Unit 4 the Consonants of English
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Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech. -
SSC: the Science of Talking
SSC: The Science of Talking (for year 1 students of medicine) Week 3: Sounds of the World’s Languages (vowels and consonants) Michael Ashby, Senior Lecturer in Phonetics, UCL PLIN1101 Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology A Lecture 4 page 1 Vowel Description Essential reading: Ashby & Maidment, Chapter 5 4.1 Aim: To introduce the basics of vowel description and the main characteristics of the vowels of RP English. 4.2 Definition of vowel: Vowels are produced without any major obstruction of the airflow; the intra-oral pressure stays low, and vowels are therefore sonorant sounds. Vowels are normally voiced. Vowels are articulated by raising some part of the tongue body (that is the front or the back of the tongue notnot the tip or blade) towards the roof of the oral cavity (see Figure 1). 4.3 Front vowels are produced by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate. Back vowels are produced by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate. Central vowels are produced by raising the centre part of the tongue towards the junction of the hard and soft palates. 4.4 The height of a vowel refers to the degree of raising of the relevant part of the tongue. If the tongue is raised so as to be close to the roof of the oral cavity then a close or high vowel is produced. If the tongue is only slightly raised, so that there is a wide gap between its highest point and the roof of the oral cavity, then an open or lowlowlow vowel results. -
The Kortlandt Effect
The Kortlandt Effect Research Master Linguistics thesis by Pascale Eskes Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts July 2020 Supervisor: Dr. Alwin Kloekhorst Second reader: Prof. dr. Alexander Lubotsky ii Abstract It has been observed that pre-PIE *d sometimes turns into PIE *h₁, also referred to as the Kortlandt effect, but much is still unclear about the occurrence and nature of this change. In this thesis, I provide an elaborate discussion aimed at establishing the conditions and a phonetic explanation for the development. All words that have thus far been proposed as instances of the *d > *h₁ change will be investigated more closely, leading to the conclusion that the Kortlandt effect is a type of debuccalisation due to dental dissimilation when *d is followed by a consonant. Typological parallels for this type of change, as well as evidence from IE daughter languages, enable us to identify it as a shift from pre-glottalised voiceless stop to glottal stop. Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Alwin Kloekhorst for guiding me through the writing process, helping me along when I got stuck and for his general encouragement. I also want to thank the LUCL lecturers for sharing their knowledge all these years and helping me identify and research my own linguistic interests; my family for their love and support throughout this project; my friends – with a special mention of Bahuvrīhi: Laura, Lotte and Vera – and Martin, also for their love and support, for the good times in between writing and for being willing to give elaborate advice on even the smallest research issues. -
Tutorial 5.5 Accesstruth
MODULE 5 - COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS ACCESSTRUTH TUTORIAL Phonetics 3 5.5 This tutorial continues to look at the manner of articulation of various speech sounds. Introduction In the last tutorial we started to look at manner of articulation - the type and degree of obstruction of the airflow when consonants are made. We have already looked at the oral stops and the nasal stops. In this tutorial we will look at the manner of articulation of some more types of consonants. Fricatives With all the sounds that we’ve discussed so far (the stops) there’s a brief complete obstruction of the airflow. If we bring one articulator very close to another, the airflow can pass between the two articulators but has to go through a very narrow passage, creating a kind of noise. The sounds made in this way are fricatives. Usually with fricatives the velum is raised, so that air can’t escape out of the nose, though it’s continuously passing through the narrow passage out of the mouth. English doesn’t have bilabial fricatives, though some languages, including Spanish, do. English has labiodental fricatives, where the lower lip comes close to or touches the upper front teeth; the voiceless and voiced labiodental fricatives are the initial sounds in fine and vine, the symbols for them being [f] and [v] respectively. There are two sounds in English written as <th> - as in thing and this. These are voiceless and voiced dental fricatives respectively. The IPA symbols for these are [θ] and [ð]. 1 MODULE 5 - COMMUNICATION FOUNDATIONS ACCESSTRUTH English also has voiced and voiceless alveolar fricatives, as in the words sue and zoo - here we bring the tip or blade of the tongue very close to the alveolar ridge - and the symbols for them are [s] and [z]. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information C om pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9401204 Phonetics and phonology of Nantong Chinese Ac, Benjamin Xiaoping, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyri^t ©1993 by Ao, Benjamin Xiaoping. -
Detailed Study of English Consonants
Lecture 04: Detailed Study of English Consonants In this lesson, we will introduce the properties of English consonants and their force, place, and manner of articulation. 1. Consonants /ˈkɒnsәnәnts/ It can be defined phonetically as the sound made by a closure or narrowing in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked, partially, or restricted with an audible friction. There are 24 consonantal phonemes classified in the table below into two general categories: - Those articulations in which there is a total closure or a stricture causing friction. In this class, there is a distinctive opposition between fortis and lenis. - Those articulations in which there is a partial closure or an oral or nasal escape of air. Such articulations, typically voiced and frequently frictionless may share many phonetic characteristics with vowels (Gimson, p.149). IPA table contains the consonant phonemes of the English language 2. Properties of English Consonants A consonant is described in terms of manner and place of articulation and voicing. 2.1 Manner of Articulation 2.1.1. Plosive: formed by a blockage of the vocal tract, followed by an explosive release of air. As follows: 1- The CLOSING stage: the articulators move together to form the obstruction of the air breathed in. 2- The COMPRESSION stage: during which the lung compresses the air in the vocal tract. 3- The RELEASE stage: the organs forming the obstruction set apart rapidly, allowing the air to escape abruptly. There are six stops or plosive consonants in English, as follows: / p, t, k, b, d, g /. 2.1.2 Affricate: formed by a blockage of the vocal tract like plosives and, followed by a gradual release of turbulent air, like a fricative. -
Marginal Phonology: Phonotactics on the Edge1
Marginal phonology: Phonotactics on the edge1 ELLEN BROSELOW Abstract As has long been recognized, the isomorphism between word edges and word- internal syllable edges is far from perfect. This paper examines the fit between an Optimality-Theoretic account of edge/interior asymmetries, using position- specific faithfulness constraints to protect edges or interiors of morphological constituents, and the actual typology of attested edge/interior asymmetries. A detailed analysis of the Indonesian language Balantak, in which the first mem- ber of a CC cluster is severely restricted unless that first C is root-final, is com- patible with the positional faithfulness account, but is problematic for accounts that explain greater freedom at edges solely in terms of licensing by higher prosodic structure or by phonetic context. I argue that a theory of edge/interior asymmetries must incorporate two possible functions of phonotactic restric- tions: to facilitate recovery of segmental contrasts, and to facilitate the parsing of strings into morphemes. 1. Introduction: Edge-interior asymmetries One argument for including the syllable in phonological representations ap- peals to parallels between medial phonotactics and the phonotactics of word 1. This work was supported by in part by NSF grant SBR-9729108 to the author and Daniel Finer and by funding from the Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelik Onderzoek NWO. Portions of this paper were presented at the 8th Manchester Phonology Meeting, UK, May 2000, the 8th Biennial Workshop on Phonology, University of Utrecht, June 2000; 6th Annual SWOT (South Western Optimality Theory) Conference, USL Los Angeles, April 2001; and at SUNY Stony Brook, March 2001. I am grateful to those audiences, particularly Yoonjung Kang and Ricardo Bermudez-Otero, and to an anonymous reviewer for valuable comments and suggestions. -
Required Modification of German Language for Employment for Singing for American Students
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1979 Required Modification of German Language for Employment for Singing for American Students. Lavan Ray Robinson Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Robinson, Lavan Ray, "Required Modification of German Language for Employment for Singing for American Students." (1979). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3351. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3351 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. -
Pharyngealization in Chechen Is Gutturalization Author(S)
Pharyngealization in Chechen is gutturalization Author(s): John Sylak Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Languages of the Caucasus (2013), pp. 81-95 Editors: Chundra Cathcart, Shinae Kang, and Clare S. Sandy Please contact BLS regarding any further use of this work. BLS retains copyright for both print and screen forms of the publication. BLS may be contacted via http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/bls/. The Annual Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society is published online via eLanguage, the Linguistic Society of America's digital publishing platform. Pharyngealization in Chechen is Gutturalization JOHN SYLAK University of California, Berkeley Introduction Knowing the phonetic and phonological properties of rare types of consonants, such as clicks, implosives, and pharyngeals, is essential for understanding how they af- fect the phonological systems of the languages in which they occur.1 This study focuses on consonants with a primary or secondary pharyngeal articulation, which occur in only 21 of UPSID’s 451 languages (5.32%; Maddieson 1984). However, these segments are found in over 12 different language stocks spread across North America, Eurasia, and Africa (Nichols and Bickel 2009). Pharyngeal or pharyn- gealized consonants, then, are rare enough token-wise that they are understudied in many respects, but are phylogenetically common enough that they are important to phonological theory and historical linguistics. This study focuses on pharyngeal consonants and “pharyngealization” in Chechen, a Nakh-Daghestanian language of the northeast Caucasus region of the Russian Federation with approximately 1.3 million speakers (All-Russia Population Census 2002).2,3 Previous accounts of pharyngeal consonants and “pharyngealiza- tion” in Chechen have, with one important exception, not included instrumental 1 Acknowledgements: Many thanks to Johanna Nichols for inspiration, financial support, gathering field data, and being very patient. -
An Emergent Approach to the Guttural Natural Class John Sylak-Glassman
An Emergent Approach to the Guttural Natural Class John Sylak-Glassman (University of California, Berkeley) The post-velar consonants (uvulars, pharyngeals/epiglottals, and glottals) have been claimed to form the guttural natural class. Hayward and Hayward (1989; hereafter H & H) and McCarthy (1994) argue on the basis of evidence from the Semitic and Cushitic stocks that a guttural natural class must be formally recognized in phonological theory. H & H propose a ‘zone of constriction’ feature [GUTTURAL]. McCarthy (1994) renames this feature [PHARYNGEAL], refines its ‘zone of constriction’ basis in terms of orosensory perception, and integrates it into standard feature geometry by placing it under the PLACE node on par with ORAL place and its termini ([LAB], [COR], [DORS]). The claim is that the guttural natural class is an innate part of Universal Grammar. This study argues that while there is clear and persuasive evidence for the guttural natural class, it should be viewed as emergent and language-specific rather than innate and universal. H & H (1989:179-183) and McCarthy (1994:207-213) show that all the post-velar consonants lower or back vowels in phonological processes in Arabic, Hebrew, several Ethiopic languages, and D’opaasunte (Cushitic), and this is taken as strong cross-linguistic evidence for the guttural natural class. Supposing an innate and universal guttural natural class, uvular, pharyngeal, and glottal consonants are predicted to lower or back vowels regardless of whether another guttural consonant occurs in a given language. Of the 628 language varieties (549 Ethnologue languages) in P-base (Mielke 2008), 13 varieties possess at least one uvular, but no glottals or pharyngeals. -
The Phonetics of English Pronunciation - Week 3
Version SS 2008 The Phonetics of English Pronunciation - Week 3 W.Barry Institut für Phonetik Universität des Saarlandes IPUS 1 How far have we got, and what did I ask you to do? 1. I suggested that we need to be able to describe sounds if we are going to be able to deal with differences! - We looked briefly at consonants acccording to their place & manner of articulation and their voicing. And the homework question was: - What are the dimensions used for classifying consonants? Answer: No problem (for MOST of you!) - For each dimension, give example German word pairs with two consonants that are different ONLY because of a switch in that dimension. Some of you clearly didn't consult the script: It is corrct that we distingish obstruents and sonorants, but they are not the basis for classifying consonants in general. Some of you started at a finer level than place, manner and voice, giving the different places of articulation (without actually saying that "place" was the dimension they belong to). 2 Example word-pairs Place: mein vs nein; Laus vs. Lauch; kicken vs. kippen /x/ (Why aren't "fad" vs. "Bad" or "Hut" vs. "gut" good examples?) Manner: mein vs Bein; Laus vs. laut; lacken vs. lachen /x/ (Why isn't "Saat" vs. "Tat" a good example?) Voicing: Bein vs. Pein; Wein vs. fein; reisen vs. reißen /v/ /z/ /s/ (Why isn't "Sand" vs. "Hans" a good example?) We started with German words to make it clear that there is nothing very special about the descriptive categories we are talking about. -
Voicing of Glottal Consonants and Non-Modal Vowels
[Preprint of paper accepted for publication in Journal of the International Phonetic Association] VOICING OF GLOTTAL CONSONANTS AND NON-MODAL VOWELS Marc Garellek, Yuan Chai, Yaqian Huang, and Maxine Van Doren UC San Diego [email protected] ABSTRACT Variation in voicing is common among sounds of the world’s languages: sounds that are analyzed as voiceless can undergo voicing, and those analyzed as voiced can devoice. Among voiceless glottal sounds in particular, voicing is widespread: linguists often expect the voiceless glottal stop [ʔ] and fricative [h] to be fully voiced, especially between vowels. In this study, we use audio recordings from Illustrations of the International Phonetic Alphabet to explore the extent to which glottal consonants and non-modal (breathy and creaky) vowels differ in terms of percentage voicing and voicing intensity in three phrasal positions. We find that voiceless [h] is only slightly less voiced than voiced [ɦ] in initial position. Between two vowels, both [h] and [ɦ] are as voiced as breathy vowels. Glottal stops and creaky vowels are both characterized by high percentages of voicing, but they differ in voicing intensity: in all phrasal positions, glottal stops generally have periods of strong and weak voicing, whereas creaky vowels are strongly voiced. In contrast, vowels described as ‘rearticulated,’ ‘checked,’ or ‘glottalized’ show similar drops in voicing intensity to glottal stops. We interpret these results through an articulatory lens: glottal consonants and non-modal vowels are both modulations in phonation resulting from laryngeal constriction and vocal fold spreading. We argue further that, because voicing during [ʔ] and [h] is largely predictable from respiratory and prosodic constraints, many cases of [ʔ] and [h] can be considered to be phonetically underspecified for voicing.