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Patterns and Process During the Diversification of the Cichlid Fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa Michael R

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Patterns and Process During the Diversification of the Cichlid Fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa Michael R University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Fall 2006 Patterns and process during the diversification of the cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa Michael R. Kidd University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Kidd, Michael R., "Patterns and process during the diversification of the cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi, Africa" (2006). Doctoral Dissertations. 342. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/342 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PATTERNS AND PROCESS DURING THE DIVERSIFICATION OF THE CICHLID FISHES IN LAKE MALAWI, AFRICA BY MICHAEL R. KIDD BA, Williams College, 1991 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology September, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3231355 Copyright 2006 by Kidd, Michael R. All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3231355 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ©2006 Michael R. Kidd Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Director, Dr. Thomas D. Kocher Professor of Zoology and Genetics Dr. David Berlinsky y Associate Professor?)! Zoology Dr. Karen L. Carleton Research Associate Professor of Zoology Dr. jbving Komfield / Professor of Zoology, University of Maine Dr. Michelle P. Scott Professor of Zoology Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................1 I. A DIRECT ASSAY OF FEMALE CHOICE IN CICHLID FISHES: ALL THE EGGS IN ONE BASKET........................................................................................................ ..9 Abstract ............................................................................................................................9 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 10 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................14 Results.............................................................................................................................17 Discussion ...................................................................................................................... 18 II. INTRASEXUAL RECOGNITION AMONG CLOSELY RELATED LAKE MALAWI CICHLIDS: THE BARS MAKE THE MAN.................................... 25 Abstract .......................................................................................................................25 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 27 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................31 Results........................................................................................................................36 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 39 III. SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF A COMMUNITY OF TRANSLOCATED CICHLIDS AROUND THUMBI WEST ISLAND IN LAKE MALAWI..................................................................................................................50 Abstract .....................................................................................................................50 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 52 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Materials and Methods ............................................................................................55 Results.......................................................................................................................58 Discussion ................................................................................................................ 64 IV. PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION WITHIN PSEUDOTROPHEUS TROPHEOPS, A SUBGENUS OF ROCK DWELLING CICHLID FROM LAKE MALAWI............................................................ 81 Abstract .....................................................................................................................81 Introduction ..............................................................................................................83 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................88 Results and Discussion .......................................................................................... 92 V. AXES OF DIFFERENTIATION IN THE BOWER BUILDING CICHLIDS OF LAKE MALAWI.................................................................................................. 116 Abstract .................................................................................................................. 116 Introduction ...........................................................................................................118 Materials and Methods.........................................................................................122 Results................................................................................................................... 127 Discussion .............................................................................................................135 LITERATURE CITED....................................................................................................157 APPENDIX A IACUC APPROVAL LETTER.........................................................178 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Results of the egg catcher assay ........................................................................ 22 Table 2.1. Collection site, sample size and male coloration of species tested ...............44 Table 2.2. Results of BB vs. Blue territorial contests .......................................................45 Table 3.1. Species introduced to Thumbi West Island in Lake Malawi ........................ 70 Table 3.2. Species abundance on transects around Thumbi West Island ...................... 71 Table 4.1. Taxa of the subgenus Pseudotropheus tropheops sampled .........................103 Table 4.2. Number of phylogenetic characters generated per primer pair ..................104 Table 4.3. Probabilities that a color state defines a monophyletic lineage ..................105 Table 4.4. Tukey’s test of PC variables of lower jaw morphology ..............................106 Table 4.5. Tukey’s test of replicated populations ........................................................107 Table 5.1. Taxa of bower building cichlids sampled .................................................. 145 Table 5.2. Means and standard deviation for measurements of pit-type bowers .... 146 Table 5.3. Means and standard deviation for measurements of volcano bowers .... 147 Table 5.4. Mean proportion of molariform teeth and gular color ..............................148 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Color patterns of Metriaclima benetos and Metriaclima zebra ..................23 Figure 1.2. Test arena for the egg catcher assay of mate choice ................................... 24 Figure 2.1. Test arena used to assay intrasexual
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