Poecilia Wingei

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Poecilia Wingei MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE AKADEMIE VĚD ČR ÚSTAV BIOLOGIE OBRATLOVCŮ, V.V.I. Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Disertační práce Radomil Řežucha ŠKOLITEL: doc. RNDr. MARTIN REICHARD, Ph.D. BRNO 2014 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Personality, reprodukční strategie a pohlavní výběr u vybraných taxonů ryb Studijní program: Biologie Studijní obor: Zoologie Školitel: doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Akademie věd ČR Ústav biologie obratlovců, v.v.i. Akademický rok: 2013/2014 Počet stran: 139 Klíčová slova: Pohlavní výběr, alternativní rozmnožovací takti- ky, osobnostní znaky, sociální prostředí, zkuše- nost, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Bibliographic Entry Author: Mgr. Radomil Řežucha Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Dissertation: Personalities, reproductive tactics and sexual selection in fishes Degree Programme: Biology Field of Study: Zoology Supervisor doc. RNDr. Martin Reichard, Ph.D. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i. Academic Year: 2013/2014 Number of pages: 139 Keywords: Sexual selection, alternative mating tactics, per- sonality traits, social environment, experience, Rhodeus amarus, Poecilia wingei Abstrakt Vliv osobnostních znaků na alternativní reprodukční taktiky (charakteris- tické typy reprodukčního chování) patří mezi zanedbávané oblasti studia po- hlavního výběru. Současně bývá opomíjen i vliv sociálního prostředí a zkuše- nosti na tyto taktiky, a studium schopnosti jedinců v průběhu námluv mas- kovat své morfologické nedostatky. Jako studovaný systém alternativních rozmnožovacích taktik byl zvolen v přírodě nejběžnější komplex – sneaker × guarder (courter) komplex, popisující teritoriální a neteritoriální role samců. U hořavky duhové (Rhodeus amarus) byly potvrzeny osobnostní rozdíly mezi jedinci. Preference využívání konkrétní alternativní reprodukční taktiky jed- notlivých samců však u tohoto druhu nebyla ovlivněna žádným ze zkouma- ných osobnostních znaků (odvahou či agresivitou), ale vznikala zřejmě jako důsledek působení vlivu okolních environmentálních a sociálních faktorů s ohledem na morfologické znaky jedince. Nepotvrdila se ani přítomnost beha- viorálního syndromu (souboru korelovaných rysů chování). V experimentech s živorodkou Endlerovou (Poecilia wingei) se ukázalo, že i mladí nezkušení je- dinci preferují jednu z taktik a již při prvním setkání se samicí se přednostně pokouší buď o násilné páření (sneaking) nebo se samicím dvoří (courting). Re- produkční chování těchto jedinců bylo následně silně ovlivněno jejich sociál- ním prostředím. Své reprodukční chování, modifikované sociálním prostředím, si navíc přenášeli dále do budoucích setkání s potenciálními partnerkami. Je- dinci, kteří žili v prostředí bez samčího rivala, navíc vykazovali celkový pokles sexuální aktivity a relativně zvýšenou míru dvoření v kontrastu s pokusy o nedobrovolné páření. Naopak jedinci vystaveni konkurenci jiného samce se snažili o kopulaci pomocí sneakingu. Vliv sociálního prostředí na výběr alter- nativní taktiky byl velmi silný a potvrdilo se, že časově méně náročný sneaking bývá výhodný v konkurenčních prostředích, kde musí samec soupeřit často i se zdatnějším konkurentem. Dále se potvrdila schopnost samců P. wingei identifikovat v průběhu námluv svou pro samici atraktivnější stranu, a tu jí následně přednostně předvádět v průběhu dvoření. Tento efekt však trval pou- ze v konkurenčním prostředí. V konkurenceprostém prostředí tento trend vy- mizel. To vše ukazuje na silný vliv sociálního prostředí, konkurence a indivi- duální zkušenosti na epigamní chování jedinců. Abstract Research on the roles that personality characteristics play in the choice of alternative mating tactic (discrete alternative ways how individuals maxim- ize their reproductive success) are largely neglected area of sexual selection research. The influence of social environment and individual experience on these tactics are equally overlooked. Finally, the ability of individuals to com- pensate their morphologic deficiencies during courtship also remains poorly understood. The study system of alternative mating tactics was sneaker × guarder (courter) complex – the most common complex in nature consisting of territorial and non-territorial males. Distinct behavioural differences be- tween males of the European bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), my first model spe- cies, were confirmed. However, individual choice of alternative mating tactics was not influenced by any personality trait studied (boldness, aggressiveness). Instead, surrounding environmental and social factors coupled with morpho- logic characteristics of an individual affected the preferential use of the alter- native mating tactic. I also did not confirm presence of correlated suite of be- haviours (behavioural syndrome). In the next study, I investigated that even sexually naïve males of the Endler’s guppy (Poecilia wingei) had their preferred mating tactic (sneaking × courting) during their first encounter with a female. Behaviour of these males was later influenced by their current social envi- ronment, with consequences for their mating behaviour in future encounters with females. Individuals kept in the environment without a male rival (fe- male–biased, non–competitive) decreased their overall sexual interest in fe- males, but tended to use courtship displays rather than sneaking. On the other hand, individuals housed with a male rival (male–biased, competitive environment) used sneaking preferentially. The effect of social environment on the choice of alternative mating tactic was therefore very strong. I suggest that sneaking, being less time consuming, is more effective in competitive envi- ronment where an individual has to compete with a rival. Finally, I confirmed individual’s ability to identify more colourful side and use it preferentially dur- ing courtship. Notably, this strategic exploitation of lateral asymmetry was apparent only in male–biased (competitive) environment but not in female– biased environment. These results highlight the influence of current social en- vironment, competition and past experience on male sexual behaviour. © Radomil Řežucha, Masarykova univerzita, 2014 7 Obsah PODĚKOVÁNÍ ......................................................................................... 8 CÍLE PRÁCE........................................................................................... 9 ÚVOD ............................................................................................10 POHLAVNÍ VÝBĚR A MAXIMALIZACE REPRODUKČNÍ ÚSPĚŠNOSTI ..................... 11 PERSONALITY A BEHAVIORÁLNÍ SYNDROMY ................................................ 13 ALTERNATIVNÍ REPRODUKČNÍ TAKTIKY ...................................................... 14 ZKUŠENOST A SOCIÁLNÍ PROSTŘEDÍ ......................................................... 15 POUŢITÉ DRUHY A METODIKA ......................................................17 HOŘAVKA DUHOVÁ (RHODEUS AMARUS) .................................................... 17 Metodika ............................................................................................. 19 ŢIVORODKA ENDLEROVA (POECILIA WINGEI) ............................................... 20 Metodika ............................................................................................. 22 IMPAKTOVANÉ PUBLIKACE ...........................................................25 ČLÁNEK 1 ........................................................................................... 25 ČLÁNEK 2 ........................................................................................... 49 ČLÁNEK 3 ........................................................................................... 58 ZÁVĚR ...........................................................................................89 IDENTIFIKACE POTENCIÁLNĚ ZAJÍMAVÝCH TÉMAT PRO DALŠÍ VÝZKUM .............. 91 POUŢITÉ ZDROJE ..........................................................................97 NAVŠTÍVENÉ KONFERENCE S VLASTNÍM PŘÍSPĚVKEM .............. 106 PŘÍLOHA – PUBLIKACE NESOUVISEJÍCÍ S DISERTACÍ ................. 109 ČLÁNEK A ......................................................................................... 109 ČLÁNEK B ........................................................................................ 122 ÚVOD 8 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych chtěl poděkovat všem, kteří mě po celou dobu stu- dia podporovali a nějakým způsobem přispěli ke vzniku této práce. Přede- vším a hlavně chci poděkovat Martinu Reichardovi za jeho skvělé vedení, které trvalo přes 7 let. Děkuji mu za to, ţe to celou tu dobu vydrţel, i kdyţ to se mnou neměl jednoduché a nezlomil nade mnou hůl, ani kdyţ ze mě vypa- dla nějaká opravdu velká hloupost. Dále mu chci poděkovat za podporu při mých prvních krůčcích ve světě velké vědy a také za to, ţe jsem díky němu mohl své studium nazývat i svým zaměstnáním. Toho jsem si celou dobu ne- smírně váţil. Dále chci poděkovat Milanu Vrtílkovi za pomoc při černé práci, kritické komentáře, spoustu podnětných myšlenek a především jeho těţko popsatelnou objektivitu, která někdy ani nebyla na místě. Nikdy by mě ne- napadlo, ţe můţe existovat někdo aţ tak objektivní. Děkuji také Mateji Pola- čikovi za jeho pomoc, cenné rady zkušenějšího kolegy, jeho skepsi, realismus jdoucí ruku v ruce s pesimismem, a také za upřímné
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