Chapter 8, Lesson 1
Spanish Settlements Spread North The Spanish in New Mexico Don Juan de Onate was a Spanish conquistador who was given permission to build a settlement in the lands the Spanish called New Mexico. This settlement was called San Gabriel Settlement. Onate believed that “Spanish rule of Native Americans would bring them peace, justice, salvation, orderliness, and protection. When a new governor was appointed, the capital moved to Santa Fe. Missions A mission is a religious settlement where missionaries live and work. The purpose of the Spanish missions was to convert the Pueblo and other Native Americans to the Roman Catholic religion. To convert means to cause a person to change a belief. The Pueblo became part of the mission life. Many Pueblo began to suffer from hunger because it was their custom to give part of their crops to help the needy, but now they gave it to the Spanish. The Pueblo was not able to speak their own language or practice their own religion. Pueblo Revolt Many Native Americans died as a result of disease and drought. The Native Americans angered the Spanish religious leaders because they began practicing both Christianity and their traditional religions again. The Revolt of 1680 Antonio de Otermin jailed 47 Pueblo religious leaders. One of them was a medicine man named Pope. Pope convinced the Pueblo communities to unite to force the Spanish to leave. The revolt lasted 9 days, and the Spanish survivors were forced to flee New Mexico. Diego de Vargas New Spain was troubled by the loss of New Mexico to the Pueblo. Diego de Vargas was selected to take back New Mexico. Vargas was able to convince 23 communities to accept the friendship of Spain. He agreed to allow the Pueblo to live in their own communities apart from the Spanish to practice their traditional religion. Spanish Texas and California A presidio is a military fort where soldiers live. A mission established in Texas was called San Antonio de Valero which later became known as the Alamo. California Missions Father Junipero Serra led an expedition that was divided into five groups. Two traveled by land and three by sea. They planned to meet at San Diego, a good harbor on the California coast. San Francisco was the last of New Spain to be settled. El Camino Real connected the Spanish missions in the Southwest to Mexico
Chapter 8 Lesson 2 New France Expands
The Fur Trade
Fur trade was the major economic activity in New France. Voyageurs transported furs to Quebec. Voyagers were people who carried furs and other goods by canoe. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable was a fur trader who built a trading post off of Lake Michigan. Today this is the city of Chicago.
Native American Relations France granted few people the right to trap and trade in the American colonies. Many trappers became known as coureurs de bois. This means they trapped without permission. The French trappers got along with the Native Americans because they learned their language and customs. They did this because the Native Americans lived in the area, traded with them, and taught them how to survive.
French Louisiana
Rene Robert La Salle was a French explorer that followed the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico and claimed the entire Mississippi valley for France. In 1684 La Salle left France with 300 colonists and headed for the mouth of the Mississippi. La Salle’s attempt to colonize Louisiana was unsuccessful, because La Salle settled in the wrong place, and many colonists died.
Settlements in Louisiana Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville argued for a French settlement at the mouth of the Mississippi because he thought it was the “most beautiful part of America. The settlement of Louisiana was important to France because it kept the English from expanding. Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville established the first French settlement in Louisiana. Bienville founded New Orleans.
Chapter 8, Lesson 3 The French and Indian War
France and England Go to War Britain and France both claimed the land in the Ohio River Valley. The Ohio River Valley lies between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. British colonies wanted to control the land so they could settle it. The Iroquois began to sell their land to the British colonies. France was afraid that Britain would take over their region. Britain believed the French forts were a threat to British settlers.
Early French Victories The first battle was in 1754 at Fort Duquesne. George Washington led a small group of troops to force the French out of the Ohio River Valley. The Huron and other Native Americans helped France. The French learned Native American warfare. The Native Americans and French made surprise attacks on the British from behind trees, large rocks, or anywhere they could hide. The British marched in the open battlefield in long rows. This made them an easy target for the enemy.
Turning Point of the War
William Pitt believed that the British could win their power struggle with the French in North America. He began to pour more money, troops, and equipment into the effort. The result was an immediate turn in the war. Fort Pitt is where the city of Pittsburg is today. The Iroquois helped the British win the French and Indian war because they helped them fight against the Huron and the French. The war ended in 1762. France gave Spain much of Louisiana to keep it out of Britain’s hand. By the terms of The Treat of Paris, Great Britain gained all of France’s lands in the Ohio River Valley and Canada.
After the War After the war, British colonists began moving west into the Ohio River Valley. To preserve Indian hunting grounds, Pontiac urged the Native Americans to “drive off your land those who will do you nothing but harm.” Proclamation of 1763 was an official announcement that set aside all British land west of the Appalachians for Native Americans. Its goal was to protect the fur trade and draw new settlers to Canada or other British colonies.