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Büyük Menderes) Jeopolitiği Ve Jeostratejisi

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Büyük Menderes) Jeopolitiği Ve Jeostratejisi T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİMDALI MAIANDRIOS (BÜYÜK MENDERES) JEOPOLİTİĞİ VE JEOSTRATEJİSİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN Yrd.Doç.Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ HAZIRLAYAN Mehmet Nuri TOKGÖZ 094202011005 Konya 2011 İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ..................................................................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................................................ iv ABSTRAC ................................................................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................................................... vi KAYNAKÇA .............................................................................................................................................. vii 1 GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Çalışma Konusunun Önemi ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Uygulanan Metod ve Kapsam ....................................................................................................... 1 2 MAİNDROS’UN TARİHSEL GELİŞİMİ ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Maiandros Adının Kaynağı ........................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Maiandros ve Çevresi Tarihi ......................................................................................................... 5 2.2.1 Bölgenin Tarihçesi.................................................................................................................. 5 2.2.2 Jeolojik Yapı ........................................................................................................................... 9 2.3. Maiandros Çevresi Coğrafi Özellikleri ...................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Akarsular ve Göller .............................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 İklim ..................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3.3 Bitki Örtüsü .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.4 Ovalar ................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.5 Dağlar ................................................................................................................................... 15 2.4 Menderesi Besleyen Önemli Kaynaklar ...................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Lykos (Çürüksu) Nehri ve Vadisi ......................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Çine (Marsyas) Çayı ............................................................................................................. 22 2.4.3 Hititler Döneminde Batı Anadolu ............................................................................................ 23 2.4.3.1 Seha Nehri Ülkesi .............................................................................................................. 26 3 ANTİK DÖNEMDE MAIANDROS’UN JEOPOLİTİK VE JEOSTRATEJİK ÖNEMİ ........................................ 33 3.1 Eskiçağ’da Batı Anadolu Bölgesi ve Büyük Menderes Vadisi ................................................... 33 3.2. Maiandros Çevresindeki Kentler ................................................................................................ 50 3.2.1 Myus ..................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2.2 Alinda ................................................................................................................................... 55 3.2.3 Alabanda ............................................................................................................................... 57 3.2.4 Kelenai Apameia .................................................................................................................. 58 3.2.5 Eumeneia .............................................................................................................................. 61 i 3.2.6 Mastaura ............................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.7 Laodikeia ad Lycum ............................................................................................................. 65 3.2.8 Tralleis .................................................................................................................................. 70 3.2.9 Nysa ...................................................................................................................................... 74 3.2.10 Magnesia ad Meandrum (Menderes Magnesia’sı) ............................................................. 81 3.2.11 Miletos ................................................................................................................................ 83 3.2.12 Priene .................................................................................................................................. 96 3.3 Maiandros ve Çevresinin Ticari ve Ekonomik Önemi ................................................................ 99 3.4 Maiandros ve Çevresinin Askeri-Stratejik ve Siyasi Önemi ..................................................... 104 4 DEĞERLENDİRME VE SONUÇ ............................................................................................................ 109 LEVHALARIN LİSTESİ ............................................................................................................................ 114 LEVHALAR ............................................................................................................................................ 119 ii ÖNSÖZ Maiandros vadisi günümüzde olduğu gibi antik dönemde de önemli bir tarım alanıdır. Harpasos vadisinin Maiandros ile iç ve güney Karia’yı birbirine bağlayan stratejik konumu ve boğaz niteliğinde olması bölgeyi antik dönemde önemli bir stratejik bölge haline getirmiştir. Tarım alanlarının hâkimiyeti ve stratejik konumu nedeniyle bölge antik dönem içinde büyük çoğunlukla karışıklık içinde olmuştur. İ.Ö. V. yüzyılda çoğalan askeri mücadeleler, vergi toplama savaşı ve tarımsal üretime hâkim olabilmek için bölge de mücadeleler görülür. Böylesine önemli ve büyük ve bir ırmağın bulunduğu coğrafyadaki konumu itibariyle, birçok antik bölge sınırlarından geçmektedir. Kaynaklarını aldığı Phyrgia bölgesinden sonra Lydia, Karia ve İonia bölgelerinden geçmektedir. İonia’dan denize dökülene kadar çevresinde birçok antik yerleşim yeri yer almaktadır. Bu konu kapsamında literatür çalışması yaparak Menderes Havzasının etrafı ile ilişkilerini ve etkilerini ele almaya çalıştık. Bu anlamda bana bu konuyu çalışma fırsatı sunan danışman hocam Sayın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Mustafa YILMAZ’a, bölüm başkanımız Sayın Prof. Dr. Hasan BAHAR’a, Prof. Dr. Özdemir KOÇAK’a ve her zaman desteğini gördüğüm aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Mehmet Nuri TOKGÖZ KONYA 2011 iii ÖZET Maindros (Menderes) vadisi antik dönemde olduğu gibi günümüzde de önemli bir tarım alanıdır. Harpasos vadisinin Maiandros ile iç ve güney Karia’yı birbirine bağlayan stratejik konumu ve boğaz niteliğinde olması bölgeyi antik dönemde önemli bir yer haline getirmiştir. Menderes Lidya, Phrygia, İonia ve Karia bölgelerinin kesiştiği noktada olması bakımında da birçok antik kent ile siyasi ve ticari ilişkilerin sağlanmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Bu denli önemli coğrafya da bulunması ve birçok verimli araziye sahip olması, limanlara yakınlığı, bölgenin hâkimiyeti ve stratejik konumu nedeniyle bölge antik dönem içinde büyük çoğunlukla karışıklık içinde olmuştur. İ.Ö. V. yüzyılda çoğalan askeri mücadeleler, vergi toplama savaşları, tarımsal üretime ve ticareti faaliyetlere hâkim olabilmek için mücadeleler görülmektedir. Bu anlamda genel itibariyle bölgenin önemi tarihi süreç içerisinde ele alınıp değerlendirilmiştir. Birçok egemenliğin hakimiyet ettiği coğrafya sadece tarihsel anlamda değil bulunduğu jeopolitik durumu ile de ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Büyük Menderes Nehri, Jeopolitik ve Jeostratejik Önemi, Menderes Ovası, Siyasi, Askeri ve Ticari Faaliyetler. iv ABSTRAC Maiandrios valley is an important agricultural area today and in ancient times. The strategic position of Harpasos valley is valuable because it connects the iner and southern Karia. It is a style of a strait so it makes Harposos important in ancient times. Maiandrios is at the intersection of Libya, Phrygia, Ionia and Karia regions and it ensure that political relation with many ancient city. It’s in a very important gography and it has got many fertile land, it’s close ports. Because of domination of the region and strategic position Maiandrios was in a disorder in ancient times. There were many military struggle in BC 5th century, there were
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