Che MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE I■ and the BULLETIN of the PAN-PACIFIC UNION ■I F4;

L. XXIII. No. 1. 25 Cents a Copy. JANUARY, 1922. ammatenumimmmate mmoralt.. minmalr.4 ,che MID-PACIFIC MAGAZINE I■ and the BULLETIN OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION ■I f4;

-E1-4

]]MLTN CLOSED DU 620 int Shibuzawa, representative In Japan of the Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference. ffi ‘1V5

yl II " I IIINl1l 110111111111111M1111111111 Mill1111111110101111111111111110691111101111111113.101111M111111101C- 1L JAVA INITED !e'ATES AUSTRALASIA HAWAII ORIENT Kelly & Walsh ,T 'sche Boekhandel `,.al. News Co. Gordon & Gotch Pan-Pacific Union tAttAttlAttattattstaWAtotteAtttattAttAttAtt Tim Pan-Parifir Union Central Offices, Honolulu, Hawaii, at the Ocean's Crossroads. PRESIDENT, HON. WALLACE R. FARRINGTON, Governor cf Hawaii. ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Director. DR. FRANK F. BUNKER, Secretary. The Pan-Pacific Union, representing the lands about the greatest of oceans, is supported by appropriations from Pacific governments. It works chiefly through the calling of conferences, for the greater advancement of, and cooperation among, all the races and peoples of the Pacific. HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding President of the United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister of Australia. W. I' Massey Prime Minister of New Zea'and Hsu Shih-chang President of China Artht r Meighen I'remier of Canada 4 Takashi Hara Prime Minister of Japan HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson Ex-President of the United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. Kalanianaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Yeh Kung Cho Minister of Communications, China Frances Burton Harrison The Governor-General of the Philippines The Premiers of Australian States and of British Columbia. The Governor-General of Java. The Governor of Alaska. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries cooperating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union: 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and 8 education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial cooperation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local affairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the cooperation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 11. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar cooperation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. . . . ■

CONDUCTED BY ALEXANDER HUME FORD

Volume XXIII No 1

CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1922

Art Section - - - - - - - - 2 Education for Democracy - - - - - 17 By David Starr Jordan Java Invaded From East and West - - 25 By T. B. Byswijk The Pearl Island of the Pacific - - - - 29 By Cyrus French Wicker In Old Hawaii - - - - - - - 33 By Serena Bishop The Japanese Press in Hawaii - - - - 39 By Y. Sofia Education in China - - - - - 43 L9 By Sidney K. Wei Korea and the Inland Sea - .. - 47 By Hon. Henry Z. Osborne The Eradication of Racial Prejudice - - 53 By Frank Milner Western Gold - - - - - - 59 By Philip S. Rush Hawaiian Music - - - - - - - 63 By Helen Grace Cadwell New Zealand's Samoa - - - - - - 69 By U. S. Homons "The Golden West," Australia's Future Front Door - 73 By B. de Vere Provis Filipino Independence - - - - - 77 By Hon. James A. Frear The Bulletin of the Pan-Pacific Union - - - - 81 New Series No. 27

00 II: ib-rarifir T1: agaziur Published by ALEXANDER HUME FORD, Honolulu T. H. Printed by the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, Ltd. Yearly subscriptions in the United States and possessions, $2.50 in advance. Canada and Mexico, $2.75. For all foreign countries, $3.00. Single copies, 25c. Entered as second-class matter at the Honolulu Postoffice.

Permission is given to republish articles from the Mid-Pacific Magazine. ‘2' A bit of the Blue Mountains of Australia, near .Katoomba Falls. There are such rivers in Australia. This is a scene in the State of New South Wales. Sydney is the shipping center of Australia, and New Castle the coaling port. Throughout coastal Australia the country is rich in orchards. Mt. Kosciusko, Australia's highest mountain, as seen in winter and an Australian fern gulch as seen in the springtime. America's big trees are only exceeded in height by a few in Australia, but these do not approach the girth of the American giants of the forest Throughout Canada, the Pacific North-West, there are views such as these, the holiday grounds of North America. In the interior of French Indo-China one stumbles on the ruins of ancient temples, such as the one ,depicted here. A bit of Indian architecture, the main street of Jaipur and its stately edifice. These are Pacific Mail Trans-Pacific steamers arriving at and departing from the company pier in Honolulu. The Chinese port is always crowded with shipping and the waiting coolie who is the bearer of burdens. In the Philippines and throughout the South Seas the coconut palm is a source of revenue and a thing of beauty to the eye.

This series of pictures shows the process of gathering tea in Japan. In Japan the untutored coolie becomes a ricksha man and the humble man of learning a public scribe. One thinks of Japan as ever the land of cherry blossoms and fairy-like adventure.

Education For Democracy DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN Chairman of the First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference.

R. ARTHUR BALFOUR a verse contain ? Some philosophers get while ago said, "the whole pro- so mixed up with these conceptions that M cess of evolution was a dis- time, place, something, and nothing be- reputable episode on one of the minor come the same thing. Even truth and planets." falsehood in Balfour's view are indis- I cannot take this view of human de- tinguishable, and we may as well be- velopment. I am willing to admit of lieve whatever we like the best. But it course, that ours is a minor planet ; I is for us to take a loftier view. In see how astronomers claim that Jupiter Carlyle's phrase, "Every meanest day is is bigger but softer, that Mercury is the conflux of two eternities." This better warmed ; that the sun is very day is the point where eternities meet, large compared with the earth, and very of the future. Eternity is a long while, small compared with most of the other the eternity of the past and the eternity suns. I may concede while life has then another long while. But how- existed on Earth one hundred million ever long, they must come together here years or so, we have not got on so very today, and for the moment they are in our hands. far. Our last great achievement is little to our credit, for we have accomplished We may remember the excitement in the worst slaughter ever yet known or the University of Edinburg over a cen- recorded. ' We have lived as men a tury ago, when Professor Hutton as- hundred thousand years more or less— serted that "Time is as long as Space is nobody knows. But for a long time wide." man kept no records ; he paid very little Once when I was young, as a col- attention to himself until he had been lege president, instead of an Emeritus here a long time getting acquainted with .like a down-turned leaf of a coconut folks and gaining a little leisure in one palm, I made an address on higher edu- way or another. He slowly found him- cation, in which I referred to the self afloat in a "fathomless universe" American incongruity, that in the land without sides or limit, without begin- of democracy the university is estab- ning or end. No one yet can tell us lished on an autocratic plan. With the what happened a year before time be- president of the university rests the ini- gan, nor can he guess. We cannot con- tiative of leadership and for the most ceive of space as limitless, nor can we part he can successfully carry through conceive of an edge of space, beyond whatever he may desire to achieve. which not even space extends. If space Germany is the most autocratic of all is a huge unbounded sphere, how many nations, the one where the people have more spheres does the fathomless uni- least inlook in public affairs, while the 17 18 THE MID-PACIFIC

German University is wholly demo- rules in any country operates, in his cratic, the Rector having virtually no own interest. An autocracy, of what- powers not delegated by his fellows. ever sort, ruled by the wise, the rich, A report of this talk somehow reached the privileged, is doomed to fail. It Berlin, and Professor Paulsen, one of will be run in the ruler's interest, and the most eminent philosophers that in the long run privilege dominates Germany has produced, said to a friend over justice. A paternal government of mine, then studying in the Univer- such as that of Germany was, has as sity: "Tell Dr. Jordan that I think he its basis the effort to make conformable is mistaken, that there is no autocracy the common people, that they may in education so severe as that in Ger- regularly be sheared in the spring, thus man universities, but it doesn't rest yielding to the privileged few a never- with the Rector, but with the minister failing harvest Even a government by of public instruction." The minister of the wisest and best comes at last to public instruction determines all that is the same ends, the perpetuation of done, all appointments, the kind of men privilege. It is, of course, not easy to chosen as teachers and the kind of men find out who the best minds are and to be left out. From one end of the men have at last agreed to assign di- system to the other, each detail is vine right to the oldest son of the planned ; not for the development of last failure the Lord has made. I have the student but for the exaltation of the heard professors in Germany talk flu- state. Its function was to check free- ently and vigorously of divine right, dom, turning its powers into other and then in the next breath deny the channels. As the kindergarten tended existence of deity. The divine right of toward freedom rather than standardiza- the king is a denial of the existence of tion, it was early dropped from the God. Divine right is merely a conven- system. ient phrase, without real meaning, a phrase of the agnostic or the atheist. The Ruler Governs in His Own Interest The perfection of German organiza- Some eight years ago Doubleday, tion or Kulture was summed up in three Page and Company, asked me when in words, "Dienst, Ordnung, Kraft," per- Europe to get up a book for them, fection of service, of order, of power. through interviewing leading men in Service under mandates from above, Europe. I was to find out what they order through discipline enforced from thought of America, finally summing above, power through team work, never up the series with an argument for. self-directed. An education to be per- democracy and an explanation of its fect in this sense demanded the study ideals and workings. I entered on the of the same thing by all, for the same work with some enthusiasm, because I purpose, the affairs of the state, from believe in democracy, not in all the which all dangerous doctrines should be things that democracy may do, any excluded, and the great national slogan more than I believe in all that a child was, "strengtens verboten," which is, three years old may do, but I have "keep off the grass," raised to its high- faith in democracy as I have in the est terms. future of that child. Unless we can A German professor, in answer to go back to tribal isolation, there is no my questions, thanked God that Ger- future in any government, save as many had "no parliament government." ruled by the people governed.' Whoever The Reichstag was in fact, as in name, THE MID-PACIFIC 19

a "Hall of Echoes." It was the peren- coal and a bucket of water. There' is nial fear of the ruling class, that the none too much of talent or intellect in people would some time arise to break any country, and what there is should up their system, which was the funda- be cared for, as the most important of mental cause of the war. Of this I all products. have not the slightest doubt. It was not the greed of the traders or the "Der Staat," the End of German•System financiers which brought on the war. The final end of the 'German system It was the knowledge that the perfec- is the exaltation of the State. "Der tion of the nation was based on a sham, Staat" is not a state merely but the sooner or later to be exposed and ex- one State on which all else depends, a ploded. So far as I know every ag- gigantic entity that involves the whole gressive war has had the fear of de- of the nation as the heavens envelop mocracy as its primary motive. the earth. It exists in a moral vacuum, high above the reach of its people. Many Irregularities in America. The state has its duties, paternal and In America, try as we may for stand- protective, toward the people, caring for ardization and perfection, happy-go- them till they cannot care for them- lucky conditions still endure. In the selves. As most or all of the people "land of contracts" irregularities ob- do not know how to govern them- tain, everywhere, and it is well that selves, they must be directed. The they do, for they contribute to the wel- greatest man in Ireland, Sir Horace fare and effectiveness of the people, and Plunkett, once said to me that if any this lies at the heart of education. In people were incapable of governing London, I had a talk once with two themselves, the only remedy is self- prominent British journalists, George government. Perris and Robert Young. They had The requirement of universal military just come back from Lancashire, and service at the call of privilege is not were greatly impressed with the fact for the sake of making good soldiers, that they found so many of the coal but bad citizens, men that can be miners widely intelligent, with clear counted on always to submit and men notions of right and wrong, of justice that will not dare to rise up against and injustice. My friends thought that oppression. To keep the common England should be proud to have such people down in the interest of power men among her common laborers. I and privilege is the purpose of military held a different opinion. To me it drill in time of peace. seemed a shame that men of intelli- It has been said officially the .three gence, of better intellects than some first duties of the German citizen are prime ministers, should be compelled to these : go through life rendering no higher "Soldat rein ; steuer zahlen ; mund service to their country than that of halten" (Be a soldier, pay your taxes, shovelling coal. It was England's loss keep your mouth shut.) They are not that she should let these men grow up main functions in a free republic. without free schools and without ac- "Good soldiers" we may be, when a cess to the essential elements of educa- crisis demands, but we do not live with tion, unable to put their talents to that end in view. greater use than to work underground, "Pay our taxes." This we cannot competing thereby with a basket of avoid, and most of them in this and 20 THE MID-PACIFIC every other country go to the upkeep always going on, always the fool- of the army and navy. killer is ever active and because the fool-killer has not been unduly busy we "Keep your mouth shut." It will be a sad day when American citizens dare are able to be here. (laughter.) not or cannot utter their opinions and Now democracy to be successful must thought. "Mum's the word" with burg- be intelligent. While no one can lars and tyrants, not with freeborn men. change or modify in any degree his In like fashion the four "K's" were hereditary qualities, nor affect those of . commended by the Kaiser as the whole the next generation in any degree, he duty of women : "Kinder, Kochen, can bring about by education that Kirche and Kleider." (Children, cook- higher heredity which will shape future ing, church and clothing.) • Under this civilization. Men of average ability system the church itself is a mere de- may rise to a higher and higher place vice for holding the people down. through entering into the work of action. I heard a proverb in Japan, Democracy a Great Training School. that a dwarf on the giant's shoulders I was told in Bulgaria, that in this can see the shallows of the river better region the church has nothing to do than the giant can. with morals or religion. Where the Whatever the blunders, stupidities church joined the state, it becomes in and crimes chargeable to democracy, greater or less degree a function of there is no other way out. Govern- politics. For this and other reasons ment of the people and for the people we wish our schools kept from its con- must be by the people, and the problem trol. To be separated from the church before us is to educate our rulers. is not to be divorced from religion. It After all, the great fact of history is has been urged that democracy is the the forward movement of the people, rule of the ignorant. It may be so at the masses finding themselves. It is times but never permanently, for a not the record of kings, princes, capi- Democracy is the great training school talists or statesmen borne aloft on the in civics through which alone good current, and modern histories, in so far government may come. There is no as they are modern. Recognize this fact. other way, for suppression breeds in- Too long have histories concerned justice. To say that all men are born themselves with the affairs of the rich, free and equal is merely to say that learned, and powerful. A great man each is entitled to the right of fair will leave a great mark on all with play. Nobody can assert that men are whom he comes in contact, and the born' with equal ability. The inborn aggregate of great influences constitutes powers of each are borne down through the progress of history. long generations, and no one can rise Democracy Means Freedom. above his potentialities of inheritance. We have each gained a well-sifted and Democracy involves freedom ; above varied inheritance. We are each worth all, freedom to know, for knowledge is while and entitled to such measure of truth and truth alone makes free. Free- justice as we may attain. Not one of dom of the mind is much more impor- us, in fact, ever had an ancestor so tant than the freedom to speak or weak or so unfortunate as to have died write or harangue from the soap box, in infancy. They had at least the though all these are important, for all energy to pull through. Selection is needless restraint is mischievous. This THE MID-PACIFIC 21

freedom should have but one limit ; one tion to a ten-cent boy. You may should be free to do whatever he likes standardize a boy without educating so long as his freedom does not inter- him, marking each standardization with fere with the freedom of others. The an appropriate degree. freedom to run saloons interferes with On a train not long ago a man said the freedom of other people. This is this to me : "My father was a French- our justification for prohibition. We man, my mother a German. What do don't care what a man drinks so long I care ? Those old hates and jealousies as he limits its effects to himself, con- are nothing to me. I am an American. suming as it were his own smoke, but This is the land where hatred dies." I if he uses it to entrap our 'outh we have thought many times that the have a word to say. The limit of indi- greatest pride of our flag, of those who vidual freedom is order, and righteous live under it, that ours is the flag order must spring from within. No where hatred dies away. order worth the name can be enforced from without. A German once told me of a visit to France in his youth. In France he The final purpose of freedom and saw the conscript soldiers getting into order is found in justice. Justice in their cattle cars to go to their .drills. this higher sense is not a matter of One of them on the platform reached courts or penalties. By justice we down and kissed his mother as he mean a condition of society in which went away. The German said he was every child may make the most out of a good deal appalled at that, because life. In one of my first addresses at he had been taught that all Frenchmen Stanford University the Governor was were fiends at heart, devoid of human pleased with a sentence which he asked affection, fit only for 'war extermina- me to put on the cover page of the tion. Here was one of them who kissed Register. "A generous education his mother just as a German might or should be the birthright of every boy any other man. and girl in the Republic." A generous education means, of course, one adapted Dangers of Standardization. to whatever the powers of the child For the needs of democracy, schools may be ; each within his own capacity to make the best out of life. Each should not standardize too much ; we should be taught those things he is should have teachers as well as scholars capable of digesting and to each of us of many different kinds, and the end then was attainable through education in view is to make the most of every a higher possibility of happiness and individual life. However great the task service than we have ever known. The and little our contribution, we should school does not of itself educate any- realize the great end in view. Mean- body. It gives the opportunity for while, this day is our day, the day in self-education, and the final result rests which we work. No matter if it be a with the individual. This is especially small effort on a minor planet, it is no true of the university, where a boy may disreputable episode, for it has the be exposed to educational influences, greatest of purposes, and the noblest of but unless there is in him some skill results. to seize the advantages and opportuni- I was asked to say something about ties he will not be educated. You can- another subject, a subject about which not fasten a ten-thousand dollar educa- I know very little. I may perhaps 22 THE MID-PACIFIC shed a little light on the darkness, by and they are not traveling at all in our a word on the races of men. direction. Now the earliest bones of man are Races of Men. those of the Java creature, Pithecan- The races of men are the result of thiopus erectus, a dull and quick tem- what we sometimes call in biology, pered fellow with a weak intellect, a friction. It is zoological friction, the small brain. Remains more and more influences of barriers of mountains and human have been found in different places in Europe and in time a division sea, of climate and food which separate men into ever diverging groups. In- into races becomes indicated. Each ability to meet and merge in the mass isolated *group is forced by selection to fit itself to its environment, and the gives rise to race distinctions, to differ- results of differentiation have been pre- ences in dialect and language, to all served and accentuated through natural differences in men, animals or plants barriers of sea and mountains, which to which we give the name of races or kept races apart. And extremes of species. With men as with other crea- differentiation have set apart some tures, the tendency is toward expansion forms as if they were different species of range. Those who wander and of man. The group that went to those who are left behind grow differ- Africa is more sharply set off than the ent because there are so many obstacles other groups in Asia and Europe. in the way of their getting together or Those that lived in hot countries seem returning to the places they originally to have got along better with the dark started from so that, subject to new pigment in the, skin, because it is be- conditons, they become more or less lieved that too much sunburn irritates different. Isolation through biological the nerves and the dark colors absorb friction is the initial phase of the origin the light. Thus it came about that the of species. Human inventions have ancestors of people in the tropics in made this, again, a world more and general had black hair, and dark pig- more fluid. Barriers of land or sea mented skin. The Chinese race is have been beaten down, and the scat- somewhat further from the European tered fragments of the human race than the Hindu, and the Japanese are are again brought together face to face mixed with the Chinese rather, than with varying results. Many of these related to them. Nobody knows where are yet far from determined and here the Japanese came from, and they are arise many of the most complex prob- certain to have had a mixed origin, far lems of statesmanship. from homogeneous. The Japanese The Beginnings. islands were once inhabited by a race of men, the Ainus, big bearded fellows The races of men sprang undoubted- allied to the people of ;the south of ly from one original stock somewhere Russia. These people, of whom some in Asia ; we cannot restore that original 20,000 are left in the northern island, stock very well, but we know that in are the aborigines of Japan, cared for the early times they must have formed or neglected in much the same way as an almost continuous series from the we Americans treat our Indians. nomadic or wandering apes. They were never monkeys, for the creatures No Universal Nation. we call by that name have diverged as In all the world there is not a single far from the parent stem as we have race without its branches or variations, THE MID-PACIFIC 23

and not a single nation really universal. ants, now scattered about America. in The isolation of centuries is the cause 16,000 different towns, and I remember of their separation and the movements under 500 different family names. of civilized man bring them into blend. A similar record might be made of Whether we will or not, steam and thousands of the Puritan fathers, and the electricity are converting the world into conjunction of their hereditary traits one huge melting pot, and the separa- have given the backbone of the char- tion of races and nations is only a acter of the American people, the blood temporary phase in the history of hu- of free men and women flows in our manity. veins, and this is the chief guarantee There are about as many people in of our continued liberty. Alongside of China or India as in all Europe, and in this New England strain was that of each case these are about as subdivided their Virginia cousins, like in blood, as the people in Europe are. Some of somewhat different in environment ; the those who came from the north of one devoted to free religion, the right Europe claim to be superior to other to worship God, the other to free com- races. Others deny with equal vigor munities, the rights of the state as that any superiority exists in race. It against the centralized nation. is with the individual that superiority exists. It is claimed that the schools The Nordic Race Created Civilization. of Honolulu show that the best in each There is one thing that might be race are about equal in capacity. One said in defense of the superiority of of the greatest scientific men of our the white Nordic race and that is that day and one of the finest characters I he has unaided built up his own civili- have ever known Was Dr. Kakichi Mit- zation. If it be true that the white sukuri, dean of the college of science race had much better opportunities for in the Imperial University of Tokyo. education than any other, he has won We should all seek to look upon man them for himself. We can only ask simply as a man without reference to the race or nationality to which he this question : Who gave those oppor- may belong. tunities? History has been one long It is true that every race is made up path of blood, races have struggled along, fighting one another, killing off of minor strains and the preservation the very best of their own and of of the best of these is vitally important. Personal heredity counts more than others, delaying the normal progress of race heredity and racial traits are in evolution on every quarter. Yet, in fact the aggregate of individual ones. spite of all, certain races have developed a high civilization, a civilization A Family Record. which will endure. Biological friction Lately I looked over the record of stands at the bottom of all differences. an ancestor of mine, a Puritan pioneer The civilization of Japan was largely typical of thousands who followed developed during the years when Japan from England the landing of the May- was shut off almost entirely from the lower, Deacon Cornelius Waldo and rest of the world. There were good Ann Cogswell, his wife. Waldo came reasons no doubt for shutting out over to Boston from Wiltshire in Eng- foreign elements at one time, leaving land in about 1740. Of this worthy to the Dutch alone the right of access pair there were in 1905 17,000 descend- to the country. 24 THE MID- PACIFIC

A country which ceases to be cosmo- with best the result is superior. When politan becomes provincial, the two worst mates with worst the result is words indicating simply the relation of what would be expected. It is an Arab the people to world currents of action saying : "Father a weed ; mother a or of heredity. A cosmopolitan country weed ; do you expect the daughter to is one in which the people move back be a saffron-root?" There is no truth and forth, thus acquiring familiarity in the generalization that a mixed race with usages of other nations. It is not has the faults of both parents and the that one set of customs is better than virtues of neither. It is simply a ques- another, but sets of customs differ just tion of actual parentage. in proportion to the amount of biologi- Effect of Education on Racial cal friction met in going from one coun- Differences. try to another. Those barriers separate nations and races and determine Education changes the appearance what racial qualities will be. And and efficiency of men and women ; it these racial traits are of two types, the does not touch their hereditary traits one hereditary, firmly fixed, "bred in save to expand their expression. There the bone" as it were, and the other the are young Japanese growing up in Cali- results of education, fluctuating with fornia not to be distinguished by individual experience. The Australian thought or speech from other native Blacks are the lowest of all races of sons. Their general features are fixed men, though related to the white races, by heredity, their assimilation is a not to the Negroes nor to the Chinese. matter of education. All races may be Yet in Adelaide a short time ago, I met assimilated to the, degree that their a full-blooded Black, David Aunpon, individuals are capable of. In this re- an educated mechanical engineer, en- gard the races of Europe are in no wise gaged on a problem of conservation of more easily adjusted to our ways than energy. We will find in all races that the native-born Japanese. there are individual men representing individual strains of a high type. I War Kills Off Best Strains. have seen a few kings in my day, but One word more. We cannot lay too the one among them for whom T held much stress on the fact that the long most respect was Uataafa, King of cost of war, that which counts in the Samoa, because he was every inch a final analysis of its effects, is the killing man. off the best strains of whatever races The races of men have spread out are engaged in it. War weeds out the like the branches of a tree ! They weaklings, leaving them to breed. War become differentiated simply because is a species of suicide for the races individuals could not move back to that engage in it. No nation ever where they started from, and mean- underwent racial decline save through while these races, long separated, come one or all of three causes, emigration of together again, and no one can fore- the best strains, immigration of inferior tell the final adjustment, or rather no peoples, and the killing of the strong adjustment that any nation or race may in war. Of this matter I have spoken make can ever be final. In the problem in many countries, using as my favorite of mixed races, no one can dogmatize. text these words of Franklin: "War The best of either is better than the is not paid for in war-time ; the bill average of either, and when best mates comes later."

Java Invaded From East and West

By T. B. BYSWIJK

T is understood that the Chinese had on a voyage to India in quest of origi- already an intimate knowledge of the nal Buddhist writings. He proceeded I East Indian Archipelago some time from India to Ceylon and thence took before the beginning of our Christian a ship to return to China. By a gale era, but no proofs of this exist, al- the ship was driven from its course and though there are reasons in support of eventually he arrived at a country he this statement. calls Yawa Di (Java). After having Although no records exist of earlier passed some months there Fa Hien voyages, it is highly probable that a proceeded to China and after an event- race, which understood the use of a ful voyage ultimately landed there. compass as far back as 2600 B. C., From his records may be gathered which had a knowledge of the art of that the Chinese in Java at that time printing and a great store of different kept up an important intercourse with sciences, certainly must have made their mother country, but he does not visits to Java, which comparatively make any mention of a Chinese settle- was so near their country. ment in Java, although from his ex- The first authentic statement about tracts may be gathered that trade con- an inhabitant of China coming to Java nections existed between the two lands. is made A. D. 413. There cannot be More details come to us from records any doubt about this as the records of of about A. D. 508 and 618, but al- the Chinese are clear and distinct about though some smaller settlements of this visit. The name of the visitor was traders may have been established, it is Fa Hien, a Buddhist priest who went not before A. D. 1292 that a large 25 26 THE MID -PACIFIC

expeditionary force was sent from chinaman. This happened for the first China to Java. time in 1620. This force was sent by Kublai Khan, Spices, gold, precious stones and the first emperor of the Mongol dy- other valuable merchandise in olden nasty who, having heard of the famous times came from the East, being trans- and rich empire of Madjapahit, desired ported by sea and caravan and then to bring it under his supremacy and finding their markets in Europe. for that purpose sent out an army. To obtain such goods first hand, This expedition, however, although thereby saving the enormous cost of partly successful, was so diminished by transport and many transit ports not to sickness (they arrived in the wet mon- mention the profits of middle-men, the soon) and fighting that only a small Portuguese in the end of the 15th cen- remnant came back to China. tury began to search for the lands In 1368 further mention is made of where these goods originated. the exchange of presents between the Vasco da Gama sailed in 1497 and rulers in China and Java, and later, in reached the present Calcutta by way of 1432, the records bring news of Chinese the Cape of Good Hope. In 1499 a traders in Pekalongan and other places second expedition sailed, which eventually also reached Calcutta after first gradually acquiring the monopoly of touching at Brazil. Several expeditions the trade, so that when the Portuguese followed and trade with India was arrived in Java, its trade was almost firmly established, which in time led to entirely in the hands of that nation. the visiting of more remote countries. As a result Chinese settlements sprung It was as far back as A. D. 1511 up everywhere, although in the begin- that the Portuguese first came to Java ning they were mostly confined to the when Antonio de Abreu, one of the coast towns. lieutenants of the well known d'Albu- As the Chinese are from instinct not querque called at Toeban and Grissee, only a commercial but also an indus- on the same voyage also visiting Am- trial race it is not to be wondered boina and Banda. The next voyage that when the Dutch came to Java they took place in 1522, a certain de Lerne found a great part of the commerce being sent to Bantam, which at that and most of the industries in the hands time was still a Hindu empire. of the Chinese. The artisans for the During that time the ruler of Ban- building of houses and ships were tam was at war with the Mohammedan Chinese, contractors for the supply of prince of Cheribon and great influence rice, sugar, etc., Chinese, and in every was being exercised by Mohammedan possible trade Chinese were foremost. missionaries in Bantam to convert the When in 1619 Jacatra was taken and Hindu inhabitants of that state to the Batavia founded, an important Chinese new religion. settlement was almost immediately The King of Bantam foreseeing the established in the new capital and the ultimate downfall of his empire, was Dutch, well comprehending what an in-' inclined to make terms with the Portu- calculable aid they were, did not place guese. He promised them a site for any obstruction in their path, only the founding of a factory, freedom of placing them under the direct super- trade and an annual gift of a thousand vision of their own race by appointing bags of pepper, if only the Portuguese one of their foremost men as captain- would build a fortress to defend the THE MID-PACIFIC 27 port and enter into an alliance with creation of a company trading to the him against Cheribon. To this they East Indies. As soon as the charter agreed, but as their force at that time was granted the company began to was not strong enough, they sailed raise a joint stock for carrying the away promising to return with rein- project into execution and in a very forcements. They however stayed short time 172,000 was raised, which away longer than they intended and, enabled the newly formed company to when coming back in 1517, they found equip five ships to trade with the East that the Sultan of Cheribon had con- Indies. This fleet sailed in May, 16oi. quered Bantam and established a ruler Lancaster, the head of the expedition there. managed to enter into a treaty with the These expeditions led to the found- Prince of Acheen on behalf of the East ing of the trade of the Portuguese with Indian Company, which treaty was the the East Indies and during the years first one to be concluded between a following this trade came wholly in native Prince and this company. He their 'hands, the period of its highest from there proceeded to Bantam, where development being from 1590 till 1610. he arrived in December, 1602. Here During that time a single fleet of their also a treaty with the ruler of Bantam ships would sometimes number from was concluded and an English factory 15o to 25o sails. opened, where the goods from the ships Towards the end of the 16th century and the cargo for England was stored. the Indian trade had assumed immense His ships then loaded for their return proportions and Lisbon stood out as with the exception of two which had the richest port of Europe. already sailed for home with a full Whilst Lisbon was the headquarters cargo from Acheen. This was the be- of this trade, the Dutch ports had beginning of the trade of the English come chief distributing centres and it with the East Indies. could only be expected that this trade The Dutch in the meantime had been caused the envy of other seagoing na- patiently awaiting their time. In 1594, tions. the closing of the port of Lisbon to In 1577 when Drake made his mem- the ships of the Dutch put an end- to orable voyage around the world, the the trade which the latter had enjoyed English called at the Molucca's and between the Portuguese ports and the Bantam and brought back to England towns of Northern Europe and every- a cargo of spices and pepper from the thing was tried to get all possible in- East besides a full report of the possi- formation about the route to the East bilities and advantages of the trade Indies, in order to be able to establish with this part of the world, which a direct trade with the East Indies. caused people in England to fully This was made possible by the return recognize that the opening of such a from Portugal of a certain Cornelis trade would be of the highest interest. Houtman who had stayed in that The matter then lapsed in England country at the risk of his life, trying to only to be revived when rumors came get all possible information about the about the first expedition of the Dutch so jealously guarded route to the East. to the East and their successful re- He succeeded in procuring sea charts turn. On December, 1600, a charter and other information and as a result was granted by Queen Elisabeth to the prominent merchants in Amsterdam some merchants of London, for the formed a company, called the Company 28 THE MID-PACIFIC for Remote Lands. At the first meeting treaty was concluded between the Sul- of the directors of this company it was tan of Bantam and Houtman, giving resolved to equip four- vessels to be the latter free liberty to buy whatever despatched to the East Indies, under he wanted. the command of Cornelis Houtman. Great was the sensation created in This small fleet, consisting of the mercantile circles ; the shrewd mer- "Maurits" and "Hollandia" of 4000 tons chants saw at once that the whole trade each, the "Amsterdam" of 200 tons and with the East Indies was at their dis- the "Duyfje" of 50 tons, sailed from posal and need not any longer be Holland the 2nd of April, 1595, and monopolized by the Portuguese. after an eventful voyage, pursued by Later on the Portuguese became in-. gales and hurricanes, the crews of the censed at the favors the Dutch were ships decimated by sickness, they receiving and started intriguing against sighted Sumatra on January 1st, 1596, them, at the same time pretending to and reached the Straits of Soenda in give them support in everything. As a February, arriving at Bantam on June result, in September, Houtman and 23rd. nine of his shipmates were arrested by Here they found the Portuguese firm- the Sultan and put in prison. After ly established and, as it . was soon a good deal of parleying the prisoners known that they only came to trade, were ransomed and peace made with they met with a friendly reception. A the native prince.

A bit of home life in a Javanese court-yard. The Pearl Island of the Pacific

By CYRUS FRENCH WICKER Of the Staff of the Pan-American Magazine

HEY are not located in the far- yet they are as far away as the For- off south seas, these legendary tunate Isles themselves from the gay T Pearl Islands of the Pacific, out tourist life of the Canal Zone. of reach of all but poets and dauntless But leave Panama for a day and adventurers, but at our very doors, only come with me south as far as the hori- a few hours' sail from the Panama zon line, and visit there the real Pearl Canal. One has only to go 40 miles Islands Archipelago as known to Span- south, and a little east, from the forti- iards and pirates ever since Balboa's fications of Taboga, the mother-of- day, haunted with legends of buried pearl covered towers of Panama Ca- treasure, beautiful with shores of wav- thedral, and the dances at the Tivoli ing palms, great curving beaches of Hotel to be lost among them. Their white sand and deep blue water, unlike shadows, for those who can see, lie like the muddy shadows of the Bay of Pan- little gray clouds on the horizon as ama, where you will see carved paddles one looks south from the sea wall at and dugout canoes, and naked Indians Las Bovedas on a clear evening ; and diving for pearls and gambling with 29 30 THE MID-PACIFIC

Chinese merchants on the chances of south the Southern Cross and the two the catch ; and then believe yourself in even more brilliant pointers ; Orion with America, if you can. his flashing belt of jewels ; the perfectly There are about forty islands in the outlined triangle of Betelgeux, Procyon, archipelago, with a hundred or more and Sirius ; and below them those flaming islets and rocks, all lying between forty southern suns, Canopus, Fomalhaut, and and sixty miles from Panama and the Achenar. And what joy it was not en- Canal Zone, in the open Pacific, but tirely to lose my northern friends in this sheltered by a great southward curve of new company, but to turn and see the the mainland. The largest of them, whole heavens ablaze from pole to pole. called by the early Spaniards Isla del It took us just five hours from Pa- Rey, but now known as San Miguel, is nama City to reach Saboga anchorage, about twelve miles long by six wide, and the nearest point of the archipelago to boasts of the principal thatched roofed the Panama Canal. This anchorage, or town. The next in size—Saboga, Pedro lagoon, is protected by five islands and Gonzales, San Jose, Contadora (i. e., a number of reefs, and affords a deep- "Treasurer," so called from the fact water harbor two miles long by a mile that the pirates used to divide their wide, approached by three narrow chan- booty on its mile-long curving beach), nels from the north, east and south. Pacheca, Bayoneta—are from two to Saboga Island, which guards the west, three miles long by half as wide, and, is inhabited and there is a little village where fresh water is found, are inhab- of eighty or more reed houses, shelter- ited by perhaps the happiest people in ing some 300 souls, on the inner side the world—a people who live on coco- of the harbor above a beautiful beach. nuts and whose sole work and occupa- This is the headquarters of the pearl tion, when they choose to follow it, is fishers, and we saw their boats drawn fishing for pearls. up on the sand as we approached. There We left Panama on a Saturday morn- was also a commotion in the village, ing, on the twin screw gasoline launch, conch shells blowing and women scream- Chinina, which I had hired for the trip, ing ; for a gasoline launch, unless it is there being no regular service to the that of the infrequent government tax islands except by sailing canoes. She collector, is an almost unknown visitant. was a seaworthy craft, with a flat upper We did not land, but sent word ashore deck, covered by an awning, where we that we desired to anchor for the night lived and slept, needing' no other protec- and would call officially on the alcalde tion in the dry season. Our crew of in the morning, and hoped that digna- three blacks slept forward, or ashore ; tary would honor us by taking break- for this was no deep-sea voyage far out fast (luncheon) on board our flagship of sight of land, but more like a cruise the following noon. The answer came among the Thousand Islands, transfer- back, together with a presents of eggs, red to the tropics and transfigured by a coconuts, guavas, pineapples, and I do softer climate and more generous days not remember what else, that the island and nights ; especially the latter, with and its alcalde were ours. We had their stars. Never shall I forget sleep- hoped for a gift of a handful of pearls, ing on deck, a little offshore to avoid but I found we were still too near civi- the mosquitoes, and waking just before lization and the Paris buyers for the na- dawn to see above waving palm trees— tives to hand around those commod- a pageant of celestial giants ; to the ities as freely as they did coconuts. THE MID-PACIFIC 31

We found good springs the next day sold in Panama and shipped to Paris, when we landed to visit the alcalde. there to be made into mother-of-pearl There are four of them and they give novelties. The native eats the oyster, an abundant water supply the year and everybody is satisfied; the native round ; the other islands surrounding the with his twenty-five cents, his seven lagoon are all uninhabited on account cents a pound for the shells, and his of their having no water. dinner ; the Chinaman with his pearls The fishing fleet had gone out before and his shells. dawn and was now back again, each About once a month the Chinaman diver with six pearl oysters as his day's leaves for Panama to dispose of his catch. They usually dive six times, stock, and at the end of about four bringing up one oyster at each trip ; years that Chinaman disappears entirely, whether because more diving might be gone back to China a wealthy man, and unhealthful or mere work, I don't know. his place is taken by a new Chinaman Anyway, when each diver has six oys- bearing the same name and often the ters back the fleet paddles to the village same papers as the departed, for which, and then begins that curious daily gam- doubtless, he has paid a round sum, ble and sale of the catch to the local only to sell them in turn to his succes- Chinese merchant, one of whose race sor. I have always wondered why there is found in every Panaman village. was never more than one Chinaman in This merchant sits in front of his each village, and consequently no com- reed store and gambles with the fisher- petition. Perhaps their business Tongs men on the chance of there being pearls take care of all that, for in such mat- in the unopened oysters brought before ters the Chinese are one of the most him. He usually pays 50 cents a dozen, highly organized peoples in the world. or 25 cents on the morning's catch, for In the four days we spent at Saboga the right to any pearls that may be found we cruised about the island inclosing the in the oysters. It is a pure gamble, for lagoon, landing oftenest on Contadora, the great majority, of course, have none where there is a great curving beach of at all ; but the native is in this way sure white coral sand fully 300 yards wide of his twenty-five cents, which is paid and over a mile long, in the form of a over before the oysters are opened. This great amphitheater. Here, and with operation the Chinaman performs him- good reason, it is said that the pirates self, breaking the back of the oyster used to divide their treasure ; and no with his knife to do it, as the wily oys- more wonderful or appropriate sur- ter clamps his shell tight as soon as he roundings could have been devised than is touched by a human hand, and never that uninhabited island with its fringe gives up. Then he runs his thumb of palm trees, the broad and immense around the oyster, pockets the pearls, if amphitheatre of sand, the blue and de- any, and turns over the shells and the serted sea and sky and the foreground oyster to the diver. of heavy surf. On a northern" point of So far the transaction has been just the island is an Indian face, carved deep a gamble ; fifty cents a dozen on the into the rock and oriented on the North chance of their being pearls. Now, Star, evidently of ancient origin. however, business comes in. The China- We then sailed southward among the man buys the shells, which are as large islands, some showing a few reed huts, as small dinner plates and flat, at the but for the most part uninhabited and fixed rate of seven cents a pound, to be with nowhere any sign of a harbor. It 32 THE MID-PACIFIC was our opinion that, except for the eral at Panama some months before), we island of Pedro Gonzales, where a har- found his ruling somewhat relaxed. I bor could be made by building a break- "gambled" on five dozen unopened pearl water three-quarters of a mile long, and oysters and found one pearl, worth per- the lagoon above described, no part of haps $8, in one oyster and half a hand- the entire archipelago could be effect- ful of little seed pearls in another. No ively used as a naval base or even as wonder the Chinese grow rich. But a landing place for any considerable the fisheries are not what they were in number of troops on account of the the old days when large crates of unas- absence of food supplies and fresh sorted pearls were shipped annually to water. The British, even in 1847, were Spain from these very islands, whence evidently right in charting those two they derive their name, "Islas de places with greatest care and leaving Perlas." Scarcely half a dozen now in the rest blank. a year average over the $1,000 mark, After successive scenes of white but there is always the chance of finding beaches and blue waters and palm-cov- the oyster where the fortune lies wait- ered islets, we came to San Miguel, the ing. principal town of the archipelago, as Farther south still we came on tiny the island is the largest of the group. villages where no motor boat had ever Here we found a famous church, the been seen. Here the natives, Indians, towers of which are covered with came out to meet us in canoes made of mother-of-pearl shells as closely as they solid trees burned with fire and dug out can be placed together, flashing and with knives. Their paddles were curi- glowing in the sunlight and seen far out ously carved about the handles, such as at sea. It is from this church that the I have not seen anywhere in Central towers of the cathedral of Panama were America, and two were of some light copied, and it is due to Lady Mallet, the and tough wood unknown to me. The wife of the British minister at Panama, native from whom I bought them said that in the recent restoration of the they were carved from a piece of drift- cathedral the towers were preserved wood which had attracted his attention with their original decoration. The by its lightness. Another trophy was a directions were that they were to be re- dry gourd, as big as a bushel basket, placed with lead and galvanized iron, with a small opening in the top closed the price of mother-of-pearl shell having with a carved cover. This is the pearl gone up since the days of the early diver's water jug. He takes it with him, fathers, but through her personal appeal filled with water, in his canoe, and when to the pearl merchant of Panama, chief he has drunk he empties it out and of whom was Mr. Piza, of that city, stores his clothes in it while diving so enough shells were contributed to restore that they will not get splashed—a double the towers to their former unique splen- use that would hardly be imagined in dor. the North. On the facade of the church at San Without other than a general view of Miguel, where shells were lacking, large San Jose, the second largest island, china dinner plates were inserted to fill which is without water, harbor, or in- up the gaps. Here, too, we found a habitants, we turned north, and after a Chinaman in supreme charge of the pearl day at Pedro Gonzales, where a harbor industry ; but as he was one well known might be made, returned to Saboga, to me (I was acting Chinese consul gen- and thence to Panama. The old style grass house in Hawaii.

In Old Hawaii By SERE' NO BISHOP

ANY are the interesting mem- devout man. An earlier visit is recalled ories of visits at Kailua from made by the Bingham family about various missionaries. Such vis- 1833. Most of their time was spent on its were always delightful to us. Yet the upland above us. Mrs. Bingham the ladies and sometimes the children was much of an invalid. Father Bing- were apt to be landed from their ham was a somewhat stately, courteous schooners in sad plight, after the hard- gentleman, for whom I had much liking ships of the voyage. I remember two and a little fear. The Baldwins re- fair young women being brought in in peatedly visited us from Waimea. Dr. fainting condition in litters which they Baldwin we all liked. He was person- had occupied on the deck of the vessel. ally active, even breaking into a run, These were Mrs. Dr. Chapin and Mrs. something rarely seen in grown men Ephraim Spaulding. The Spauldings in Kailua. My childish impressions of made us a long visit, during which I all these friends were wholly favorable, formed an intense childish attachment accompanied by the utmost reverence to Mr. Spaulding, who was a sweet and for their spirituality, and devoutness. 33 34 THE MID-PACIFIC

Very prominent in these recollec- seize the king and hold him as a host- tions, is an aged native lady named age. Just as he was leading the king Kekupuohe. She must have been about towards the boat, the news arrived that 75 years of age and still vigorous. She a high chief had been shot while cross- lived about half way from our house ing the bay. The frenzied people im- to the church, in premises of a supe- mediately slew the great Discoverer, rior sort, befitting her rank. She had who was really the victim of his own been a youthful wife of the elderly madness. King Kalaniopuu, or Terreoboo as Another prominent native was Naihe, Captain Cook called him. She was by the husband of Kapiolani, who lived at her royal husband's side when Captain Kaawaloa. Like Kuakini, and Hopu, Cook was trying to lead him to his he always appeared in our presence in boat, and saw the great navigator slain. pants and a jacket. Kekupuohe had a strong but rather Naihe appears in Hawaiian history pleasant face, covered with wrinkles, as an orator, and spokesman for the of lighter complexion than most of king and chiefs. I never knew of him the people. Her short,.thick white hair in that capacity. He was a rather aged bristled densely around her forehead, man of spare form and ordinary height, so as vividly to appear in my memory and of considerable quiet dignity. Kona today. She had a husband of inferior district was the residence of quite a rank, a large fat man much her junior, number of chiefs of inferior rank, who of whom I remember chiefly his re- were supported by the labor of their markable skill in expectorating, mak- many serfs from the produce of the ing shots with great accuracy at some rich uplands. Occasionally a chair or a yards distance through the door. The old lady, being royal, guarded herself camphor trunk might be seen in the from sorcery by the use of a spittoon. nice thatched cottages of such natives Being ignorant of the language, I of rank, besides the mats, tapas, cala- heard nothing directly of her story. bashes, and wooden bowls and trays My father often spoke of the circum- which constituted their furniture. Cloth stances of Cook's death, as he had gath- of any kind was scarce. Kuakini was ered them from many different eye wit- disposed to monopolize such trade as nesses. Their testimony all concurred came from occasional whalers touching in imputing it to a momentary rage at Kaawaloa. He possessed large quan- provoked by Cook's extreme violence tities of foreign goods stored up in his and injustice. They had universally warehouses, while his people went believed him to be an incarnation of naked. I often heard my father tell of the great god Lono, had dedicated to once seeing one of Kuakini's large him their best heiau, and had there of- double canoes loaded deep with bales fered to him solemn sacrifices of baked of broadcloths and Chinese silks and pigs, which he seemed to understand satins which had become damaged by and accept. But they had become much long storage. They were carried out incensed by his removing the palisades and dumped into the ocean. Probably of the sacred heiau to his ship for fire- they had been purchased by the stal- wood. A boat had consequently been wart Governor with the sandalwood stolen from his ship and broken up. which, in the twenties was such a mine Cook, greatly enraged, embargoed the of wealth to the chiefs, but soon be- bay with patrol boats, and attempted to came extirpated. THE MID-PACIFIC 35

My recollection is that very few of steel plane-iron tightly lashed to a the people in those early days possessed hardwood handle composed of a small any other form of lamp than kukui branch with a piece of the tree stem kernels strung upon the stiff cocoanut attached to it. With these sharp edged midribs so as to form candles abogt adzes they would deftly dub away and twenty inches long. These were held in carve out almost any desired smooth- the hand, and nut after nut successively ing of timber. Another common iron knocked off as it became burned out. I implement was the o-o, or dagger. The remember at our night embarkations in ancient form of o-o, then still in com- the Governor's canoes near his house, mon use, was a long stick of hardwood that we were lighted by torches made with a flattened point, held paddle- up of five or six kukui candles fashioned by the squatting laborer, who wrapped together in lauhala leaves, and would rapidly clean the ground of burning with a great flare and smoke. weeds and break up the soil two or On our journey in the interior of Ha- three inches. The iron o-o was a great waii, we encountered stone lamps which improvement, being a thin oval blade- were merely a small hollowed stone point with a socket into which the long containing some kind of grease in which handle was inserted. Even this was lay a wick of twisted tapa. far behind the hoe, with which pene- The people commonly procured fire trating blows could be struck, notwith- by friction of wood, although some of standing Edwin Markham's melancholy them had old files, from which they lament. The "Man With the Hoe" elicited sparks by strokes from a gun- had many centuries' advantage over the flint. It was common to carry fire in kanaka with the o-o, especially the a slow-burning tapa-match, especially wooden one. But a Hawaiian preferred when they wanted to smoke. I first to dig on his haunches. saw fire obtained from wood at our The natives by the way wove ad- camp on Mauna Kea. A long dry stick mirable nets from the splendid olona of soft hau or linden wood was used. fiber, which they stained dark brown A small stiff splinter of very hard wood with kukui juice. The sinkers were was held in the right hand, and the pebbles, the floats of wiliwili wood. point rubbed with great force and swift- Much fishing was accomplished with ness in a deep groove formed in the both seine and hook. The ancient bone soft wood by the friction. A brown hooks had disappeared. Steel fish powder soon appeared in the end of the hooks were a leading article of trade. groove, began to smoke and ignited. The fishermen very commonly preferred This was deftly caught into a little a peculiar form of hook which they nest of dry fiber and gently blown into filed out themselves from large needles ; a flame, which soon grew into an im- it was without barb, the point being mense campfire. bent to one side and curving inward.. Iron implements were not very abun- The fisherman's craft was one of great dant at that time among the people, skill and special knowledge. Canoes although the neolithic age of polished of all sizes were constantly seen on the stone cutting implements had ended sea, often going out to great distances soon after Cook had bought "fathom" on the usually smooth ocean—that vast hogs for a knife apiece made of hoop- blue Pacific. iron. Large numbers of the natives That Kailua storekeeper needs fur- owned little adzes formed of a bent ther notice. He was agent for a lead- 36 THE MID-PACIFIC ing merchant at Honolulu. When my not come into contact without much father was building his house, he used noisy effervescence. to give his workmen written orders on Money in those days was hardly a the trader for goods. Many orders medium of exchange among the natives, read, "Please give so and so five (more most of whom were not familiar with or less) glasses." These "glasses" were the appearance of coin. miserable little shaving mirrors which What coin was in circulation was distorted the features, sold at 25 cents entirely Spanish, in dollars, quarters each. In the following year, 1832, came and reals, all probably coined in Span- back from Boston the grave inquiry ish America. In my boyhood I never what meant this charge against Mr. saw a British or United States coin of Bishop of trading with the natives in any sort. Gold was not at all in cir- liquor, as verified by these written or- culation. I did see once or twice a ders for "glasses," which the Kailua Spanish doubloon. Our purchases from trader had forwarded as evidence along the natives were paid for usually with with other accumulations of equally school books and slates, but sometimes strong testimony to missionary hypoc- with a few yards of blue or white cot- risy, which a Honolulu syndicate caused ton cloth, or with fish hooks or horn to be published in Boston! combs. Labor was hired in the same Missionaries were far more obnox- way. ious in those days than "missionaries' Up to 1839 on Oahu the regular sons" are now, being even better people wage of ordinary labor was one real, than the latter, and their white oppo- or $0.125 a day, usually paid by orders nents a rather hard set. Nearly every on a store. There was great poverty, half-white youth of early days in Ha- although provident natives in good sea- waii was brought up in an atmosphere sons generally had plenty to eat. But pervaded with the most violent vilifi- any one who had a good supply of cation of missionaries, and these con- food would at once be visited and lived tinual calumnies were a frequent theme upon by all his kindred. Thus all thrift of discussion in the missionary homes. and saving was discouraged and un- A newspaper in Honolulu called the known. The only way to prosper was "Sandwich Island Gazette," teemed to be a chief with a good tract of land absurd charges and misconstructions of and a body of retainers or serfs. Near- all kinds, which I used to read with ly all except the chiefish ones were much juvenile indignation. It was cer- serfs cultivating small allotments, held tainly a great hardship for those poor subject to the will of their masters. fellows who had comfortably "hung up The masters were not commonly severe, their consciences at Cape Horn," and yet there was much cruel oppression, were living in serene satisfaction after and little sense of human rights. the heathen ethical code, to have these Recurring to the use of agricultural perverse missionaries pick their con- implements, I never in early boyhood sciences off from the Horn, bring them saw a plow, a scythe, or a sickle, and along to Hawaii, wind them up and set f think, not a spade or shovel. My them running. One may forgive "the impression is that although the soil of boys" for displaying some resentment Kona is exceedingly fertile, no plow- at being caused to feel what sinners ing is possible on account of rocks. they were making of themselves among Most of the lava streams which en- the kanakas. The two elements could tirely covered the land were of the a-a, THE MID- PACIFIC 37 or clinker variety. Holes would be turtle shell, all finely polished. A high made with an o-o into these rough, chief always had two or more attend- brittle stone heaps and a slip of sweet ants armed with such fly-brushes. These potato vine inserted, which would grow chiefs were often unceremonious in luxuriantly. Much of the lava had their visits. At some early date, be- undergone sufficient decay to form fore my birth, my mother's little sit- patches of very rich soil, in which taro, ting room was once invaded by a bevy sugar cane, and bananas grew luxur- of ladies led by a royal dame, all fresh iantly. There were many breadfruit from their sea bath, and in nature's trees on the upland, although their array. They brought their garments fruit did not constitute any large part with them, and proceeded to dress while of the people's food. We had no they chatted and paid the compliments wheeled vehicles, not even a wheelbar- of the day. Those were the good old row. During our last year at Kailua times. a black pony came and was used by the Our parents were simply clothed in two mission families. The two clergy- garments of light material, black being men rode it in turn on their short trips mostly reserved for Sunday. I think to preaching stations, and the ladies their cheaper garments were nearly all jogged along occasionally on a side cut and sewed by their wives, and could saddle. None of the natives in those not have been very stylish. They very days had horses, except the princely commonly appeared in the old-fashioned class of chiefs, and they were generally short jacket. I never saw a frock coat carried on large litters by scores of at Kailua, only the claw-hammer. I human bearers. was at one time, about 1835, much 'im- Objects much in evidence among the pressed with the unbecoming appear- natives. when visiting or at meetings ance of some gray cotton coats of the as well as in their homes were their latter denomination which the two mis- fans, and their fly brushes or kahilis. sionaries wore for some time. The The fans were made from the ends of waists were very short and the claw young cocoanut leaves. The broad end hammers extremely scant. being elastic, threw the air far more These coats, with vests to correspond, efficiently than the stiff fans now com- came from an assortment of ready-made monly braided. Get an old-fashioned slops sent out by the treasurer of the native "fan for comfortable use. Small American Board to our fiscal agent, fly-brushes were used by all the people. who worked them off on the poor mis- They were about four feet long, the sionaries. Mr. Chamberlain's own com- upper half of the stick having the tail ment upon these goods was, that "much feathers of fowls tied on. The kahilis of this clothing did not appear to be of the chiefs were larger and more elab- adapted to the human form." It had orate. The long handles were often probably been supplied in Boston by beautifully encased with tubes and rings some thrifty contractor, and passed of human bone and whale tooth, also without due inspection.

A no 41"1:11 toe :744,44119MAtirdli 4470tiV'4' 38 THE MID-PACIFIC

When one gets north of the Great Wall the architecture of Manchuria and Korea takes on a style of its own as may be seen by this pagoda. The Japanese Press In Hawaii By Y. SOGA, Editor Nippu Jiji.

HE Japanese press in Hawaii pan, another publication appeared about plays an important part in the the same time or shortly afterwards. The Tmanifold activities of Hawaii due Yamato Shinbun was first edited by H. to the fact that it represents a large Mizuno. number of Japanese residents who con- About the time the Yamato Shinbun stitute a majority of the population of and Hawaii Shimpo came into being, these islands. The influence of the the mimeograph machines were discard- Japanese press, whether in the good died and their places were taken by types rection or in the bad direction, vitally imported from Japan. At the same time affects Hawaii's interests, and upon its the newspapers changed their editions attitude depend inter-racial harmony and from weekly to daily, gaining substan- concord in this integral part of - the tial increase in circulation. United States. . This was the beginning of the Jap- The Japanese press in Hawaii is not a anese press in Hawaii. At the present small question, and in treating the ques- time there are in the whole territory tion, I shall be brief, confining myself about twelve dailies and weeklies and to a statement of principal facts, di- several monthly periodicals. The city of vided into past, present and future. Honolulu has four Japanese dailies The first Japanese newspaper made which are the Hawaii Shimpo, Hawaii its appearance twenty-nine years ago, in Hochi, Hawaii Nippo and the Nippu or Japanese 1892, when Nippon Shuho Jiji. Hilo city has two daily and one Weekly printed its first sheet by a weekly publications, while west Hawaii mimeograph machine. This publication has one weekly ; Koloa, island of Kauai, after sending out a number of editions one weekly ; and Lihue, Kauai, also one or changed its title to Hawaii Shuho weekly. The island of Maui has two Hawaii Weekly, with B. Onome, super- newspapers, one being semiweekly and intendent of immigration board of Ha- the other a weekly publication. waii, as editor. In 1893 another weekly newspaper Besides these newspapers there is the came into existence, with the title of Jitsugyo-no-Hawaii, known in the Eng- Hawaii Shinbun. It was edited by Dr. lish-speaking community as the Com- J. Uchida who published about 65 edi- mercial and Industrial Magazine of Ha- tions. A little later another publication waii. This periodical is ten years old. came into existence. It was called Another periodical is the Japanese-Amer- Jukuseiki or Nineteenth Century. •ican Review which will soon come into The appearance of the Jukuseiki was existence with objects to promote better followed by the establishment of the understanding between races in these Hawaii Shimpo in 1894, and Yamato islands. Shinbun, the forerunner of the Nippu The Japanese newspapers in Hawaii, Jiji, in 1895. Shin Nippon or New Ja- like all newspapers, are striving for su- 39 THE MID-PACIFIC premacy. In the gathering and dissemi- their sentiment in Japanese phraseologies nation of local news, in the printing of reduced in Roman letters. world news, they are engaged in keen In order that there may be a better competition. The development of the understanding between Americans and Japanese press in Honolulu has been so Japanese in Hawaii, one of the Jap- rapid in recent years that some of the anese newspapers in Honolulu, The Nip- largest Japanese newspapers published pu Jiji, publishes its editorials and news outside of the Empire of Japan are articles in Japanese as well as in Eng- found not on the continental United lish, giving the English-speaking com- States or in Korea or any other country munity a comprehensive view of what where Japanese reside, but right here takes place in the Japanese community in Hawaii. every day. The Hawaii Shimpo, an- The policies of ths Japanese news- other Honolulu daily, has also recently papers in Hawaii, while differing from started to publish its leading editorials one another in minor points, agree in once a week, in the English language, their essentials. As a part of their which is very commendable. policy the Japanese newspapers pro- The English section of the Nippu Jiji pound to Japanese residents in the terri- is largely devoted to promoting under- tory what the Japanese call "Eiju Do- standing between Japanese and Ameri- chaku" or permanent residence in Ha- can communities, and also to the pro- waii. This policy is pursued by the Jap- motion of interest of Japanese children anese press not with any sinister motive growing up* into American citizens. In to secure control of these islands or to the beginning this section was not so obtain domination over other races, but popular as it was expected, the criticism with the idea of inducing the Japanese to become a part of the land of their being that it was too much for the residence. The Japanese press believes Nippu Jiji, which is an eight-page news- that the longer the Japanese live in Ha- paper, to devote a page for English news waii, the more interested they will be- items. However, this criticism has now come in Hawaii's affairs and things entirely disappeared, parents of Japanese American, and the more they come to children finding it a valuable source of know about America the better it is for information for their children who pre- the Americanization of themselves and fer to read and speak English rather their children. than Japanese. The life of the Japanese press in Ha- The Nippu Jiji has grown from a waii will not be long. The steady in- small printing plant having a circulation crease in the English-speaking Japanese of a few hundred copies to a large print- educated in America and the decrease of ing establishment holding the leading the older Japanese generation speaking place among the Japanese press in Ha- the Japanese language will make the waii. It holds membership in the Asso-. publication of Japanese newspapers an ciated Press through whose services its unpaying proposition within twenty-five readers are given reports of up-to-date years or so. world events. Its cable despatches from In this connection it might be inter- Tokyo are noted for accuracy and esting to mention that the Japanese press promptitude. in Hawaii is advocating the use of The Japanese press of Hawaii has Romanized Japanese which makes it pos- been, and is still to some extent, very sible for Japanese writers to convey unpopular among certain elements in the THE MID-PACIFIC 41

American community. The unpopularity press is necessary until such time as the was at its height a year or two ago alien Japanese population shall have at- when an unfortunate event unavoidably tained such a degree of Americanization took place in Hawaii. that its assistance is no longer needed. The popular belief among the white In support of the statement that the people seems to be that the Japanese Japanese press is a valuable factor in the press allows anything to appear in its uplift of Hawaii, let me cite some of columns because no one, except the Jap- the many instances of patriotic work' it anese, knows what is being said. This has performed. When the European is untrue. Responsible newspapers con- war started it was the Japanese press trol their utterances, though at times, through the Japanese language that suc- they become irrelevant in an unguarded cessfully urged the Japanese residents moment. They are perfectly aware of to enlist in the United States army, to the fact that what is being said in Jap- buy Liberty Bonds and War Savings anese is rapidly communicated to the Stamps. It enlisted the support of the American community. The Nippu Jiji, Japanese in American Red Cross work for one, prints in the Japanese as well and other patriotic services, and what as in the English language what actually they have done, in my opinion, cannot be takes place in the Japanese community, successfully contradicted by any one. withholding or camouflaging nothing. We have in Hawaii a press law en- This honesty is sometimes criticized by acted by the 1921 territorial legislature its Japanese contemporaries, but the for the primary purpose of controlling Nippu Jiji could not justify itself if it the utterances of the foreign language concealed or suppressed facts just be- press. While this law has been enacted cause they are unpleasant. particularly for the control of Japanese In spite of all that way be said newspapers in Hawaii, we hope it will against the Japanese press, it must be never find application to any of the conceded that it is a valuable factor in newspapers in the territory. the Americanization work of the alien The future of America as a nation Japanese population of the islands which depends in an important degree upon is dominating any other single race as the measure of success Americans far as number is concerned. The ma- achieve in uniting all the racial strains jority of the Japanese in Hawaii do not into a single racial element—the Ameri- speak or read the English language. can—with a single American aim with a They must rely upon the Japanese press single American ideal. And Hawaii for the day's information relating to cannot afford to alienate the Japanese practically everything, from the enact- press by setting up against them a bar- ment of new laws down to the social rier of prejudice and undeserved suspi- customs, if they are to conform as best cion when they can be used to mix the they can to the requirements of the Japanese racial strain into American country of their residence. The Japanese race. 42 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Nestorian tablet in China has long had historic interest to the world. Everywhere in China the tablet is a source of education that remains for the centuries. Education In China

DR. SIDNEY K. WEI. Official Delegate from China in the First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference

HE Chinese delegation will have do so in the more advanced parts of some papers to be published in China, however. Tthe proceedings of this conven- The Primary Schools. tion, so that I have only to speak to you Then come the higher primary schools very briefly this afternoon on the edu- which cover a period of three years. cational system in China. The first The higher primary schools are open to thing I wish to impress upon you is all the students who can attend, but that modern education is rather a re- they are not compulsory. According to cent achievement in China, and the sec- the statistics of 1918 we have 119,000 ond thing is the immensity of our prob- lower primary schools, and we have lem. Imagine the education of four 7,862 higher primary schools. Then hundred million people covering a terri- after the higher primary schools stu- tory of more than four million square dents may go to the vocational schools miles ! I shall begin with our elemen- of class A, which covers a period of taryeducation. In China the kindergar- three years. I ought to say that after tens take our children from three years the lower primary schools students may old up to six years of age, and then we go to industrial schools of class B. have lower primary schools in China That is to say, after going to lower which covers a period of four years. primary schools they can then go to These four years are compulsory for all the vocational schools, if they have no the children of China; although we have means of getting an education. We not been able to carry out this idea in therefore have two kinds of vocation all parts of China, we have been able to schools. Class B schools are for the 43 44 THE MID-PACIFIC graduates of the lower primary schools System of Higher Education and the class A schools are for the Our system of higher education is graduates of the higher primary schools. very peculiar as you may have noticed. Middle School System. That is to say, we have the university Then comes the middle school sys- course and the professional course and also the higher normal courses, so that tem. Our period of training covers the students who may want to take four years of middle school. If the some other lines of education can go to students don't wish to go to middle many different schools. Our university schools they can go to the normal curriculum is very similar to the Conti- schools. We have normal schools for nental system, that is to say, we don't training teachers for our primary allow all the schools of higher educa- schools. In the normal schools there tion to be called universities, as you is one year of 'preparatory work. After may do. In order to be a university it that the students must spend four years must have several facultie's. the faculty in the normal schools before they can of science, of arts, of medicine and some get a teacher's certificate. After that other faculties, so that our plan is dif- students may go into the Universities ferent somewhat from the plan you or professional schools or the higher have in the United States. normal schools. You see we have three I will give you some statistics. Ac- schools for the middle school graduates cording to the report of 1918 we have to go into. First, the University. In 477 technical schools. That means in- order to go into the Universities in cluding all those industrial schools of China the students must have two class A and class B. I was going to years of preparatory course. Our prob- look for the number of colleges and lem is very peculiar. We must have universities in China, but I find there two years of preparatory training in is no total number that I can give you. order to allow the students to be more We have six universities in China. That proficient in foreign languages, as most means those large universities in China, of the text books are in English or and there are a number of other col- other foreign languages. The same leges. thing is true of the universities and col- This is only a very brief report of leges of Japan as I understand. the educational system in China, and, as In case the students do not want to I said at the beginning of my report, enter the universities they can either there will be publications published in enter the professional schools or the the proceedings. higher normal college. There is one year of preparatory course and after Social Education. one year the students must spend three I may say in China we are also mak- years for the upper course or the high- ing the effort to try to educate the er normal college. In case the students masses of the people,—what we call in wish to enter the professional schools China "Social Education" or "Com- there is also one year of preparatory munity Education." One interesting fact course, and the period of training varies is that in Canton we have a "People's from three to four years, according to University." In that university we have the courses. If, for instance, the stu- all the professors of the higher institu- dents wish to take medicine, it will re- tions of Canton who give lectures in the quire four years. evenings, and the university is open in THE MID- PACIFIC 45 the summer and in the spying for the have probably a more scientific sys- benefit of those who want to get a tem than you. We have one symbol higher education, but who can't afford representing one sound. In the new to do so by going through a regular phonetic system we have at present 39 four years course in our universities ; letters, and in combination we can rep- and we have lecture courses in China resent all the Chinese sounds in our for. the purpose of those who wish to language. That means we are trying to learn about a democratic government, teach only one language in China. As also circulating libraries. All these you know we have many dialects in agencies are new in China, but will give China, but we are trying to teach only you an idea of what China is trying to the Mandarin. do for the education of the masses. No, we haven't all the children in We have separate normal schools our schools, for we have forty million for the boys and girls, and recently children of the school age in China. a movement has sprung up for a That is a tremendous task, and we co-educational system in China. Canton can't hope to provide schools for them is the first place to start a co-educa- in less than ten years' time. We tional system. In our college we have haven't schools for all children in China, thirty girl students. In the normal col- but those we have are of very good lege we have about twenty. In addition standing. to that we have a separate normal school We have the total number of forty for girls in Canton, and in our National million children, and we have 3,513,313 University in Pekin girls are admitted, in the lower primary schools. and in other universities, but as you Above that grade we have the higher know, women's education in the past in primary schools, and we also admit China has not had much progress, but boys and girls to these. We have tried we are opening up opportunities for to get co-educational schools, and Can- them in China. ton is the first to do this. It is more We have a new phonetic alphabet, economical in getting teachers and so as I suppose you have heard. Our on. language being so difficult, we have There is no class distinction in mod- to get a new phonetic alphabet. We ern China as between men and women. 46 THE MID-PACIFIC

Many of the Manchurians still dress in white with the high hat as a sign that they are in mourning for the old regime which is now dead. The walls of Seoul that wind over the mountains.

Korea and the Inland ea as Seen by the Congressional Party of 1920 By HON. HEN Y Z. OSBORNE

FTER bidding good-bye to our southerly for our trip through South good Chinese hosts at Mukden Manchuria and Korea. If you look at A the congressional party at once your map you will see that Korea lies became the guests of officials of the directly south of Manchuria, and that it other power of the Orient—a power is a considerable distance—several hun- which is regarded with considerable dis- dred miles—from Mukden to Fusan, at trust if not apprehension by our late the lower or southern end of the Korean hosts of China. A heavy rain set in Peninsula. shortly after the return from the Man- chu Tombs. Our Japanese hosts ex- It rained nearly all night, and in the tended a formal welcome at an elaborate morning we were rolling along through banquet at the Yamato Hotel at Muk- beautiful green hills and valleys, highly den. cultivated. About 8 o'clock we reached At 1 i p. m. on August 23d, we rolled a broad river, which we crossed on a out of the great Mukden station, headed long steel bridge, which I recognized as 47 48 THE MID-PACIFIC

one that I had often seen pictures of point. Their wrongs are real and of a during the Russo-Japanese war, as the most desperate character. But I confess bridge across the Yalu river. It was that I am unable to see how they can near this point that the great battle of be remedied. Japan has taken Korea as the Yalu was fought, which also was a a part of the Japanese Empire, and it is victory for the Japanese. The city of now as fixedly a part of it as California, Antung, the point of crossing on the Arizona, and New Mexico are a part of . Manchurian side, is a large and flourish- the United States. Many of the Koreans ing city. After crossing the river we are pretty desperate, however, and when were in Korea, that unfortunate country I pointed out the hopelessness of the which is the scene of much agitation situation to my Korean visitors, they upon the part of Korean patriots, and said, "Yes ; we know of nothing that can of severe repressive measures upon the be done, except' to protest. We can not part of the Japanese military authorities, do otherwise. We will protest until we who have charge of the country. The are all killed." visit of the American congressional While our party was in Peking reports party seems to have been adopted by the were published in the newspapers that Korean patriots as one which might be cholera was raging in Korea, and was taken advantage of for making repre- particularly bad at Seoul. Other reports sentation to the American congressmen were to the effect that Korean agitators to show the injustice of the occupation were threatening to do something des- of their country by the Japanese, and the perate while the congressional party was severity and injustice of Japanese rule. in Korea to make trouble, between the Each congressman received printed Japanese and American governments. It communications on the subject long be- was even intimated that they might try fore reaching Korea. In fact, the first to bomb the party or the train. Some of communications came at Honolulu, while the Chinese papers commented on these others were presented at Manila. At reports to the effect that the Japanese Shanghai, where is located the provi- authorities did not desire the congressional government of Korea, with a pres- sional party to pass through Korea and ident and cabinet ministry, we received were spreading these reports to scare many communications of this character. us off. Whatever may have been the At Peking a request was presented for a facts, the reports made no impression formal appearance of representatives of whatever on the party. We knew that Korea before the party. As we were in there was some cholera, as there is near- no respect an official body, and had no ly everywhere in the Orient. But we felt right directly or indirectly to represent sure that the Koreans would not do us the American Congress, we thought it the slightest harm. In fact, we knew improper to receive them as a body and that, like the Chinese, they regard the formally. But we informed them that as United States as their only possible individuals we would be glad to have hope. We thought so little of these re- them call upon us. I did receive an hour's ports that we never even had a meeting visit from a member of the ministry of on the subject. the provisional government, and his Undoubtedly the Japanese authorities secretary, both able men, and the latter were very desirous that nothing should speaking excellent English and acting as happen to us in Korea, but whether they interpreter. They explained the entire really believed that Koreans might do us situation to me from the Korean stand- harm for the purpose of making the THE MID-PACIFIC 49

Japanese Government trouble I have not erally bright, intellectually ; but in fully determined. At all events, they Korea, for the reasons that I have stated, took a good deal of pains to make this we did not meet many. We traveled all impossible. None were permitted to come day—Tuesday, August 24—through this near the railway stations, and soldiers beautiful country, for which nature has were in evidence on every hand. Evi- done so much, stopping frequently at dently general military orders were out well-built stations, at which uniformed that they should not come within a cer- soldiers or police were in attendance, tain distance from the stations. Thus at with the constant spectacle of crowds of every station there were crowds standing Korean people—men, women, and chil- to see the train pass, but at a distance of dren—standing off at a distance and 400 or 500 feet away ; sometimes more. looking wistfully at the train. While Often these crowds would shout and they occasionally shouted and cheered, cheer, but evidently they were in ap- more generally they stood in silence, and proval and not disapproval of our party we could only guess what may have been and our country. At one place a body in their thoughts. But it seemed to me of several hundred students, with ban-. a silent and impressive protest to the ners on high poles, had regular yell foreign occupation of their country, leaders and cheered for a long time while more expressive than words. I doubt if the train stood at the station and until we our party would have been so deeply im- had proceeded beyond sight and hearing. pressed if the Koreans had been permitted to throng the stations and besiege Korea is a country of great beauty of us with verbal and written petitions and landscape, and in many ways reminds protests. one of California. There are not the It was after dark when we reached the broad valleys, like the San Joaquin and the Sacramento, the valleys being smal- first station in Seoul—pronounced Soul ler, more like the Santa Clara valleys or Sole—or Keijo, as it is called by the (north and south), hills and all being Japanese. Our train was held in this green and fertile. Then there are the station about half an hour. Then we higher mountain ranges in the distance, went on to the main station, where we not so high and imposing as the Sierras, were received by representatives of the but more like the Coast Range. The peo- Japanese local authorities. We noticed ple wear curious head-dresses of plaited a good many soldiers about the station straw, black, round, and tall, but not and along the streets on our way to the quite so tall as a gentleman's high silk hotel, but everything was as quiet as hat. The elderly men and people of Sunday at home. The stores were all consequence are more given to wearing closed, and there were no crowds on the these head-dresses, and also long gown- street. like coats, generally white, that come We afterwards learned that there had down below the knees. They give the been a great deal of excitement among impression of men of great gravity on the Koreans about the coining of the dress parade in their nightgowns. The congressional party for two or three women also dress their hair very high days ; that the Korean shopkeepers had and with peculiar head-dress. These agreed with each other to close their head-dresses all have some significance, shops while we were in the city—the but I did not learn just what it was. Koreans said in honor of our coming— They have the appearance of excellent the Japanese said in protest against our people, and those that we met were gen- coming. Several thousand Koreans had 50 THE MID-PACIFIC

assembled about the main station hours years recognizing a suzerainty to. China, before the arrival of our train, but short- then becoming a nation upon its own ac- ly before its arrival the Japanese mili- count. They had many wars from the tary forces had compelled them to leave outside, but always succeeded in main- the neighborhood of the station, and all taining their identity as a nation. The the streets through which the party geopraphical position of Korea is a would pass while en route to the Chosen strategical one, particularly to Japan, Hotel, and that we were held at the first and the respective rights of China and station until this order should be carried Japan was the cause of the Sino-Jap- out. This accounted for the Sabbath- anese war in 1894. Japan won, but Rus- like calm encountered and the absence of sia and Germany prevented Japan from anyone on the streets excepting the sol- reaping what she considered the fruits diers, who fairly swarmed along the line. of her victory, and this led to the Russo- We found the Chosen Hotel an excel- Japanese war in 1905. Japan being suc- lent hostelry, one of the best in the cessful, established a protectorate over Orient, owned by the South Manchurian Korea, ostensibly in order to protect Railway Co., or, going farther back, by herself from future aggressions upon the the Japanese Government. It is but fair part of Russia. Finally, a few years to say that whatever the Japanese Gov- later, Japan abandoned the protectorate ernment undertakes, it does well. There and by a rescript of the Emperor for- is no doubt that it has instituted great mally annexed Korea to the Empire. The improvements in Korea, well calculated Koreans as a whole have resented the to benefit living conditions. These in- annexation, and in a serious demonstra- clude better streets and highways in both tion at Seoul in 1919 in favor of national city and country ; far better sanitary con- independence the Japanese military au- ditions, better mail facilities, and better railways. Admiral Saito, the governor- thorities repressed the uprising by force, general, is admittedly a mild, humane and many Koreans were killed. These man. The Japanese wonder why the events have left a very sore feeling in Koreans are not satisfied and call all Pro- Korea, and I am sure that they give the testants malcontents and agitators, and Japanese much anxiety. This is the situ- they feel justified in treating all so desig- ation under which the American congres- nated with marked severity. These very sional party found themselves in Seoul, Qicellent improvements, however, are the capital of the country. made from Korean money, received from On Wednesday morning, August 25, taxes upon the Koreans and their in- we enjoyed an auto ride about this most dustries. Doubtless the Koreans feel interesting city. The Japanese have that however imperfect may have been really done wonders in the way of public their methods of government and ad- works in Seoul and have made good, ministration, it was their own, and they wide, and clean streets. Mountain would prefer to correct their own errors ranges 40 to 50 miles from the city look or let them go uncorrected than to have much like the Sierra Madres from Los it done by a foreign power. The Ko- Angeles. We visited the former imperial reans have a very ancient history and gardens, now a public park, and took civilization that dates back to twelve cen- tea in an ornate building overlooking a turies before Christ—over 3,000 years. lotus pond and the park, which was The Hermit Kingdom, as it is called, has very picturesque and attractive, with had many vicissitudes, the first 1,100 many outspreading, grand old trees. THE MID-PACIFIC 51

We then went to the palace and ciently interesting and strenuous to throne room of • the late kings of mark it on our memories for a long Korea. While, of course, it is no longer time. in use, the Japanese have kept it up in The following morning at 7 o'clock, all its former magnificence. The throne Thursday, August 26, we reached Fu- room is a large one, where royalty was san, a city of about 65,000 population, accustomed to receive distinguished at the southeastern extremity of Korea, people in audience. I ,would think it in a rather sharp rainstorm. The 125 feet wide, 250 feet or more long, mayor of the city and other officials and 40 feet high. The sculpturing and met us, and were very kind and polite. coloring are very beautiful, gold, pinks, Fusan is the southern gateway for the and grays being most noticeable. There commerce of Korea, and is quite a busy are 18 great pillars to the roof of dark city. The railway station would do ox-blood red. I noted many very large credit to any city of similar size. It is and beautiful screens. Prince Li close to the docks, of which there are (Lee) lives at this palace. two long ones besides many other ac- commodations for smaller vessels. The At 1 o'clock we were given a recep- entrance to the harbor looks much like tion and tiffin at the hotel by the the Golden Gate at San Francisco. International Friendly Society of Seoul, We were soon transferred to the which consisted of Japanese, European, Japanese steamship Shiragi Maru, of and American ladies and gentlemen. At about 3,500 tons burden, and quickly luncheon it was announced that we started out into the harbor to cross the would receive calls from Japanese and Tsushima Straits, 112 miles wide, to Koreans in the hotel parlor, but no Japan proper. The bay is lined with Koreans appeared, or not more than beautiful green-covered hills, almost two or three. mountains. There are two or three At 5 o'clock we had a reception and small islands just outside the entrance. tea as guests of Baron Admiral Saito, About 30 or 40 miles out was a large Governor General of Korea, at the offi- island, reminding me much of Santa cial residence. The admiral is a very Catalina, but far greener in color. benevolent-looking gentleman, rather It was in the waters of these Tsu- stout, of about 60. He speaks good shima Straits that the great naval battle English, and I had a talk with him. was fought between Admiral Togo and At 8 p. m. we took our departure the Russian Admiral Rojentsvenski, in for the south. Although we spent which the fleet of the latter was com- but three days in Korea, it was suffi- pletely destroyed. 52 THE MID-PACIFIC

American base ball is bringing the youth of all races together.

lica.cammE=.=, The Eradication of Racial Prejudice By FRANK MILNER Official delegate from New Zealand to the First Pan-Pacific Educational Conference

OU know I have long thought that Speaking of our ideals of educa- America is preeminently endowed tion in the little country I come from, Y for leading the New World in edu- our problem there is merely one of dealing with one stock, of British origin. cational ideas. America has been de- Our education there is free and compul- scribed as a world-unifying laboratory sory right throughout our common or wherein composite peoples of all types grade schools to the age of 15. At pres- are imbued with the ideals of demo- ent we are undergoing the usual transi- cratic citizenship. This fact has en- tional stage, in trying to allocate the dowed the American mind with distinc- period of transition, to ascertain the tive mental hospitality to new ideas. most fruitful age for passing from the This racial synthesis has given a new primary school to the intermediate angle of vision in regard to the problems school. I have come over here to gain affecting the whole of mankind. This information about the administration and accounts, too, for the marked reaction organization of your own high schools, of American education on the Orient, especially as to the most suitable age where educational institutions are in- at which pupils should take up interme- creasingly taking an American impress. diate education, and how they may be In view of America's attitude to dis- trained through education to their ut- armament and her disinterested support most capacity, and thus be better pre- of the territorial integrity of China, I pared to fulfil their duties to the com- don't think myself that your President munity and to themselves. made any extravagant claim when he We have in New Zealand, an educa- arrogated for America the moral hege- tional highway the same as you have in mony of the world. America. The qualifying credentials re- 53 54 THE MID-PACIFIC

quired by pupils passing through the right throughout my high school course, high schools is of rather low standard, and my university course, and the bulk so that anybody of ordinary talent, any of my time occupied in the classics, par- normal child can pass through freely. ticularly Latin language and literature, So that all our education is free and the history and philosophy of both throughout the whole system. Of course countries. I have no quarrel with the that is the case in all progressive com- educational value of the classics, if they munities. New Zealand is a very young are studied thoroughly, and especially if land and we have a very good deal to the student is familiarized with the rich learn. That is why we are continually content of Greek literature. We know trying to learn, or profit by the experi- what a tremendous contribution to the ence of old countries. In this democratic world in culture and in art the age of aspect our educational machinery corre- Pericles has made, for in that little city sponds to that of the American schools. of Athens was concentrated educational Protest Against the Classics forces of such potency that the whole Now as regards the educational ideals world today cannot rival their consum- at which ate are aiming, we as a democ- mate achievements in so many fields. racy wish that all our young citizens But that heritage has been passed on, should be equipped with the ability to and has been assimilated by the litera- use their knowledge, to be able, and to ture of our own race. be prepared to become efficient factors We have found, just as I am sure in the community, and I can assure you that in certain quarters in America you that although we are making a very have found, that if we are to continue to strong effort towards the practical ap- make Latin compulsory, as it used to be plication of essentials towards education, compulsory in comparatively recent we are in no way incurring the accusa- years, it necessarily shoulders out sub- tion that we are tainting our educational jects of far higher value in the equip- ideals with utilitarianism. Some of us ment of the normal pupil. It must have have been called "educational Huns" a place in the curriculum if education is simply because we refuse to live in edu- to qualify for the contemplative life, and cational bondage to the classics. You certainly always in the professional or know the invincible conservatism of the academic course. Now, I don't wish to old exponents of the classics. I suppose labor the point, but I want to say that I am already jarring on the tender sus- to me, education, the secondary educa- ceptibilities of some of the educational- tion, in the high school, intermediate ists here. I understand that there has education, can never be accused of being been some compensatory swing of the utilitarian, if it includes such cultural classical balance in America recently. studies, or subjects as English, English Now the old exponents of the classics literature, and a wide treatment of mod- believed in the study of the classics, es- ern history, and I think great practical pecially in the Latin, also in Greek, to good is going to come out of this appli- the disadvantage of all other interme- cation. You know the literature of diate education. These extravagant England—English literature, is perhaps claims have been finally refuted. the greatest body of literature in the Now I merely want to tell you I am world, I think greater even than the not biased in asserting my own valua- body of Greek literature, certainly great- tions of the classics, because my educa- er than the body of German literature, tion has been almost purely classical, and, I take it, of such noble proportions THE MID- PACIFIC 55 that no student can really be a scholar row Wilson, was waging in the defence unless he is endowed with it. of the idealism of the world. I don't When you finish reading Latin litera- suppose that any man in the history ture (and I claim to have studied all of this world occupied the position that produced in the so-called Golden Age he did at that psychological moment. I of Rome), after all, this Latin litera- don't suppose that any other man was ture is a very feeble reproduction of the ever elevated to such an apex of sub- greater literature of Greece. It has limity before mankind as the saviour of none of the distinctive beauty nor of the mankind ; I don't suppose any other man philosophic content, which the extrava- in our history was elevated to such gant laudations of its admirers lead us heights. You know what happened ; to suppose it possesses, certainly none you know when President Wilson, of those inherent education virtues with all his glorious idealism, was which our own literature has in it for face to face with the astute diplomats, us. That is merely one fact which I exerting their subtlety and diplomatic thought I might as well emphasize when procedure in favour of selfish ter- endorsing a vocationalized system of ritorial gains and mandates—when they education as practiced here in these assembled around that historic board, islands. you know that he found it impossible to Tribute to Woodrow Wilson win through on his points. He was confronted with such an organization, Now in passing on to another phase, such territorial greed, such hatreds, and I wanted to say that there is danger such suspicions, such desire for the ex- of our being carried away by sentiment pansion of territory, that the course that in looking at the ideals of this gathering, he had set himself to run was beyond and allowing, as Dr. Burk said, this to human accomplishment. The Covenant be a mere transitional field of inspira- bears witness to his idealism, but the tion, not pinning it down to and trans- treaty, the patched-up compromise he lating it into definite machinery so that had to accept declared his failure. When this work may make a permanent con- the peoples of the world, who had been tribution to the inter-knowledge of the expecting a deliverance from this inter- nations around the Pacific. national bondage, when the whole world We here in the Pacific have a com- understood what had happened, the re- pletely new field, and it is just as well vulsion of feeling was terrible. for us to know that. America has an outlook so different from the nations of I am just a humble student of these the Old World, and as I have said be- great international questions, far from fore, the Versailles Conference brought the center of the world's happenings. home to a great number of persons, if I But I must tell you how I view this appreciate the application of it, brought dramatic spectacle. General Smuts was home to them, the terrible problem con- sitting at the table side by side with fronting the nations, and what they had Woodrow Wilson, at that historic gath- to deal with in the Old World. In fact ering, and he bears eloquent testimony after the first eight hours of discussion to the idealism of the man. I do believe they felt the position was hopeless. We with him that when these obscuring remember at that time how the whole mists around the situation clear up, and world was waiting with hushed expect- when in the distant future we all gain ancy for the issue of the tremendous the right perspective, you will place struggle that your ex-President, Wood- President Wilson in his proper place, 56 THE MID -PACIFIC

that you will group him with Washing- tily, because the lessons of this ghastly ton and Lincoln, as a great exponent of war have taught us that we had better pacific principles, as a champion of ideal- hurry up with our educational work. ism. Now he is anxious that this work should Now, why do I mention all this ? It be studied by all educationalists, so is simply to show you that although we that they can grip the fact that they are are told on very high authority that all factors in this great drama of man- idealists are led away by the projection kind from the dim past of travial right of their own mental attitude all over the down to the organization of the social world, that they hitch their wagon to the forces we see in the world today. He stars, and consequently stumble and fall, asks us to understand this great drama and that realists make the only true of nations interacting upon the theater progress in the world, I can't believe of this planet, and working towards that—I can't believe that bad is to tri- great issues in the future, transcending umph over the good in the world today anything that is personal ,anything that —when I see such examples in the is local, or anything that is national. If world, as there was when President we grip that fact, of our common origin, Woodrow Wilson raised aloft his banner of our great interests in common, then with the glorious words of idealism I am quite sure that we educationalists stamped on it before the nations of the are going to feel inspired towards en- world. The very unanimity of the listing all of our machinery to eradicate world, their collective expectancy at these racial prejudices which are so this dramatic moment, heartens us to a deeply rooted and imbedded in man- fuller realization that mankind the world kind. over yearns for emancipation from mili- China Will Play a Big Part tary ambitions. Now it was said of old, and I know The Eradication of Racial Prejudice all of our teachers used to impress upon I am anxious to get down to practical us, that the great Roman empire was a work on international lines in our school world-unifying force, that it was capa- rooms, I am anxious for us to get right ble of unifying all those types that it down to that work, quite apart from came into contact with, and that it was any attempt to translate into practice all comprehensive in its scope. But we this philosophic survey of the underlying know that contemporaneously with the causes of war that was so eloquently Roman empire there was existing anoth- sketched out by Dr. Burk. One of our er empire greater than our early organ- own sociologists, H. G. Wells, well ized civilization, far greater and better and American audiences, who is a man organized than Rome, the Chinese em- known to America and American people, pire, which dates back many thousand by no means of an insular type, a man years B. C. China ages ago was grap- who has no mental obsessions of locality, pling with many problems, for she tried who can think deeply on the progress of communism, and gave it up ; she tried mankind upon this world, has made a socialism and gave it up. China has had distinctive contribution toward that com- a wonderful history. munity of interests, and in his usual I don't know if any of you have come characteristic way. I allude to his pub- across the "Historians' History of the lication, "An Outline of World History." World." I think it was published in the Now that is a stupendous work for any United Kingdom. It was a compilation man to achieve. It has been done has- that failed signally to do justice to its THE MID-PACIFIC 57 mighty theme. However, there was one and age-old encumbrances and in assimi- valuable feature of this work—there was lating the most progressive ideals of one valuable study from an educational western civilization—in these few years standpoint, and that was a chronological since Commander Perry visited the colored map showing the progress from shores of that country, one can hardly put one's thoughts into adequate words. the dark backward of time to the pres- From around the Pacific we have come ent day, tables of the peoples of the to teach respect for those people ; we have world. As you gaze upon that, from got to do all we possibly can to encour- the top to the bottom on the right-hand age the younger generation to have that side, there is one great unbroken con- broad international outlook towards all tinuity in the same color from long be- these friends around the Pacific ocean. fore four thousand years B. C. It is With the two great English branches, a wonderful story of a wonderful past, two great English speaking peoples, the the example of continuity of national task is comparatively easy. I am aware imperial existence such as that of great of the fact, for instance, of the propa- China, of the Great Chinese Empire. ganda that tries to keep them apart, but These people are going to play an enor- I know perfectly well there is such a mous part in the future development of fundamental bond of interest that it the world, and when one thinks of what cannot pervert that mutual understand- Japan has done in discarding feudalism ing.

The secret of race tolerance in Hawaii. 58 THE MID-PACIFIC

Beginning with the days of '49 practically every stream of the great West has been robbed of its gold, although a few flumes used for this purpose still exist.

Western Gold By PHILIP S. RUSH (On Staff of Dun's International Review)

E hear most of the wonderful great vein of ore when he bucked and luck of the few pioneers in kicked a lot of loose rock from the Wzvery gold field. In Western mountain side, and just as fabulous is America stories are told of the pros-, the story of the cow puncher looking pector who spent many weary years for lost cattle who shot a rattlesnake searching for minerals in vain. When on a narrow mountain trail, and the tired and discouraged, one summer, he bullet from his pistol not only killed happened to be caught in a terrific the snake, but jarred loose some granite thunder storm. Lightning struck a boulders that for centuries had hidden ledge of rock near his tent, and what one of the world's richest veins of gold. had apparently been a barren boulder, Some of these stories may be true, when riven by the lightning bolt, in fact it is not impossible for them proved to be a mass of quartz, shot all to be true, but the chances are that with gold worth thousands. Then, too, most of them are beautiful fabrications the story is told of the prospector built on a little foundation of fact ; yet whose fractious donkey unearthed a they lure and lure and lure the pros- 59 60 THE MID-PACIFIC

pector to the greatest hardships for the states, but the following year the great sake of "just finding the gold." stampede of "Forty-nine" brought thou- America leads the world in the pro- sands upon thousands of fortune seek- duction of many minerals, but bows to ers across the vast American continent, the supremacy of South Africa in the around the Horn of South America, production of the yellow metal. across the Isthmus of Panama—in fact, Africa normally produces about twice in almost every possible manner and as much gold as North America ; Aus- from almost all possible localities, to tralia leads Asia by a fair margin ; the old fields of the Sunset State. The Europe, before the war, claimed sixth stories of hardships and privations, of place, but owing to the virtual discon- the few who found gold and the many tinuance of gold mining in Russia in who found nothing but misery and woe 1918, South America produced slightly makes one of the most interesting chap- more of the yellow metal than Europe. ters of American history, but the dis- The principal producing countries of covery of gold in California not only the world are shown by the following enriched the whole world with a vast table, obtained from the records of the new quantity of monetary metal, but United States Geological Survey and did more than any other one thing to the United States Mint, the values be- develop and populate the then almost ing reduced to American dollars. unknown western section of North America. From straggling settlements 1918 1914 1904 So. Africa. $174,023,300 $173,559,940 $85,913,900 of a few thousand people, California U. S. 68,646,700 94,531,782 80,464,700 Australia.. 29,268,600 47,569,023 87,767,300 grew to near 200,000 white population Mexico ... 16,824,700 4,788,175 12,605,300 within two or three years after the dis- Canada ... 14,687,900 15,983,007 16,462,500 Russia ... 12,000,000 28,586,392 24,803,200 covery on Sutter's little farm, and in Brit. India 10,028,200 11,378,400 11,722,900 1851, the gold produced in California The first, and in many ways the most amounted to a total of $81,000,000—a famous of the great gold stampedes in record never since duplicated by Cali- the United States was that to Cali- fornia or any of the other states of the fornia, in 1849, and so wonderful were United States. the discoveries made that they earned The wonderful gold discoveries in for the western state a place imperish- Australia in 1850 and 1851 for a time able in the history of world mining. diverted attention from Western Amer- It is related that a settler by the ica, but in 1862 another stampede was name of Sutter, living on a ranch near started by miners returning empty the junction of the Sacramento and handed from California to the eastern American rivers commenced the erection states, who visited the wild valleys of of a small grist mill around the first Montana, and there found gold that for of the year 1848. He planned to use a time threatened to rival the wonders water power to operate the mill, and of California. Gold was first discov- while digging the trench for the mill ered in paying quantities in Montana race, he unearthed grains of gold. near the present village of Gold Creek, Within a short time the surrounding about 60 miles west of Butte. The country was prospected sufficiently that Stuart brothers, returning east from the it was known to contain much gold. California gold fields, half starved and Travel was slow in those days, and sick, visited Montana and heard of a it was late in the winter before news little show of gold in one of the west- of the discovery reached the eastern ern valleys. They worked and pros- THE MID-PACIFIC 61 pected, ran short of provisions, found O'Brien, Flood and Fair, the socalled a little gold dust and with it went Bonanza Kings. Among them is the many miles to buy food, then returned story that by hard work, in the sixties, and after more hard labor gathered a these four men made a half-million little more of the alluring metal. But dollars in mining. Between 1870 and perhaps more important than their own 1872 they spent all this sum developing discoveries was the fact that the news the Consolidated Virginia mine at Com- of their find started another western stock, finding little but expense and dis- stampe( ., and the fortune hunters who couragement until late in 1872, when came within the next year or two un- their funds were virtually exhausted, earthed the rich placers of Bannock, they encountered the wonderful Com- Alder Gulch and Last Chance Gulch stock lode and within a few years re- and millions were washed from the ceived $150,000,000 from the claims streams in the , foothills of the Rocky they had bought two years before in Mountains during the next few years. an undeveloped stage for $50,000. Romance plays little part in the dis- Cripple Creek, Colorado, another of covery of gold in what is now Mon- the greatest gold fields of the United tana. The Stuarts died poor after years States, was likewise discovered after of toil and hardship. The discovery of dreary disappointments. A carpenter Alder Gulch was made by a band of located a claim in the mountains of men who had met hostile Indians, and Colorado in 1891, and shortly after wearied from a long day's journey over high and rugged mountains, camped looked in vain for a purchaser, asking on a little stream one evening, and only a small price for his property. found glittering nuggets in the sands Between carpentering and prospecting of the creek. Last Chance Gulch, the he managed to make a living until third famous gold location of Montana, 1893 when he obtained enough money was also discovered by a group of tired to develop his mine properly, and his and worn prospectors, who had unsuc- profits are said to have run a million cessfully prospected throughout a hard dollars a year up to 1899, when he season, and called the location in which sold to a company of Englishmen for a they found their gold "Last Chance" vast sum. because they realized that it was the The famous Klondyke strike of 1896 last chance they had to make their —made in the cold country of inland stake, that year. The city of Helena Alaska, on the Canadian side of the has since been built upon this site. international boundary, will ever be re- Other placer fields were later located in membered as one of the great gold Montana, among them Missoula Gulch, stampedes of the world. Between on the sides of which has since grown 30,000 and 40,000 men fought over up the residential section of the city of snow covered mountain passes, risked Butte whose present day deep vein freezing and starvation and the perils mines are producing more copper and of a most hazardous life, for the sake silver than the mines of any other dis- of a hope for stake in the goldfields of trict in the world. the frozen north. The Alaskan gold One of America's greatest bonanzas rush was the antithesis of the famous was the Comstock of Nevada. Many Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie stampedes are the marvelous tales told about this in Australia in 1892 and 1893 when great mine, and Messrs. Mackay, hundreds upon hundreds rushed over 62 THE MID-PACIFIC the parched deserts and the bush coun- Canadian side of the international boun- try, searching gold, but finding death dary. through prostration and water famine. Placer mining accounts for about Tonopah and Goldfield, Nevada, dis- two-thirds of the gold output of Alaska, covered in the decade following the although there are ten very famous Alaskan discoveries, were developed deep mines in the southeastern part of tlirough a mixture of hard work and the territory. The Alaska Gastineau fool luck and were, some twenty years Mining Co., at Juneau is a very large ago, among the great boom towns of producer of the deep mine class. In the world, where fortunes were made 1917 there were over 600 placers being operated in Alaska, many by hand, but overnight, and where wild catting and a large number by great dredges pat- gambling held supreme rule. Millions terned after the New Zealand equip- in gold were mined, but it is doubtless ment. Dredges were • first used in conservative to say that for every dol- Alaska in about 1903. lar's worth of gold taken from these The greatest single American gold famous camps, many dollars were spent mine, today, is the property of the fa- on wild cat stock promotion schemes in mous Homestake Mining Co., at Lead which the investors made nothing South Dakota. The property was lo- through actual mining. Some became cated in 1875 in the heart of the Black millionaires through these stock deals, Hill country, then infested with danger- others became paupers. The great lee- ous Indians, and the following year it way in stock deals in the Nevada coun- was taken over by the Hearst and Hag- try was made possible by the wonder- gin interests. It has paid monthly divi- ful richness of certain mines. It is re- dends continuously since 1879—and still lated, for instance, that men leasing on has a mine of vast value and future the famous Mohawk claim during a work. The region around Deadwood brief period, extracted four million dol- and Lead, South Dakota, is wonderfully lars worth of gold from a tract only mineralized, although the percentage of about four hundred feet square. gold in the ore is lower than that of Of late years, the contest for the most of the other great American gold highest honors in gold production in the mining camps. United States has been waged between The relative insignificance of these the states of California and Colorado, American mines, considered singly, how- the former leading during the last de- ever, when comparison is made with cade although at times by a very nar- the wonderful Rand district in South row margin. Alaska has been a formid- Africa, which, although very small in able rival and would have exceeded area, produces annually about twice the California had the Klondyke discoveries gold produced in the scattered areas of been on the American instead of the the American mines. The Royal Hawaiian Band.

•• Hawaiian Music By HELEN GRACE CADWELL

.L- colcommimmaT

HE Hawaiian Islands were dis- or not, but two other officers, Captain covered by James Cook, an Eng- Burney .and Captain Phillips, were Tlish naval captain, in 1778. Ref- strongly of the opinion that they did erences and description found in the sing in parts ; that is together on dif- records of his voyages, and those of the ferent pitches. Just the harmonic rela- early visitors to the islands, give but tion of these pitches was not given and meager knowledge of the old Hawaiian probably not known. music. These reports speak of a "sol- It is to be regretted that some musi- emn kind of song" that was accompa- cian could not have visited the islands nied by only one kind of musical in- during the reign of Kamehameha the strument, the drum, made in various' First, and preserved the music in some sizes. It has become known since, how- authentic score. Kamehameha lived ever, that they had other instruments, from 1736 until 1819 and during his both wind and stringed. These seafar- reign united the islands into one king- ing visitors were not musicians and dom. their reports are somewhat indefinite The Hawaiians are a part of the and conflicting. Captain Cook and his whole Polynesian family and some of officers seem to have been uncertain their oldest chants record the voyages whether the Hawaiians sang in parts to and fro from Tahiti, or Samoa, the 63 64 THE MID-PACIFIC

voyagers traveling in fleets of canoes old Hawaiians and the ancient meles and steering by the stars. were characterized by remarkable Mr. B. L. Marx speaks of Fornan- changes of time, and syncopated effects. der's attempt to prove an Aryan origin They were greatly lacking in melody, of the Polynesian family, and quotes the as before the arrival of the mission- Greek word "melos" (a song or strain, aries in the nineteenth century, the the music to which a song is set) as Hawaiians had no acquaintance with the being identical with the Hawaiian word full range of the intervals that make mele (a song or chant). Mr. Marx up the diatonic scale. They had a lim- says there is undoubtedly "a strong re- ited use of intervals that might be com- semblance in some respects between the pared to the third, fifth and fourth, and epic poem of the Greeks and the mele like the Arab and the Hindu, they ap- of Hawaii, both being recitations in preciated intervals smaller than our metric form of the power and glory of half tone. This ability to recognize dead ancestors as well as of living and use intervals more diminutive than heroes. The exploits of Kamehameha our half tone, is an interesting fact and the First, in hand-to-hand encounters, has been found a possession common to in spear exercise and courage in battle, all Polynesian races. This fine dis- as recited in his mele, compare favor- tinction of intervals gave a certain ably with those of Achilles at the siege quality of tone color to their chants. of Troy, as sung in the "Iliad." As. Dr. Emerson describes in his "Un- The mele included all forms of poet- written Literature of Hawaii," "The ical composition intended for chanting. voice goes wavering and lilting along By Professor Alexander they were like a canoe on a rippling ocean. Then classified in four divisions : 1st, the of a sudden it swells upward as if lifted religious chants, prayers and prophe- by some wave of emotion ; and for a cies ; 2nd, Inoas, or name songs com- time it travels with the same flunctu- posed at the birth of a chief, in his ating movement, soon descending to its honor, recounting the heroic deeds of old monotone until again moved to rise his ancestors ; 3rd, Kanikaus, the dirges on the breast of some fresh impulse. or lamentations for the dead ; and 4th, The intervals sounded may be as al- Ipos, or love songs. ready said, a third, a fifth or a fourth, The history of Hawaii can be traced but the whole movement leads nowhere only through the ancient meles, poems —it is an unfinished sentence." without rhyme or meter, but strictly Hawaiian poetry surpassed Hawaiian accented, often several hundred lines in song in power to move the feelings. The length and handed down orally for many rhythmic chant was only an accompani- generations. According to Dr. Marques, ment to the poetry. Dr. Emerson also "Hawaiian meles were very clearly di- says : "The hall-mark of Hawaiian vided into regular phrases of two and music is rhythm, for the Hawaiians be- four bars of equal time, and every verse long to that class of people who can was made up of eight or sixteen bars. not move hand or foot, or perform any If the poetry was deficient in length, action except they do it rhythmically. the singers or dancers made up the de- Not alone in poetry, music and the dance ficiency by counting time or bars, while do we find this recurring accent of the movement was kept up by the ac- pleasure, but in every action of life it companying instruments." Rhythm of seems to enter as a timekeeper and 2-4 and 4-4 seemed most natural to the regulator whether it be the movement THE MID-PACIFIC 65 of a fingerful of poi to the mouth, or The modern hula, which has embod- the swing of a kahili through the in- ied movements and suggestions to in- cense-laden air at the burial of a chief." terest curiosity, chiefly, in some of the Musical phrasing was arranged to fit foreign visitors to the Hawaiian Islands the verse of the mele, not to express a is not the hula of ancient time. The musical idea. The cadencing of a mu- hula is claimed by one writer to have sical phrase in Hawaiian song was been a religious service which combined marked by a peculiarity all its own. pantomime, poetry, music and the dance. It consisted of a prolonged trilling or It was enacted in honor of the goddess fluctuating movement called i-i in which Laka, and furnished entertainment for the voice went up and down in an in- the chiefs and their retinues. It in- terval somewhat less than a half tone. cluded the mysteries of Polynesian This was more extensively employed mythology and the history of the na- in the oli, which was more of a lyric tion, and in other countries under cer- utterance, a songful expression of joy, tain circumstances would have devel- or a humorous narrative. oped the drama, opera and literature. The phonics of Hawaiian speech A structure called Halau was specially erected for the performance of lack the sounds represented by our the hula in contrast to the bloody of- alphabetic symbols b, c or s, d, f, g, j, ferings of the heiau, or temple, gar- q, x and z, a poverty for which . no lands and awa were brought as emblems richness in vowel sounds can make of light-heartedness and joy. During amends, though the predominance of the erection of the halau, the strictest vowel and labial sounds give charm to rules were observed. The members of the language. The uppermost vocal the company were required to deny cavities are not called into play to themselves certain articles of food and modify and refine the tone, and there- to refrain from all impropriety of con- fore a certain characteristic which has duct. In every halau there was a bower been described as a "gurgling throati- of green leaves which was supposed to ness' often appears which is "sugges- be the abode of the deity whose pres- tive of ventriloquism." This is caused, ence inspired the performance. possibly, by a rapid utterance of differ- The devotees of the hula worshipped ent vowel sounds, or a repetition of the many gods, but the Goddess Laka was same vowel. The vocal execution of the patron of this service to whom spe- Hawaiian music, like the execution of cial prayers and offerings were made. much of their poetry, showed a sur- The leaves and flowers decorating the prising mastery of a certain kind of altar were symbolic of her beauty, for technique which required the chanting she was a sylvan deity who might be of many lines to the end of a certain compared with Terpsichore and Eu- period on one breath. The performer terpe, the muses, respectively, of dance then breathed anew and started on an- and song. * * * other seemingly endless phrase. This Hulas varied in dignity and rank appears to have developed from the old and the character of each was influ- religious style of prayer recitation in enced to some extent by the musical which the priest was required to repeat instrument that accompanied it and the entire prayer in one breath. His gave it its name. One of the highest ability to do this was supposed to make rank was the stately hula ala'a-papa, the prayer effectual. which might be compared to the courtly 66 THE MID-PACIFIC'

minuet. The songs used in this were intervals, giving accent to the rhythm many and varied, and their origin re- kept by the crisp tone of the smaller ferred to a remote past termed by the drum. Hawaiian "wa-po"—time or period of Other instruments used in the hula darkness ; chaos. Among the meles are were uli uli, a small gourd filled with some concerning Pele, the Goddess of seeds, and the puili, or bamboo sticks, Fire, and the members of her numer- which were splintered into fine divisions ous family. The only instrument used at one end and gave forth a rustling for accompanying this hula was the sound, when shaken in the hand, as of ipu—a kind of drum made from two wind in the trees.. The laau was a sort large pear-shaped gourds of unequal of xylophone, which consisted of two size, joined together at their smaller pieces of resonant wood, one struck ends. In the top of the smaller one a against the other. The ili-ili were two hole was made to increase the reso- pebbles used in one hand in the fashion nance. The musicians rested upon their of castanets. An instrument of his- heels and rose only as far as the bend- toric age was the ukeke, a strip of ed knee would permit, in moments when wood bent into the shape of a bow, the the action became excited. The ipu, elastic force of which held tense the lifted lightly, was struck on the ground strings stretched upon it. One end of on the accented beats and patter with the bow was placed against the lips the hand on the unaccented. * * * while the musician talked to it in a The hula pahu received its name from singing tone and plucked the strings its instrument of accompaniment, the with a rib of grass, the open cavity of drum—pahu. From tradition we learn the mouth acting as a resonator as it that La'a, a man of rank who lived five does with the jew's harp. Of wind in- or six centuries ago, introduced this struments, there was the conch shell, big drum, which he brought on one the early Hawaiian trumpet, inciting of his many voyages from Southern men to war and deeds of heroism ; the Polynesia, which land the Hawaiians pua, a small gourd played somewhat in called Kahiki. The pahu was made of the fashion of the Italian occarina and cocoanut wood and covered with shirk the ohe, or nose flute, which was made skin on its upper end. It was beaten of bamboo and supplied with air from with the hand and gave forth a deep the right nostril of the player. There religious tone. Its original use is said were two holes for the use of the fin- to have been in connection with the gers, so that three tones were possible. service of the temple, and its transfer- One of these instruments, in Dr. Em- ence to the halau—hall of the hula— erson's collection, produces the tonic, gave dignity thereto. A splendid drum mediant and dominant of the chord F of this type was noticed among the sharp minor. collection of Hawaiian instruments at From the ancient hulas accompanied the Bishop Museum, which Dr. Brig- by these primitive instruments to the ham, its director, kindly showed and modern songs, which many visitors explained to the writer. With the pahu think are typically Hawaiian, is a wide was used a small drum called puniu step, yet one reached by a gradual made from a cocoanut shell and fish process. skin. This was strapped to the thigh The American missionaries arrived and played with a thong of braided in 1820 and began the study of the fibers. The pahu was sounded at longer Hawaiian language that they might THE MID-PACIFIC 67 give it back to the people in a written Ponoi," which, translated, means Ha- form. The original alphabet adopted waii's own true sons. The words of by them contained twelve letters, five this song were written by Kalakau, the vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and seven conso- last king of the Hawaiian Islands, who nants, h, k, 1, m, n, p, and w. The reigned from 1874 to 1891. Kalakaua first Hawaiian spelling book was print- was a lover of music and greatly en- ed in 1822, and as fast as possible the couraged the art among his people. It Bible and hymns were printed in the was in the early part of his reign that the ukulele was introduced. This is an native language. These missionaries instrument of Portuguese origin, shaped taught the Hawaiians the diatonic scale like a small guitar and strung with four and named the notes of it pa, ka, li, ha, strings. The name ukulele translated no, la, mi. The use of more melodic is "jumping flea," and supposedly re- expression for their poetic natures was fers to the rapid movement of the fin- readily adopted through the' means of gers plucking the strings. The use of the the diatonic scale, and the new music ukulele has become widespread in the of the foreigners appealed to the peo- islands and the instrument affords an ple greatly. Their feeling for harmony effective accompaniment for the deep, was remarkable and in the last cen- rich quality of the Hawaiian voice. On tury part singing has afforded them moonlight nights, and particularly on much pleasure. an evening before a holiday, one can The modern Hawaiian songs are hear groups of students and Hawaiian nearly all love songs. They are usually youths serenading. The beauty of the of simple, flowing melodic construction, night in this tropical land lends an and at times one notes 'a similarity to indescribable charm to the plaintive the old German folk songs. This may notes of their love songs. be due somewhat to the influence of An excellent opportunity for hearing Captain Berger, a German musician Hawaiian music is afforded by the glee who for over forty years conducted clubs of the large native schools Kame- the Royal Hawaiian Band, which has hameha and Kawaiahao, and by the been a great factor in the musical life Hawaiian singing boys of Honolulu. of the Islands. Captain Berger has Only a few of the old Hawaiians are liv- been enthusiastic in his interest in the ing who once learned the art of the weird musical growth of the Hawaiian people, chanting and still remember the long and is known as the composer of the meles which taxed the memory of their music of the national hymn, "Hawaii youth. 68 THE MID-PACIFIC

There are no great hardships in life in Samoa for the native. He builds his village, gathers his coconuts, and is usually content. A. home made coconut oil factory.

New Zealand's Samoa By U. S. HOMONS

N111111104

HE larger islands of the Samoan Upolu, separated from Savaii by a group, Savaii and Upolu, together channel about eight miles wide, is a Twith the very small islands of Apo- high ridge 45 miles long and about lima and Manono, constitute Western 14 miles wide. Rich valleys are inter- Samoa, which is British and adminis- spersed in the chain of mountains which tered by New Zealand under mandate. runs through its center from east to west, and there are belts of level land Savaii is the largest island, being several miles in width and many in about 150 miles in circumference, with length along the shores of the island. a height aproaching 4,000 feet. How- The mountains are covered with for- ever, it is the least fitted for habitation ests of evergreen trees, and numerous on account of recent volcanic activity cascades descend the mountain sides. which has rendered much of its surface The flat lands are neatly laid out in sterile. plantations abounding in tropical vege- 69 70 THE MID-PACIFIC

tation. It is stated that no island nese and 405 Solomon Islanders, in- in the Pacific exceeds Upolu in richness dentured laborers. and fertility. Apia, the capital of The climate ,is similar to that of Western Samoa, is situated on the American Samoa, with little variation north side of Upolu midway Of its throughout the year aside from the two length and is the home of most of the seasons, the hot, rainy season (Janu- white population of the islands. The ary to March), and the dry season. bay of Apia is shaped like a half moon, During the latter the thermometer having Mulinuu Point for the western registers between 72 and 85. The and Matautu Point for the eastern horn tropical heat is tempered by the high of the crescent, the distance between mountains and constant trade winds the two being about two miles. The which blow strongly from April to bay is an open roadstead, safe in ordi- November. nary weather, very dangerous in hurri- Tropical fruits common to all islands cane weather. A wireless station, with abound in Samoa, including coconuts, a tower about 360 feet in height, is oranges, pineapples, bananas, guavas, erected at Tafaigata, back of Apia. mangoes, mummy apples, etc. Rubber The Samoans are the most attractive is also grown with satisfactory results people in the Pacific, probably the finest and attention is being given to the physical, specimens of the Polynesian cultivation of vanilla, coffee, cinnamon race. They are generous and hospitable and nutmegs. The Samoan vegetables to strangers to a remarkable degree. are chiefly the breadfruit, taro and Their standard of living is still very yam. The taro (Caladium colocasia) primitive, the adoption of European is a succulent plant with edible, starchy, houses, food and clothing being almost tuberous root stock, and though culti- entirely absent, although roofs of the vated, requires little care. One variety native frame houses, which were form- grows best in wet places and another erly thatched with sugar cane leaves, on newly cleared lands and on hill- are now being covered with galvanized sides. It is cooked in many ways, iron, due to a blight which ruined a usually roasted or boiled, but is never large portion of the sugar cane crop. made into "poi" as in Hawaii. The Shoes and headwear are not called for yam is another tuber very common in in the light attire of the natives, but the tropics, appearing in many varieties there is a great demand for ornaments in Samoa. It is larger and more diffi- and fancy combs for the hair. Staple cult to cultivate than the taro and is, foods consist of bananas, taro, bread- therefore, not so extensively grown. fruit, yams, native fish, chickens • and Kava is a shrub' grown throughout pigs, but the natives are growing to Samoa for its root, from which the like canned fish, salt beef and bread. national beverage of the same name is Like all tropical peoples, their needs made. Arrowroot is indigenous, but is are easily satisfied without any great seldom cultivated. Many vegetables of effort on their part, and the effect of the temperate zone thrive in Samoa, this nonchalant attitude is shown in tomatoes, lettuce, radishes, beets, car- the various labor problems which con- rots, parsley, sweet corn, eggplant, front the islands from time to time. onions, beans, watermelon and sweet The population of Western Samoa is potatoes having been grown with suc- estimated to include 300 whites, 1,000 cess. The uncultivated land in the half and other casts, and 30,636 natives. islands is still very extensive, and as On the island of Upolu are 1,300 Chi- the white population increases greater THE MID-PACIFIC 71 progress along agricultural lines shipped at Suva, Fiji, for Apia. San should result. Francisco cargo and passengers are It is said that there are over 600 transshipped at Pago Pago, American varieties of fish found in Samoan Samoa. American schooners bound waters, some of which are edible and from Australia call at Apia to load some poisonous. The edible fish, how- copra for the United States. Dis- ever, are not plentiful and the native charging is done into lighters by the does not engage in fishing as a corn- Apia port authorities, but there are no mercial pursuit. Crabs and crawfish mechanical devices or warehouses for are found on the reefs and the palolo, handling cargo. Local traders must a remarkable species of marine worm, furnish their own warehouse space as comes to the surface of the water once the custom sheds are small and always a year. The natives know when to ex- full. As cargo is frequently handled pect it and where to find it and con- and subject to the damaging effects of sider it a great delicacy. excessive moisture and humidity and The growing of cacao and coconuts insects, merchandise should be sub- stantially packed, whenever possible, for copra is the only organized industry hermetically in tin. in Samoa. Approximately 18,000 acres are under cultivation in Western Sa- Exports declared at the consulate at moa, and the copra constitutes the Apia for the United States in 1920 were principal commercial product. The valued at $1,333,404 compared with copra crop in 1919 amounted to 39,849,- $2,589,985 in 1919. Copra, the prin- 600 pounds valued at $2,483,433, and cipal item, constituted $2,483,434 of the in 1920 to 17,882,772 pounds valued at total in 1919 and $1,299,249 in 1920. $1,299,249. Rubber at one time was The 1919 shipment to the United States exported from Western Samoa, but the represented the entire copra crop. 1920 statistics show no rubber ship- Imports into Western Samoa include ments. In Apia there are located the canned meats, fish, flour, biscuits, rice, following comercial enterprises : An sugar, cashmere, poplin, gingham, cheap ice plant, soda water factory, tinsmith, prints, butter cloth for mosquito nets, two garages, three bakeries, butcher undershirts, umbrellas, knives, lamps, shop, one hotel, two soda fountains, lanterns, hardware, kerosene, gasoline, drug store, photographer, two small lumber, cement and automobiles. The boat builders, two chinese tailors, and last named five, together with canned a moving picture theater. goods, are being imported from the The trade of Samoa both import and United States despite a preferential export is handled by general traders tariff in favor of British goods. Under who have headquarters in Apia. They the custom regulations the British retail from stocks in Apia and main- tariff is 15 per cent ad valorem, while tain a number of trading stations a duty of 22/ per cent is collected on throughout the islands where copra is merchandise from all other countries. purchased for cash. The natives usually The currency used in Western Sa- trade at the stations where they sell moa is the Samoan pound sterling is- their copra. The traders buy direct sued by the Samoan Government. (In from Auckland, Sydney and San Fran- March, 1921, exchange was quoted at cisco. Apia has direct steamship con- $3.98 to the pound.) The Bank of nections with Auckland. Cargo and New Zealand has opened a branch at passengers from Vancouver are trans- Apia. Many of the large traders have 72 THE MID-PACIFIC accounts in Sydney, Auckland and San Samoans by native title and not by Francisco, where they arrange for pay- grant from the Crown. The Governor- ments for merchandise. The ordinary General may grant Crown land in Sa- terms of payment are 3 per cent dis- moa in fee simple, or may authorize count at one month, 2% per cent at the administrator to grant in respect of two months, 1 per cent at three months such land any lease, license, easement, and net at four months. Two months or other limited estate, right, or inter- discount, or the time for the steamer est, or may authorize the administrator to return, is usually taken. As the to accept a surrender of any estate, merchants and white population use English, which is also understood by right, or interest in such land. The a large number of natives, all cor- administrator may grant a lease of any respondence should be in English. native land for a period not exceeding All land in Samoa is Crown land, 40 years, if such a lease is in accord- vested in the Crown free from native ance with the desires and interests of title and from any estate in fee simple ; the owners of the land and with the European land, held from the Crown public interest, and he may also accept for an estate in fee simple ; or Native a surrender of any lease so granted by land, vested in the Crown but held by him. Ferry steamers in the harbor of Perth.

"The Golden West," Australia's Future Front Door E. DE VERE PROVIS

ANY years ago Western Aus- same year the sites were chosen for the tralia earned for herself the apt capital city, Perth, also the chief seaport M sobriquet of "The Golden West," town of Fremantle, which is situated at owing chiefly at that time to numerous the mouth of the Swan River. valuable gold mines being discovered. When it is stated that this state Since then this Western State has more stretches from north to south nearly than maintained its name and is forging 1,500 miles, east and west 1,000 miles, ahead with great rapidity, increasing which comprises an area of some 975,- its secondary industries, and paying 920 square miles, the magnitude of this much attention to its vast natural re- Western State must be realized. sources. No more congenial climate can be Western Australia is the s largest State found than in the southern portion of in the Australian commonwealth, is the Western Australia where one comes into youngest, and points to being the great- the temperate latitude of 35 degrees est, in a wonderful country. while travelers northward can come The hoisting of the Union Jack on within 14 degrees of the equator. Christmas Day, 1825, at the spot where This year, 1921, registers the thirty- the Southern seaport town of Albany first year of responsible government in now flourishes, marked the consumma- Western Australia and from the grant- tion of possession. ing of self-government the West seemed Western Australia was proclaimed a to take new life, both commercially and state in June of 1829, and during the 73 74 THE MID-PACIFIC

industrially. Almost at this exact mo- Hay Street, the main street of Perth, ment, one might say, heretofore unheard is the chief shopping center, while. Bar- of parts of our commonwealth leaped rack Street and Murray Street contain into fame through the world-famous the wholesale establishment and other gold discoveries in this state. business sections. Looking back, this period appears to Perth Central Railway Station fronts have been the starting point in a great the ,extensive and busy thoroughfare of forward movement and today, in less Wellington Street, wherein many of the than a decade, Western Australia has municipal buildings and works are to be risen to a place of honor among the found. sister states of our great commonwealth. Agriculture Perth, the capital of the state, is a • handsome and prosperous city, with Western Australia from the 'farmer's many large modern edifices, up-to-date point of view offers magnificent oppor- electric tram services. tunities not to be equalled elsewhere, and contains a proved agricultural belt The city of Perth is beautifully situ- of some six hundred miles by two hun- ated and on a spring day presents a dred miles, located in the Southwestern most charming and animated picture. portion of the state. This section, it Ferries darting here and there across may be added, contains 38,000,000 acres Perth Water to South Perth on the other cf good, rich land, suited admirably for side of the river about one mile distant, wheat growing and sheep raising. S )il the pretty houses with their lovely gar- adaptable for fruit trees, sheep dens and shrubberies, the historical old raising and cereal growing covers about 7,000.- mill at the Point, while Mount Eliza 000 acres, while six and a half million lifting above all its smiling countenance, acres is excellent ground for general ablaze with the gorgeous wild flowers of stock raising, dairy produce and po- every color, puts the final touch to a charming scene. tatoes. Only 4,000,000 acres are considered suitable for stock alone, the St. George's Terrace, the professional bulk of stock raising land is in the thoroughfare of the capital is a lengthy, northwest portion. The total area under well-laid-out highway, and is planted on crop for the season ending February, either side with numerous pretty shade 1920, was 1,628,163 acres. trees. It is in this thoroughfare that Regarding stock in Western Aus- Government-House is situated. This ex- tralia, it is interesting to note that half ceedingly handsome structure with its a century ago we could muster but half towers and colonnade lends a most a million sheep, while our cattle reached picturesque appearance, while the the 40,000 head mark ; today we graze grounds in which it is built, though not on our vast plains and undulating south- extensive, are very beautiful, sloping ern country, 7,200,000 sheep, 835,000 gently downward to the river in a series cattle, 180,000 horses, 32,000 dairy cows of terraces and containing many rare and 85,000 pigs are also to be found in shrubs and plants. At the end of St. various places throughout the state, George's Terrace stands the extensive thus having herds and flocks of excep- buildings of Old Barracks while on the tional quality and breeding far in ex- rise of the Mount, behind the Barracks, cess of local requirements, every atten- the magnificent buildings of the House tion is being given to cold storage and of Parliament majestically overlook the city. export problems. The State Govern- ment has erected at the seaport town of THE MID-PACIFIC 75

Wyndham on the northwest coast, a in this respect and one of the most huge up-to-date works for killing, freez- interesting and prominent of our local ing and canning meat for export and experiments is that of paper manufac- utilizing the by-products. These works ture. The Government Laboratory is during the season treat some 20,000 in possession of the smallest complete head of cattle. Two similar works have experimental paper-making machine in just been completed at Carnarvon near the world, which was obtained for them Sharks Bay on the west coast, and at by the leading and most enterprising Fremantle the chief ,seaport town of the newspaper companies of Western Aus- tralia. Already very excellent progress west. Timber has been made and samples of a splendid natural and bleached paper have One hears much of the timbers of been turned out, manufactured chiefly other older countries, but let me im- from the pulp made from young Karri, press my readers now that Australia Banksia and Saw Grass. generally possesses the finest timbers in the world in huge quantities. Coming Minerals nearer home, Western Australia pos- Almost every mineral known to min- sesses magnificent forests containing ing science abounds in our vast terri- many woods, the hard woods of the tory. Generally speaking, the occur- state particularly have gained for them- rence of gold is common to practically selves a world-wide reputation for dura- the whole state, while the following bility and strength. The two chief minerals are also found in various por- hardwoods are Jarrah and Karri and tions of Western Australia : iron ore, these occupy a large portion of the copper, tin, coal, lead, silver lead, py- wooded acres, with Red Gum and Ma- ritic ore, tantalite, arsenical ore, sheelite, hogany intersperced. Speaking of the magnesite, molybdenite, graphite, lime- other well known and much used tim- stone, gadolinite, bismuth, asbestos, bers, Tuart, Wands, , Yorkgum, Tate, antimony, wolfram, mica, zinc, clays Sandalwood and Jamwood, etc., are to suitable for all commercial purposes, be found on large areas. ' Proved of felspar, asbestos (chrysotile variety), great value for tanning purposes, Mal- also sands suitable for glass manufac- let bark has been exported from West- turing. ern Australia to the extent of one mil- Pearl and Other Shells lion pounds worth, while Sandalwood Western Australian pearls_ are world to the value of £2,827,305 has been famous, while three-fourths of the exported to the Far East where it world's supply of pearl shell is pro- is greatly in demand, being used for duced in our waters. During the term ornamental work, image carving, etc. 1915' and 1919 inclusive, shell valued During the recent great war every na- at £1,000,170 and pearls to the value of tion found itself forced to produce with- £218,058 were fished from the waters in its own boundaries many things lapping West Australia's coast line. which had before been imported. Par- Regarding turtle shell, both the ticularly so did this apply to Australasia hawksbill and the green varieties abound and many new industries sprang up and in our northwestern waters, while the have come to stay, while numerous ex- well known Trochus shell, used so experiments are continually being con- tensively in the manufacture of buttons ducted with our raw materials. West- etc. is also to be found on the northern ern Australia is by no means a laggard coast line. 76 THE MID-PACIFIC

Sponges of large size and excellent that advices may be received from so quality may be found at many points far a station as Annapolis, U. S. A., on our coast. without interference from the Apple- Long • Distance Wit eless cross installation, which is the main metropolitan station. All ranges of As a proof of the manner in which Hertzian wave lengths, from 600 metres this state keeps abreast of the times it (ordinary ship length) to 23,00 metres will be of interest to note our activities (the wave length of Lafayette, France) in the wireless world. are covered by the instrument, which In the construction of a long distance measures thirty inches by eighteen wireless receiving apparatus, which has inches. The apparatus is mounted on been made to the order of the Perth ebonite, the connections being cased in Observatory, Messrs. W. E. Coxan and a cedar box, one-half of which forms Co., electrical engineers of Perth, W. A., a front cover. have provided the means whereby While it is impossible to do justice Western Australia may establish wire- to this magnificent country in such less communications with the Antipodes. condensed space, it is hoped that the The receiver which is capable of taking foregoing has somewhat enlightened messages at the maximum wireless dis- those who were not acquainted with the tance of 12,500 miles, is so constructed Western State of Australia.

The emblem of Western Australia. Filipino Independence

HON. JAMES A. FREAR

Representative from Wisconsin during the Congressional visit of 1920

HAVE always had a deep interest in schools, while the Philippines have eight times as many, proportionately ; the Philippine Islands. I am im- education in the Philippines began yes- I pressed with the wonderful progress terday, in China, their civilization dates made in the Philippine Islands in the last twenty years. It is beyond anything back to Confucius. that could have been anticipated, either There are private schools in China, it is true, but there are private schools by our own people or by the people of the Islands. I have been interested to in the Philippines as well, so that look up some of the statistics in regard speaks well for what the Filipinos ac- to things that go to make up a strong complished along the lines of educa- government, and am impressed with the tion. The Philippines have a univer- fact that the Philippines have 789,000 sity in Manila that antedates anything on their list of students. I believe that we have in our country-1611—which is far beyond the average for those who speaks for itself as to the opportuni- are seeking education, and in order to ties and desire of the Filipino people make some comparison with other gov- for education. ernments in this part of the world, I Another thing that goes to make up have taken those who are occupying a stable government relates to foreign the same position relatively in China, a relations ; that is, to foreign interests. government as old as the hills, the old- The commerce of the Philippines today est government in the world ; and I find is about one-fourth of that of China. that while they have four hundred mil- China has had twenty centuries of com- lion people in China, they have only merce, whereas the Philippines had but four million scholars in their public twenty years, and so it surely speaks 77 78 THE MID-PACIFIC

well, that, considering the four h un- left the Filipino soldiers in charge, and dred million people in China and the they kept a stable government. ten million people in the Philippin es, these islands have ten times as mu I say this with the thought that in all foreign commerce as China, proporti ch these twenty years the Philippines have ately. These are things that impron- had nothing approaching the distur- men when studying to see what kind ess bances close to Peking. One thousand a government the Philippines have. of policemen recently were in Tokyo to internal affairs, I learn the Philippi In protect their legislators. There is nes nothing of that kind in Manila, and have about 8,000 factories, with pl 11 ,- 000,000 capital that are doing busin these are stable governments. This is no today in these islands. That speaks fess criticism of them, but I am drawing the itself. Further, that what makes a goor comparison for the benefit of those who ernment strong—its farming commu v- fail to understand that the Filipinos for ity—is represented by 1,955,000 farmn- twenty years have been building up a in the Philippine Islands, and of the s, government strong, substantial and, we se, hope, stable. less than a thousand are held by Ame r- icans. The Filipinos have a farm I was a member of the committee to that helped draft the every five people, in round number S. Jones Bill. We That, in like manner, shows the stab have given a pledge. When we passed ity of the government and is probab the Jones Law, we simply put into ef- unapproached in either America lY fect the promises that had been made Europe where civilization thrives aor to the Filipinos : that this government cording to our standards. of ours in America would carry out its pledges and promises and its ideals of The courts and the justices in th e Philippines are of high standing. the past. That is what we are doing. doubt whether there is any man, la I We pledged independence, after prom- man or lawyer, who can find much t ising that we were honest as a govern- criticize in the Islands in their juri ment, having done that with • Cuba. s- diction or in their administration. From the days of our own declaration The speaker of the Filipino legisla of war, when we asked for liberty, ture, I believe, has the longest recor - down to the days of the Spanish War, of speakership of any man in the worl d when we freed people in the name of —thirteen years—in any government, s d common humanity ; even down to this o last war—we have kept faith and what far as I know, an evidence of stability and of the people's trust in him. , would the world think of America if she did not keep her pledge to the They say : "Well, it is true that th e Filipinos of independence? Filipinos have a good government, bu t There are ten million people on the the question is, 'do you not know tha t Philippines Islands. It is immaterial they have been followed and directe d what they think. The American Con- throughout ?" Admitted, for the sak e gress has spoken, and as quickly as the of the argument, that is so, but I do no t Filipinos have maintained a stable gov- forget that when this last war was on , ernment, they are entitled to, and they when we were looking for every soldier are going to have this independence. I that could be brought to the front, to do not promise this in any personal send over to crush Prussianism and way ; I simply say that my confidence militarism, that then we took every in my own Government, America, is, American soldier in the Philippines and that we never will go back on our word. THE MID- PACIFIC 79

Recently I went through one of the this: that those tremendous fortifica- Manila schools, far out in the suburbs. tions we have established here, with They didn't know that I was going the tremendous work that we have done there, but I passed through two or three and the remarkable progress made, the of the rooms, and finally I said to a Filipinos appreciate the necessity of teacher with a group of scholars 12 to having those fortifications remain under 14 years old : "Can your children sing the American flag ; that they will want `America'? I want to hear it," and that to be a place where any American they did. They sang it as well as the can come throughout this part of the average school in my own country. I Orient and feel that here he can be pro- was impressed with it, for more reasons tected ; that he is the great center of than one. "America" expresses some- Americanism, as well as Filipinism ; thing beyond our own continental that the Filipinos will welcome that, be- bounds. cause it will be a guarantee of safety, The song reads : and no foreign nation will be likely to "My country, 'tis of thee, encroach, with the guns of America Sweet Land of Liberty, protecting the wonderful Island of Lu- Of thee I sing." zon and this harbor of Manila. That song we are going to bequeath I believe Manila is going to be one to you. When we read the last line of the great ports of the world. It is because of the favorable conditions• of it : "Our Father's God, to Thee, which surround it, and one thing that is Author of Liberty, going to bring it about is the wonder- To Thee we sing; ful spirit that permeates every citizen Long may our land be bright, we have been able to meet. It is the With Freedom's holy light ; same spirit that we found in France, in Protect us by thy might; the days of Jeanne D'Arc ; the same Great God, our King!" spirit that we had in America, in the That applies to you, and all other days of Washington and Lincoln ; the people as well as to America. same spirit fostered by your great mar- America! You can write the word tyred patriot, Rizal. "Philippines" above that song, and sing Your people are subject to the same it with equal fervor when you get your ambitions, the same hopes, and I am independence, as you will get it in the satisfied that you are going to have future. given you the independence we have The question has arisen, "Well, on promised you in the Jones Law when a what conditions do you expect that we stable government is established. You will surrender the Islands?" I think give evidence of that now. I thank that is a matter of detail. I do believe you. 80 THE MID-PACIFIC BULLETIN gE PAN-PACIFIC UNION

CONTENTS New Series No. 27, January, 1922. PAGE Principles of the Pan-Pacific Union 2 ,Pan-Pacific News Items 3 The First Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference 4 A Pan-Pacific School of Journalism 6 The Field of Service for the Pan-Pacific Press Conference 7 Journalists' Union in Australia 11 The Press and Peace in the Pacific 14

OFFICERS OF THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION HONORARY PRESIDENTS Warren G. Harding President of United States William M. Hughes Prime Minister, Australia W. F. Massey _Prime Ifinister, New Zealand Hsu Shih-Chang President of China Arthur Meighen Premier of Canada Takashi Hera Prime Minister of Japan Chao Fa Maha Valiravudh King of Slam HONORARY VICE-PRESIDENTS Woodrow Wilson .Ex-President of United States Dr. L. S. Rowe Director-General Pan-American Union Prince J. K. KalanIanaole Delegate to Congress from Hawaii Veh Chime Cho Minister of Communication. China Leonard Wood Governor-General of the Philippines Thos. Riggs, Jr. Governor of Alaska The Governor-General of Java. The Premiers of Australian States. The Premier of British Columbia. President—Hon. Wallace R. Farrington—Governor of Hawaii Director—Alexander Hume Ford Honolulu Secretary—Dr. Frank F. Bunker Honolulu

Prince I Tokugawa—President House of Peers, Tokyo President Pan- Pacific Association of Japan Tong Shao Yi—Ex-Premier of China....Pres. Pan-Pacific Association of China Prince Park—President Pan-Pacific Association of Korea, Seoul. Sir Arthur Rickard—Director Pan-Pacific Association, Australia, Sydney Dr. S. P. Nikonoff—President Pan-Pacific Association, Siberia, Vladivostok

HONOLULU Published by the Union 1922 2 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN THE PAN-PACIFIC UNION Is an organization representing Governments of Pacific lands, with which are affiliated Chambers of Commerce and kindred bodies, working for the advancement of Pacific States and Communities, and for a greater co-operation among and between the people of all races in Pacific lands. Its central office is in Honolulu at the ocean crossroads. The Pan-Pacific Union is incorporated with an International Board of Trustees, representing every race and nation of the Pacific. The trustees may be added to or replaced by appointed representatives of the different countries co-operating in the Pan-Pacific Union. The following are the main objects set forth in the charter of the Pan-Pacific Union : 1. To call in conference delegates from all Pacific peoples for the purpose of discussing and furthering the interests common to Pacific nations. 2. To maintain in Hawaii and other Pacific lands bureaus of information and education concerning matters of interest to the people of the Pacific, and to disseminate to the world information of every kind of progress and opportunity in Pacific lands, and to promote the comfort and interests of all visitors. 3. To aid and assist those in all Pacific communities to better understand each other, and to work together for the furtherance of the best interests of the land of their adoption, and, through them, to spread abroad about the Pacific the friendly spirit of inter-racial co-operation. 4. To assist and to aid the different races in lands of the Pacific to cooperate in local fairs, to raise produce, and to create home manufactured goods. 5. To own real estate, erect buildings needed for housing exhibits ; provided and maintained by the respective local committees. 6. To maintain a Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, and Art Gallery. 7. To create dioramas, gather exhibits, books and other Pan-Pacific material of educational or instructive value. 8. To promote and conduct a Pan-Pacific Exposition of the handicrafts of the Pacific peoples, of their works of art, and scenic dioramas of the most beautiful bits of Pacific lands, or illustrating great Pacific industries. 9. To establish and maintain a permanent college and "clearing house" of information (printed and otherwise) concerning the lands, commerce, peoples, and trade opportunities in countries of the Pacific, creating libraries of commercial knowledge, and training men in this commercial knowledge of Pacific lands. 10. To secure the co-operation and support of Federal and State governments, chambers of commerce, city governments, and of individuals. 11. To enlist for this work of publicity in behalf of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippines, Federal aid and financial support, as well as similar co-operation and support from all Pacific governments. 12. To bring all nations and peoples about the Pacific Ocean into closer friendly and commercial contact and relationship. TRUSTEES President Hon. Wallace R. Farrington, Governor of Hawaii Vice-Presidents : Hon. Walter F. Frear, William R. Castle F. C. Atherton Chung K. Ai Treasurer F E. Blake Mayor of Honolulu J H. Wilson G. P. Denison G. N. Wilcox J. M. Young Dr. W. T. Brigham Vaughan MacCaughey John Guild John C. Lane F. J. Lowrey C. Yada Dr. Iga Mori F. F. Baldwin R. H. Trent K. Yamamoto Richard A. Cooke D. H. Hitchcock C. J. McCarthy Director Alexander Hume Ford Executive Secretary Dr. Frank F. Bunker and Consuls in Honolulu from Pacific Countries PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 3 Pan-Pacific News

Some twenty of the delegates to the Plans are under way to establish a Pan-Pacific Press Conference held in Pan-American Press Bureau in New Honolulu in October met again in Wash- York City. This bureau will cooperate with the Pan-Pacific Press ington, D. C., to organize A Pan- Conference through the Pan-Pacific and continue the sessions American Pan-Pacific Union. Pa- begun in Hawaii. The Radio Press Bureau cific news and informa- Press Rates chief objective of the . tion gathered together in Washington gathering is Honolulu from across the ocean will be to secure if possible better and cheaper forwarded to the Pan-American Bureau press communications between Pacific in New York where it will be trans- lands. The most ardent of the press lated into Spanish and transmitted to delegates hope for a press rate between the Latin American Press. In a like all Pacific lands reached by radio not to manner the Pan-American Press Bureau exceed six cents a word, even to the will forward information and news con- most distant points. This can be ac- cerning Latin America to the central complished through the cooperation of offices of the Pan-Pacific Union in Ho- all of the radio stations in the Pacific. nolulu for dissemination to the press in Pacific lands. The results for good The activities of the plans for the from the Press Congress of the World Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference have held recently in Honolulu are already shifted to Washington, D. C. Viscount becoming apparent. About a week after the adjournment Shibuzawa and the Jap- of the Pan-Pacific Press Conference in anese commission are vis- The Honolulu wireless messages of farewell Pan-Pacific iting Washington the di- and congratulation were Commercial rector of the Pan-Pacific Pan-Pacific being exchanged by dele- Conference Union is in Washington Wireless gates at sea bound for to confer with the U. S. Communication Australasia on the Ma- Government and the heads of the U. S. kura, for Canada on the Chamber of Commerce concerning the Niagara, for Japan and China on the for San Francisco on both details of the coming Commercial Con- Team Maru, the Manoa and the Maui. More than ference, and in the national capital is half the number of delegates being head- gathered a group of the leading men ed for Washington, wireless consulta- from every country of the globe, all in- tions were held concerning the scope of terested in the problems of the Pacific the Pan-Pacific Press Conference to be and especially in the possibilities of held in the national capital. From ship- board it was possible to wireless to all Pan-Pacific commercial development. Pacific lands and to all Pacific ports, By next September it is likely that the but once ashore this would not be per- attention of the world will be focussed mitted by several of the Pacific govern- on the cross-roads city of the Pacific. ments interested in cable tolls. 4 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

The First Pan-Pacific Commercial Conference Honolulu, September, 1922 Plans for the Pan-Pacific Commercial the needs of commerce. Also the possi- Conference to be held in Honolulu dur- bilities of developing new routes. ing next September are well under way. (c) Standardization or unifying of The committee in Honolulu, selected transportation practices such as bills of from the several chambers of commerce, lading, wharfage, lighterage and water has outlined he general discussions and charges ; supply of stevedores and sent plans to the chambers of commerce wages ; pilots and their charges. and boards of trade about the Pacific (d) Warehouse and terminal facili, for approval or revision. ties and their effect on trade routes and Recently the ship load of commercial transportation interchange between land men from the Pacific Coast who are and sea transportation. now visiting the Orient made a stop at Honolulu and a meeting of forces was (e) Rates and regulations surround- held with a view toward making a ing the interchange of commerce be- great success of the coming Commercial tween rail and -ocean transportation. Conference. (f) Trans-shipment between ocean More recently Viscount Shibuzawa carriers, when necessary. Conditions sur- and his party, enroute from Japan to sounding present practice and safe- America, were entertained in -Honolulu guards which might be created to im- and points of contact cemented. At prove present trans-shipment practices. present there are eight trustees of the (g) Packing requirements for world Pan-Pacific Union in Washington. lhe commerce. director of the Union is also in the na- SUBJECT No. 2. Food and Fuel Supplies, tional capital to take up with the heads Land and Sea: of the United States Chamber of Com- (a) Food. Delielopment and commerce the cooperation they, can give. merce in food supplies native to the The following is the tentative scope countries surrounding the Pacific, includ- of topics to be discussed at the First ing the development of fishes and sea Pah-Pacific Commercial Conference : food, uniformity of laws regulating same Scope of Commercial Congress which will insure protection and propa- Discussion gation and where advisable, standardization of units of commercial handling SUBJECT No. 1. Transportation and Port and packing to facilitate commerce. Facilities: (b) Fuel Supplies. Survey of pres- (a) Study of present facilities with ent fuel supplies, where located, quanti- idea of enlargement or improvement ties, control, methods of handling prices where necessary or acquisition of new (in general terms), desirability of addi- facilities where not now existing and tional supply, new sources of supply, found to be needed. new forms of control, regulation of (b) Study of Trade Routes. In con- price, and guarantee of universal avail- nection with supplies of raw material ability, i.e., availability to all transpor- and points of accumulation and the tation lines of all nations without dis- adaptability of present trade routes to crimination. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 5

(c 1 Creation of an international labo- tution and the merchant as a developer ratory for commercial research. of business with the view to greater (d) International discussion as to co-operation between the two along methods of conservation of natural re- simpler lines. sources. (e) Standardization of trade certifi- cates. How to insure reliability of cer- Communication (Cable SUBJECT No. 3. tificates. Standardization of description and Wireless): of grades and terms. (a) Survey of present facilities, ca- SUBJECT No. 5. Raw Materials: pacity of same, control of same, tolls, service, etc. (a) Survey of present conditions as (b) Suggestion as to new lines or in- to source and character of supply and creased facilities, requirements as to their interchange. service, tolls, or control. (b) The establishment of a Pan- (c) Establishing lower special rates Pacific Commercial Museum and a trade for the press and time schedule re- clearing house which will facilitate and served for same. Classification of serv- increase the interchange of raw ma- ice and rates for same. Fixing respon- terials and manufactured products and sibility for correctness 'of messages. will make more readily available the source of supply to the point of need. SUBJECT No. 4. Banking and Exchange: SUBJECT No. 6. Standardization of (a) General review of present situa- Weights, Measures, Coinage and the tion with its many complications, unifi- Protection of Patents and Trade- cation of meaning of common trade marks: terms. (b) Suggestions and remedies for (a) The use of gold as the standard some of these complications with view of coinage. of making trade interchange easier, ( b) Encouraging inventors by uni- simpler and surrounded with better form protection for patents and trade- guarantees without restricted require- marks. ments. SUBJECT No. 7. International Trade: (c) Discussion as to possibilities of (a) General aspect. lessening present exchange fluctuations (b) Present governmental aids and by Governmental conventions, commercial guarantees or whatever processes possibilities of additional and more co- might result in greater standardization operative aid by governments. Establishing international trade of values. (c) press. (d) Study of question of uniform relations between banking and commerc., SUBJECT No. 8. Possible Recommenda- i.e., between the bank as a financial insti- tions for Legislation: 6 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

A Pan-Pacific School of Journalism DEAN WALTER WILLIAMS President World's Press Congress I have great .hope of the improve- reason. Another reason is that here ment of the rising generation, of we have the customs and habits of the new crop of journalists that is peoples of the Pacific carried out in coming on in the various countries of actual everyday life, to be studied here the world. These earlier journalists as a laboratory before our eyes, or a have made a great mess of the world panorama to perceive as we look out on or they permitted a great mess to be it which could be obtained by students made by other people and the chaos nowhere else in the world. that confronts us today is, in a meas- These are some reasons why the con- ure, in a very considerable measure, clusions seem to me correct that an the fault of the press of the world. If institution here which would take for the newspapers had been fair and un- a year or two students in their senior censored and courageous in their deal- years or as graduate students from ings with the peoples of their own lands Japan, China, New Zealand, Australia, and the peoples of other lands we the Mainland and the Philippines and would not so certainly have had the let them, for a year or two here, under great war, the end of which we have proper auspices, with inspiring teach- just happily witnessed. ers, see how the others live. In a Honolulu is a strategic point for a short time they could go back to their School of Journalism. It seems to me own countries knowing as much about there are not to be very many schools conditions of life among other peoples of journalism in the world ; there is as they would by extensive travel and not enough room for them. Many long study in any of the countries thus great schools of journalism there can- represented. not be any more than many great uni- That it seems to me has its value for, versities there cannot be. There can after all, as it cannot be too frequently be abundant primary and much ele- said, if journalism is to be anything mentary and secondary education but other than a mere occupation to fur- higher education in the larger sense can nish bread and butter to those engaged only be successfully given at certain in it, if it is to reach its highest mis- great centers or certain places where sion, it must undertake to make the opportunities exist therefor, and tine world better because it has been in the of these places it seems to me, as far world. In its highest analysis it is a as journalism is concerned, is this pe- profession of public service. Some one culiar community in which we find our- said the other day that a good definition selves this afternoon, and the reason for of journalism is a profession that knew that of course is that map. ,The map where hell is about to break out and makes of Honolulu a Charing Cross out had a reporter there to tell what hap- on the Pacific ; it makes it a terminal pened when the devil appeared. It station, a station where people 'can stop seems to me a better definition for the a while and then go on to some other new journalism in the new world is place, having changed cars or trams or that it is a profession that knows where ships or outrigger canoes in the center heaven can be brought about and has of this great ocean, and that is one a reporter on hand to lift the lid. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 7

Field of Service for the Pan-Pacific Press Conference By LORRIN A. THURSTON Proprietor Honolulu Advertiser (Before the Pan-Pacific Press Conference)

" 'Oo's the bloke?" Is Manifestation of Spirit " 'Ee's a stranger." It is, however, conceivable that the " 'Eave a 'arf a brick at 'im!' friendliness which has in course of time (From a suppositious conversation be- expanded from family to clan, from tween two English laborers concerning clan to nation, and, to some extent, to a passerby.) nations of kindred blood or principles, The foregoing is illustrative of a can be extended to nations not of the trait in human nature—an innate feel- same race origin, or who have been ing that every stranger is an enemy. nurtured to revere different ideals ! It is doubtless an inheritance from It is an axiom that "like produces the days of the "cave era," when man like." was a "beast of prey," taking what he That acquaintance begets friendliness. could and holding what he took—when "Pan-Pacificism" as evidenced in and he was strong enough to do so. through the "Pan-Pacific Union" is the It is a survival from the days of un- visible manifestation of a spirit—a sen- curbed individualism, when "might timent ; and that spirit—that sentiment was right"—when every man's hand is, that friendliness begets friendliness was against every other man. —friendliness evolves cooperation, and cooperation results in progress. In these twentieth century days, mankind has progressed to the extent, at The great distances between the least, that all other men are not neces- shores of, the Pacific, and, until re- sarily enemies ; that some may even be. cently, the scarcity of speedy steamers prima facie, friends—those, for exam- and the complete absence of cables and ple, of the same family, clan, and, more wireless, prevented communication be- latterly, of the same nation—although tween the countries bordering thereon, it is historically but of yesterday that and knowledge of what was transpiring the Scot and Briton looked askance at across the ocean and intimate acquaint- one another, and even the "hielander" ance between citizens of the Occident and the "lowlander" of "bonny Scot- and the Orient, almost as completely land" were each the legitimate prey of as though the respective countries had the other ; and the warm sentiment been located in separate worlds. with which, on general principles, a No better evidence is required of the south-of-Irelander still regards the recent remoteness of Hawaii from the English needs no elaborate proof. other Pacific countries, and they from The millenium is not in sight. It is each other, than the fact that the news not even within hearing distance over of the election of President McKinley the horizon, nor within signaling dis- came to Honolulu by a steamer sailing tance by wireless !. from Yokohama, Japan, and the news 8 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN that President Cleveland intended to of endorsements of the "Hands Around restore the Hawaiian monarchy reached the Pacific" ideal, by high officials and Hawaii by a steamer sailing from Vic- public organizations of the several toria, Canada, and the news of the rec- countries named, where branches of the ognition of the provisional government new organization had been established of Hawaii by the United States reached by him. A natural inquiry was : Hawaii by a steamer sailing from Auck- "What is there in this for Ford?" land, New Zealand. Honolulu has long ago arrived at the During the past two decades com- conclusion that there is nothing in it munication, both steam and electric, for Ford—nothing except the "joy of across the Pacific has rapidly devel- service" and the exhilaration incident oped; but, until a chance visitor—one to accomplishment. Alexander Hume Ford—breezed into This brilliant beginning of a move- Honolulu, well within that period, but ment which has finally evolved into the little advance had been made in the Pan-Pacific Union, was due to Ford's bringing together of the peoples of the intense enthusiasm, patent sincerity and Pacific. unflagging energy ; but even these quali- Whether Ford evolved the spirit of ties, combined as they were, with his "Pan-Pacificism"—the spirit of friend- magnetic and almost uncanny faculty liness—of co-operation—of progress, of setting other people to work, would out of his own, inner consciousness, or not have succeeded in galvanizing the whether he crystallized it out of the traditional lethargy of the East, into balmy breezes and friendly atmosphere action, if it had not been that the time of Hawaii, has not been revealed; but was ripe for just such a movement. as a matter of historical fact, the gentleman was soon in full cry upon a That the time was ripe, is evidenced scent which led to a shrine dedicated by the rapidity with which the spirit to friendliness entitled "The Hands of "Pan-Pacificism" has taken hold and Around the Pacific Club." "friendly cooperation" become the slogan of all the Pacific countries which After spending some months in Ho- have come within the sphere of the nolulu proclaiming the, virtues of this spirit. organization to a somewhat skeptical community, remindful of the voice of There seems to have come into the the prophet crying in the wilderness, Pacific world—spontaneously—like unto Ford, not a bit discouraged or abashed, a new creation—the feeling that the old departed on a swing around the grand policies of aloofness—of isolation—of circuit of the Pacific, taking in New "every man for himself and the devil Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, take the hindermost," are obsolete. China "and Japan. The feeling that friendliness and co- The only credentials which he carried operation were to lead the Pacific na- were his own optimistic, almost beatific tions out of the wilderness of suspi- enthusiasm and a letter from the gover- cion and doubt, seems to have been just nor of Hawaii couched in somewhat beneath the surface, awaiting the magic general terms, to the effect that the touch which should crystallize this latent writer thought that Ford was "all right." sentiment into realization and action— In the course of a year or so Ford and this touch was supplied by Ford. returned to Honolulu—not with a string So much for the animating cause and of scalps at his belt, but with a sheaf the avenue through which "Pan-Paci- PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 9 ficism" has arrived at its present posi- ment of the issue except upon a basis tion of beneficent activity. which would leave a permanent feeling It is easy to formulate generalities of resentment in a large part of the and express appreciation of good in- community against the ruling element tentions ; but "the proof of the pudding thereof, based upon the beliefs that the is in the eating of it," and one fact is former had been unjustly and unfairly worth a hundred theories. dealt with. I wish to place on record a concrete A special term of the Legislature was instance of accomplishment directly due already in session and the anti-Lan- to the Pan-Pacific Union, which would guage School bills under consideration. not have occurred but for the existence At this stage of events a "Pan-Pacific of that organization, which appears to Banquet" was held at the International me to justify all of the time, effort and Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu. expense which has been expended upon Upon this particular occasion the its organization and maintenance. threatening aspect of the Language In October, 1920, a most disturbing School question rippled the placid surf- condition of affairs existed in Hawaii, ace of the international pool somewhat with possibilities of developing in such more than usual, and out of the discus- manner as to intensify already existing sion there was evolved a plan between race suspicion, leading even to possible certain of the Japanese and some of the international friction. Americans present, by which it was Following the war spirit engendered hoped that a friendly settlement of the on the mainland against the German issue might be promoted. newspapers and schools and the propa- The initiative was taken by the Jap- ganda carried on through them, the anese and the ground work of a regu- sentiment had become prevalent in Ha- latory legislative act suggested. waii that the local so-called "Language This was presented the next day to Schools"—chiefly Japanese—should be a meeting of the American Chamber of abolished or radically controlled. Commerce which had been especially An attempt to accomplish this convened to consider the bills which through the local Legislature of 1918, had been drafted by its own committee. excited so much opposition on the part The chamber debated its own bill and of those who would be affected thereby, the proposition submitted by the Jap- that the proposed legislation failed. anese for several hours, and adjourned Insfead of settling the question this without action. failure to secure action aggravated the Four days later it met again and re- situation and the avowed determination ceived in confirmation of the original was expressed throughout the Territory proffer a written draft of a bill to that Language Schools should and must carry the original proposition into ef- be abolished. fect, accompanied by a letter signed The Attorney General and the Cham- by a committee of 24 Japanese residents ber of Commerce of Honolulu, the lead- of Honolulu, representing the business, ing civic organization of the Territory, financial, professional, and religious caused drafts of bills for this purpose leadership of the community of that to be drawn and published. nationality, and the editors of three of There was no sign of abatement of the daily Japanese newspapers pub- opposition to the proposed measures lished in Honolulu, asserting that they and there seemed no prospect for settle- were responsible for the proposed act 10 PAN-PACIFIC U NION BULLETIN

and would support its enactment and sides those of other nationalities and a execution. large majority of them passed and were As a result of this action, the Cham- duly licensed. ber of Commerce by a vote of 5 to 1 The language school teachers affected endorsed the measure presented by the by this law have expressed themselves, Japanese in place of that presented by practically unanimously, as being highly its own committee, and recommended appreciative of the fair and friendly its enactment by the Legislature. treatment accorded them by the educa- The bill was forthwith introduced tional authorities of the territory and into the Legislature. the American community has been more A public hearing was given thereon than pleased at the prompt acquiescence by the committee to whom it was re- and manifest sincerity of the language ferred at which the community was in- school authorities involved. It is even vited to express its views. This was reported that some of the teachers, freely done for an entire forenoon. through the medium of their studies, The ultimate result was that the sen- have been converted from imperialism ate passed the bill which had been into enthusiastic advocates of a demo- offered by the Japanese, by a unanimous cratic form of goyernment. vote and the house of representatives Through the medium of the Pan- by a vote of approximately 5 to 1 and Pacific Union's method of discussion the measure was signed by the Gover- across the table and "getting together" nor. in friendly cooperation, a question The law contains many details—pre- which a year ago seriously threatened scribed the time and hours of sessions ; the peace of mind of this community subjected the curriculum to the control with the possibility even of its affecting of the local board of education ; re- international relations has been amica- quired the schools and teachers to be bly and satisfactorily settled. licensed, the latter to be subject to the While all of the issues now pending ability of the teachers to pass an ex- between Pacific countries cannot be amination in speaking and writing the settled as easily or as promptly as was English language and in knowledge of the language school question in Hawaii, the American Constitution and history the principles involved in the settle- and of the ideals of Democracy. ment of this question are equally applic- able to the larger and more serious is- The same Japanese committee which sues now pending or which may . here- had originally proposed the legislation after arise. then took up with the territorial board The spirit of "Pan-Pacificism"—that of education the question of securing is, the spirit of settling differences by special instruction, at the expense of friendly face to face consultation and the language school teachers, in the mutual cooperation, will not immedi- subjects upon which they were required ately bring the millenium, but it offers to pass an examination. a better and more hopeful method of The board of education cooperated settling international differences and with great energy and friendliness, such preventing war than any other method instruction beginning early in this year yet proposed. 1921. "Friendly consultation and mutual On July 1st last the required examin- cooperation" is a slogan worthy of the ations were taken by approximately 300 earnest and enthusiastic support of this Japanese language school teachers, be- organization. PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 11 Journalists' Union In Australia (A Paper Prepared for the Pan-Pacific Press Conference.) BY H. A. DAVIES President, Australian Journalists' Association

While on the surface the subject of many newspaper men who thought that my paper does not appear to be closely a step was being taken which was in- related to the Pan-Pacific Press Con- compatible with the dignity of the progress yet I think you will find that fession. The splendid work done by our efforts to organize the journalists the new organization, however, soon of Australia is not altogether foreign swept away much of the opposition to the objects of this meeting ; for while and today the Association, among its the organization of the journalists of membership of more than 1000, in- Australia into an association with a cludes newspaper editors, sub-editors, definite aim has been of great benefit reporters, authors, press artists and to members of the profession, so the photographers, and parliamentary Han- organization of the journalists of the sard staffs. countries washed by the waves of the Soon after its formation the Asso- Pacific into a bond such as has been ciation registered under the Common- suggested should remove many mis- wealth Conciliation and Arbitration understandings, misconceptions and Act. Members of this Congress may prejudices and cannot but assist in perhaps be interested if I describe this bringing about better relations between Act, which was the first great step the nations concerned. made by Australia in Industrial Legis- Journalists in Australia were slow to lation. In fact it initiated a new legal realize the advantage of having a pro- province, and alongside the Criminal tective organization. For many years and Civil Law in Australia is now they worked under conditions that growing up a code of Industrial Law. would not have been tolerated by any This Act, as its name implies, insists other profession. The old saying that on efforts at conciliation before indulg- "man works from dawn to set of sun" ing in Arbitration. Strikes are strictly did not apply to the newspaper man. prohibited and heavy penalties may be His work was never done and he was imposed upon any organization regis- shut out from all social enjoyment (ex- tered under the Act which indulges in a cept such social events that he attended strike. When an organization of em- to report for his paper). He could not, ployees in any trade, industry or calling with any certainty of keeping it, make an desires an improvement in conditions, appointment to spend an evening with generally after an abortive conference friends, nor could he be present to en- with the employers, a plaint is filed in tertain those friends who came to his the Conciliation and Arbitration Court. house. In fact, on most newspapers he The president, or deputy president of was always on duty. There were, of the court (who must' be a justice of course, some notable exceptions, but the High Court of Australia) then summons a Compulsory conference of just sufficient to prove the rule. In spite of these unhappy conditions, the two sides, over which conference he when, in 1911 the Australian Journal- presides. At the meeting he endeavors ists' Association was formed there were to reconcile the conflicting view points, 12 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

very often with success. If, however, hours a week are worked. Provision he fails, the dispute (which by the way, is made for the payment of a minimum must extend beyond the limits of any lineage rate to district or country cor- one state) is referred into the Arbitra- respondents who are members of the tion Court, where evidence is taken on Association and for not less than six both sides and the witnesses examined, dollars a day to men casually employed. after which the president announces his Provision is also made for extra pay- award. Barristers are permitted to ap- ment where copy is duplicated and pear in this court, but if one side to where photographs are supplied by a the action objects, both parties must newspaper man. A small clause (but conduct their own cases. This pro- one that relieves the journalist of the vision was inserted in the law so as to necessity of keeping in touch with the protect financially weak organizations office when he has a night off) is that from heavy legal expense. Not only the Duty Book of a morning paper have the ordinary trade unions taken shall (as far as possible) be made up full advantage of the facilities afforded by 6 p. m. on the preceding afternoon. by this court. but organizations of doc- Recognizing that women writers are tors, actors, ships' captains and officers, just as capable as men, a clause was engineers, civil servants, and lastly, inserted by the Association and agreed journalists have approached it at vari- to by the Court, that all the provisions ous times. of the award, both as to rates of the It was not until six years after the pay and conditions of the work shall formation of the Australian Journalists' apply equally to the male and female Association that its claims were heard employees. before the court. Soon after it was Of course, the difficulty of laying formed, a conference was held with the down a hard and fast rule in certain newspaper proprietors and certain mini- cases was recognized and an Excep- mum rates of pay, a grading of staffs tional Circumstances Clause was in- into fifths (three-fifths being senior, serted, under which a person may be one-fifth general and one-fifth junior exempted for the operation of some reporters) and six days' work a week specific provision of the award. Stich were agreed upon, together with a application must, however, be consented number of minor improvements. to by the Association. In 1917, as the result of the parties That, roughly, describes the regula- being unable to agree upon certain tion of conditions of journalism in Aus- points, a plaint was heard in the Com- tralia. It has had none of the bad re- monwealth Arbitration Court. The case sults predicted by pessimists. On the for the journalists was conducted by contrary, it has led to higher efficiency the officers of the Association, as the on the part of the men, for it has given judge said, "with marked ability." them sufficient leisure to improve their Reasonable demands having been made, minds, either by taking the various they were granted in full. Now in courses in journalism arranged by the Australia, the hours of employment Association, or by giving them an op- must not exceed 46 hours a week, there portunity of reading and keeping must be one and a half clear days off abreast with current literature. in each week (except in the case of The relations between the newspaper men who are regularly employed after proprietors and the journalists in their midnight, when five days, or forty employ have never been better than at PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 13 present ; work is carried on harmoni- tion. Then again there are the educa- ously and with an infinitesimal amount tional courses for journalists which of friction. have been arranged at several of the But the work performed by the As- universities, a full description of which sociation in improving the conditions I gave in my paper before the World's of journalism is but one of its many Press Congress. activities. It publishes a monthly mag- Another sphere in which the Aus- azine (not offered for public sale) in tralian Journalists' Association has been which topics of interest to newspaper of practical advantage to journalists is men are discussed and advice given the action it has taken for the restora- to the cadets or young men in training tion of the pre-war privileges in the for journalism. In most of the capital discussion of facilities for boarding cities, social clubs have been formed. steamers and interviewing oversea pas- Visiting journalists from all parts of sengers immediately upon a vessel's ar- the world are entertained and any help rival in port. During the war these or advice that the Association can give facilities were withdrawn and many is freely put at their service. obstacles placed in the way of the men In this connection it is a significant who gathered the news. As the result tribute to the good relations existing of deputation from our Association to between the Association and the pro- the Cabinet Ministers, all the privileges prietors that when Lord Northcliffe was have been restored and additional ones entertained recently by the Australian granted. Journalists' Association, there were pres- These are some of the activities of ent as guests of the Association the the Association which, though not finan- editor and general manager and the cially strong, is forging ahead by the chairman of directors of metropolitan exertions of a devoted band of journal- morning and evening papers, apart from ists who freely give of their time and the editors and proprietors of many energy to furthering the interests of weekly and monthly publications. The journalism. We look back with satis- Association has also established a bu- faction on our achievements of the reau which serves as a connecting link past and look forward with confidence between members in search of employ- to the future. ment and proprietors seeking newspaper In closing I would like to say that I men. It is not unusual for us to re- sincerely hope that the movement com- ceive a telegram reading "Can you send menced today will develop into a solid us a good all-around senior reporter organization of journalists of all the for country daily ?" The Association Pacific countries. They, more than any- finds out if there are any available and one else, help to mould public thought does not recommend anyone unless it and if their energy is thrown whole- is known that he is competent to per- heartedly in the direction of removing form the work required. misunderstandings and of making the An authors' section has recently been way smooth for the diplomatists, much formed. This section consists of the will be achieved. I most cordially wish leading Australian novel and short story the Pan-Pacific Press Congress success. writers. The Australian Journalists' If it assists in but a small way in im- Association is now assisting the authors proving the relations between the na- to secure such an amendment of legis- tions bordering on the Pacific, then its lation as will give them better proter- labors will not have been in vain. 14 PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN

The Press and Peace in the Pacific By HENRY STEAD Editor, "Stead's Review", Melbourne, Australia.

I regret most deeply that illness pre- lete in five years, but not one dollar is vents my being present at the first Pan- set aside with the object of promoting Pacific Press Conference, to attend better relations between the nations, get- which I traveled specially from Aus- ting them to know each other better, tralia. thus making war less likely. It was a I regard this Conference as of the well known American statesman who, at very greatest importance for the po- a time of crises prior to the late war, litical centre of the world has now declared : "Give me the price of a shifted from Europe to the Pacific. In single battleship and I will undertake the old world the great war has left the to make this threatened struggle impos- Allies supreme. Their word is law and sible." they realize that if they would main- Just suppose for a moment that the tain peace they must agree amongst Administration were to set aside no themselves. In. the Pacific however these more than one percent of its war ap- same Powers are by no means a happy propriations for use in peace propo- family. They do not agree, and their ganda. Why there would be no war ! differences, minor though most of them Today it costs at least $25,000,000 to be, actually threaten the peace of the build a dreadnought. What could not world. That being so every effort put be done with one percent of that huge forth to improve the relations between sum for the cause of peace. But no the Pacific nations is of peculiar im- Government at present sets aside even portance at the present time. We news- 0.1 percent of its war expenditures for paper men realize how great an in- peace purposes. fluence we can and do wield among the Several years ago when the mayors people, and if we, in conference, can of French towns were visiting England, come to some understanding amongst having been invited to do so by their ourselves, can evolve some plan of English confreres, all the money re- united action with the object of enabling quired for their entertainment had to the Pacific nations to get to know one• be raised privately. The British Gov- another better and thus avoid the un- ernment, although most sympathetic, necessary friction which so easily arises, had actually no funds available to pro- we will indeed have done well. vide these visitors with even one ban- It is an astonishing fact, which too quet I. Yet when distinguished soldiers few people properly realize, that whilst from abroad came to England the War all the great nations are spending huge Office had always plenty of money to sums on making preparations for de- entertain them with. Every one admits fence and war, not one of them is that visits of this nature helped to bring spending a single cent in order to sys- about a better understanding between tematically attempt to make the war England and France, but the expense of they fear impossible. Millions of dol- such visits had to be borne always by lars are spent on building gigantic private individuals. That is not right superdreadnaughts which will be obso- and I think it is the duty of every PAN-PACIFIC UNION BULLETIN 15 newspaper man to try and induce his raising of £6,000,000 for defence pur- particular Government to set aside a poses unnecessary. If all the Pacific definite sum, better still a fixed percent- countries were to spend no more than age of its defence and war expenditure, 0.1 percent of their appropriations for which should be used in order to facili- armies and navies on systematic peace tate visits of representative men and propaganda I am convinced that the workers from one country to another ; need for those armies and those navies should be used to disseminate correct would quickly disappear. information about one country in an- We are, I think, all seized with the other, and above all should be utilized fact that wars are almost always due to to run to earth in one country the lies misunderstandings which had time per- which are at present so widely cir- mitted could have been cleared up. But culated about another. whilst the machinery for making war What is needed in every country is is always well oiled, efficient and up-to- a Ministry of Friendship in charge of date, no special machinery for preserv- a man whose duty it should be to ap- ing peace exists at all. It seems to me ply the grease of truth to the interna- that we might well work for the setting tional machinery when the friction be- up of such machinery and urge our res- tween its parts became acute. We have pective governments to set aside a mere Secretaries of State, for War, for the fraction of the huge sums they spend Navy, and Ministers of Defense—im- on getting ready for war to be used in mensely complicated diplomatic services bringing about a better understanding whose nominal duty it is to work for between Pacific peoples, in running a peace but who, alas, are much more con- campaign of truth to counteract the cerned in finding out the latest devices wild and foolish rumors which at pres- other nations have adopted in their ent furnish fuel for misunderstandings armies and navies than they are in and mutual distrust. smoothing away those little irritations But whilst I think it is the bounded which so quickly give cause for war. duty of governments to systematically In Australia the year before the war work for peace and not concern them- we spent almost £6,000,000 on the army selves only in preparing for war, it will and navy. Unless the Disarmament be difficult to bring them to a realiza- Conference at Washington is successful tion of that fact. Meanwhile can we we shall have to spend much more than not do something ourselves to counter- that in coming years. The taxpayers in act these lies and rumors which work the Commonwealth, already complain- so much mischief in our relations with ing, will strongly protest, but protests other Pacific countries. We are severely will be of no avail if other fleets of the handicapped because we ourselves do Pacific are being increased in size. The not know the truth about our neighbors man who has to find the money is and not knowing the truth, we cannot likely to approve the suggestion that a contradict the lie. It would be well if very small part of it should be used every large newspaper or group of to make the war he fears impos- newspapers were to have a reliable cor- sible. Australia could well afford to respondent in each country washed by spend 0.1 percent of its defense appro- the Pacific, who could be relied on to priation on work for peace in the Pa- give accurate information himself and cific. £60,000 is a small amount, yet to report false news which was being carefully expended it should make the circulated in the country where he was 16

living about that one where the papers served and when they would throw a he represented were located. Expense batch of free articles into the waste- is of course the chief argument against paper basket, they would carefully this plan, but already some of the Aus- peruse those they had paid to have sent tralian papers have made a beginning them. and a reliable correspondent represents The scheme would require working the Melbourne Herald in Japan. out and considerable modification but, It is to be hoped that other papers properly done, it should be of immense will follow suit. But correspondents are value in bringing about a better under- a luxury which great newspapers only standing between the Pacific peoples. It can indulge in, the lesser journals have is because we do not understand each to rely upon what they get from the other, because we are suspicious of each large dailies and from chance letters. other, that we think and talk of war. If The Pan-Pacific Union, which has al- we knew more about each other we ready done so much to promote a better would think much less about war. The feeling in the Pacific, might be of use press can do more than any other agency here. It might act as a distribution to bring about the desired understand- centre of reliable news concerning every ing. It can frown on scare rumors and Pacific country. There are plenty of seek always to soothe instead of ruffle journals in Australia which would be the suceptibilities of its neighbors. The glad to have short articles telling, for Pacific being now the centre of world instance, about labor conditions in Ja- politics the responsibilities thrown on pan and China ; plenty which would the Pacific Press are great, far greater publish brief accounts of social move- than they have ever been before. I am ments in other countries and so on and confident that we will rise to the occa- so forth. How far they would be pre- sion and do everything in our power to dispel the danger of war and bring in pared to support a "truth" service of that era of peace which we so fondly this kind it is difficult to say, but my imagined would be ours once the great experience certainly suggests that it war had been won. I, at any rate, would be unwise to offer it free. Indi- pledge myself to do everything in my viduals and newspapers, whilst at first power to assist any movement started welcoming something for nothing, soon at this Conference which has as an ob- cease to have interest in it. On the ject the bringing of mutual understand- other hand, when they have to pay even ing and trust amongst the peoples of a small sum for it, their interest is pre- the Pacific. Advertising Section

Haleiwa, "The House Beautiful," at Waialua, 30 miles by auto from Honolulu and on a line of the Oahu Railway. The most ideal hotel in Hawaii.

The Moana Hotel, Waikiki. The Alexander Young Hotel, Honolulu. The Seaside Hotel, Waikiki, under one management. 2 THE MID-PACIFIC

Commonwealth 5Setitit of R14traitt HEAD OFFICE SYDNEY

The Commonwealth Bank of Aus- mittances, and the thousand and one tralia has now established 52 branches things that go to make up the general and 3194 agencies throughout Austra- banking work are equally well han- lasia, as well as two branches in Lon- dled, and the various departments have don and one at Rabaul, New Britain, ever increasing facilities for the care- and in the successful working of these ful conduct of the Bank's affairs. 1673 Australians are employed. The The Savings Bank Dept. of the Com- Bank's staff suffered many losses monwealth Bank is now a huge busi- through the war, but the return of the ness as is indicated by the fact that large number of officers who were for- 3194 agencies have been established, tunate enough to survive the dangers and that depositors' balances total of that splendid service has materially £34,298,824, the number of accounts increased the Bank's efficiency and being 817,843. greatly widened its scope. In Decem- The Commonwealth Bank carried the ber last the Bank took over the Savings burden of the flotation of Australian Bank business of the Queensland Gov- War Loans and the War Savings Cer- ernment Savings Bank, and this amal- tificate Campaign. gamation meant an increase of £15,- War and Peace Loans amounted to 000,000 in depositors' balances and the £239,857,230, and War Savings Certifi- absorption of 200 of the Government cates, £7,353,630, giving in all a total Savings Bank Staff, and resulted in of £247,204,860. the opening of 23 new branches. It is Although the growth of the Com- noteworthy that the staff at Brisbane monwealth Bank has been phenomenal (the capital of Queensland), which and the activities of this institution are numbered five when the Bank first already more extensive than those of opened for business there, and 117 just any other Australian Bank, its expan- prior to the amalgamation, now num- sion has by no means reached its limit. bers 240, and as this is only one of 6 Under the Commonwealth Bank Act, capital branches, it is good evidence 1920, the management of the Austra- of the Bank's progress. lian Note Issue passes to the Common- In the trading section of the Bank wealth Bank. Up to the present it has at the head office and all branches, been conducted by the Commonwealth banking and exchange business of every Treasury, but under the new regime description is transacted within the the whole of the business will be cared Commonwealth, the United Kingdom for by a special new section of the and abroad. Bank called the Note Issue Dept., Cable remittances are made to and which operates under the direction of drafts may be drawn on foreign places a Board of Control, of which the Gov- direct. Letters of credit are issued to ernor of the Bank, Sir Denison Miller, any part of the world. Bills are nego- K. C. M. G., is Chairman. On the date tiated or forwarded for collection, cur- upon which this most important trans- rent accounts are opened and interest fer was made the total of notes out- paid on fixed deposits. standing was 55,012,564, including the Departments for the conduct of ordi- holdings of all Banks. The Common- nary general banking business, such as wealth Bank also holds a portion of the the handling of foreign exchanges, re- gold reserve held in this connection. THE MID-PACIFIC 3 The Island of Kauai

TO SAN FRANCISCO AND JAPAN. The Matson Navigation Company, maintaining the premier ferry service between Honolulu and San Francisco, and the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, maintaining palatial ocean greyhound service between San Francisco and the Far East via Honolulu, have their Hawaiian agencies with Castle & Cooke, Ltd. This, one of the oldest firms in Hono- lulu, occupies a spacious building at the corner of Fort and Merchants streets, Honolulu. The ground floor is used as local passenger and freight offices of the Matson Navigation Company. The adjoining offices are used by the firm for their business as sugar factors and insurance agents ; Phone 1251. Castle & Cooke, Ltd., act as agents for many of the plantations throughout Ha- waii, and here may be secured much varied information. Here also the tourist may secure in the folder racks, book- lets and pamphlets descriptive of almost Maps by courtesy of Castle & Cooke, Ltd. every part of the great ocean.

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Exterior.

Interior. The Home Building in Honolulu of the American Factors, Ltd., Plantation Agents and Wholesale Merchants. THE MID-PACIFIC 5 The Island of Maui

PUU HONOLULU NO A A

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MAUI in ate Scluore ivtile4 7 Gn I; 48 MISS. Breadth 30 i'Ve ;hesttlevation 10,03Z l'e'er ` modest ExtinctCraterin.the1,v elation aver 4 es front Honolulu 72 fri leVen Saaar Plantations la'' x i 47 F21

Map by courtesy of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd. The firm of Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., ance Co., The Home Insurance Co. of (known by everyone as "A. & B."), is New York, The New Zealand Insurance looked upon as one of the most progres- Co., General A. F. & L. Assurance Cor- sive American corporations in Hawaii. poration, Switzerland Marine Insurance Alexander & Baldwin, Ltd., are agents Co., Ltd. for the largest sugar plantation of the Hawaiian Islands and second largest in The officers of this large and progres- the world, namely, the Hawaiian Com- sive firm, all of whom are staunch sup- mercial & Sugar Company at Puunene, porters of the Pan-Pacific and other Maui. They are also agents for many movements which are for the good of Ha- waii, are as follows : other plantations and concerns of the Islands, among which are the Haiku W. M. Alexander, President ; H. A. Sugar Company, Paia Plantation, Maui Baldwin, First Vice-President ; J. Water- Agricultural Company, Hawaiian Sugar house, Second Vice-President and Man- Company, McBryde Sugar Company ager; W. 0. Smith, Third Vice-Pres- Ltd., Kahului Railroad Company, Kauai ident; John Guild, Secretary ; C. R. Hem- Railroad Company, Ltd., and Honolua enway, Treasurer ; F. F. Baldwin, Direc- Ranch. tor; J. R. Galt, Director ; A. L. Castle, This firm ships a larger proportion of Director. the total sugar crop of the Hawaiian Besides the home office in the Stangen- Islands than any other agency. wald Building, Honolulu, Alexander & In addition to their extensive sugar Baldwin, Ltd., maintain extensive offices plantations, they are also agents for the in Seattle, in the Melhorn Building; in following well-known and strong insur- New York at 82 Wall Street, and in the ance companies : Springfield Fire & Ma- Alaska Commercial Building, San Fran- rine Ins. Co., American Central Insur- cisco. 6 THE MID-PACIFIC The Trust Company in Hawaii I

In Hawaii the functions of a Trust with foreign markets and world condi- Company embrace a business of a very tions. wide scope. The Waterhouse Trust It has been slower to arrive in Hawaii, Company has made a specialty of real perhaps, than elsewhere in the United estate and has developed some of the States, but, it is a noticeable fact that the most prominent sections of Honolulu, day of the individual as Executor and many of which it still manages, so that Trustee is fast waning, and thinking the Tourist finds it of great assistance, men, men of brains and ability, are nam- when arriving in Honolulu, to get in ing Trust Companies in their wills to touch with its real estate department, handle their estates. This is due to the where he will receive expert, prompt and perpetual character of a Trust Company, courteous advice and service. its experience in every line of business, Another prominent qualification of this and the practical assurance that the company is its stock and bond depart- estate will not be wasted or dissipated. ment. It is not only particularly qualified The Waterhouse Trust Company handles to advise its clients as to local securities, some of the largest estates in the Terri- but, by means of correspondents in the tory and it particularly qualifies for these principal mainland cities is in close touch duties.

zation includes the trust department, stocks and bonds, investments, real estate, rentals, general insurance and safe deposit.

According to the latest report filed. the Trent Trust Co., Ltd., shows a capitalization of $100,000; undivided profits and surplus $253,300.72, and gross assets $953,004.10.

The Trent Trust Company, Limited, OCATED in Fort Street, 916-920, I uses the banyan tree as its symbol, with the principal business through- the inscription, Serving—Protecting- fare of Honolulu, the Trent Trust Com- pany, Ltd., has recently doubled its of- Enduring. fice space by taking over the adjoining premises. During its fourteen years of existence, it has won to a remarkably high place in the confidence of the community. Its success in handling estates has been especially notable. Its organi- THE MID-PACIFIC 7 Banking in Honolulu

The Bank of Bishop & Co., Ltd., the oldest bank in the Hawaiian Islands, was established in 1858, and until its incorp- oration in 1919, was known as The Banking House of Bishop & Co. The Bank has a Capital, fully paid, of $1,000,000.00 and a Sur- plus Fund of $593,626.10. The deposits on June 30, 1921, exceeded $15,000,000. The operations of the Bank began with the encouragement of the whaling business, at that time one of the leading indus- The Yokohama Specie Bank, Limited, tries of the Islands, and has ever been a a branch of the famous Japanese insti- power for Commercial and Industrial tution, with a subscribed capital of Progress. yen 100,000,000, or about $50,000,000, The institution conducts a general and a reserve fund of yen 50,000,000, banking business and through its corre- occupies its magnificent building at the spondents located in all of the principal corner of Merchant and Bethel streets, cities of the world can handle any for- opposite the postof fice and Bishop & eign or domestic business entrusted to it. Co. It is the most up-to-date fire-proof The Bank pays special attention to the building in. Hawaii, the interior being needs of visitors. finished in bronze marble.

THE LIBERTY HOUSE. dry goods and fashions, but also for The Liberty House succeeds the firm patriotic displays, dioramas of the war's of B. F. Ehlers & Co., which was estab- progress, or realistic settings illustrating lished in Honolulu as far back at 1852, the actual work of the Red Cross nurses growing from small beginnings to be- on the field. War Posters sent from the come the largest dry goods store in Ha- Pan-American to the Pan-Pacific Union waii. After an honored career under are displayed here as are exhibits from the old name it bore for sixty-five years, the Pan-Pacific Commercial Museum, so on July 4th, 1918, the name was changed that everyone stops at The Liberty to The Liberty House, and under this House. title in future will be known Hawaii's The people of Hawaii know The Lib- pioneer dry goods house. erty House through all its various floors The Liberty House is in fact a de- and departments, it is the first place to partment of the American Factors Co., attract visitors. This firm makes a Ltd. It conducts the retail dry goods specialty of ladies' apparel and of bring- business of this concern and being backed ing the latest fashions to Hawaii. by one of the greatest financial powers The year round silk and woolen suits, in Hawaii, it can afford to carry the skirts, waists and all the wearing apparel largest stock and variety of dry goods of women are rushed through at fre- in the territory. quent intervals from New York by Wells Recently The Liberty House has been Fargo Express, being only twelve to reconstructed ; its spacious windows on fourteen days in transit, so that the fash- Fort Street, really extensive stages, are ions on Fort Street are only a few days used not only for remarkable displays of behind those of Broadway. 8 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Catton, Neill Building, Honolulu. Also the home of the General Electric Company in Hawaii. Honolulu is known around the world Stevedoring in Honolulu is attended for the manufacture of sugar mill ma- to by the firm of McCabe, Hamilton and chinery. Much of this is made by Cat- Renny Co., Ltd., 20 South Queen Street. ton, Neill & Co., Ltd., Engineers, who Men of almost every Pacific race are build and erect sugar mill machinery. employed by this firm, and the men of The works are on South street, Hono- each race seem fitted for some particular lulu, while the offices and salesrooms part of the work, so that quick and effi- are located in a new concrete building cient is the loading and unloading of on Alakea and Queen streets, erected vessels in Honolulu. recently for this purpose. Here are seen the displays of the General Electric Co., A monument to the pluck and energy of which Catton, Neill & Co., Ltd., are of Mr. C. K. Ai and his associates is the Hawaiian agents, as well as for the City Mill Company, of which he is leading gas engines, water wheels, treasurer and manager. This plant at steam plows, pumps, condensers and Queen and Kekaulike streets is one of tools manufactured in the United States. Honolulu's leading enterprises, doing a This is one of the oldest engineering firms in Hawaii. flourishing lumber and mill business.

The Honolulu Construction & Draying Co., Ltd., owns more than one hundred and fifty vehicles ranging from Ford trucks and small wagons to five cubic yards dump trucks and drays, and trucks capable of hauling up to twenty-five tons. The company does a large percentage of the freight hauling, baggage, furniture and piano moving and storage business. Its quarries supply most of the crushed rock used in the construction of roads and large buildings on the Island of Oahu. It also manufactures concrete brick and pipe. The offices of the company are at 65 to 71 South Queen Street. T II E MID-PACIFIC 9

SHOE STORE ADOPTS POLICY THE HAWAIIAN NEWS CO. AND UNUSUAL IN THAT BUSINESS THRUM'S LTD. Sometime in your life you've bought a pair of shoes that seemed to fit all The largest of the very fashionable right in the shop, but made you miser- shops in the Alexander Young Building, able after you had worn them awhile. occupying the very central portion, is that The dealer offered you no relief ; the of the Hawaiian News Company and shoes had been worn, so they couldn't Thrum's Ltd. Here the ultra-fashionable be returned or exchanged. stationery of the latest designis kept in But the Regal Shoe Store, 1031 stock. Every kind of paper, wholesale Fort Street, Honolulu, does things dif- or retail, is supplied, as well as printers' ferently. George A. Brown, manager and binders' supplies. There are musical of the Regal, has always felt that the instruments of every kind in stock, even chief function of a store is to satisfy its customers. A customer can't be to organs and pianos, and the Angelus satisfied if his shoes hurt. Very well, Player Piano, and this concern is con- take 'em back and get a comfortable pair. stantly adding new features and new If there are none on hand to fit you, stock. The business man will find his you get your money back. Makes no every need in the office supplied by the difference whether you've worn the Hawaiian News Company merely on a shoes a day or a week. No extra charge, no embarrassing questions, just shoes call over the phone, and this is true also or money. of the fashionable society leader, whether her needs are for a bridge \Vhich seems to us about as far as party, a dance, or just plain stationery. one can go with a guarantee. Our The exhibit rooms of the Hawaiian News greatest asset is satisfied customers. Company are interesting Honolulu from the Trolley Car

The Trolley Car at the Judiciary Building and Statue of Kcamehameha "the Great." 1U THE MID-PACIF1C

FERTILIZING THE SOIL. Millions of dollars are spent in Hawaii fertilizing the cane and pineapple fields. The Pacific Guano and Fertilizer Com- pany, with large works and warehouses in Honolulu, imports from every part of the Globe the many ship loads of ammonia, nitrates, potash, sulphur and guano that go to make the special fertilizers needed for the varied soils and conditions of the islands. Its chemists test the soils and then give the recipe for the particular blend of fertilizer that is needed. This great industry is one of the results of successful sugar planting in Hawaii, and without fertilizing, sugar growing in the Hawaiian Islands could not be successful. This company began operations in Mid- way Islands years ago, finally exhausting its guano beds, but securing others.

That Delicious Hawaiian Pineapple

Perhaps you've tried it sliced, as shown This is the real Hawaiian fruit, below ; you know, then, its incompar- grown and ripened on the sunny up- able flavor and lusciousness. But have lands of the Paradise Isles and prepared you tried it in crushed or grated form, in the fourteen canneries of the Asso- for pies, cakes, tarts, for fixing salads, ciation of Hawaiian Pineapple Packers. sherbets and countless other dainty des- serts ? Try it and see how good it really is ; serve it as a dessert just as it comes from the container. It is a most delicious dish, excellent for growing children. THE MID-PACIFIC 11

THE BUILDERS OF HONOLULU. hama Specie Bank Building, Honolulu, are engineers and constructors of build- Honolulu still relies for building ma- ings of every kind, from the smallest pri- terial on the mainland. For many years vate residences to the large and imposing the firm of Lewers & Cooke maintained business blocks. Being made up of some its own line of clipper schooners that brought down lumber from Puget Sound of the most prominent men in the Islands with which to "build Hawaii." Today it is not surprising that it secures some the firm occupies its own spacious block of the large and important contracts. on King Street, where every necessity The Y. M. C. A. building in Honolulu needed for building the home is supplied. was the work of this firm. In fact, often it is this firm that guarantees the contractor, and also assures the With the wood that is used for building owner that his house will be well built and in Hawaii, Allen & Robinson on Queen completed on time. Things are done on Street, Phone 2105, have for generations a large scale in Hawaii ; so it is that one supplied the people of Honolulu and those firm undertakes to supply material from on the other islands ; also their buildings the breaking of ground until the last coat and paints. Their office is on Queen of paint is put on the completed building. Street, near the Inter-Island S. N. Com- A spacious and splendidly equipped hard- pany Building, and their lumber yards ware department is one of the features extend right back to the harbor front, of Lewers & Cooke's establishment. where every kind of hard and soft wood The Von Hamm-Young Co., Importers, grown on the coast is landed by the Machinery Merchants, and leading auto- schooners that ply from Puget Sound. mobile dealers, have their offices and store in the Alexander Young Building, at the The city's great furniture store, that of corner of King and Bishop streets, and J. Hopp & Co., occupies a large por- their magnificent automobile salesroom tion of the Lewers & Cooke Block on and garage just in the rear, facing on King Street. Here the latest styles in Alakea Street. Here one may find almost home and office furniture arriving con- anything. Phone No. 6141. stantly from San Francisco are displayed The Pacific Engineering Company, on several spacious floors. Phone No. Ltd., with spacious quarters in the Yoko- 2111. 12 THE MID-PACIFIC Dairy, its ice cream, eggs and milks are pure and fresh almost hourly. For the shopper there is no more enticing cafe in Honolulu than the Quality Inn.

The leading music store in Hawaii is on King and Fort Streets—the Berg- strom Music Company. No home is complete in Honolulu without an ukulele, a piano and a Victor talking machine. The The Land of the Lanai. Bergstrom Music Company, with its big store on Fort Street, will provide you with these—a Mason & Hamlin, a The Halekulani, Hotel and Bunga- Chickering, a Weber for your mansion, or a tiny upright Boudoir for your cot- lows, 2199 Kalia Road, "on the Beach tage ; and if you are a transient it will at Waikiki." Famous hau tree lanai rent you a piano. The Bergstrom Music along the ocean front. Rates, from $3.00 Company, phone 2321. per day to $75.00 per month and up, American plan. Clifford Kimball. Love's Bakery at 1134 Nuuanu Street, Phone 1431, is the bakery of Honolulu. Its auto wagons deliver each morning Child's Blaisdell Hotel and Restaurant, fresh from the oven, the delicious baker's Fort Street and Chaplain Lane, Hono- bread and rolls consumed in Honolulu, lulu, occupies a modern concrete build- while all the grocery stores carry Love's ing, the cleanest, coolest hotel in Hono- Bakery crisp, fresh crackers and biscuits lulu—within two blocks of the center that come from the oven daily. Love's of the shopping, business and amuse- Bakery has the most complete and up to ment district. In the restaurant, clean- date machinery and equipment in the liness, service and reasonable prices are Territory. the main endeavor in this department. We strive to give the maximum in food and service at a minimum cost, and that The Sweet Shop, on Hotel Street, op- we are doing so is attested to by our posite the Alexander Young, is the one constantly increasing patronage. reasonably priced tourist restaurant. Here there is a quartette of Hawaiian The Pan-Pacific Gardens, on Kuakini singers and players, and here at every street, near Nuuanu Avenue, constitute hour may be enjoyed at very reasonable one of the finest Japanese Tea Gardens prices the delicacies of the season. immaginable. Here some wonderful Japanese dinners are served, and visitors are welcomed to the gardens at all times. Honolulu is so healthy that people Adjoining these gardens are the wonder- don't usually die there, but when they do ful Liliuokalani gardens and the series they phone in advance to Henry H. Wil- of waterfalls. Phone 5611. liams, 1374 Nuuanu St., phone number 1408, and he arranges the after details. If you are a tourist and wish to be inter- The Quality Inn on Hotel Street, red in your own plot on the mainland, near Fort, is aptly named, not quite a Williams will embalm you ; or he will ar- restaurant, it serves dainty lunches and range all details for interment in Hono- afternoon teas as well as light breakfasts. lulu. Don't leave the Paradise of the Its candies and soft drinks are the best, Pacific for any other, but if you must, let and dealing directly with Rawley's your friends talk it over with Williams. THE MID-PACIFIC 13

South Manchuria Railway Company

Operating All Lines in South Manchuria and Chosen (Korea) East of Mukden.

A street scene in quaint old Seoul, the Korean Capital, now being modernized.

It is a wonderful railway ride from Mukden and Seoul. There are six Japan to Peking by the South Man- trains daily each way on the Man- churia Railway Company trains, or vice churia branch lines to Port Arthur versa. There is a ferry service between (including non-stop express) Yingkou the Japanese Railway service and that (Newchwang) and Fushun (the col- of Korea, Manchuria and China. A liery town), and several trains daily night on the ferry boat and then the each way on the Chosen branch lines. ride through Chosen or Korea to the There is a Dairen-Tsingtao-Shanghai capital Seoul, and on through Northern Steamer Service two trips each way per Korea into and across Manchuria, visit- nine days. ing the quaint capital Mukden and into There are modern hotels at all im- China. portant centers and cheap Overland and There are dining and sleeping cars on Circular tours over the entire system, these trains and all the comforts of and from the cities of Japan to the modern railway travel. cities on railway lines in China. From Dairen, the great commercial The head office of the South Man- port, at the top of the Liao-Tung Pen- churia Railway Company is at Dairen. insula, there are three trains a day to The cable address is "Mantetsu" or Changohun via Mukden, and two trains "SMRCo," the codes used being A.B.C. a day from Changohun to Fusan, via 5th, 6th, Ed., Al., Liebers & Bentley's. 14 THE MID-PACIFIC

South Australia and Tasmania I I

SOUTH AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. From San Francisco, Vancouver and Tasmania is one of the finest tourist from Honolulu there are two lines of fast resorts in the southern hemisphere, only steamships to Sydney, Australia. ten hours' run from the Australian main- From Sydney to Adelaide, South Aus- land. Between Launceston and Melbourne tralia, there is a direct railway line on the fastest turbine steamer in Australia which concession fares are granted tour- runs thrice weekly and there is a regular ists arriving from overseas, and no service from Sydney to Hobart. visitor to the Australian Common- The island is a prolific orchard country wealth can afford to neglect visit- and has some of the finest fruit growing tracts in the world. The climate is cooler ing the southern central state of than the rest of Australia. Australia ; for South Australia is The lakes and rivers are nearly all the state of superb climate and unrivalled stocked with imported trout, which grow resources. Adelaide, the "Garden City to weights not reached in other parts of the South," is the Capital, and there is of Australia. a Government Intelligence and Tourist The Tasmanian Government deals Bureau, where the tourist, investor, or directly with the tourist. Hobart, the settler is given accurate information, capital—one of the most beautiful cities guaranteed by the government, and free in the world—is the headquarters of the to all. From Adelaide this Bureau con- Tasmanian Government Tourist Depart- ducts rail, river and motor excursions to ment; and the bureau will arrange for almost every part of the state. Tourists transport of the visitor to any part of are sent or conducted through the mag- the island. A shilling trip to a local nificent mountain and pastoral scenery of resort is not too small for the Govern- South Australia. The government makes ment Bureau to handle, neither is a tour travel easy by a system of coupon tickets of the whole island too big. There is a and facilities for caring for the comfort branch office in Launceston performing of the tourist. Excursions are arranged the same functions. to the holiday resorts ; individuals or The Tasmanian Government has an parties are made familiar with the industrial resources, and the American as up-to-date office in Melbourne, at 59 well as the Britisher is made welcome if William Street, next door to the New he cares to make South Australia his Zealand Government office, where guide- books, tickets, and information can be home. The South Australian Intelligence and procured. The address of the Sydney Tourist Bureau has its headquarters on office is 56 Pitt Street, and Tasmania King William Street, Adelaide, and the also has its own offices in Adelaide, government has printed many illustrated Brisbane and Perth. books and pamphlets describing the scenic For detailed information regarding and industrial resources of the state. A Tasmania, either as to travel or settle- postal card or letter to the Intelligence ment, enquirers should write to Mr. And Tourist Bureau in Adelaide will se- E. T. Emmett, the Director of the Tas- cure the books and information you may manian Government Tourist Dept., desire. Hobart, Tasmania. THE MID-PACIFIC 15 Wonderful New Zealand

Native New Zealanders at Rotorua.

Scenically New Zealand is the world's throughout the Dominion for the benefit wonderland. There is no other place in of the tourist, for whom she has also the world that offers such an aggrega- built splendid roads and wonderful moun- tion of stupendous scenic wonders. The tain tracks. New Zealand is splendidly West Coast Sounds of New Zealand are served by the Government Railways, in every way more magnificent and awe- which sell the tourist for a very low inspiring than are the fjords of Norway. rate, a ticket that entitles him to travel Its chief river, the Wanganui, is a scenic on any of the railways for from one to panorama of unrivalled beauty from end two months. In the lifetime of a single to end. Its hot springs and geysers in man (Sir James Mills of Dunedin, New the Rotorua district on the North Island Zealand) a New Zealand steamship com- have no equal anywhere. In this district pany has been built up that is today the the native Maoris still keep up their fourth largest steamship company under ancient dances or haka haka, and here the British flag, and larger than any may be seen the wonderfully carved steamship company owned in America, houses of the aboriginal New Zealanders. with her ioo,000,000 population, or in There are no more beautiful lakes any- Japan with her 50,000,000 population. where in the world than are the Cold New Zealand is a land of wonders, and Lakes of the South Island, nestling as may be reached from America by the they do among mountains that rise sheer Union Steamship Company boats from ten thousand feet. Among these moun- Vancouver, San Francisco or Honolulu. tains are some of the largest and most The Oceanic Steamship Company also scenic glaciers in the world. In these transfers passengers from Sydney. The Southern Alps is Mt. Cook, more than Government Tourist Bureau has commo- twelve thousand feet high. On its slopes dious offices in Auckland and Wellington the Government has built a hotel to which as well as the other larger cities of New there is a motor car service. Zealand. Direct information and pam- New Zealand was the first country to phlets may be secured by writing to the perfect the government tourist bureau. New Zealand Government Tourist Bu- She has built hotels and rest houses reau, Wellington, New Zealand. 16 THE MID-PACIFIC

The Attractions of Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific

Canada is rich in attractions to tourists Mountain Goat, Big Horn Sheep and of all sorts and conditions. Among the Bear are to be found. countries of the world, none are richer The total railway mileage in operation either in variety or extent. is about 39,000 miles—of this 22,354 are operated by the Canadian National—the The natural resources of the Do- Largest Railway System in the World. minion are remarkable. The Continental Limited operated from To the manufacturer and agriculturist the Atlantic to the Pacific by the Ca- no country offers greater opportunities. nadian National is the finest train in Some conception of the attraction Canada, which means one of the finest Canada affords the Sporting Hunter in the world. may be realized from the fact that with- Further information gladly furnished in her borders are still over half a mil- by Osborne Scott, General Passenger lion acres of forest lands in which such Agent, Canadian National Railways, game as Moose, Elk, Caribou, Deer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. I