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Title: the Trophic Ecology of the Demersal Fish Community of Lake Malawi/Niassa, Central Africa

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Title: the Trophic Ecology of the Demersal Fish Community of Lake Malawi/Niassa, Central Africa INCO-DC: International Cooperation with Developing Countries (1994-1998) Contract number: ERBIC18CT970195 FINAL REPORT Covering the period from 1st March 1998 to 28th February 2002 Title: The trophic ecology of the demersal fish community of lake Malawi/Niassa, Central Africa Key words: Demersal fish, trophic model, sustainability, artisanal fisheries, taxonomy COORDINATOR UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN DR. IRVINE, KENNETH DEPT ZOOLOGY E-M: [email protected] TRINITY COLLEGE TEL: 353-1-6081926 DUBLIN 2 FAX: 353-1-6778094 IRELAND Partner abbreviation: UDTC.DZ CONTRACTORS UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN DR. IRVINE, KENNETH DEPT ZOOLOGY E-M: [email protected] TRINITY COLLEGE TEL: 353-1-6081926 DUBLIN 2 FAX: 353-1-6778094 IRELAND Partner abbreviation: UDTC.DZ KONINKLIJK BELGISCH INSTITUUT DR. MARTENS, KOEN VOOR NATUURWETENSCHAPEN E-M: [email protected] VAUTIERSTRAAT 29 TEL: 32-2-62 74 315 B-1000 BRUSSEL FAX: 32-2-64 64 433 BELGIUM Partner abbreviation: IRSNB.FBL DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES MR. MAPILA, S.A. FISHERIES RESEARCH UNIT E-M: [email protected] PO BOX 593 LILONGWE TEL: 265-721766 MALAWI FAX: 264-721117 Partner abbreviation: MNRMW.FD.FRL MUSEUM VOOR MIDDEN-AFRIKA DR. SNOEKS, JOS B-3080 TERVUREN E-M: [email protected] BELGIUM TEL: 32 2 7695628 FAX: 32 2 767 0242 Partner abbreviation: MRAC.LI UNIVERSITY OF HULL PROF. CARVALHO, GARY SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES E-M: [email protected] COTTINGHAM ROAD TEL: 44-1482-465540 HU6 7RX HULL FAX: 44-1482-465458 ENGLAND Partner abbreviation: UHULL.DBS.FG UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA DR. ALLISON, EDDIE OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT GROUP E-M: E. [email protected] SCHOOL OF DEVELOPMENT STUDIES TEL: 44-1603-593724 NR4 7TJ NORWICH FAX: 44-1603-505258 ENGLAND Partner abbreviation: UEANG.ODG CONTRACTORS (continued) UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PROF TURNER, GEORGE SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES E-M: [email protected] UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON TEL: 44-1703- 593217/4793 BASSETT CRESCENT EAST Fax- 44-1703 594269/4793 SOUTHAMPTON SO16 7PX Partner abbreviation:USOU.DBE ENGLAND, UK UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI DR. AMBALI, AGGREY CHANCELLOR COLLEGE E-M: [email protected] PO BOX 278 ZOMBA TEL: 265-522622 MALAWI FAX: 265-52270 Partner abbreviation: UMW.DB MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND PROF. BWATHONDI, PHILLIP O.J. THE ENVIRONMENT E-M: [email protected] TANZANIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH TEL: 255-51-650043/6 INSTITUTE FAX: 255-52-650043 PO BOX 9750 DAR ES SALAAM Partner abbreviation: TANZ.FRI TANZANIA Abstract The main objectives of the project were to: • Provide trophic models to quantify energy flows through the demersal fish community and the food web that supports it in order to understand the principal components of the food web and to detect the main ecological effects of disturbance, such as increased fishing activity, on it; and • Determine the existing fishing pressure on the demersal fish community through analysis of collected statistics in Malawi and Tanzania and to evaluate the accuracy of those statistics through calibration studies. The project has advanced considerably the knowledge of fish and invertebrate taxonomy, provided a quantified description of food web dynamics affecting the demersal fish community and, for the first time, quantified artisanal fisheries activities along the coast of Tanzania. Supplementary novel information was collected on artisanal fisheries in Mozambique and new analysis and studies done by the Dept of Fisheries of Malawi. The diversity of demersal fish is even higher than previously thought and it is clear that some taxonomic problems are acute. Morphometric and genetic studies showed that many non-mbuna species are not homogeneous in their morphology over their distribution range. Significant differences were found in microsatellite allele frequencies among populations of some abundant demersal fish, suggesting segregation of stocks. Supporting data for model development came from sampling of lower trophic categories such as invertebrates and bacteria, previous sampling programmes on the lake or, where necessary, literature derived figures. Up- dated guides to benthic invertebrates were produced. Ecosystem modelling indicated that the main pathway for energy flow through the demersal fishery is through the consumption of copepods by demersal fish apparently migrating into the pelagic for feeding. The lakefly, C. edulis, provide a direct link between the demersal fish community and pelagic productivity but its importance is less than it is in the pelagic zone of the lake. By integrating the demersal and pelagic components of the Lake Malawi ecosystem into a single model, ecological efficiency of the lake appears to be much greater than previously supposed and the demersal fish community is able to directly utilise much of the pelagic production previously thought to be exported to detritus. The lake contains a high proportion of trophically equivalent fish which could be important for maintenance of ecosystem function. Prudent exploitation of the fishery would maintain this diversity to provide a buffer against possible environmental change or trophic knock-on effects of high fishing pressure. It is, however, clear that current fishing practice in the south of the lake threatens both biodiversity and a sustainable fishery. There is a need for a reappraisal of fisheries management and, throughout the lake, continued support for development of monitoring and research programmes. Summary of Final Report The project comprised a consortium of six European and three African partners with, in additional, some limited participation from the Fisheries Institute Mozambique. The project comprised nine Tasks: Task 1, Programme planing and project coordination; Task 2, Primary photosynthetic and microbial production; Task 3, Diversity, structure, seasonality and production of invertebrate communities; Task 4, Fish taxonomy; Task 5, Fishery assessment and growth rates of demersal fish; Task 6, Fish diet analysis; Task 7, Stable isotope work; Task 8 Trophic modeling; and Task 9, Conclusions These tasks were divided into three categories of, respectively, taxonomy and genetics, fisheries assessment and trophic modelling. Partner collaboration involved overlaps of skills required to fulfill the project objectives. The project was coordinated by the Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland. A regional base was established at Senga Bay in Malawi, and the first six months was spent largely with the establishment of an infrastructure within which the project could operate. In August of that year the project established a base in Senga Bay Malawi. The project began work in the region in September 1998, with the first extensive research cruise. Subsequent extensive cruises were done in March 1999 and September 1999 through the hire of the research vessel, R/V USIPA. Interim collaborative cruises were done in collaboration with a SADC/GEF Biodiversity project and with the Malawi Fisheries Research Unit. During the open water cruises, trawling of fish was done down to 125 m depth. Deeper trawling proved impossible owing to mechanical limitations. Attempts to modify the trawl to enable deeper samples of fish to be collected were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the project was successful in collecting data on fish distribution from a significant portion of the demersal zone and from different locations off the coasts of Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. During the lake cruises, samples from the benthos were collected down to the oxygen boundary at >200 m depth. Rates of bacterial production, based on incorporation of labelled nucleotide bases, were similar in Lake Malawi as those found in Lake Tanganyika and appear substantially higher than in marine systems with comparable levels of primary production. The work suggested that depth integrated rates of bacterial production may be comparable with primary production at certain times of the year. Bacterial rates based on tritiated thymidine uptake compared well with direct observations of bacterial cell and biomass increases in June but were much lower than direct observations of increases in biomass in January. Diversity and densities of invertebrates declined with increasing depth. Molluscs and insects disappeared very quickly; present at 10 m but completely absent from sediment samples at 30 m. Other taxa were found at depths of 125 m. Bivalves, nematodes and chironomids were found in relatively high numbers, up to 2000 individuals m-2, but all were completely absent in the sample collected from 200 m where only few Chaoborus larvae were found. Disappearance of most benthic invertebrates is likely to be related to oxygen availability. At depths below 175 m the water overlying the sediments can go anoxic and at depths > 130 m the concentration -1 of oxygen is often < 2 mg O2 l . C. edulis does do not appear to be as abundant in the demersal sediment as previously thought. High fish populations indicated by acoustic signals near the oxic-anoxic boundary of the demersal continue, therefore, to provide a conundrum. Two invertebrate groups of particular interest for species diversity in the African Great Lakes have been the molluscs and the ostracods. The mollusc fauna of Lake Malawi and associated water bodies is now taxonomically revised. In total, 38 mollusc species in 14 genera have been reported from Lake Malawi; 55% of which are endemic to the lake and/or associated water bodies. Dredge samples from the S.E. Arm of the lake showed that the mollusc fauna of Lake Malawi is reasonably well-known compared with the ostracods. Where previously only 20 species of ostracod had been reported (mostly from associated water bodies), 40 more, all lacustrine, were found in the course of our work. Of these, at least 35 are new species. Number of ostracod species per sample was also high, ranging between 8 and 14. The project produced a generic key to the invertebrates of Lake Malawi for use by non- specialist biologists. It is now apparent that the diversity of the fish fauna is even greater than previously thought. The project, nevertheless, made significant progress with solving some of the taxonomic difficulties posed by the species-rich demersal community of the lake.
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