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Frank Rumscheid (Hrsg.) · Die Karer und die Anderen

  • II
  • III

Die Karer und die Anderen

Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universität Berlin
13. bis 15. Oktober 2005

Herausgegeben von
Frank Rumscheid

Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH · Bonn 2009

IV

Umschlag: Männlicher ‘Sphinx’, Akroterion des Androns B in Labraunda
(Entwurf S. Biegert auf Grundlage einer Graphik von F. Rumscheid)

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie.
Detailliertere bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar.

© 2009 by Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
Redaktion: Frank Rumscheid (Kiel)
Satz: Susanne Biegert (Bonn)
Druck: Druckhaus Thomas Müntzer, 99947 Bad Langensalza

ISBN 978-3-7749-3632-4
V

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frank Rumscheid

VII
1
Einführung

Beziehungen zu den Anderen

Michael Meier-Brügger

Karer und Alt-Anatolier aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht

Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier

Milet und Karien vom Neolithikum bis zu den ‘Dunklen Jahrhunderten’.

  • Mythos und Archäologie
  • 7

27

Alexander Herda

Karki™a-Karien und die sogenannte Ionische Migration

Alain Bresson

109 121 135 149 163 173 195 207
Karien und die dorische Kolonisation

Winfried Held

Die Karer und die Rhodische Peraia

Christopher Ratté

The Carians and the Lydians

Hilmar Klinkott

Die Karer im Achaimenidenreich

Werner Tietz

Karer und Lykier: Politische und kulturelle Beziehungen im 5./4. Jh. v. Chr.

Frank Rumscheid

Die Leleger: Karer oder Andere?

Bernhard Schmaltz

Klassische Leitkultur und karische Provinz? Archäologische Zeugnisse im südlichen Karien

Vincenzo Ruggieri

The Carians in the Byzantine Period

Einzelne Kulturäußerungen

Wolfgang Blümel

  • Zu Schrift und Sprache der Karer
  • 221

229

Daniela Piras

Der archäologische Kontext karischer Sprachdenkmäler und seine Bedeutung für die kulturelle Identität Kariens
VI

Pierre Debord

  • Peut-on définir un panthéon carien?
  • 251

267 291

Pontus Hellström

Sacred Architecture and Karian Identity

Abdulkadir Baran

Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids

Poul Pedersen

The Palace of Maussollos in Halikarnassos and Some Thoughts on Its Karian and

  • International Context
  • 315

349

Mathias Benter

Das mykenische Kammergrab vom Pilavtepe

Adnan Diler

Tombs and Burials in Daml@bo%az (Hydai) and Pedasa:

  • Preliminary Report in the Light of Surface Investigations and Excavations
  • 359

377

Anne Marie Carstens

Tomb Cult and Tomb Architecture in Karia from the Late Archaic to the Hellenistic Period

Abuzer K @ z @ l

1990–2005 Y@llar@ Aras@nda Mylasa’da Kurtarma Kaz@lar@ Yap@lan Mezarlar ve Buluntular@

  • Üzerinde Genel Bir De%erlendirme
  • 397

463

‚ smail Fazl @ o % lu

Daml@bo%az Finds: Inland Carian Archaic Pottery and Related Regions

Topographische Studien

Mathias Benter

  • Hydas, eine befestigte Höhensiedlung auf der Bozburun-Halbinsel
  • 481

503 517 533

Mustafa © ahin

Alt-Myndos: Einige Betrachtungen zu Lokalisation und Stadtmauern

Numan Tuna – Nadire At @ c @ – ‚ lham Sakarya – Elif Koparal

The Preliminary Results of Burgaz Excavations Within the Context of Locating Old Knidos

Deniz Pastutmaz

Knidos im Licht der jüngsten Ausgrabungen: Der Theater-Dionysos-Tempel-Stoa-Komplex

Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids

291

Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids

Abdulkadir Baran

Keywords: Aeolic architecture, Archaic period, Classic period, Hekatomnids, Ionic architecture, Ionic Renaissance, Karia

Abstract: The background to the intensive building program of the Hekatomnid dynasty in the 4th cen- tury B.C. has been sought in other regions, because the architectural development of Karia before the Hekatomnids is unknown. The Hekatomnid period, which includes the buildings in Ionia and Karia, has been named the “Ionic and/or Ionian Renaissance” as a result of similarities with Archaic Ionic buildings. On the other hand, some unique architectural features of this period indicate the existence of a local source for the Hekatomnid building program. For understanding the period before the Hekatomnids the architectural members presented in this study were chosen because they can be dated stylistically to this period since not a single building remains in situ. When all the architectural mate- rial, including possible remains in situ and the ancient textual sources have been taken into consider- ation, the architectural progress of Karia can be determined. All the material leads us to conclude that Karia had an architectural tradition in a comparable scale with the other regions, also after the Archaic period. It can be said that some unique architectural features of Karia indicate that the region was not only a follower but was also one of the leaders in the development of the Aeolic and Ionic architectural styles.

An intensive building program1 was initiated by
Hekatomnos and his successors, a native Karian dynasty, who ruled as Persian satraps2. It has been suggested that it was a revival of Ionic architecture after the Persian domination of Anatolia. In contrast to what can be drawn from ancient texts and epigraphic evidence3 the buildings that can be safely dated to this period are very few: the Maussolleion at Halikarnassos and its terrace4, the propylon of the Artemis Sanctuary at Amyzon5, the Temple of Zeus at Labraunda and other buildings in that sanctuary6 are the only buildings which can be archaeologically dated to the Hekatomnid period. The building activity initiated by the Hekatomnids in the 4th century

  • 1
  • This article is a part of my Ph.D. thesis prepared under the direction of Prof. Orhan Bingöl in Ankara University; I

am very grateful to him for his leading and all helps. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. F. Rumscheid who made possible to present my work in this very well organized colloquium. I am also very grateful to L. Karlsson for having revised my English.

  • 2
  • Hornblower, Mausolus 34–51; S. Ruzicka, Politics of a Persian Dynasty. The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Cen-

tury (1992) 15 ff.
34
Hornblower, Mausolus 223 ff. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus I. The Order; II. The Architectural Design, AJA 12, 1908, 3– 29. 141–171; Pedersen, Maussolleion III (1991); K. Jeppesen, The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos V. The Superstructure. A Comparative Analysis of the Architectural, Sculptural and Literary Evidence (2002). L. Robert, Le sanctuaire d’Artemis à Amyzon, CRAI 1953, 409; J. & L. Robert, Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie I. Exploration, histoire, monnaies et inscriptions (1983) 76 fig. 36; Pedersen, Maussolleion III 67; Pedersen, Reflections 111; Hellström, Architecture 43–44. – s. auch den Beitrag von P. Hellström in diesem Band mit neuer Rekonstruktion, die hier noch nicht berücksichtigt werden konnte [Anm. Red.].
5

  • 6
  • Ibid. 36–57; P. Hellström, Dessin d’architecture hécatomnide á Labraunda, in: Le dessin d’architecture dans les

sociétés antiques, Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 26–28 janvier 1984 (1985) 153–165.

292

Abdulkadir Baran

B.C. was termed the ‘Ionic Renaissance’ by Noack7. It has now been accepted by other scholars as well8. The term was meant to explain a renewed building activity that introduced new ideas combined with elements of Archaic Ionic architecture. The term was subsequently changed to ‘Ionian Renaissance’, with the idea of being the revival not only of architectural forms but also referring to other cultural expressions9. It is believed that this period of revival, following the construction of the earliest building, Andron B at Labraunda10, continued into the Hellenistic period11, but its exact limits have not been established yet.
However, the background to the so-called Ionic
Renaissance has not received the studies it merits and it is still not certain whether there was a real revival or whether there was a continuation of earlier practices flourishing with the help of the financial strength of the Hekatomnid rulers. For this reason, the background to the Karian architectural development that produced an architect like Pytheos in the 4th century needs to be investigated. The main problem of this investigation is the lack of dated building remains and for this reason the study will analyze architectural members that can be dated stylistically to this period. The architectural members presented here include not only the published ones but will also introduce some new pieces found during our surveys. After examining the architectural pieces it is possible to compare them with dated examples. The architectural members will also be grouped by their dates, sizes, find-spots and stone types. When all the architectural members are combined with the ancient texts, the epigraphic evidence and other archaeological remains it is possible to identify some buildings and temples in Karia.

Knidian Peninsula

An Aeolic capital found in the Knidian peninsula by Bean and Cook12 can be dated to the second half of the 6th century B.C. by comparison with examples from Cyprus13 and Larisa in Aeolis14. It was suggested by Betancourt15 as belonging to a stele. However, its upper carrying surface, the bolster arrangement and especially its thickness indicate that it is an Aeolic pilaster capital16.

Kos

The first evidence indicating Karian rule over Kos is to be joined into the battle of Salamis under queen Artemisia in 480 B.C.17. There is no evidence for Karian rule over Kos after that period and the synoikism of Kos in 366 B.C. is said to be the result of not the Hekatomnid influence but probably a democratic move18. On the other hand, it is known that Kos was under Hekatomnid rule after the synoikism19. Although there are no building remains, ce-

78
F. Noack, Die Baukunst des Altertums (1910) 37 ff. R. Demangel, La frise ionique (1933) 324 ff.; W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece2 (1973) 216; A. Bammer, Die Architektur des jüngeren Artemision von Ephesos (1972) 34 ff.; A. Bammer, Architecture et société en Asie Mineure au IVe siècle, in: Architecture et société de l’archaïsme grec à la fin de la république romaine, Actes du Colloque international organisé par le Centre national de la recherche scientifique et l’Ecole française de Rome, Rome 2–4 décembre 1980 (1983) 275 ff.; U. Muss – A. Bammer, Der Altar des Artemisions von Ephesos, FiE XII 2 (2001) 161.

  • 9
  • Pedersen, Renaissance 11 ff.

10 P. Hellström – T. Thieme, The Androns at Labraunda. A Preliminary Account of Their Architecture,
MedelhavsMusB 16, 1981, 58–74; Hellström, Architecture 41.
11 Noack op. cit.; Bammer, Architecture et société (see above n. 8); Pedersen, Reflections 97 ff.; P. Pedersen,
Pergamon and Ionian Renaissance, IstMitt 54, 2004, 409 ff.
12 G. E. Bean – J. M. Cook, The Cnidia, BSA 47, 1952, 178–179. 188 fig. 4 pl. 38 e. 13 Betancourt, Aeolic Style 37 fig. 9; G. R. Wright, Ancient Building in Cyprus (1992) fig. 285, 1–4; 286; 287, 1–4. 14 J. Boehlau – K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos I. Die Bauten (1940) 142–143 pl. 19 a; Wesenberg, Kapitelle und
Basen 74 ff. fig. 152–154; Betancourt, Aeolic Style fig. 34 pl. 42.
15 Ibid. 50 n. 4. 16 J. Boardman, Chian and Early Ionic Architecture, AntJ 39, 1959, 209. 17 Hdt. 7, 99; Strab. 14, 657; G. E. Bean – J. M. Cook, The Carian Coast III., BSA 52, 1957, 119–127; M. G. Picozzi in: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976) 465 s. v. Kos.
18 Hornblower, Mausolus 103–104. 19 Picozzi op. cit.; Hornblower, Mausolus 44–46.

Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids

293 ramic finds and inscriptions show the existence of an earlier occupation on Kos city20. Only two architectural members have been noticed in the museum and they were published by Shoe21. An anta capital fragment22 and a crown block fragment23 which are dated to the late 6th century B.C. could not be connected with any building, but since they are of similar size and material, it is very probable that they belonged to the same structure24. Their possible origin might be the Athena or Apollon Pythios sanctuaries which have horoi inscriptions from the 5th century B.C.25.
Radt also published two buildings which have
Aeolic capitals from another Lelegian-style settlement at Alazeytin near Bodrum29. Buildings 30 and 31, though still unexcavated, were suggested to be a heroon and an altar respectively. Radt presented a reconstruction of the possible heroon building30 with the help of two Aeolic pilaster capitals used as door consoles31. There were also wall crowns32, pieces of ovolo and astragal-profiled undecorated blocks33, as well as a geison block34 scattered around the building. Building 31 with its rectangular form and containing five steps inside could be identified as an altar by comparing it with similar Archaic stepped altars35. Two Aeolic pilaster capitals have fully decorated faces and were placed in the reconstruction with their sides towards the front36. Although the capitals point to an upper structure, there is not enough evidence for such a restoration. Furthermore, there are no other examples of the arrangement with capitals placed with their sides towards the front. With the help of the capitals, both buildings can be dated to the period just after the middle of the 6th century B.C. The pilaster form of the capitals, and especially their employment as door consoles in Building 30, can be compared to examples from Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean37. The volute forms and the

Halikarnassos Peninsula

Radt found a piece of kyma block from the debris of a monumental unidentified building in the Lelegian-style settlement on Kaplanda% near Bodrum26. The shapes of the darts27 in the ovolo moulding and the curled ornament28 on the bottom side are comparable to a few other examples, but with the ovolo form it is possible to date it around the middle of the 6th century B.C. Although the building has not been excavated, the existence of an early temple in the small castle seems probable because of the remains and kyma block fragment.

20 Bean – Cook (see above n. 17) 124–125. 21 L. T. Shoe, Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes, Hesperia 19, 1950, 338 ff. 22 Ibid. 347. 356 Cat. 5.9 fig. 5, 9 pl. 109, 2; A. D. Brockmann, Die griechische Ante. Eine typologische Untersuchung
(1968) 67 Kat. D.8; J. Ganzert, Zur Entwicklung lesbischer Kymationformen, JdI 98, 1983, 135 fig. 29.
23 Shoe op. cit. 341. 346. 354 Cat. 4.1 pl. 108, 1.

24 Ibid. 354.

25 Bean – Cook (see above n. 17) 121. 123. 125. 26 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 107. 224 n. 33a; 259–262 pl. 42, 3. 7; 43, 1–2. 27 Th. Wiegand – H. Knackfuß, Didyma I. Die Baubeschreibung (1941) F657 Z.658 pl. 220. 28 Similar decorations seen on the column bases from Zincirli (Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 89 fig. 184–187), a capital from Cretan Archanes (Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 45–47 fig. 87; W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece2 [1973] 59), Kyma blocks from Chios (J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959, 177 pl. 29 a; J. Boardman, Excavations in Chios 1952–1955, Greek Emporio [1967] 90 pl. 17) and trochili of a column base from Chios (J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959, 182 fig. 1 d pl. 27 c).
29 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 39–63 fig. 1–6. 30 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 45–55 fig. 4–5. 31 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 237–255. 258–259 fig. 22–23 pl. 39. 40, 1–5; 41, 1–2; W. Radt, Die Leleger auf der Halbinsel von
Halikarnassos, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 332–334 pl. 91–94; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 51–53. 137 fig. 16–17 pl. 29–31.
32 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 51 fig. 3 b–c pl. 16, 1. 33 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 52–53 fig. 3 d. 4 pl. 16, 2. 4. 34 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 53–55 fig. 3 f. 4 pl. 16, 3. 35 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 55–64 fig. 6; H. Hoffmann, Foreign Influence and Native Invention in Archaic Greek Altars, AJA 57, 1953, 189 ff. pl. 55 ff.
36 W. R. Paton – J. L. Myres, Karian Sites and Inscriptions, JHS 16, 1896, 199–200 fig. 2; Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 255–
259 fig. 24 pl. 41, 3–5; 42, 1–2; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 53–55. 137 fig. 19 b pl. 32–35; W. Radt in: ICCA Ankara‚zmir I 332 ff. pl. 95–96.
37 Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 64–65. 68–69 fig. 127–128. 130–131; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 27. 47 pl. 4–6; p. 65;
G. R. Wright, Ancient Building in Cyprus (1992) fig. 283; V. Karageorghis, The Relations between the Tomb Architecture of Anatolia and Cyprus in the Archaic Period, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 365–367 fig. 10.

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Abdulkadir Baran

decorations of the capitals (except the pilaster form) can be compared to Aeolic capitals of western Anatolia38. This different treatment of the capitals can probably be defined as a Karian element. in the Türkkuyusu area is a temple as was suggested by Pedersen on the basis of some architectural members found in the area41. For this reason, until more evidence is found, it may be suggested that the Archaic crown block may belong to an earlier phase of the suggested Türkkuyusu Temple.
Two identical column necks found in Bodrum indicate another late Archaic building at Halikarnassos42. The column necks are of the same material and size and have the same ornaments. They clearly belong to the same structure. Similar examples help to date the column necks around 500–480 B.C. There is no information about the structure that they might have belonged to, because there are no building remains or architectural members to connect them with. The first column neck was reused as a base for a portico column in a mosque north of the castle. This may be an indication of the original location of the building, but there are no solid references for this possibility.
Another example that indicates that the Aeolic style was used in Karia is a console block from the Bodrum Underwater Archaeology Museum39. It was clearly used as a door console with its round recess at the back side for the placement of the door pole. Although its square form is different, the volute arrangement and the console function can be compared to the Alazeytin examples. The console block was dated to a period later than the Alazeytin examples but they are possibly contemporary.

Halikarnassos

A crown block which was used as a threshold of a garden door in a house from Türkkuyusu area at Bodrum is the earliest architectural member from Halikarnassos. It can be dated around 530 B.C.40. Although there are no archaeological remains or finds in the area, the crown block must have belonged to a building in the vicinity. The earliest possible building
A well known Ionic capital from Halikarnassos was dated to the first quarter of the 5th century B.C.43. It has small dimensions and cannot be connected with the other architectural members. In some archaeological publications, the capital has been suggested to belong to a votive monument44 or to a

38 Neandria: J. T. Clarke, A Proto-Ionic Capital from the Site of Neandreia, AJA 2, 1886, 1 ff. fig. 1–2; Wesenberg,
Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 158–159; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 63 ff. pl. 41. – Larisa: Boehlau – Schefold (see above n. 14) 142–143 pl. 19 a; Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 152–154; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 73 ff. pl. 42. 46. – Klopedi: Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 166–167; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 82 ff. pl. 49. – Mytilene: Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 165; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 87 pl. 50.
39 W. Radt, Eine lelegische Türkonsole aus Halikarnassos, in: F. Blakolmer et al. (eds.), Fremde Zeiten. Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt (1996) 307 ff. fig. 1–7.
40 It can be compared with the crown blocks from Miletos North Stoa (W. Koenigs, Reste archaischer Architektur in Milet, in: Milet 1899–1980. Ergebnisse, Probleme und Perspektiven einer Ausgrabung, Kolloquium Frankfurt am Main 1980, IstMitt Beih. 31 [1986] 113 pl. 11, 1) and Monodendri Poseidon Altar (A. von Gerkan, Der Poseidonaltar bei Kap Monodendri, Milet I 4 [1915] 450 ff. pl. 5).
41 The architectural members are marble roof tiles, profiled mouldings, an Ionic capital fragment, column drums, a torus, a speira and a crepis block. See P. Pedersen, Two Ionic Buildings in Halicarnassus, in: 5. AST Ankara 1987 I (1988) 361–363 fig. 3–8; Pedersen, Renaissance 27 fig. 23; id. in: 16. AST Tarsus 1998 II (1999) 326–327 fig.1–6; Pedersen, Reflections 104 fig. 7; id. in: S. Isager – P. Pedersen (eds.), The Salmakis Inscription and Hellenistic Halikarnassos, Halicarnassian Studies 4 (2004) 156 ff. fig. 19–23; Hellström, Architecture 40.
42 P. W. Lehmann – D. Spittle, The Temenos, Samothrace V (1982) 108 fig. 86; P. Pedersen, Zwei ornamentierte
Säulenhälse aus Halikarnassos, JdI 98, 1983, 87–93 fig. 1–4; Pedersen, Renaissance 29–30 fig. 27–28; id. in: 16. AST Tarsus 1998 II (1999) 327.
43 H. Plommer in: Bean – Cook, Halikarnassus Peninsula 169–171 fig. 15 pl. 12 a–b; J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959,
206 n. 3; R. Martin, Chapiteaux ionique d’Halicarnasse, REA 61, 1959, 65–76 pl. 1–2; G. Gruben, Das archaische Didymaion, JdI 78, 1963, 174 n. 166; W. Alzinger, Von der Archaik zur Klassik. Zur Entwicklung des ionischen Kapitells in Kleinasien während des fünften Jahrhunderts v. Chr., ÖJh 50, 1972/73, 179–180 fig. 10; id., Athen und Ephesos im fünften Jahrhundert vor Christus, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 514; D. Theodorescu, Le chapiteau ionique grec (1980) no. 14; L. S. Meritt, Some Ionic Architectural Fragments from the Athenian Agora, in: Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography, Presented to Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia Suppl. 20 (1982) 87; Kirchhoff, Volutenkapitell 53 Kat. 36.

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    hesperia yy (2008) SEPARATING FACT Pages399-430 FROM FICTION IN THE AIOLIAN MIGRATION ABSTRACT Iron Age settlementsin the northeastAegean are usuallyattributed to Aioliancolonists who journeyed across the Aegean from mainland Greece. This articlereviews the literary accounts of the migration and presentsthe relevantarchaeological evidence, with a focuson newmaterial from Troy. No onearea played a dominantrole in colonizing Aiolis, nor is sucha widespread colonizationsupported by the archaeologicalrecord. But the aggressive promotionof migrationaccounts after the PersianWars provedmutually beneficialto bothsides of theAegean and justified the composition of the Delian League. Scholarlyassessments of habitation in thenortheast Aegean during the EarlyIron Age are remarkably consistent: most settlements are attributed toAiolian colonists who had journeyed across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia,Akhaia, or a combinationof all three.1There is no uniformityin theancient sources that deal with the migration, although Orestes and his descendantsare named as theleaders in mostaccounts, and are credited withfounding colonies over a broadgeographic area, including Lesbos, Tenedos,the western and southerncoasts of theTroad, and theregion betweenthe bays of Adramyttion and Smyrna(Fig. 1). In otherwords, mainlandGreece has repeatedly been viewed as theagent responsible for 1. TroyIV, pp. 147-148,248-249; appendixgradually developed into a Mountjoy,Holt Parker,Gabe Pizzorno, Berard1959; Cook 1962,pp. 25-29; magisterialstudy that is includedhere Allison Sterrett,John Wallrodt, Mal- 1973,pp. 360-363;Vanschoonwinkel as a companionarticle (Parker 2008). colm Wiener, and the anonymous 1991,pp. 405-421; Tenger 1999, It is our hope that readersinterested in reviewersfor Hesperia. Most of trie pp. 121-126;Boardman 1999, pp. 23- the Aiolian migrationwill read both articlewas writtenin the Burnham 33; Fisher2000, pp.
  • İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KARYA BÖLGESİNDEKİ KENT DIŞI KUTSAL ALANLAR Mima

    İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KARYA BÖLGESİNDEKİ KENT DIŞI KUTSAL ALANLAR Mima

    İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KARYA BÖLGESİNDEKİ KENT DIŞI KUTSAL ALANLAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Mimar Sibel KONAK Anabilim Dalı : MİMARLIK Programı : MİMARLIK TARİHİ OCAK 2003 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ ANTİK KARYA BÖLGESİNDEKİ KENT DIŞI KUTSAL ALANLAR YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Mimar Sibel KONAK (502991227) Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 24 Aralık 2002 Tezin Savunulduğu Tarih : 16 Ocak 2003 Tez Danışmanı : Doç.Dr. N. Turgut SANER Diğer Jüri Üyeleri Yrd.Doç.Dr. Zeynep KUBAN Doç.Dr. Neşe ATİK (M.S.Ü.) OCAK 2003 ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma, Karya bölgesindeki kent dışı kutsal alanlar üzerine tipolojik bir incelemedir. Tezimin konusunu seçmem, ilgili kaynaklara ulaşmam ve tezimi geliştirmem için her zaman yardımı ve ilgisi ile bana destek olan Doç. Dr. N. Turgut Saner’e teşekkür ederim. Yaşamım boyunca beni teşvik eden, yaptığım seçimlerde her zaman beni destekleyen, sevgilerini hissettiren aileme; desteklerinden ve yardımlarından dolayı arkadaşlarıma teşekkür ederim. Aralık, 2002 Sibel KONAK ii İÇİNDEKİLER KISALTMALAR vıı TABLO LİSTESİ vııı ŞEKİL LİSTESİ ıx ÖZET xıı SUMMARY xııı 1. GİRİŞ 1 2. KARYA BÖLGESİ VE TARİHİ 3 3. KUTSAL ALANIN TANIMI 8 3.1. Konumlarına Göre Kutsal Alan Türleri 10 3.1.1. Kent İçi Kutsal Alanlar 10 3.1.2. Kent Dışı Kutsal Alanlar 11 3.1.3. Kentler Arası Kutsal Alanlar 12 3.2. Kutsal Alanlarda Karşılaşılan Başlıca Yapı Türleri 13 3.2.1. Propylon 14 3.2.2. Sunak 15 3.2.3. Tapınak 15 3.2.4. Stoa 17 3.2.5. Andron ve Oikoi 18 3.2.6. Tiyatro 19 3.2.7. Stadion 19 4. KARYA BÖLGESİNDEKİ KENT DIŞI KUTSAL ALANLAR 21 4.1.
  • Ancient Quarries and Building Sites in Asia Minor

    Ancient Quarries and Building Sites in Asia Minor

    Bibliotheca Archaeologica Collana di archeologia a cura di Giuliano Volpe 45 ANCIENT QUARRIES AND BUILDING SITES IN ASIA MINOR Research on Hierapolis in Phrygia and other cities in south-western Anatolia: archaeology, archaeometry, conservation edited by Tommaso Ismaelli and Giuseppe Scardozzi E S T R A T T O Bari 2016 ISBN 978-88-7228-819-1 ISSN 1724-8523 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4475/819 L’autore ha il diritto di stampare o diffondere copie di questo PDF esclusivamente per uso scientifico o didattico. Edipuglia si riserva di mettere in vendita il PDF, oltre alla versione cartacea. L’autore ha diritto di pubblicare in internet il PDF originale allo scadere di 24 mesi. The author has the right to print or distribute copies of this PDF exclusively for scientific or educational purposes. Edipuglia reserves the right to sell the PDF, in addition to the paper version. The author has the right to publish the original PDF on the internet at the end of 24 months. fraGMents of Painted Plaster froM tHe CHUrCH of st PHiliP in HieraPolis: a PreliMinary arCHaeoloGiCal and arCHaeoMetriC stUdy Emma Cantisani, Silvia Vettori, Susanna Bracci, Maria Piera Caggia, Elisabetta Neri, Ana Sofia Pedro Leal aBstraCt - this paper presents the results of the analyses and study of the fragments of painted plaster discovered during the re- cent archaeological investigations inside the Church of st Philip in Hierapolis. the archaeological and archaeometric approach has made it possible to better document the various building phases of the church and to offer, despite the extremely fragmentary na- ture of the analysed material, a reconstruction of some decorative motifs.
  • Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes

    Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes

    GREEK MOULDINGS OF KOS AND RHODES (PLATES 108-109) I. INTRODUCTION JT WAS regrettablethat it had not been possibleto makedrawings of the Dodeca- nesian material to include in the study of the profiles of Greek architectural mouldings published by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens in 1936.' Later opportunity arose 2 to make the drawings, full size with a Maco Template,3but their study was unfortunately delayed.4 The material is presented now as a supple- ment to the original volume. Considerations of printing have, however, made advisable certain changes in form as well as format, but it is hoped that this article may be used with the earlier publication without inconvenience, for the material in the two belongs together. It has not been possible to print all the profiles full size as in the original study, but Figure 1 is retained at full scale. It should be noted, then, in making comparison, that all the other profiles here presented, in Figures 2 through 8, are shown at one-half size. Information and comment regarding each profile, formerly presented in tabular form, is here put into catalogue form. All the same information given previously is included except the proportions. These were published originally as part of the proof of the chronological development noted in each type. Since the general lines of development appear now to have become established, it has not been considered essential to record the proportions. Only two of the Twelve Islands have yielded as yet any considerable Greek archi- tectural remains. Rhodes, with its numerous settlements, was an important seat of 1 L.
  • The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012

    The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012

    https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Yannos Kourayos – Kornelia Daifa – Aenne Ohnesorg – Katarina Papajanni The Sanctuary of Despotiko in the Cyclades. Excavations 2001–2012 aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2012 Seite / Page 93–174 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/123/4812 • urn:nbn:de:0048-journals.aa-2012-2-p93-174-v4812.0 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentrale | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 Verlag / Publisher Hirmer Verlag GmbH, München ©2017 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. Die Nutzung der Inhalte ist ausschließlich privaten Nutzerinnen / Nutzern für den eigenen wissenschaftlichen und sonstigen privaten Gebrauch gestattet. Sämtliche Texte, Bilder und sonstige Inhalte in diesem Dokument unterliegen dem Schutz des Urheberrechts gemäß dem Urheberrechtsgesetz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Inhalte können von Ihnen nur dann genutzt und vervielfältigt werden, wenn Ihnen dies im Einzelfall durch den Rechteinhaber oder die Schrankenregelungen des Urheberrechts gestattet ist. Jede Art der Nutzung zu gewerblichen Zwecken ist untersagt. Zu den Möglichkeiten einer Lizensierung von Nutzungsrechten wenden Sie sich bitte direkt an die verantwortlichen Herausgeberinnen/Herausgeber der entsprechenden Publikationsorgane oder an die Online-Redaktion des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts ([email protected]).
  • DKV Stations, Sorted by City

    DKV Stations, Sorted by City

    You drive, we care. GR - Diesel & Services Griechenland / Ellás / Greece Sortiert nach Ort Sorted by city » For help, call me! DKV ASSIST - 24h International Free Call* 00800 365 24 365 In case of difficulties concerning the number 00800 please dial the relevant emergency number of the country: Bei unerwarteten Schwierigkeiten mit der Rufnummer 00800, wählen Sie bitte die Notrufnummer des Landes: Andorra / Andorra Latvia / Lettland » +34 934 6311 81 » +370 5249 1109 Austria / Österreich Liechtenstein / Liechtenstein » +43 362 2723 03 » +39 047 2275 160 Belarus / Weißrussland Lithuania / Litauen » 8 820 0071 0365 (national) » +370 5249 1109 » +7 495 1815 306 Luxembourg / Luxemburg Belgium / Belgien » +32 112 5221 1 » +32 112 5221 1 North Macedonia / Nordmazedonien Bosnia-Herzegovina / Bosnien-Herzegowina » +386 2616 5826 » +386 2616 5826 Moldova / Moldawien Bulgaria / Bulgarien » +386 2616 5826 » +359 2804 3805 Montenegro / Montenegro Croatia / Kroatien » +386 2616 5826 » +386 2616 5826 Netherlands / Niederlande Czech Republic / Tschechische Republik » +49 221 8277 9234 » +420 2215 8665 5 Norway / Norwegen Denmark / Dänemark » +47 221 0170 0 » +45 757 2774 0 Poland / Polen Estonia / Estland » +48 618 3198 82 » +370 5249 1109 Portugal / Portugal Finland / Finnland » +34 934 6311 81 » +358 9622 2631 Romania / Rumänien France / Frankreich » +40 264 2079 24 » +33 130 5256 91 Russia / Russland Germany / Deutschland » 8 800 7070 365 (national) » +49 221 8277 564 » +7 495 1815 306 Great Britain / Großbritannien Serbia / Serbien » 0 800 1975 520
  • PDF Formatlı Tadımlık Için Tıklayınız

    PDF Formatlı Tadımlık Için Tıklayınız

    Karialılar Denizcilerden Kent Kuruculara The Carians From Seafarers to City Builders 00_jenerik_onsoz_Karia.indd 1 18.11.2020 10:22 00_jenerik_onsoz_Karia.indd 2 18.11.2020 10:22 Karialılar Denizcilerden Kent Kuruculara The Carians From Seafarers to City Builders Hazırlayanlar | Edited by Olivier C. Henry Ayşe Belgin-Henry 00_jenerik_onsoz_Karia.indd 3 18.11.2020 10:22 Karialılar Denizcilerden Kent Kuruculara The Carians From Seafarers to City Builders Anadolu Uygarlıkları Serisi’nin dokuzuncu kitabıdır. Bu seri Tüpraş - Yapı Kredi Yayınları işbirliği ile hazırlanmıştır. This is the ninth book in the Anatolian Civilizations Series. A co-publication of Tüpraş - Yapı Kredi Culture, Arts and Publishing. Yapı Kredi Yayınları - 5705 ISBN 978-975-08-4876-6 Proje Koordinatörü Project Coordinator Yapı Kredi Müzesi Müdürü Director of Yapı Kredi Museum Nihat Tekdemir Hazırlayanlar Edited by Olivier C. Henry Ayşe Belgin-Henry Editör Editor Nihat Tekdemir Redaksiyon Redaction Derya Önder Çeviriler Translations G. Bike Yazıcıoğlu, İpek Dağlı Dinçer Grafik Tasarım Graphic Design Nahide Dikel, Arzu Yaraş Düzelti Proofreading Filiz Özkan, Merete Çakmak Baskı Print Ofset Yapımevi Çağlayan Mah. Şair Sk. No: 4 Kağıthane - İstanbul Telefon: (0 212) 295 86 01 • www.ofset.com Sertifika No: 45354 1. baskı: İstanbul, Kasım 2020 1st printing: Istanbul, November 2020 © Ya p› Kre di Kül tür Sa nat Ya y›n c› l›k Ti ca ret ve Sa na yi A.Ş. 2020 Sertifika No Certificate No 44719 Bütün yayın hakları saklıdır. Kaynak gösterilerek tanıtım için yapılacak kısa alıntılar dışında yayıncının yazılı izni olmaksızın hiçbir yolla çoğaltılamaz. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher.
  • The Roman Arch at Isthmia

    The Roman Arch at Isthmia

    THE ROMAN ARCH AT ISTHMIA (PLATES 77-84) D URING THE ROMAN IMPERIALAGE a monumentaltriple arch was the prin- cipal easterly approach to the Sanctuaryof Poseidon at Isthmia.) This arch was con- structed, probably, in the second half of the 1st century after Christ, and its four piers were built into the Northeast Gate of the Fortress on the Hexamilion shortly after A.D. 400. The arch stood in a prominent position on a ridge overlooking the port of Schoinos, and any visitor who approachedIsthmia from the north or east, either by land or by sea, would have ' This report is a result of excavationsin 1967 and 1969 by the University of California, Los Angeles, on behalf of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens with the generous support of the Samuel H. Kress Foundation, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, Stuart E. M. Thorne, Esq., and the National Endowment for the Humanities. This study is the cumulative result of the work of many individuals over a number of years. Thanks are naturally due to the Greek ArchaeologicalService and to a succession of coop- erative ephors of the Argolid and Corinthia. We wish also to thank Professor Paul A. Clement, Director, Isthmia Excavations (UCLA), for his suggestion that we publish the arch at Isthmia and for his constant support and good advice. William B. Dinsmoor, Jr. was responsible for the correct interpretation of his father's 1909 photographs, the identification of the large anta (12), and the final restoration of the arch (Fig. 3). Charles Peirce executed many of the final drawings and providedmuch assistance along with a fresh view of the material.
  • Stylistic Analysis of the Architectural

    Stylistic Analysis of the Architectural

    計画系 684 号 【カテゴリーⅡ】 日本建築学会計画系論文集 第78巻 第684号，497-507，2013年 2 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 78 No. 684, 497-507, Feb., 2013 ������������������������������������������������������ STYLISTIC�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ANALYSIS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ORNAMENTATION �������������������������������������������������� 古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおける建築装飾の様式分析OF THE STOAS OF THE ASKLEPIEION AT ANCIENT MESSENE 古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおける建築装飾の様式分析 古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおける建築装飾の様式分析古代都市メッセネのアスクレピオス神域のストアにおける建築装飾の様式分析 �� �� * �� �� * ＊ RyuichiRyuichi�� YOSHITAKE YOSHITAKE �� * Ryuichi吉 武YOSHITAKE 隆 一 The Hellenistic sanctuary of the Asklepios at Messene has a square courtyard surrounded by the Stoas from its four sides. It has been The Hellenistic sanctuary of the Asklepios at Messene has a square courtyard surrounded by the Stoas from its four sides. It has been Theconsidered Hellenistic by that sanctuary the Asklepieion of the Asklepios was built at between Messene the has end a squareof the 3courtyardrd century surroundedand the 2nd����������������������������������������������� by the Stoas from its four sides. It has been considered by that the Asklepieion was built between the end of the 3rd century and the 2nd����������������������������������������������� ���������������������������������������������������������������considered by that the Asklepieion was built between the end of the������������������������������������������������������� 3rd century and the 2nd�����������������������������������������������nd��������������