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Your Name Here THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE: MORPHOPHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND GRAMMATICALIZATION by LAMAR ASHLEY GRAHAM (Under the Direction of L. Chadwick Howe) ABSTRACT The appearance of new verbal paradigms in the Romance languages – namely, the synthetic future indicative and conditional paradigms – has been one of the hallmark studies within the field of grammaticalization. Already existing in Latin was a synthetic future indicative paradigm, with a full complement of endings. Many researchers (Garey 1955; Hopper and Traugott 2003; Slobbe 2004; among others) have agreed that the infinitive + HABĒRE construction was the genesis of Romance future paradigms, obviating and completely replacing the disfavored Latin synthetic future. However, even after Latin evolved into Spanish, there still existed a duality between a periphrastic, analytic future and a paradigmatic, synthetic future. Said duality implied several syntactic and morphophonological characteristics of Old and Classical Spanish, some of which are no longer extant in the modern language. Through an empirical study, employing variable rules analyses, of Old and Classical Spanish texts, it is shown that the synthetic and analytic future and conditional were not always fully complementary of another, as the synthetic began to be used in contexts customarily reserved for the analytic construction. Within this work it will be shown how morphophonological and syntactic properties necessitated the existence of the analytic construction, especially the status of the auxiliary-turned-affix-turned- inflectional ending haber. Also of interest will be the manner in which the future and conditional paradigms derived syntactically in Old and Classical Spanish, with special attention lent to the role of cliticization principles in their structure. The findings rooted in these several theoretical fields will import a greater understanding of the eventual loss of the analytic future and conditional prior to the advent of the Modern Spanish era. INDEX WORDS: grammaticalization, Spanish, Vulgar Latin, future tense, conditional tense, cliticization, left periphery, syntax, morphophonology, morphosyntax, parametric change, analogy THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE: MORPHOPHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND GRAMMATICALIZATION by LAMAR ASHLEY GRAHAM Bachelor of Arts, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2005 Master of Arts in Education, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2006 Master of Arts, American University, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA May 2015 © 2015 Lamar A. Graham All Rights Reserved THE HISTORY OF THE FUTURE: MORPHOPHONOLOGY, SYNTAX, AND GRAMMATICALIZATION by LAMAR ASHLEY GRAHAM Major Professor: L. Chadwick Howe Committee: Timothy M. Gupton Diana L. Ranson Electronic Version Approved: Julie Coffield Interim Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2015 iv DEDICATION To my dear wife Amy, who has endured this entire process beside me through love, prayer, patience, encouragement, and understanding. Thank you for your sacrifices all these years because you truly believed in my vision and my direction. I love you, I am eternally thankful for you, and I owe you big time. To my children, Kera and Lamar Jr., who have always reminded me of what’s truly important in life and also why I do what I do. Daddy owes you big time as well. To my parents, Drs. Leroy Jr. and Loretta P. Graham, who laid the foundation for me thirty-two years ago and made sure I always put forth my best effort in whatever I did, as well as teaching me from a young age how to prioritize family while still advancing in the world. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are scores of individuals to whom I would like to express gratitude. Before I list them, I apologize in advance for the inevitable omissions. First and foremost, I recognize my dissertation advisory committee. Thanks to Chad Howe for his advice and guidance throughout my academic career and for graciously serving as my major professor. To Timothy Gupton for being constructively critical of my work and also for opportunities in service. To Diana Ranson for conveying lessons learned through her experience and wisdom (and her anecdotes). Thanks to the other members of the Hispanic Linguistics faculty in the Department of Romance Languages who challenged me in the classroom: Gary Baker, Sarah Blackwell, and Margaret Quesada. To Teresa Pérez Gamboa, Spanish TA coordinator por excelencia. Also to Pilar Chamorro and Hilda Mata. Outside of the linguistics faculty in the department, I recognize Stacey Casado, Catherine Jones, and Rachel Gabara for their administrative works. Thanks to Susan Quinlan for teaching me Portuguese and thus increasing my interest in comparative linguistic studies sevenfold. To Lesley Feracho, Cecilia Rodrigues, Francis Assaf, Nannette Mosley, Diego del Pozo, Amélia Hutchinson, David Latimer, and Sandy Magnani for many random conversations in the hallways which served to counterbalance my scholarly pursuits (every graduate student needs balance). To my fellow Spanish instructors Steven Casadont, Samantha Hagood, Ninosca Pérez Minchola, Elena Fernández, Olga Amigo, Ruth Verdolín, Jim Jones, Fernán Cerrón vi Palomino, Jorge and Charo García, Kerry Steinberg, and Annie Wendel. Possibly the greatest instructor team ever. Thanks to the best officemates anyone could ask for: Danielle Walters, Amy Laws, Althea Hubbard, Sydney Clifton, David Dwyer, Javier Soler, Juan Sebastián Camargo, and Rachel Harris. Thanks to my classmates and colleagues, past and present: Nicole Casnettie, Benjamin McLain, Caitlin Polidori, Inma Garnes, Martín Ocón, Ashley Wood, Kristin Hanewald, Adam Lassila, Philip Limerick, Chantell Smith, Sarah Lowman, Michelle (Evans) McQuien, Regan Frink, Soha Salamah, Jessie Shiller, Victor Castrilli, Fenton Gardner, Lydia Hawkins, Louise Goodman, Kate Bundy, Ary Malaver, Kathleen Rizy, Jaume Antuñano San Luis, Cris Lira, Fernanda Guida, Bruno Sales, Suzanne Franks, Vanessa Swenson, David Dwyer, David Martínez, Manuel Pinto Barragán, Emily Middendorf, Leah Lemberg, Allonah Ezro-Christy, Hamideh Mohammadi, Bethany Bateman, Martin Ward, Melissa Carruth, Leda Lozier, Marcela Reales, Horacio Castillo, Sophia Durand, Viviane Klen Alves, Ximena González Parada, Haoyu (Irene) Xia, Marcus Berger, Sofia Ivanova, Jenni Palomaki, Martin Macak, and several others. While in Athens, I express my gratitude to Pastor and First Lady Larry and Blanche Fort and the rest of the congregation of New Freedom Christian Center for welcoming me and my family and, from the first time we stepped through the doors, never allowing us to feel like just “visitors.” vii Last but by far the most important, I acknowledge my entire family, both by blood and by marriage. I am thankful to my younger brothers Lerone and Lloyd Graham for putting up with my consistent Spanish use in the house growing up, and for still reminding me how brothers are best friends to the end, come what may. To sister-in-law Jamilah Graham for her thought-provoking conversations about my research and other topics of interest at 2 AM during the holidays. To my cousin Devin, probably my biggest competitor at everything even to this day, as well as her sisters Tracy and husband Arthur, Chrystal, Megan, and Shannon. To my wife’s brother and sister-in-law Kendall and Latarsha Wilson for checking up on us from three states away. To all the rest of my uncles, aunts, and cousins, as innumerable as you are, who have been supportive of my endeavors. To my maternal grandparents Mable and the late Oather Lee “Sam” Prosser, whose love and support I felt even from miles away. And finally, to my paternal grandparents Leroy and Lee Graham, for always being there to teach me something, help me get somewhere, and impart wisdom and encouragement. Again, if there’s anyone I left out, as they say in the church, “charge it to my head but not my heart.” viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction: the history of the future ................................................................1 1.0. Grammaticalization defined ...................................................................1 1.1. The future and conditional from Latin to Romance ...............................6 1.2. Complementary distribution between split and fused forms? ..............20 1.3. Overview of the dissertation .................................................................23 2 Cliticization in generative syntax and parameterization ..................................29 2.0. Clitic placement in diachrony ...............................................................29 2.1. Preliminaries .........................................................................................30 2.2. Cliticization without movement ...........................................................37 2.3. Movement analyses of cliticization ......................................................44 2.4. Parametric shifting in diachrony ..........................................................61
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