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Chapter 1 Discovery and Rediscovery Notes CHAPTER 1 DISCOVERY AND REDISCOVERY 1. For de Pauw, see Rene Pomeau in L 'Amerique des Lumieres: Partie Litteraire du Colloque du Bicentaire de l'Independance Americaine (Gen­ eva and Paris, 1977) ix; for Genty, see Yves Morand in L 'Amerique des Lumieres 9. 2. For Hakluyt, see A. L. Rowse, The Elizabethans and America (London, 1959) 11. 3. William Bradford, History of the Plymouth Plantation, ed. Harold C. Syrett (New York, 1960) 16, 22; Voltaire, Essai sur les moeurs 2 vols (Paris: Classiques Gamier, 1961-3) II 381 (my translation). 4. [Thomas Nairne], A Letter from South Carolina ... (London, 1710) and [John Norris], Profitable Advice for Rich and Poor ... (London, 1712) both originally published anonymously and now reprinted in ed. Jack P. Greene, Selling a New World: Two South Carolina Promotional Pamph­ lets (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989) 33, 38. 5. Greene 66 and 139, 129, 35. 6. R. C. Simmons, The American Colonies from Settlement to Independence (London, 1976) 193; V. H. H. Green, The lVung Mr Wesley (London, 1961) 250-1. 7. See Andrew Hook, Scotland and America (Glasgow and London, 1975) 9-12; for a typical advertisement, see George R. Mellor, 'Emigration from the British Isles to the New World, 1765-1775' in History, Febru­ ary/June 1955 (New series XL nos 138 and 139) 68-83; Hook 69. 8. Hook 51, 20, 30, 33; see also his article on Scotland and Philadelphia in ed. Richard B. Sher and Jeffrey R. Smitten, Scotland and America in the Age of the Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1990). Gary Wills in Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence (New York, 1978) reminds us that, at 16, Jefferson, Madison and Hamilton were all being taught by Scotsmen; Hume had championed the cause of Amer­ ican independence as early as 1768, and in October 1775 described himself as 'an American in my principles'; for his constitutional ideas, see Donald W. Livingston in Sher and Smitten 133-47. 9. For Jefferson's copies of works by e.g. Hume, Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Robertson and Blair, see E. Millicent Sowerby, Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson (Washington, 1952); for Hutcheson's ideological links with seventeenth-century 'Commonwealth Men' like Harrington, see Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Common­ wealthman (Cambridge, Mass., 1959); for Blair's influence on the fed­ eral constitution, see David Daiches in Sher and Smitten 210. Yale had Blair's Lectures in use as a textbook by 1785, and the lectures may have circulated as manuscript notes in the 1770s. 10. Peter Kalm, Travels into North America containing its Natural History, and a circumstantial account of its Plantations and Agriculture in genera~ with 206 Notes 207 the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects 2nd English edn 2 vols (London, 1772) I v-vi, 37, 41, 46, 51, 66. 11. Kalm I 67, 82, 77, 79, 233; II 65. 12. Account of the European Settlements in America 2 vols 5th edn (London, 1770) 1, 4-5, 175, 199. 13. Rene Pomeau (Preface) and Claudine Hunting in L 'Amerique des Lumieres ix; 97, 99 (my translation). 14. Pierre Charlevoix, Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres giving an Account of a Voyage to Canada ... (London, 1763) 57, 165; 182, 185--6. This separate English translation is shorter by two chapters than the two-volume (London, 1761) edition entitled Journal of a Voyage to North-America. All references here are to the 1763 one-volume edition, though using the 1761 title of Journal. 15. Charlevoix xvi, 129, 220, 62, 183; for the passage in Raynal, see chapter 12 below. 16. Rene Pomeau (Preface) and Lillian Willens in L 'Amerique des Lumieres x, 63n, 72 (my translation); Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation (Lettres philosophiques), ed. Nicholas Cronk (Oxford and New York, 1994) 24. 17. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Colonial Experience (New York, 1964) 108, 122, 110; Jacques Godechot, France and the Atlantic Revolu­ tion of the Eighteenth Century, 1770-1799 (New York and London, 1965) 22; for a discussion of the religious issues at stake see J. C. D. Clark, The Language of Liberty 1660-1832: Political Discourse and Social Dynamics in the Anglo-American World (Cambridge University Press, 1994). 18. Charles Chauncy, Seasonable Thoughts on the State of Religion in New England (Boston, 1743) and his sermon, Civil Magistrates Must be Just, Ruling in the Fear of God (Boston, 1747), both quoted in Ralph B. Perry, Puritanism and Democracy (New York and Evanston, 1964) 77, 202. 19. See Increase Mather's preface to A Discourse Concerning Faith and Fervency in Prayer, and the Glorious Kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ, on Earth, Now Approaching in Ruth H. Bloch, VISionary Republic: Millenia[ Themes in American Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1985) 11, 12; 'Notes on the Apocalypse' in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, ed. Perry Miller and others (Yale, 1957-97) V 136; Clark 40; Bloch 80, 85. 20. For Dutch recognition of American independence, see chapter 4 below and Barbara Tuchman, The First Salute (London, 1989); Simon Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780-1813 2nd edn (London, 1992) 71; for the Free Corps, see Schama 80-121. 21. For D'Alembert, see The Encyclopedie of Diderot and D'Alembert (selected articles), ed. John Lough (Cambridge University Press, 1969) 95; Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses (London: Dent Everyman, 1913) 144-53; for Rousseau and the Gene­ van Revolution, seeR. R. Palmer The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America 1760-1800 2 vols (Oxford, 1959 and 1964) I 111-39. 208 Notes 22. Rousseau 121; Peter Gay, 'The Enlightenment' in A Comparative Approach to American History, ed. C. Van Wooward (U. S. Information Service, 1968: originally broadcast as talks by the Voice of America) 44; for a list of books published 176(}...90, see Palmer I 244. 23. Adam Smith, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford World Classics, 1993) 343, 363, 364; for Smith's advocacy of an Atlantic Economic Union as a way of preserving the Empire under the umbrella of free trade, see Andrew Skinner in Sher and Smitten 148- 60. 24. Original text of La Decouverte du Nouveau Monde in Rousseau, Oeuvres Completes: La Nouvelle Heloise, Theatre, Poesies, Essais Litteraires ( edi­ tions Gallimand-Pleiade: Dijon, 1964) where variations from the 1776 edition are noted; for Freneau and Barlow, see Kirkpatrick Sale, The Conquest of Paradise (London, 1991) 334-40. 25. Sale 336-40. 26. For Brissot's New Travels in the United States of America (1792) see chapter 9 below. CHAPTER 2 PORCELAIN AND REVOLUTIONARY PRIN­ CIPLES 1. Mount ~mon China (Mount Vernon Ladies Association of the Union, 1962) 39-41. 2. Mount ~mon China 32; the Royal Society of Arts in London still awards a Franklin Medal. 3. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree and others (Yale, 1964) 58, 13(}..1. 4. For the importance of Franklin's scientific discoveries, see I. Bernard Cohen Science and the Founding Fathers: Science in the Political Thought of Jefferson, Franklin, Adams and Madison (London and New York, 1995) 138-88; Ephemerides du Citayen (Paris, 1765-72) IX 68 and X 75; Bernard Fay, Esprit revolutionnaire (Paris, 1925) 36. 5. The Writings of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Albert Henry Smyth 10 vols (New York, 1905-7) VII 347; Page Smith, John Adams 2 vols (New York, 1962) 377. 6. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Harvard, 1967) 45; John Adams, Thoughts on Government (Philadel­ phia, 1776) in The American Enlightenment, ed. Adrienne Koch (New York, 1965) 247; 21 February 1769 Palfrey to Wilkes in Bailyn 112. 7. John Dunn, 'The politics of Locke in England and America in the eighteenth century' in John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, ed. John W. Yolton (Cambridge University Press, 1969) 75; see Yolton 69-80 for an assessment of the impact of Locke's ideas on America. 8. The Works- of John Adams, ed. Charles Francis Adams 10 vols (Boston, 1851) III 22-3; John Adams, Dissertation on Canon and Feudal Law (Boston, 1768) in American Enlightenment 239-40. Notes 209 9. John Adams, Novanglus (Boston, 1774-5) in American Enlightenment 245; John Locke, The Second Treatise of Civil Government, ed. J. W. Gough (Oxford, 1948) 15. 10. The Federalist or the New Constitution. By A. Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, ed. Sir Max [now Lord] Beloff (Oxford, 1948) xlvi; The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Adrienne Koch and William Peden (New York, 1944) 497. 11. Paul M. Spurlin, Montesquieu in America, 1760-1801 (Louisiana State University, 1940) 186-9. 12. The Federalist, ed. Jacob E. Cooke (Cleveland and New York, 1961) 324; for Hamilton's long quotation from Montesquieu, see Cooke 53-4. 13. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (Hafner edn: New York and London, 1949). 14. For Countess d'Houdetot's remark in the original French, see R. R. Palmer, The Age ofthe Democratic Revolution 2 vols (Princeton, 1959) I. 250; Page Smith 433; Adams, Works I 660-3. 15. See Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin (new edn, New York: Viking Press, 1964) 605-6. 16. For an illustration of the sword see History Today, XXVII (October 1977) i; for French Support of John Paul Jones, see Thomas J. Schaeper France and America in the Revolutionary Era: the Life of Jacques­ Donatien Leray de Chaumont 1725-1803 (Oxford and Providence, 1995) 227-43; Writings VII 270. 17. The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, ed.
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