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The Functional Categories and Phrase Structure of Sason Arabic

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The Functional Categories and Phrase Structure of Sason Arabic THE FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES AND PHRASE STRUCTURE OF SASON ARABIC FARUK AKKUŞ BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY 2014 THE FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES AND PHRASE STRUCTURE OF SASON ARABIC Thesis submitted to the Institute for Graduate Studies in the Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Linguistics by Faruk Akkuş Boğaziçi University 2014 The Functional Categories and Phrase Structure of Sason Arabic The thesis of Faruk Akkuş has been approved by: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Balkız Öztürk _____________ (Thesis Advisor) Prof. Dr. Elabbas Benmamoun _____________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meltem Kelepir _____________ June 2014 Thesis Abstract Faruk Akkuş, “The Functional Categories and Phrase Structure of Sason Arabic” The study aims to investigate primarily the functional categories and the phrase structure of Sason Arabic. Adopting the main premises of the Minimalist Program, I analyze the syntactic representations of functional projections, relying on the morphological properties of the language. Sason Arabic displays different properties across sentence types, hence following Akkuş and Benmamoun (2014) I argue that Sason Arabic exhibits both the head initial and head final properties. In this study, the initial step was to examine the tense projection with the aim of explaining the morpho-syntactic properties of elements that can occupy it. The description of tense elements and the verbal morphology led to the analysis of the syntax of complex tense in SA. Based on the discussion of several instances of tense syncretism, mainly following Stowell 1996, 2005, Giorgi and Pianesi 1997, I argued for a bi-layeral TP analysis, where the lower layer projects two separate Ts. The main motivations for this analysis came from the past particle kə-, exclusive to SA, and the different function of kwn from other Arabic varieties. In addition, I discussed the representation of sentential negation in Sason Arabic and concluded that the order of negation relative to tense seems to be different in copular and non-copular sentences (Akkuş and Benmamoun 2014). The investigation shed light on the influence of language contact on the clause structure of Sason Arabic, that is, the head-directionality and the position of negation relative to tense. I also suggested that the pronominal element which shows up in positive and negative sentences be best treated as Pron in the sense of Doron (1983, 1986) due to its distributional and morphophonological properties. Finally, I examined possible word-order variations in the Sason Arabic depending on the information structure of the sentence and discussed their syntactic derivations within the phrase structure that I proposed in this study. This examination included the position of subjects and the derivation of CLLDed elements. iii Tez Özeti Faruk Akkuş, “Sason Arapçası’ının İşlevsel Kümeleri ve Öbek Yapısı” Bu çalışmanın amacı temel olarak Sason Arapçası’nın işlevsel kümelerini ve öbek yapısını incelemektir. Bu çalışmada Yetinmeci Çizgi (YÇ)’nin ana öncülleri uyarlanarak ve dilin biçimbilimsel özelliklerine dayanarak, işlevsel yansıtmaların sözdizimsel gösterimleri analiz edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, ilk olarak, zaman yansıtmasında yer kaplayabilecek unsurların biçimsözdizimsel özelliklerini açıklamak amacıyla bu yansıtma incelenmiştir. Zaman unsurlarının ve eylemsel biçimbilimin betimlenmesi Sason Arapçası’ndaki karmaşık zaman kiplerinin sözdizimsel analizlerine olanak sağlamıştır. Dilde gözlenen çeşitli zaman aynılaşması örneklerine bakılarak ve Stowell 1996, 2005, Giorgi & Pianesi 1997 benimsenerek, alt katmanın iki farklı zamandan oluştuğu iki katmanlı bir zaman yansıtması önerildi. Bu önerinin temel nedenlilikleri Sason Arapçası’na mahsus olan geçmiş zaman eki kə- ve diğer Arapça lehçelerinden farklı işlevlere sahip olan kwn yardımcı fiilidir. Ayrıca, Sason Arapçası’ndaki tümcesel olumsuzluğa bakılıp eylem tümceleri ile ad tümcelerinde olumsuzluğun zaman kipine göre sırasının farklı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır (Akkuş & Benmamoun 2014). Bu inceleme dillerarası etkileşimin Sason Arapçası’nın tümcecik yapısı, yani baş değiştirgenliği ve olumsuzluğun zaman kipine göre pozisyonu, üzerindeki etkisine ışık tutmuştur. Buna ek olarak, olumlu ve olumsuz ad cümlelerinde görülen adılsıl unsurun da Doron (1983, 1986) doğrultusunda, dağıtımsal ve biçimsel sesbilimsel özellikleri dolayısıyla Pron olarak adlandırılması gerektiğini savunduk. Sonuç olarak, Sason Arapçası’nda tümcenin bilgisel yapılanmasına bağlamında olası sözcük diziliş farklılıkları incelendi ve bu çalışmada Sason Arapçası için öne sürülen öbek yapısı çerçevesinde bu diziliş farklılıklarının söz dizimsel türetimi tartışıldı. Bu tartışma öznelerin pozisyonlarını ve Sola Kaydırılan Biçimcesel unsurları da içermiştir. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While fully aware that words will fall short, I would like to express my deepest gratitude my thesis advisor and mentor Balkız Öztürk. She assisted me with every step of this study with patience. She taught me how to see where my ideas fit together (or didn’t) and tease out my own hidden assumptions. More importantly, she provided the encouragement and the stimulus to keep going when things got sticky. It was often her who suggested me directions to explore when it looked like my assumptions came to a dead end. From her I learned more than I can ever adequately thank her. I would like to thank my teachers over the course of my years with linguistics for inspiration and guidance, most of all for teaching me how to think linguistics from many different angles. For all they have done, great thanks to Meltem Kelepir, Sumru Özsoy, Aslı Göksel, Eser Taylan, and Markus Pöchtrager. My papers for the classes of Sumru Özsoy and Aslı Göksel ended up constituting crucial aspects of the thesis. I am indebted to Meltem Kelepir for her detailed feedback and challenging questions on my studies. Abbas Benmamoun, since the very first time I contacted him, has always been very generous with his time, comments, and support, both through electronic communication and in face-to-face conversations at Arabic Linguistics Symposium meetings. I thank him for this, for accepting to be in my defense committee, as well as for his foundational work in Arabic. I thank my classmates, Seda, Büşra, Emre, Dariya, Nil, Betül, Ömer, Songül for their friendship. I also express special thanks to my friend Mehmet Köse and my brothers for their constant support, motivation and my family for always being there. This project has been funded by the TÜBİTAK-BİDEB 2210 grant, which is hereby gratefully acknowledged. It made the research possible. v CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.1. The Aim ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1. The Design of Minimalist Grammar ...................................................................... 3 1.2.2. Phase-based syntax (Multiple Spell-Out) ............................................................... 5 1.3. General Properties of Sason Arabic ............................................................................... 7 1.3.1. Word Order .......................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2. Head-Directionality .............................................................................................. 15 1.3.3. Construct State ..................................................................................................... 18 1.3.4. Pro-drop ............................................................................................................... 21 1.3.5. Question Formation.............................................................................................. 23 1.3.5.1. Yes-No questions ................................................................................ 23 1.3.5.2. Wh-questions ...................................................................................... 23 1.3.6. Agreement ............................................................................................................ 27 1.3.6.1. Verbal Paradigms ................................................................................ 27 1.3.6.2. Nominal Agreement ........................................................................... 29 1.4. Outline.......................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER II: THE TENSE SYSTEM OF SASON ARABIC ................................................... 32 2.1. Verb Morphology in Sason Arabic .............................................................................. 33 2.1.1. Distribution of the Imperfective Verb .................................................................. 34 2.1.1.1. Imperfective in non-past ..................................................................... 34 2.1.1.2. Imperfective in past ............................................................................ 38 2.1.2. Distribution of the Perfective Verb ...................................................................... 41 2.2. The Syntax of (Complex) Tense .................................................................................. 50 2.2.1. Tense Syncretism ................................................................................................
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