Baran, Karian Archit

IFrank Rumscheid (Hrsg.) · Die Karer und die Anderen <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">II </li><li style="flex:1">III </li></ul>Die Karer und die Anderen Internationales Kolloquium an der Freien Universität Berlin 13. bis 15. Oktober 2005 Herausgegeben von Frank Rumscheid Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH · Bonn 2009 IV Umschlag: Männlicher ‘Sphinx’, Akroterion des Androns B in Labraunda (Entwurf S. Biegert auf Grundlage einer Graphik von F. Rumscheid) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie. <a href="/goto?url=http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar" target="_blank">Detailliertere bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. </a>© 2009 by Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn Redaktion: Frank Rumscheid (Kiel) Satz: Susanne Biegert (Bonn) Druck: Druckhaus Thomas Müntzer, 99947 Bad Langensalza ISBN 978-3-7749-3632-4 VInhaltsverzeichnis Frank Rumscheid VII 1 Einführung Beziehungen zu den Anderen Michael Meier-Brügger Karer und Alt-Anatolier aus sprachwissenschaftlicher Sicht Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier Milet und Karien vom Neolithikum bis zu den ‘Dunklen Jahrhunderten’. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Mythos und Archäologie </li><li style="flex:1">7</li></ul>27 Alexander Herda Karki™a-Karien und die sogenannte Ionische Migration Alain Bresson 109 121 135 149 163 173 195 207 Karien und die dorische Kolonisation Winfried Held Die Karer und die Rhodische Peraia Christopher Ratté The Carians and the Lydians Hilmar Klinkott Die Karer im Achaimenidenreich Werner Tietz Karer und Lykier: Politische und kulturelle Beziehungen im 5./4. Jh. v. Chr. Frank Rumscheid Die Leleger: Karer oder Andere? Bernhard Schmaltz Klassische Leitkultur und karische Provinz? Archäologische Zeugnisse im südlichen Karien Vincenzo Ruggieri The Carians in the Byzantine Period Einzelne Kulturäußerungen Wolfgang Blümel <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Zu Schrift und Sprache der Karer </li><li style="flex:1">221 </li></ul>229 Daniela Piras Der archäologische Kontext karischer Sprachdenkmäler und seine Bedeutung für die kulturelle Identität Kariens VI Pierre Debord <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Peut-on définir un panthéon carien? </li><li style="flex:1">251 </li></ul>267 291 Pontus Hellström Sacred Architecture and Karian Identity Abdulkadir Baran Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids Poul Pedersen The Palace of Maussollos in Halikarnassos and Some Thoughts on Its Karian and <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">International Context </li><li style="flex:1">315 </li></ul>349 Mathias Benter Das mykenische Kammergrab vom Pilavtepe Adnan Diler Tombs and Burials in Daml@bo%az (Hydai) and Pedasa: <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Preliminary Report in the Light of Surface Investigations and Excavations </li><li style="flex:1">359 </li></ul>377 Anne Marie Carstens Tomb Cult and Tomb Architecture in Karia from the Late Archaic to the Hellenistic Period Abuzer K @ z @ l 1990–2005 Y@llar@ Aras@nda Mylasa’da Kurtarma Kaz@lar@ Yap@lan Mezarlar ve Buluntular@ <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Üzerinde Genel Bir De%erlendirme </li><li style="flex:1">397 </li></ul>463 ‚ smail Fazl @ o % lu Daml@bo%az Finds: Inland Carian Archaic Pottery and Related Regions Topographische Studien Mathias Benter <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Hydas, eine befestigte Höhensiedlung auf der Bozburun-Halbinsel </li><li style="flex:1">481 </li></ul>503 517 533 Mustafa © ahin Alt-Myndos: Einige Betrachtungen zu Lokalisation und Stadtmauern Numan Tuna – Nadire At @ c @ – ‚ lham Sakarya – Elif Koparal The Preliminary Results of Burgaz Excavations Within the Context of Locating Old Knidos Deniz Pastutmaz Knidos im Licht der jüngsten Ausgrabungen: Der Theater-Dionysos-Tempel-Stoa-Komplex Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids 291 Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids Abdulkadir Baran Keywords: Aeolic architecture, Archaic period, Classic period, Hekatomnids, Ionic architecture, Ionic Renaissance, Karia Abstract: The background to the intensive building program of the Hekatomnid dynasty in the 4th century B.C. has been sought in other regions, because the architectural development of Karia before the Hekatomnids is unknown. The Hekatomnid period, which includes the buildings in Ionia and Karia, has been named the “Ionic and/or Ionian Renaissance” as a result of similarities with Archaic Ionic buildings. On the other hand, some unique architectural features of this period indicate the existence of a local source for the Hekatomnid building program. For understanding the period before the Hekatomnids the architectural members presented in this study were chosen because they can be dated stylistically to this period since not a single building remains in situ. When all the architectural material, including possible remains in situ and the ancient textual sources have been taken into consider- ation, the architectural progress of Karia can be determined. All the material leads us to conclude that Karia had an architectural tradition in a comparable scale with the other regions, also after the Archaic period. It can be said that some unique architectural features of Karia indicate that the region was not only a follower but was also one of the leaders in the development of the Aeolic and Ionic architectural styles. An intensive building program1 was initiated by Hekatomnos and his successors, a native Karian dynasty, who ruled as Persian satraps2. It has been suggested that it was a revival of Ionic architecture after the Persian domination of Anatolia. In contrast to what can be drawn from ancient texts and epigraphic evidence3 the buildings that can be safely dated to this period are very few: the Maussolleion at Halikarnassos and its terrace4, the propylon of the Artemis Sanctuary at Amyzon5, the Temple of Zeus at Labraunda and other buildings in that sanctuary6 are the only buildings which can be archaeologically dated to the Hekatomnid period. The building activity initiated by the Hekatomnids in the 4th century <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">1</li><li style="flex:1">This article is a part of my Ph.D. thesis prepared under the direction of Prof. Orhan Bingöl in Ankara University; I </li></ul>am very grateful to him for his leading and all helps. I would like to express my thanks to Dr. F. Rumscheid who made possible to present my work in this very well organized colloquium. I am also very grateful to L. Karlsson for having revised my English. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">2</li><li style="flex:1">Hornblower, Mausolus 34–51; S. Ruzicka, Politics of a Persian Dynasty. The Hecatomnids in the Fourth Cen- </li></ul>tury (1992) 15 ff. 34 Hornblower, Mausolus 223 ff. W. B. Dinsmoor, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus I. The Order; II. The Architectural Design, AJA 12, 1908, 3– 29. 141–171; Pedersen, Maussolleion III (1991); K. Jeppesen, The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos V. The Superstructure. A Comparative Analysis of the Architectural, Sculptural and Literary Evidence (2002). L. Robert, Le sanctuaire d’Artemis à Amyzon, CRAI 1953, 409; J. & L. Robert, Fouilles d’Amyzon en Carie I. Exploration, histoire, monnaies et inscriptions (1983) 76 fig. 36; Pedersen, Maussolleion III 67; Pedersen, Reflections 111; Hellström, Architecture 43–44. – s. auch den Beitrag von P. Hellström in diesem Band mit neuer Rekonstruktion, die hier noch nicht berücksichtigt werden konnte [Anm. Red.]. 5<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">6</li><li style="flex:1">Ibid. 36–57; P. Hellström, Dessin d’architecture hécatomnide á Labraunda, in: Le dessin d’architecture dans les </li></ul>sociétés antiques, Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 26–28 janvier 1984 (1985) 153–165. 292 Abdulkadir Baran B.C. was termed the ‘Ionic Renaissance’ by Noack7. It has now been accepted by other scholars as well8. The term was meant to explain a renewed building activity that introduced new ideas combined with elements of Archaic Ionic architecture. The term was subsequently changed to ‘Ionian Renaissance’, with the idea of being the revival not only of architectural forms but also referring to other cultural expressions9. It is believed that this period of revival, following the construction of the earliest building, Andron B at Labraunda10, continued into the Hellenistic period11, but its exact limits have not been established yet. However, the background to the so-called Ionic Renaissance has not received the studies it merits and it is still not certain whether there was a real revival or whether there was a continuation of earlier practices flourishing with the help of the financial strength of the Hekatomnid rulers. For this reason, the background to the Karian architectural development that produced an architect like Pytheos in the 4th century needs to be investigated. The main problem of this investigation is the lack of dated building remains and for this reason the study will analyze architectural members that can be dated stylistically to this period. The architectural members presented here include not only the published ones but will also introduce some new pieces found during our surveys. After examining the architectural pieces it is possible to compare them with dated examples. The architectural members will also be grouped by their dates, sizes, find-spots and stone types. When all the architectural members are combined with the ancient texts, the epigraphic evidence and other archaeological remains it is possible to identify some buildings and temples in Karia. Knidian Peninsula An Aeolic capital found in the Knidian peninsula by Bean and Cook12 can be dated to the second half of the 6th century B.C. by comparison with examples from Cyprus13 and Larisa in Aeolis14. It was suggested by Betancourt15 as belonging to a stele. However, its upper carrying surface, the bolster arrangement and especially its thickness indicate that it is an Aeolic pilaster capital16. Kos The first evidence indicating Karian rule over Kos is to be joined into the battle of Salamis under queen Artemisia in 480 B.C.17. There is no evidence for Karian rule over Kos after that period and the synoikism of Kos in 366 B.C. is said to be the result of not the Hekatomnid influence but probably a democratic move18. On the other hand, it is known that Kos was under Hekatomnid rule after the synoikism19. Although there are no building remains, ce- 78 F. Noack, Die Baukunst des Altertums (1910) 37 ff. R. Demangel, La frise ionique (1933) 324 ff.; W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece2 (1973) 216; A. Bammer, Die Architektur des jüngeren Artemision von Ephesos (1972) 34 ff.; A. Bammer, Architecture et société en Asie Mineure au IVe siècle, in: Architecture et société de l’archaïsme grec à la fin de la république romaine, Actes du Colloque international organisé par le Centre national de la recherche scientifique et l’Ecole française de Rome, Rome 2–4 décembre 1980 (1983) 275 ff.; U. Muss – A. Bammer, Der Altar des Artemisions von Ephesos, FiE XII 2 (2001) 161. <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">9</li><li style="flex:1">Pedersen, Renaissance 11 ff. </li></ul>10 P. Hellström – T. Thieme, The Androns at Labraunda. A Preliminary Account of Their Architecture, MedelhavsMusB 16, 1981, 58–74; Hellström, Architecture 41. 11 Noack op. cit.; Bammer, Architecture et société (see above n. 8); Pedersen, Reflections 97 ff.; P. Pedersen, Pergamon and Ionian Renaissance, IstMitt 54, 2004, 409 ff. 12 G. E. Bean – J. M. Cook, The Cnidia, BSA 47, 1952, 178–179. 188 fig. 4 pl. 38 e. 13 Betancourt, Aeolic Style 37 fig. 9; G. R. Wright, Ancient Building in Cyprus (1992) fig. 285, 1–4; 286; 287, 1–4. 14 J. Boehlau – K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos I. Die Bauten (1940) 142–143 pl. 19 a; Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 152–154; Betancourt, Aeolic Style fig. 34 pl. 42. 15 Ibid. 50 n. 4. 16 J. Boardman, Chian and Early Ionic Architecture, AntJ 39, 1959, 209. 17 Hdt. 7, 99; Strab. 14, 657; G. E. Bean – J. M. Cook, The Carian Coast III., BSA 52, 1957, 119–127; M. G. Picozzi in: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites (1976) 465 s. v. Kos. 18 Hornblower, Mausolus 103–104. 19 Picozzi op. cit.; Hornblower, Mausolus 44–46. Karian Architecture Before the Hekatomnids 293 ramic finds and inscriptions show the existence of an earlier occupation on Kos city20. Only two architectural members have been noticed in the museum and they were published by Shoe21. An anta capital fragment22 and a crown block fragment23 which are dated to the late 6th century B.C. could not be connected with any building, but since they are of similar size and material, it is very probable that they belonged to the same structure24. Their possible origin might be the Athena or Apollon Pythios sanctuaries which have horoi inscriptions from the 5th century B.C.25. Radt also published two buildings which have Aeolic capitals from another Lelegian-style settlement at Alazeytin near Bodrum29. Buildings 30 and 31, though still unexcavated, were suggested to be a heroon and an altar respectively. Radt presented a reconstruction of the possible heroon building30 with the help of two Aeolic pilaster capitals used as door consoles31. There were also wall crowns32, pieces of ovolo and astragal-profiled undecorated blocks33, as well as a geison block34 scattered around the building. Building 31 with its rectangular form and containing five steps inside could be identified as an altar by comparing it with similar Archaic stepped altars35. Two Aeolic pilaster capitals have fully decorated faces and were placed in the reconstruction with their sides towards the front36. Although the capitals point to an upper structure, there is not enough evidence for such a restoration. Furthermore, there are no other examples of the arrangement with capitals placed with their sides towards the front. With the help of the capitals, both buildings can be dated to the period just after the middle of the 6th century B.C. The pilaster form of the capitals, and especially their employment as door consoles in Building 30, can be compared to examples from Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean37. The volute forms and the Halikarnassos Peninsula Radt found a piece of kyma block from the debris of a monumental unidentified building in the Lelegian-style settlement on Kaplanda% near Bodrum26. The shapes of the darts27 in the ovolo moulding and the curled ornament28 on the bottom side are comparable to a few other examples, but with the ovolo form it is possible to date it around the middle of the 6th century B.C. Although the building has not been excavated, the existence of an early temple in the small castle seems probable because of the remains and kyma block fragment. 20 Bean – Cook (see above n. 17) 124–125. 21 L. T. Shoe, Greek Mouldings of Kos and Rhodes, Hesperia 19, 1950, 338 ff. 22 Ibid. 347. 356 Cat. 5.9 fig. 5, 9 pl. 109, 2; A. D. Brockmann, Die griechische Ante. Eine typologische Untersuchung (1968) 67 Kat. D.8; J. Ganzert, Zur Entwicklung lesbischer Kymationformen, JdI 98, 1983, 135 fig. 29. 23 Shoe op. cit. 341. 346. 354 Cat. 4.1 pl. 108, 1. 24 Ibid. 354. 25 Bean – Cook (see above n. 17) 121. 123. 125. 26 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 107. 224 n. 33a; 259–262 pl. 42, 3. 7; 43, 1–2. 27 Th. Wiegand – H. Knackfuß, Didyma I. Die Baubeschreibung (1941) F657 Z.658 pl. 220. 28 Similar decorations seen on the column bases from Zincirli (Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 89 fig. 184–187), a capital from Cretan Archanes (Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 45–47 fig. 87; W. B. Dinsmoor, The Architecture of Ancient Greece2 [1973] 59), Kyma blocks from Chios (J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959, 177 pl. 29 a; J. Boardman, Excavations in Chios 1952–1955, Greek Emporio [1967] 90 pl. 17) and trochili of a column base from Chios (J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959, 182 fig. 1 d pl. 27 c). 29 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 39–63 fig. 1–6. 30 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 45–55 fig. 4–5. 31 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 237–255. 258–259 fig. 22–23 pl. 39. 40, 1–5; 41, 1–2; W. Radt, Die Leleger auf der Halbinsel von Halikarnassos, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 332–334 pl. 91–94; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 51–53. 137 fig. 16–17 pl. 29–31. 32 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 51 fig. 3 b–c pl. 16, 1. 33 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 52–53 fig. 3 d. 4 pl. 16, 2. 4. 34 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 53–55 fig. 3 f. 4 pl. 16, 3. 35 Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 55–64 fig. 6; H. Hoffmann, Foreign Influence and Native Invention in Archaic Greek Altars, AJA 57, 1953, 189 ff. pl. 55 ff. 36 W. R. Paton – J. L. Myres, Karian Sites and Inscriptions, JHS 16, 1896, 199–200 fig. 2; Radt, IstMitt Beih. 3, 255– 259 fig. 24 pl. 41, 3–5; 42, 1–2; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 53–55. 137 fig. 19 b pl. 32–35; W. Radt in: ICCA Ankara‚zmir I 332 ff. pl. 95–96. 37 Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 64–65. 68–69 fig. 127–128. 130–131; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 27. 47 pl. 4–6; p. 65; G. R. Wright, Ancient Building in Cyprus (1992) fig. 283; V. Karageorghis, The Relations between the Tomb Architecture of Anatolia and Cyprus in the Archaic Period, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 365–367 fig. 10. 294 Abdulkadir Baran decorations of the capitals (except the pilaster form) can be compared to Aeolic capitals of western Anatolia38. This different treatment of the capitals can probably be defined as a Karian element. in the Türkkuyusu area is a temple as was suggested by Pedersen on the basis of some architectural members found in the area41. For this reason, until more evidence is found, it may be suggested that the Archaic crown block may belong to an earlier phase of the suggested Türkkuyusu Temple. Two identical column necks found in Bodrum indicate another late Archaic building at Halikarnassos42. The column necks are of the same material and size and have the same ornaments. They clearly belong to the same structure. Similar examples help to date the column necks around 500–480 B.C. There is no information about the structure that they might have belonged to, because there are no building remains or architectural members to connect them with. The first column neck was reused as a base for a portico column in a mosque north of the castle. This may be an indication of the original location of the building, but there are no solid references for this possibility. Another example that indicates that the Aeolic style was used in Karia is a console block from the Bodrum Underwater Archaeology Museum39. It was clearly used as a door console with its round recess at the back side for the placement of the door pole. Although its square form is different, the volute arrangement and the console function can be compared to the Alazeytin examples. The console block was dated to a period later than the Alazeytin examples but they are possibly contemporary. Halikarnassos A crown block which was used as a threshold of a garden door in a house from Türkkuyusu area at Bodrum is the earliest architectural member from Halikarnassos. It can be dated around 530 B.C.40. Although there are no archaeological remains or finds in the area, the crown block must have belonged to a building in the vicinity. The earliest possible building A well known Ionic capital from Halikarnassos was dated to the first quarter of the 5th century B.C.43. It has small dimensions and cannot be connected with the other architectural members. In some archaeological publications, the capital has been suggested to belong to a votive monument44 or to a 38 Neandria: J. T. Clarke, A Proto-Ionic Capital from the Site of Neandreia, AJA 2, 1886, 1 ff. fig. 1–2; Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 158–159; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 63 ff. pl. 41. – Larisa: Boehlau – Schefold (see above n. 14) 142–143 pl. 19 a; Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 152–154; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 73 ff. pl. 42. 46. – Klopedi: Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 166–167; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 82 ff. pl. 49. – Mytilene: Wesenberg, Kapitelle und Basen 74 ff. fig. 165; Betancourt, Aeolic Style 87 pl. 50. 39 W. Radt, Eine lelegische Türkonsole aus Halikarnassos, in: F. Blakolmer et al. (eds.), Fremde Zeiten. Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt (1996) 307 ff. fig. 1–7. 40 It can be compared with the crown blocks from Miletos North Stoa (W. Koenigs, Reste archaischer Architektur in Milet, in: Milet 1899–1980. Ergebnisse, Probleme und Perspektiven einer Ausgrabung, Kolloquium Frankfurt am Main 1980, IstMitt Beih. 31 [1986] 113 pl. 11, 1) and Monodendri Poseidon Altar (A. von Gerkan, Der Poseidonaltar bei Kap Monodendri, Milet I 4 [1915] 450 ff. pl. 5). 41 The architectural members are marble roof tiles, profiled mouldings, an Ionic capital fragment, column drums, a torus, a speira and a crepis block. See P. Pedersen, Two Ionic Buildings in Halicarnassus, in: 5. AST Ankara 1987 I (1988) 361–363 fig. 3–8; Pedersen, Renaissance 27 fig. 23; id. in: 16. AST Tarsus 1998 II (1999) 326–327 fig.1–6; Pedersen, Reflections 104 fig. 7; id. in: S. Isager – P. Pedersen (eds.), The Salmakis Inscription and Hellenistic Halikarnassos, Halicarnassian Studies 4 (2004) 156 ff. fig. 19–23; Hellström, Architecture 40. 42 P. W. Lehmann – D. Spittle, The Temenos, Samothrace V (1982) 108 fig. 86; P. Pedersen, Zwei ornamentierte Säulenhälse aus Halikarnassos, JdI 98, 1983, 87–93 fig. 1–4; Pedersen, Renaissance 29–30 fig. 27–28; id. in: 16. AST Tarsus 1998 II (1999) 327. 43 H. Plommer in: Bean – Cook, Halikarnassus Peninsula 169–171 fig. 15 pl. 12 a–b; J. Boardman, AntJ 39, 1959, 206 n. 3; R. Martin, Chapiteaux ionique d’Halicarnasse, REA 61, 1959, 65–76 pl. 1–2; G. Gruben, Das archaische Didymaion, JdI 78, 1963, 174 n. 166; W. Alzinger, Von der Archaik zur Klassik. Zur Entwicklung des ionischen Kapitells in Kleinasien während des fünften Jahrhunderts v. Chr., ÖJh 50, 1972/73, 179–180 fig. 10; id., Athen und Ephesos im fünften Jahrhundert vor Christus, in: ICCA Ankara-‚zmir I 514; D. Theodorescu, Le chapiteau ionique grec (1980) no. 14; L. S. Meritt, Some Ionic Architectural Fragments from the Athenian Agora, in: Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture and Topography, Presented to Homer A. Thompson, Hesperia Suppl. 20 (1982) 87; Kirchhoff, Volutenkapitell 53 Kat. 36.

Baran, Karian Archit

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