Consonants Vs. Vowels  Vowel Classification  Obstruents Vs

2주차. English consonants 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

지난 강의

 What is phonology (as compared to phonetics)?  Subdisciplines of phonetics  Articulatory organs  Aspects of speech production to consider - The airstream mechanism - The state of the vocal cords - The state of the velum - The manner of articulation - The place of articulation 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

강의 개요

 Aspects of speech production to consider - The airstream mechanism - The state of the vocal cords - The state of the velum - The manner of articulation - The place of articulation  Consonants vs. vowels  Vowel classification  Obstruents vs. sonorant consonants  Consonants in English: stops 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Manner of articulation  MOA refers to the vertical relationship between the active and passive articulators, i.e. the distance between them (usually known as stricture). 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Manner of articulation

• less distance bet. active - stops and passive articulators - affricates • greater stricture - fricatives (= narrowing of a passage) - liquids - glides - vowels • greater distance bet. active and passive articulators • less stricture 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Stops

 Stops are consonants in which the airstream is completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period.

pie, buy, tie, die, kye, guy my, nigh, sing 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Fricatives

 When the articulators are close together, but without complete closure (a stricture known as close approximation), the air is forced through the narrow gap between the articulators, causing some turbulence.

fie, vie, thigh, thy, sigh, zoo, shy, pleasure, high 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Affricates

 Affricates are produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produces an effect characteristic of a fricative (i.e. stop plus fricative).

church, judge 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Glides

 For the other major sound types--liquids, glides and vowels--there is relatively free passage of air through the oral tract.

 For vowels and glides (or semi-vowels), the articulators are wide apart and the air flows unhindered.  open approximation

yolk, woke 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Liquids

 For liquids, there is both contact and free air passage.

rake, lake

 For the ‘r’ sound, the sides of the tongue are in contact with the gums, but the air flows freely down the center of the tongue. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Liquids

 For the ‘l’ sound, the center of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge but the air flows out freely over the lowered sides of the tongue. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

MOA of English consonants

 stops p, b; t, d; k, g; m, n, N  affricates tS, dZ  fricatives t, v; T, D; s, z; S, Z; h  liquids l, r  glides w, y 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Place of articulation

 Consonants are the sounds for which obstruction or stricture occurs in the airflow from the lungs.

 POA refers to the point where such stricture occurs. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Place of articulation

 POA specifies the position of the highest point of the active articulator (usually some part of the tongue, but the lower lip may also be the active articulator) in relation to the passive articulator. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

POA of English consonants

 bilabial p, b; m; (w)  labiodental f, v  (inter)dental T, D  alveolar t, d; s, z; n; l, r  alveo-palatal tS, dZ; S, Z  palatal y  velar k, g; N; (w)  glottal h 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Place of articulation (cont.)

Place of Active Passive Example articulation articulator articulator bilabial lower lip upper lip bat labiodental lower lip upper teeth fish tongue tip upper teeth dental moth or blade tongue tip alveolar ridge alvelar dog or blade Curled Area immediately Malayalam retroflex tongue tip Behind alveolar [kutti] ‘child’ ridge 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Place of articulation (cont.)

Place of Active Passive Example articulation articulator articulator Palato- Tougue blade Area immediately shark alveolar behind alveolar (or alveo- ridge palatal) palatal tongue front hard palate yak velar tongue back velum goat

uvular tongue back uvula Fr. rat ‘rat’

pharyngeal tongue root pharynx wall Ar. [ʕamm] ‘uncle’ 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Consonant classification

 the airstream mechanism  the state of the vocal cords  the state of the velum  the place of articulation  the manner of articulation

 ‘p’ in pig: pulmonic egressive, voiceless, oral, bilabial, stop 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 1. Circle the words that begin with a bilabial consonant: met net set bet let pet

2. Circle the words that begin with a velar consonant: knot got lot cot hot pot

3. Circle the words that begin with labiodental consonant: Fat cat that mat chat vat 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 4. Circle the words that begin with an alveolar consonant: zip nip lip sip tip dip

5. Circle the words that begin with a dental consonant: pie guy shy thigh thy high

6. Circle the words that begin with a palato-alveolar consonant: sigh shy tie thigh thy lie 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 7. Circle the words that and with a fricative race wreath bush bring breathe bang rave real ray rose rough

8. Circle the words that and with a nasal: rain rang dumb deaf

9. Circle the words that and with a stop: pill lip lit graph crab dog hide laugh back 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 10. Circle the words that begin with a lateral: nut lull bar rob one

12. Circle the words that begin with an affricate: much back edge ooze

13. Circle the words in which the consonant in the middle is voiced: tracking mother robber leisure massive 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Consonants vs. vowels

 The essential difference between consonants and vowels would seem to have to do with degree of stricture, i.e. the distance between the active and passive articulators.  For consonants there is some kind of obstruction in the oral tract, whereas for vowels there is no such hindrance to the outflow of the air. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Vowel classification

 For vowels, the classification is different; voicing is typically irrelevant, since in most languages, vowels are always voiced, and the vertical (MOA) and horizontal (POA) dimensions are more restricted. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Vowel classification

 All vowels are produced with a stricture of open approximation, so MOA is irrelevant.

 Vowels are produced in a smaller area of the vocal tract--the palatal and velar regions, so POA is not so relevant. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Vowel classification (cont.)  However, different vowels do involve differences in the highest point of the tongue and the lip shape.

 Vertically  high, mid, low vowels

sit (high) vs. sat (low) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Vowel classification (cont.)  Horizontally  front, central, back vowels

fee (front) vs. far (back)

 Lip rounding  unrounded, rounded vowels

see (plain) vs. sue (rounded) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

More on consonants vs. vowels (cont.)

 Beside these, there are syllabic liquids and nasals (e.g. the final sounds in mutton, bottle, sabre) that can be a syllable nucleus but are not produced with open approximation. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 1.In each of the following words a sound is underlined. For each sound state (i) its voicing, (ii) whether it is oral or nasal, (iii) its place of articulation and (iv) its manner of articulation. a. bee b. reason c.hang d. jungle e. vine f. leech g. listen h. lark 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 2. Name the active articulator for each of the underlined sounds below.

a. those b. keep c. mess d. rich e. revile f. final g. pet h. yacht 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Exercises 3. Each of the words below has a sound underlined. For each of the pairs of words state what the difference is between the underlined sounds. For example the underlined sounds in in and ink differ in place or articulation (alveolar vs. velar); those in pop and bop differ in voicing (voiceless vs. voiced). a. toe / doe b. sick / tick c. luck / lug d. lip / lick e. rift / wrist f. cad / can g. measure / mesher h. bag / gag 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론  Aspects of speech production to consider - The airstream mechanism - The state of the vocal cords - The state of the velum - The manner of articulation - The place of articulation

 Consonants vs. vowels  Vowel classification  Obstruents vs. sonorant consonants  Consonants in English: stops 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론 Major classes of consonants: Obstruents vs. sonorants  Obstruents: The airflow is noticeably restricted, with the articulators either in complete closure or close approximation.

- oral stops, fricatives, affricates - There is voiceless vs. voiced distinction. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론 Major classes of consonants: Obstruents vs. sonorants  Sonorants: There is no such restriction in the oral tract or in the nasal tract; the air has free passage through the vocal tract (either through the oral or nasal tract).

- nasal stops, liquids, glides (also vowels) - Voiced only 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Stops

 Stops are characterized by involving complete closure in the oral tract, preventing the airflow from exiting through the mouth.

 Stops may be oral or nasal (or glottal). 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Stops

 Oral stops are voiced or voiceless; nasal stops are voiced only.

- [p, b] bilabial stops (pig, bear) - [t, d] alveolar stops (tiger, dog) - [k, g] velar stops (cat, gorilla) - [ʔ] glottal stop (uh-oh)  Voiceless only 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Variation in stops

 Aspiration (3.1.3)

 Glottalization (3.1.5)

 ‘Place’ assimilation (3.1.6) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Aspiration

 Voiceless stops fall into two classes: aspirated and unaspirated. - pie, spy; tie, sty; core, score  Aspirated consonants are followed by a brief puff of air, but unaspirated consonants are not.  Hold your palm in front of your lips and say pie. You will feel a puff of air, which you will not feel when you say spy. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Aspiration (cont.)

 Precisely speaking, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated consonants depends on the timing of the vocal cord closure or vibration (which we call voice onset time or simply VOT). 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Aspiration (cont.)  When we say pin (aspirated p), the vocal cords remain open for a short time after the lips come apart to release the p.

 When we pronounce the unaspirated p in spin, the vocal cords start vibration as soon as the lips open. 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Aspirated vs. unaspirated 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Aspiration (cont.) 1. pill, till, kill 2. present, platypus; twit, treasure; cue, crocodile 3. potato, today, canoe (patrol vs. petrol) 4. appoint, apply; attend, attract; account, acquire 5. spill, splint; still, street; skill, squint 6. temper, (painter), anchor 7. happy, lucky, (water) 8. octopus, medical, (sanity) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Glottalization  Glottalization or glottal reinforcement: As well as closure in the oral tract, there is an accompanying (brief) closure of the vocal cords, resulting in a kind of dual articulation.

 This glottalization is particularly likely for final stops in emphatic utterances, such as ‘stop that!’ ([p/], [t/]). 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

Glottalization

 Voiceless stops may be replaced by a glottal stop under some circumstances.

- at night, Britain [/n`] (before a nasal) - great smile, grape fruit (before a homorganic obstruent) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

‘Place’ assimilation

 hot potato bad boy sad man  hot crumpet bad girl sad king  hot thing bad though sad thought

 In each case, the closure for the ‘t’ or ‘d’ will not be alveolar but will be at the place of articulation of the following segment. (cf. homorganic) 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론

강의 요약  Aspects of speech production to consider - The manner of articulation - The place of articulation

 Consonants vs. vowels  Vowel classification  Obstruents vs. sonorant consonants  Consonants in English: stops 2주차. English consonants 영어 음운론