRUIT FLY GENERA SOUTH of the UNITED STATES (Diptera: Tephritidae)
    1.0 1/11/2.5 2.2 1.1 1.1 111111.25 11111 1.4 111111.6 11111 1.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A NATIDNAL BUREAU OF STANDAROS-1963-A i 6~~ ~_. - (; ~> I' \, ," '" <> Q -i'. .D « 0" ',' '" p P 'J -:. y~.' /'.',,": :$, ,/ -l,; .C ~ r;;;:. ';. ,~ .., .. , {~ 0 , FRUIT FLY GENERA SOLJTH OF TH E UNITED STATES (Diptera: Tephritidae) by RICHARD H. FOOTE F\ UNITED STATES TECHNICAL PREPARED BY I\U.~), DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND ~ AGRICULTURE NUMBER 1600 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION ABSTRACT Foote, Richard H. 1980. Fruit fly genera south of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1600,79 pp. The 88 genera of fruit flies in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America are discussed. Keys to all genera are pre­ sented, and a synonymy, diagnosis, and discussion of each genus follow. Included for each genus is information about its distribution, its rela­ tionship to other genera, its composition in terms of the species belong­ ingto it, aids to its recognition, and references for identifying its species. Several diagnostic characteristics and the wing of at least one species in almost every genus have been illustrated. Four genera, previously re­ garded as valid, have been synonymized with others, and three addi­ tional genera, long recorded from the region, are shown not to occur in the New World or to belong to other fly families. Fruit flies comprise the most economically important family of plant-inhabiting Diptera, consid­ ering the potential for agricultu"'al damage by species of such genera as Anast-repha, Ceratitis, Dacu.s, andRhagoletis.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Biology & Freeze Tolerance in the Goldenrod Gall
    0-{ 0 H Freeze Tolerance ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4-1 0- in the GoldenrodGall Fly Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/68/1/29/339930/4451922.pdf by guest on 28 September 2021 4. LUKEH. SANDRO RICHARDE. LEE,JR. BJirds migrate. Bears hibernate. Turtles and One aspect of goldenrod gallmakers that has frogs retreatto the bottom of lakes. Most animals must received little attention in the science education litera- avoid harsh winter conditions; few can survive freezing. ture is the winter biology of these unusual insects. In Larvae of the goldenrod gall fly (Eurosta solidaginis), autumn, the overwintering larva enters a state of dor- can survive freezing to -40?C or below. The study of mancy, called diapause, and gradually acquires the survival at low temperatureis called cryobiology. This capacity to survive freezing to temperatures of -40?C article provides an introduction to the winter biology of and below (Baust & Lee, 1981). In contrast, a beetle this widely distributed and unusual species, and sug- larva and two parasitic wasps that also overwinter in gests classroom activities that illuminate principles of goldenrod galls are intolerant of freezing and must cryobiology through insect overwintering. avoid internal ice formation. A variety of opportunities for educational activities are found in the complex, yet easy-to-manipulate, Life Cycle trophic relationships between goldenrod plants, insects that induce gall formation, and the natural ene- Only a single generation of the goldenrod gall fly mies of these gallmakers.Gall collection, measurement, occurs each year, with more than 11 months of the and observation (exit holes, larval response, tempera- insect's life spent inside the gall.
    [Show full text]
  • Cryobiology of the Freeze-Tolerant Gall Fly Eurosta Solidaginis: Overwintering Energetics and Heat Shock Proteins
    CLIMATE RESEARCH Vol. 5: 61-67, 1995 Published February 23 Clim. Res. Cryobiology of the freeze-tolerant gall fly Eurosta solidaginis: overwintering energetics and heat shock proteins Richard E. Lee, Jrl, Robyn A. Dommell, Karl H. ~oplin~,David L. Denlinger 'Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA 2~epartmentof Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA ABSTRACT: The goldenrod gall fly Eurosta sohdaglnis (Diptera: Tephntidae) ranges from the southern U.S. northward into Canada. The larva overwinters within a ball gall on the stem of goldenrod Sohdago spp The galls often extend above the sno\vpack, exposing the larva to a w~derange of environmental extremes In lv~nterThis species has received extensive attention as a freeze-tolerant ~nsectmodel. A seasonal study of the overwintenng bioenergetics of an Ohio. USA, population revealed marked de- creases In body weight, lipid and total caloric content in October and November when environmental temperatures were the highest. Overwintenng larvae produce heat shock proteins in response to high- temperature exposure. However, unlike other insects E. solidag~nisdoes not appear to synthesize heat shock proteins In response to low-temperature exposure. KEY WORDS: Cold-hardiness . Insect. Low temperature adaptation . Respiration . Stress proteins INTRODUCTION Adults of this univoltine species emerge in the sprlng or early summer, mate and oviposit in the unfolded The goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: leaves of the terminal bud of the goldenrod plant Tephritidae) has received extensive study as an insect (Uhler 1951). Larvae pass through 2 instars during the model for the study of freeze tolerance (see reviews by summer and overwinter within the gall as a third in- Storey & Storey 1988, Baust & Nishino 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • FRUIT FLY GENERA SOUTH of the UNITED STATES (Díptera: Tephritidae)
    - lAg84Te FRUIT FLY GENERA SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES (Díptera: Tephritidae) by RICHARD H. FOOTE I Ç3 ¿1 ¿¡Siv UNITED STATES TECHNICAL PREPARED BY UU*) DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND ""iS^ AGRICULTURE NUMBER 1600 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION FRUIT FLY GENERA SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES (Díptera: Tephritidae) by RICHARD H. FOOTE y r. ^ ^¡S^v UNITED STATES TECHNICAL PREPARED BY (i4É! DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND '^^^' AGRICULTURE NUMBER 1600 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION 1 ABSTRACT Foote, Richard H. 1980. Fruit fly genera south of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1600,79 pp. The 88 genera of fruit flies in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America are discussed. Keys to all genera are pre- sented, and a synonymy, diagnosis, and discussion of each genus follow. Included for each genus is information about its distribution, its rela- tionship to other genera, its composition in terms of the species belong- ing to it, aids to its recognition, and references for identifying its species. Several diagnostic characteristics and the wing of at least one species in almost every genus have been illustrated. Four genera, previously re- garded as valid, have been synonymized with others, and three addi- tional genera, long recorded from the region, are shown not to occur in the New World or to belong to other fly families. Fruit flies comprise the most economically important family of plant-inhabiting Diptera, consid- ering the potential for agricultural damage by species of such genera as Anastrepha, Ceratitis, Dacus, and Rhagoletis. Used in conjunction with my catalog of Tephritidae published in 1967, this bulletin provides a means of identifying about two-thirds of the more than 600 species of fruit flies known to occur south of Texas and Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 5: Fauna Known to Occur on Fort Drum
    Appendix 5: Fauna Known to Occur on Fort Drum LIST OF FAUNA KNOWN TO OCCUR ON FORT DRUM as of January 2017. Federally listed species are noted with FT (Federal Threatened) and FE (Federal Endangered); state listed species are noted with SSC (Species of Special Concern), ST (State Threatened, and SE (State Endangered); introduced species are noted with I (Introduced). INSECT SPECIES Except where otherwise noted all insect and invertebrate taxonomy based on (1) Arnett, R.H. 2000. American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of North America North of Mexico, 2nd edition, CRC Press, 1024 pp; (2) Marshall, S.A. 2013. Insects: Their Natural History and Diversity, Firefly Books, Buffalo, NY, 732 pp.; (3) Bugguide.net, 2003-2017, http://www.bugguide.net/node/view/15740, Iowa State University. ORDER EPHEMEROPTERA--Mayflies Taxonomy based on (1) Peckarsky, B.L., P.R. Fraissinet, M.A. Penton, and D.J. Conklin Jr. 1990. Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University Press. 456 pp; (2) Merritt, R.W., K.W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg 2008. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4th Edition. Kendall Hunt Publishing. 1158 pp. FAMILY LEPTOPHLEBIIDAE—Pronggillled Mayflies FAMILY BAETIDAE—Small Minnow Mayflies Habrophleboides sp. Acentrella sp. Habrophlebia sp. Acerpenna sp. Leptophlebia sp. Baetis sp. Paraleptophlebia sp. Callibaetis sp. Centroptilum sp. FAMILY CAENIDAE—Small Squaregilled Mayflies Diphetor sp. Brachycercus sp. Heterocloeon sp. Caenis sp. Paracloeodes sp. Plauditus sp. FAMILY EPHEMERELLIDAE—Spiny Crawler Procloeon sp. Mayflies Pseudocentroptiloides sp. Caurinella sp. Pseudocloeon sp. Drunela sp. Ephemerella sp. FAMILY METRETOPODIDAE—Cleftfooted Minnow Eurylophella sp. Mayflies Serratella sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence of Goldenrod Galls: Study of Insect Ovipositing Behavior
    How-To-Do-It Occurrence of Goldenrod Galls: study of Insect Ovipositing Behavior Sandra J. Newell Goldenrod galls are a valuable re- terminateher ovipositionbehavior, (2) Eurosta gall may occur on one stem, source for use in biology labs (Peard punctureonly the outer bud leavesand but they do not say how frequently Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/56/1/51/46455/4449743.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 1992). Goldenrods and the associated rejectthe bud,or (3) continueher oviposi- multiple galls occur. It is unknown gall-forming insects are often abun- tionalprobe through additional bud leaves whether an ovipositing female can rec- dant in early stages of old-field succes- whichfrequently, but not always, results ognize that another female's egg has sion. In addition, these old-field habi- in the injectionof an egg into the bud. already been deposited in a particular tats can be accessible to groups of stem. students. The laboratory exercise de- Abrahamson et al. (1989) were able A second species of gall-maker scribed here takes advantage of this to demonstrate that E. solidaginis which is relatively common is Gnori- resource to explore a question con- exhibits a preference for Solidago moschemagallaesolidaginis, a goldenrod cerning the behavior of the female altissima, although S. canadensis, S. moth. Gnorimoschemaproduces an el- gall-forming insects as they lay eggs gigantea and S. rugosa support liptical swelling, approximately 2.5- on the goldenrod plant. populations of E. solidaginis in some 5 cm long, on the stem of the golden- The most common gall-makers on areas.
    [Show full text]