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Palatalization in West Germanic a DISSERTATION SUBMITTED to the FACULTY of the GRADUATE SCHOOL of the UNIVERSITY of MINNESOTA BY

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Palatalization in West Germanic a DISSERTATION SUBMITTED to the FACULTY of the GRADUATE SCHOOL of the UNIVERSITY of MINNESOTA BY Palatalization in West Germanic A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY MICHEL VAN DER HOEK IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Anatoly Liberman, Adviser August 2010 © Michel van der Hoek, August 2010 Acknowledgments This dissertation was made possible by the kind support and help of several people and insti- tutions. First and foremost I am thankful for the constant advice, helpful feedback, and the steady supply of bibliographical leads and photocopied articles on my topic which I received from my supervisor, Prof. Anatoly Liberman. He first steered me in the direction of this topic and I have not regretted it. I am greatly indebted to him for instilling in me an understanding of historical phonology, for humbling me by his erudition, and for his never-ending store of puns, stories, and fairy tales, including that of the Emperor’s New Clothes. I also thank Prof. Evelyn Firchow who has been a good teacher and a friend. She taught me the importance of primary sources and critical analysis. I am also thankful for the fact that she provided me with the opportunity to work with her on her edition of the Vienna Notker manuscript and for the income I derived from the assistantships she kindly offered me. I thank Prof. Ray Wakefield of the Dept. of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch and Profs. George Sheets and Oliver Ni- cholson of the Dept. of Classical and Near-Eastern Studies for their willingness to serve on my committee and for being patient with me. I am indebted to Dr. Margit Rem of the Radbouduniversiteit in Nijmegen, the Nether- lands for allowing me to use the digital Corpus Van Reenen-Mulder ( CVRM ) of fourteenth- century Dutch charters. I also thank my father, Leo van der Hoek, for creating a software ap- plication that helped make the CVRM easier to use. I thank Stephen Laker for sharing with me an early version of his article on the palatalization of velars (Laker 2008). I gratefully acknowl- edge the Nederlandse Taalunie ( NTU ) and the Instituut voor Nederlandse Lexicologie ( INL ) for i Acknowledgments | ii the use I made of the digital versions of the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal (WNT ) and the Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek (VMNW ) at their website http://gtb.inl.nl. Work on the dissertation was also furthered by participation in the Germanic Linguistics Roundtable at the University of California, Berkeley in 2006, where I presented part of my research on the Dutch diminutive, and the Germanic Linguistics Annual Conference at Penn- sylvania State University in 2007, where I shared research related to the orthography of pala- talized velars in medieval sources. These two papers have each been reworked for publication in the Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik and Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur , respectively. This dissertation was partially supported through the Dissertation Fellowship from the University of Minnesota 2008-2009. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................i Table of Contents .......................................................................................................... iii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 Design, Methodology, and Problems...................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Thesis and Outline of the Dissertation 1.1.2 Background 1.1.3 Design and Methodology 1.2 A Definition of Palatalization ............................................................................................... 9 1.3 The Phonology of Palatalization ........................................................................................ 16 1.3.1 Phonological Theories of Palatalization 1.3.2 Objections to Phonological Descriptions of Palatalization 1.3.3 The Rise and Fall of Palatalized Phonemes in Germanic 1.4 Palatalization and Related Phenomena ........................................................................... 35 1.4.1 i-Umlaut and Epenthesis 1.4.2 Velarization 1.4.3 Vowel Shortening 1.4.4 Rhotacism 1.5 The History and Linguistic Geography of Palatalization in Germanic ................. 45 1.5.1 The Linguistic Geography of Palatalization in Germanic 1.5.2 The Ingvaeonic or North-Sea Germanic Theory 1.5.3 Influence from Old French (Romance) 1.5.4 Influence from Slavic 1.5.5 Influence from Celtic 1.5.6 Internal Development in Germanic 1.6 Palatalization and the Problem of Orthography ........................................................... 59 iii Table of Contents | iv Chapter 2 Palatalization in Dutch ......................................................................... 72 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 72 2.1.1 The Phonology of Modern Dutch 2.1.2 The Phonology of Middle Dutch 2.2 Palatalized * k and* g in Early Medieval Dutch .............................................................. 83 2.2.1 Palatalized and Assibilated /k/ in Old and Middle Dutch 2.2.2 Palatalized *g in Old and Middle Dutch 2.3 Palatalization of the Dutch Diminutive Suffix ............................................................. 101 2.3.1 The Allomorphy of the Dutch Diminutive Suffix 2.3.2 The Phonology of the Dutch Diminituve Suffix 2.3.3 The Modern Dialects 2.3.4 The History of the Palatalized Suffix 2.4 Alveolar Cluster Palatalization in Dutch Dialects ...................................................... 119 2.4.1 A Phonological Description of Alveolar Cluster Palatalization 2.4.2 Concomitant Phenomena 2.4.3 The Dating and Linguistic Geography of Alveolar Cluster Palatalization 2.4.5 The Phonology of ACP Chapter 3 Palatalization in German ..................................................................... 137 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 137 3.1.1 The Phonology of Modern High German 3.1.2 The Phonology of Modern Low German 3.2 Palatalization in Old Saxon and Middle Low German ............................................. 145 3.1.1 Velar Palatalization in Old Saxon and Middle Low German 3.2.2 Alveolar Cluster Palatalization ( ACP ) in Medieval Low German 3.3 Palatalization in Old High German ................................................................................ 156 3.4 Palatalization of Velars in Modern German ................................................................ 159 3.4.1 Palatalization of Gmc. *g 3.4.2 Palatalization of Gmc. *k 3.5 The History and Status of ich - and ach-Laut in Modern Standard German .......... 163 3.6 Palatalization of Alveolars in Modern German........................................................... 170 3.6.1 Palatalization and Vocalization of /l/ 3.6.2 Alveolar Cluster Palatalization ( ACP ) 3.6.3 Velarization and Its Relation to Alveolar Cluster Palatalization Table of Contents | v Chapter 4 Palatalization in Frisian........................................................................ 182 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 182 4.1.1 Frisian Linguistics in the Context of Frisian Studies 4.1.2 The Phonology of Modern Frisian 4.1.3 The Phonology of Old Frisian 4.1.4 The Problem of Anglo-Frisian 4.2 Assibilation of Old Frisian * k and * g ............................................................................... 193 4.2.1 The Palatalization and Assibilation of Old Frisian *k 4.2.2 The Palatalization of Old Frisian *g 4.2.3 The Palatalization and Assibilation of Old Frisian *g in Gemination and after n 4.3 Assibilation of Early Modern West-Frisian * k .............................................................. 199 4.4 Palatalized Consonants in North-Frisian Dialects ..................................................... 200 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 203 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 207 Bibliographic Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 207 References .......................................................................................................................................... 208 Appendices Linguistic Notations and Abbreviations ............................................... 227 IPA Notation ...................................................................................................................................... 227 Philological Notation and Other Notations .............................................................................. 228 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... 228 Table of Contents | vi List of Tables Table 2.1 – The consonants of Dutch .........................................................................................................
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